C O L O R A D O SCHOOL OF M I N E S

ZINE Volume 20 No. ^ ^ March ip30

Engineers Must KNOW Equipment

The T R A Y L O R S C R E E N S U P R E M E is made to take care of

any screening problem. Open and closed models in the heavy

duty as well as the lighter weight are made to screen any material

wet or dry f rom large rock to fine sand.

The Tray lor Screen Supreme permits a maximum capacity of

evenly distributed material over the entire screen surface giving

maximum tonnage wi th clean separation.

° Write Us About Your Screening Problems ^ «

T H E T R A Y L O R V I B R A T O R C O . Denver, Colo.

IF HE WOULD THINK But he doesn't. The workman of today has his job

to perform and in tbe hustle and hurry of modern industry he becomes careless as to his safety and the safety of others-Spoken words of warning are soon forgotten. There comes a time when such carelessness w i l l prove costly— resulting in loss of life, l imb or property.

Such a condition may be avoided- H o w ? B y in ­stalling standard safety and accident prevention signs. S T O N E H O U S E S A F E T Y S I G N S are approved by the leading safety engineers and authorities. They forcefully impress the safety idea on the workman's mind and drive away that destructive element of thoughtlessness.

Write for Catalog No. 3

BIQNB, I N C .

T I M E - T H A T T O U G H O L D T E S T E R . . Meet Time, that Tough Old Tester of everything in this world. To his aid. Time calls all the destructive forces of the universe. Years come and go, storms and sunshine, heat and cold make their accustomed rounds, while Time, the Tough Old Tester, broods over the world, trying, testing, destroying.

Yet Time, the Tough Old Tester, does have his troubles. Against one material devised by man. Time and his serving-men falter. That material is genuine Puddled Wrought Iron—the metal of which Reading 5-Point Pipe is made. Watch for the next coming of Time, the Tough Old Tester—you can learn about pipe from him.

R E A D I N G I R O N C O M P A N Y , R e a d i n g , P e n n s y l v a n i a

GENUINE P U D D L E D W R O U G H T I R O N

E A D I N C P I P E DIAMETERS RANGING FROM M9 TO 20 INCHES

For /our Protection, This Indented Spiral Forever Marks

Science and Invention Have Never Found a Satisfactory Substitute for Genuine Puddled Wroug/it Iron

ARTHUE. C . DAMA>O, '15 F R A N K E . BRIBER, '16

/odd 's Largest

Flotation Machine

P R O D U C T S :

D E N V E R " S U B A " ( F A H R E N W A L D )

F L O T A T I O N - M A C H I N E

D E N V E R LABORATORY E Q U I P M E N T

D E N V E R C O N C E N T R A T I N G T A B L E S

D E N V E R R E A G E N T FEEDERS

D E N V E R SPEED REDUCERS

D E N V E R CONDITIONERS

Write for complete information

D E N V E R E Q U I P M E N T C O . r4jg ijthS^^^t-^ Denver. Colorado.

Telephone MAin 4315 Cable "DECO"

No Vertical Gewliicltets!

Y o u won' t find any roller cages, threaded axles, adjusting nuts, loose caps, set screws, complicated fastenings, or special gadgets and doodads in

C A R D

M I N E C A R

W H E E L S

When we cut out all but the bare essentials, we cut out thirty-'leven trips to the repair shop.

Ask any mining man about "Cards" from Co­balt to Sonora.

The C. S. Card Iron Works Co. D E N V E R

Economy in Mineral Exploration means practical application of

Geophysical Instruments Askania Geophysical instruments have been suc­

cessful in assisting geologists and mining engineers to locate iron, copper, zinc, lead, coal and salt deposits in many districts throughout the world. They re­move doubt, eliminate unprofitable borings and speed up exploration work. They have proved through the test of time the accuracy of their analysis.

We are making and selling for geophysical work: Eoetvoes torsion balances with photographic and visual reading (large and small types), magnetometers, seismographs and other scientific instruments.

For particulars write

American Askania Corporation 1024 M a r i n e B a n k B l d g . , H o u s t o n , T e x a s

When Patronizing Advertisers Please Mention Colorado School of Mines Magazine

D F C METALLURGICAL CLAY GOODS have Survival Value

Crucibles Cupels Muffies Scarifiers Annealing Cups Roasting Dishes

Fire Brick Fire Clay Hifire Bond Latite PX-33 Fire Clay Tile

Standard of Qjaality for over 50 years

DENVER SALT LAKE CITY EL PASO"

COLORADO

NEW YORK CITY

THE LATEST IMPROVED

Akins Classifier IS ATTRACTING WIDE ATTENTION

Its principle of operation, developed through sound engineering, results in the fo l l owing :

M E C H A N I C A L A D V A N T A G E S Sizes from 16" to 96" diameter of spiral-Extremely sturdy construction. Large diameter hollow shaft, eliminating truss rods. One piece rigid arm construction. Improved drive permitting smaller pulley and higher belt

speeds. Slow continuous motion in one direction. Long life of the few wearing parts, which are cheaply and

easily replaced. The larger sizes can be had with a lifting device for the

lower end of the spiral, which permits easy starting after shutdowns without the necessity of draining the rank. '

A completely self-contained steel construction if desired. Power requirements low by actual test. Overall dimensions and practicable steep inclination which

are very favorable to coupling in closed circuit grinding.

Capability of uninterrupted operation over long periods.

O P E R A T I N G A D V A N T A G E S Capability of handling from the smaliest tonnages to the

maximum capacity of the largest existing grinding units under their greatest circulating loads.

Ability to make close, uniform separations and deliver a remarkably dry and clean sand.

Large overflow capacity due to absence of agitation in the settling pool and of surges over the weir.

The continuous movement of the spiral gives tremendous sand delivery at a moderate speed.

The spiral will not ride on top of the sand when the machine is overloaded or working on material of high specific gravity.

Pool area and depth adjustable to meet settling rate of ores.

Continuous, dependable operation over long periods in­suring freedom from shutdowns.

Remarkably few parts requiring lubrication and these are easily accessible.

Of equal merit in their special fields, are the Impact Screen, Lowden Dryer, Skinner Roaster, Colorado Rod and Ball Mills, Colorado Diaphragm Pump.

COLORADO IRON WORKS COMPANY Established 1860

M A I N O F F I C E A N D W O R K S , D E N V E R , C O L O R A D O , U . S. A . Head, Wrlghison Si Co., Ltd., Stockton on Tees, England Canadian Locomoclve Co., Kingston, Ontario, Canada

When Paironizine Advertisers Please Mention Colorado Scliool of Mines Magazine

I H E Colorado School of Mines was founded wi th the purpose to encourage and educate men to develop the mineral resources of the state. Golden

was chosen for the site of the new school due to the energy and resourcefulness of the men who were working for the improvement of this town.

To-day the men of Golden are again boosting the School of Mines. They look into the future and see the time, when the standard that the present day graduates are carrying into the professional world, w i l l demand that the avail­able number of Mines men be greatly increased. In this manner they are co­operating wi th the A l u m n i Magazine and carrying this page in each issue.

The firms that are boosting for a bigger and better school wi th the aid and assistance of a larger and better Golden are:

T H E R U B E Y N A T I O N A L B A N K

J E F F E R S O N C O U N T Y R E P U B L I C A N

R O B I N S O N ' S B O O K S T O R E

C O L O R A D O C E N T R A L P O W E R C O .

C O L O R A D O T R A N S C R I P T

T H E G O L D E N F I R E B R I C K C O .

M H O M E O F C O L O R A D O S C H O O L O F M I N E S

A comparison: the big shovel; the previous record size; and, in solid black, the standard'

size excitvuting shovel

GENERAL' ELECTRIC

^ One-man shovel 9 Stories High ON E man easily controls the excavating

operations of the world's largest shovel, now stripping coal at Duquoin, Illinois. Yet this shovel weighs as much as 2 0 , 0 0 0 men.

Its 15-cubic-yard dipper can pick up, at one bite, enough coal to heat a good-sized dwelling for a year (about 16 tons). The highest point on the shovel equals the height of a nine-story building.

General Electric, a leader in the application of electric power to industry, installed the electric equipment, aggregating 5 5 0 0 horsepower.

The planning, testing, and distribution of elec­tric eqmpment are largely the work of college men who are members of the General Electric organization.

J O I N US I N T H E G E N E R A L E L E C T R I C H O U R , B R O A D ­

C A S T E V E R Y S A T U R D A Y A T 9 P . M . , E . S . T , O N A

N A T I O N - W I D E N . B . C . N E T W O R K

95-739DH G E N E R A L E L E C T R I C C O M P A N Y , S C H E N E C T A D Y , N E W Y O R K

The Mining Industry

The mining industry ranks second among the fundamental industries of the country. This in­dustry contributes almost one-fourth of the income of the Federal Government. More than half of the freight hauled by the railroads is shipped by the mining industry. It represents the investment of 12 billion dollars^ and supports more than a dozen million people who ate dependent upon mining for their livelihood.

This vast industry will purchase during the year of 1930 more than $350,000,000 worth of materials, equipment and supplies. It represents a wide spread market, extending to an em­pire of towns and cities, mines and mills, railroads, steamships and smelters.

The tremendous importance of the mining industry is seldom realized by the average citizen. He sits comfortably at home warmed by a modern furnace made of iron and burning coal or oil. His light is brought to him over copper wires; his water is piped into the house through iron and lead pipes—his radio, his telephone, automobile, cooking utensils^ and a thousand other necessities and luxuries are all made possible by the engineers of the mineral industries who discover, extract, and refine the minerals of the earth.

The Colorado School of Mines has trained such engineers for over half a century.

THE COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES G O L D E N • C O L O R A D O

Double- The- Circulation

Club

The Colorado School of Mines Magazine is being

read by many men who are not members of the Alumni

Association. These Readers have been attracted to the

Magazine because it is a publication carrying informative

articles in which they are interested.

Subscription renewals are coming in every day from

Non-Alumni subscribers, showing that the Magazine has

brought them something worthwhile, and something they

do not want to miss during the coming year.

The fact that the Magazine has been so well received

among Non-Alumni engineers has given birth to the idea

of a Double-the-Circulation Club. Each Alumni member

and subscriber is asked to tell a friend about the Magazine.

His subscription will not have to be solicited if he is shown

the type of articles carried in the Magazine.

The series of articles on Hydro-metallurgy by Thomas

Patterson Campbell has already attracted a number of new

subscribers, just through the announcement of them.

If each subscriber sends in one new subscription, the

circulation will be doubled!

Closeup of Open End Marcy Rod Mill, showing the charge of Colorado Grinding Rods.

Good Grinding Rods are Cheapest/

Freeing metal from prisons of rock is an expensive job. Equip­ment wear and operating time must be minimal — otherwise reduction expense will eat up your profits.

Ever since the introduction of the rod mill in ore reduction, Colorado high carbon steel Grinding Rods have assured un­interrupted production. Good rods are cheapest because you can rely on their performance.

Successful in keeping down the cost per ton of ore produced, Colorado Steel Grinding Rods are in increasing demand by mining engineers throughout the West. Further data on how Colorado Grinding Rods more efficiently solve your ore reduc­tion problems will be given on request.

Colorado Grinding Rods are made by

7Ae C o l o r a d o F u e l &. I r o n Co.

General Offices: DENVER, COLORADO

Steel Works: PUEBLO, COLORADO

9lw COLORADO s c h o o l OF MINES

c y W A G A Z I N E Twenty-five cents a copy

Copyrighted 1930 Colorado School of Mines Alumni Association One clollar and a half a year

V O L . X X M A R C H , 1930 No. 3

O F F I C E R S A N D M E M B E R S O F E X E C U T I V E C O M M I T T E E

1928-1929 CHARLES J . ADAMI, '99, Prsident H U G H A , STEWART,'12, Vice President C . LORIMER COLBURN, '07, Secretary A L L E N E . CRAIG, '14, Treasurer FRED C . CARSTARPHEN, '05 WILLIAM F . KOCH, 'II GEORGE H . ROLL, '19,

W A Y S A N D M E A N S C O M M I T T E E

THOMAS S, HARRISON, '08, Chairman

A X E L E . ANDERSON, '04

CHARLES N . B E L L , '06

THOMAS P, CAMPBELL, '24

DONALD DYRENFORTH, '12

FRANK J , N A G E L , '03

CHARLES M . RATH, '05

P U B L I C A T I O N C O M M I T T E E

HARVY MATHEWS, '13, Chairman W I L L M , TRAVER, JR., '16 HOWARD H . STORM, '29 J . L . EMRICH, ' IZ, Advisor WILLIAM P, SIMPSON, 'OI. Advisor FRANK C . BOWMAN, 'OI, Advisor

A T H L E T I C C O M M I T T E E FRED C . STEINHAUER, '99, Chairman

WiLLL^M B . MILLIKEN, '93 FRANK J . REINHARD, '05

JAMES H . STEELE, '00

RUSSELL H . V O L K , '26

I N S T R U C T I O N C O M M I T T E E

A R T H U R S. ADAMS, '27, Chairman

BYRON B. BOATRIGHT, '22

JOHN J . CORY, '05

J . MARVIN K L E F F , '06

LOYAL W , T R U M B U L L , '04

L E G I S L A T I V E C O M M I T T E E M A L C O L M E . COLLIER, '22, Chairman

FRANK D . A L L E R , '92

EDWARD P. ARTHUR, '95

PHILO D . GROMMON, '07

NEIL M . M C N E I L L , '14

N O M I N A T I O N C O M M I T T E E

CHARLES O . PARKER, '23, Chairman

BEN C . ESSIG, '15

J . H . WINCHELL, EX-'17

Published every month in the year by the Colorado School of Mines Alumni Association. Entered as second class matter at the postoffice at Golden, Colorado. Address all correspond­ence, including, checks, drafts, and money orders, to C. Lorimer Colburn, Secretary, Colorado School of Mines Alumni Association, C. A. Johnson Building, 509 Seventeenth Street. Denver, Colorado.

S T A F F

C . H . C . BRADEN

O . C . KINNEY, '30 -

E , E . T H U M , '05

J . H A R L A N JOHNSON, '23

Editor

Advertising Representative

Contributing Editor

Contributing Editor

LOCAL SECTION CORRESPONDENTS

FRANK A . BROWN, '27

COURTNAY BALLAGH, 'IO

E . E. T H U M , '06

Tulsa Section

Southern California

New York Section

C O N T E N T S

Bdicorial Si Comment—Danger of Going to Seed—The Foundation—A World Influence—Engineer and the Huinaii Element—The Annual Meeting iz

Principles of the Hydro-metallurgy and Elecrrodeposirion of the Metals —— 13

Colorado and its School of Mines—Part Nine, From 1870

George Wilfley Dies Suddenly 20

The Prehistoric Roots of Civilization — 21

Spheroidicity of che Earth — 23

Some Interesting Geological Formations in Southern Colorado ~ ~4

Chicken Bill 26

Former Mines Professor Tells About Russia 28

Alumnus Goes to Russia as Coal Expert 29

Extracts of Articles Worthwhile 30

Athletics 32

Campus Topics —_„—„

News from the Chapters

Personal Notes Engagements & Weddings With Our Advertisers

The Coolidge Dam

LOCAL SECTIONS

COLORADO — Chas. O. Parker, President, J. E. Norman, Secretary. Regular monthly luncheon at Audi­torium Horel, March 21, at 12:15 noon.

GREAT LAKES — A . L. Lynne, President, 100 North La Salle St., Chicago. Morton Frank, Secretary, 4538 Drexel Ave., Chicago.

H O U S T O N — Chas. H . Stewart, President, Houston, Texas. George Donald M. Davis, Secretary, 1107 Eagle Ave., Houston, Texas.

LEAD BELT—E. L. Bilheimer, '22, President, Rivermines, Mo. C. D, Frobes, '24, Secretary, Rivermines, Mo.

MONTANA — A . S. Richardson, President, 1238 West Granite Street, Butte, Montana. C. E. Calvert, Secretary-Treasurer, 1008 West Prophyry Street, Butte, Montana.

MONTERREY —Fidel C. Martinez, '15, President, Aptd, 347, Monterrey, N. L., Mexico; Pablo M. Sada, '29, Secretary-Treasurer, Aptd. lOi, Mon­terrey, N . L., Mexico.

NEVADA WHITE PINE—Walter S. Larsh, President. W. F. Jones, Secretary.

NEW YORK—Harry J. Wolf, Presi­dent, 42 Broadway, New York City, Frank A. Downes, Secretary, 247 Park Avenue, New York City.

ROCK SPRINGS—James L. Libby, President, J. E. Edgeworth, Sec­retary, Rock Springs, Wyoming.

SAN FRANCISCO—Clyde M. Eye, President and Secretary, 1107 Ho-bart Building.

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA—Ward Blackburn, President, 1460 E. 4th Street, Los Angeles. William F. Dugan, Secretary, 416 West 8th Street, Los Angeles, Calif.

OKLAHOMA—G. V. Dunn, Presi­dent, 2334 E. 13th Place, Tulsa. M. Edward Chapman, Secretary, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Weekly luncheon, Fri­days, at Bishop's on Third Street,

UTAH—W. F. Koch, President, 573 East Second South Street, Salt Lake City. Otto Herres, Secretary, United States Fuel Co., Box 1699, Salt Lake City.

W E S T E R N PENNSYLVANIA—' Pierce E. Barker, Secretary, 527 So. Braddock St., Pittsburgh, Pa.

W Y O M I N G—Dudley L. Rankin, President, Midwest Refining Co., Midwest, Wyoming. E. W. Ginet, Secretary, 139 N . Grant St., Casper, Wyoming.

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Magazine

The Danger of Going to Seed

Ei D W A R D W. B E R R Y , dean of the School of J Arts and Sciences at Johns Hopkins University

writes in a nationally known popular magazine that colleges rob men of many priceless years because of improper curricula, lack ot application on the part of the student, time wasted on worthless courses, and antiquated methods of teaching. This is quite an indictment of the modern college.

Edward W. Berry is the only "degreeless dean" in any college anywhere, so far as we know. He studied on his own, and was admitted to the faculty at Johns Hopkins because he was able to demonstrate that he knew his subject thoroughly.

We agree with Dean Berry that the ordinary curri­culum today represents "accumulated debris of the past three or four hundred years of hit-or-miss in­struction.'' A great deal of the present curricula are filled with courses held over from the sixteenth cen­tury; additions have been made but little has been cast out.

This holds true particularly for Arts and Sciences schools, but there is danger of the same thing hap­pening to the mining schools;—Such a thing has hap­pened to several already.

The curriculum of such a college as the Colorado School of Mines must keep abreast with the times. We believe that, so long as our curriculum com­mittee remains alert to changing needs of the stu­dents of the mineral industries, there will be no danger of the Colorado School of Mines going to seed.

T

T

The Foundation

H E regular Foundation page has been omitted from this number. This does not mean that the

Magazine is no longer carrying the important message of the needs of the School to the iVlumni. The page will appear again in the next issue.

The Foundation page is devoted to short articles attempting to show what endowments are doing for other institutions, and pointing out what they can do to build the Colorado School of Mines.

These articles should attract the attention of every Alumnus. More comments and suggestions are sought for the Foundation page. Remember, the Foundation Plan is an Alumni movement. If you are not in a position to give tinancial support, at least give us your fresh ideas. We believe that you can fill this page with live thoughts.

A World Influence H E engineer is a world influence. E^'ery advance in science, research or industry bears

the trade mark of the engineer. His interest is not conlined to pure or applied science, but is human, and uni^'ersal. His ambition and efforts supplemented by his engineering knowledge of nature's laws and their application has made it possible for him to con­quer, to a degree, both time and space.

The engineer goes into all the world, a propagan­dist for world peace, for militarism, or for a sensible merging of the two. but with the one thought and that is, the betterment of mankind. He is an advo­cate of ideals which will raise the international plane of living, of industrial understanding and of the practice of religious principles; or he remains in his own community a consistent contributor to its wel­fare and a practical example of good citizenry. So regardless of the field chosen, the engineer is poten­tially a world influence.—Dean Morgan.

Engineer and the Human Element C C T ^ H E slide rule must be made to fit the pocket of

X. a dinner coat," is a statement made by Col-William A . Starrett to the Fourth Michigan Engi­neering Conference held at Ann Arbor, January 10.

This is an expressive figure of speech and means, of course, that engineers must not deprecate the human element. This statement might have well been made in the converse: ''Slide rule i>ockets must be put into dinner coats." The figure stated in this way indicates that the engineer is awakening to the im­portance of the human element in his work, while Colonel Starrett's figure implies only that the en­gineer ought to awaken to the importance of this element.

The world is becoming engineer conscious. The engineer, whether he recognizes the fact or not, is being compelled to take over the leadership of things. This necessarily implies that he must cultivate cer­tain social habits. He has no other recourse.

The Annual Meeting ' T ~ ' H E Alumni meeting and the yearly election of 1_ officers should be brought to your attention at

this time. The next issue will carry a full page announcement of the meeting, which will be held in May.

This Annual meeting is the one big get-together of the year. The Junior members, the Graduating Class and the Old Grads all gather at the banquet table for a real session of business and pleasure.

The Colorado School of Mines Ala gamine M A R C H 1930

Principles of the Hydro-metallurgy and Electrodeposition of the Metals

By T H O M A S P . C A M P B E L L

Associate Professor of Metallurgy, Colorado School of Mines

it

• 0 ^ - U -

T H O M A S P A T T E R S O N C A M P B E L L

Thomas Patterson Campbell is Associate Professor of Metal­lurgy at the Colorado School of Mines. He has done a great deal of research In the field of hydro-metallurgy and is well qualified to write authoritatively upon this subject. Among the numerous articles which Doctor Campbell has contributed in the past is his paper on The Electrodeposition of Zinc from Ammoni-cal Carbonate Solution, published as a Colorado School of Mities Quarterly.

Thomas Patterson Campbell is a graduate of Dartmouth, He also holds degrees from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Colorado School of Mines. Perhaps, of these three, the School of Mines has the best right io lay claim to him. He has beeii associated with the School since 1923, with the exception of one year which was spent as Metallurgist for the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company at Trail, B. C, Canada. He was made an associate professor in 1927.

Doctor Campbell served overseas during the li^orld War with the Dartmouth Ambulance Unit, He is a me?nber of the American Electroche?nical Society, the American Institute of Min­ing and Metallurgical Engineers, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science,

I N T R O D U C T I O N

Mark Twain once defined a mine as "a hole in the ground owned by a Har". Certainly, mining and lying are two of the oldest arts. Just how long that strange crea­ture, homo sapiens, has been running around on this earth is largely a matter of conjecture. Certainly, however, the art of mining for flints, clay and pigments goes back to Neolithic times; and doubtless lying, both for pleasure and for profit, came into vogue contemporaneously with speech, or even slightly before that.

In any event, many centuries rolled by before, by pure chance, some observant woman noticed that a peculiar sub­stance ran out of certain rocks in the hot part of the camp fire. The discoverer may not have been a woman; but in those days woman's place was definitely in the home, and the fire was an essential pare of home l ife; so it is probable that we owe the art of metallurgy to the female of the species, rather than to the male. That momentous be­ginning occurred at least five thousand years ago,—a very short span in the total of man's existance,—and with it was introduced that condition of society which we are pleased to call civilization.^

From simple working of gold and copper into ornaments, thru the use of metal pieces for standard and store of value in trade and barter, the use of metals came to real, prac­tical advantage in the form of weapons and armor. Thru the succeeding centuries, and on down to the industrial

1—T. A. RIckard: -Mming & Civ:iizac;on"; C, S. M. Quarterly XXII , i. 1927,

revolution, metals were employed for two main purposes, war and ornamentation,—nor can it be said yet which of these advanced civilization the more.

It is needless to enumerate the manifold uses of the metals and their alloys today. Suffice it to state simply that metals and fuel,—or better, perhaps, power,—completely determine the standing and destiny of any nation today. T o maintain our present social, economic, and industrial systems without metals would be impossible, unthinkable.

The word metallurgy is derived from two Greek words, metallon (metal), and ergein (to work). And in past ages the production of metallic shapes was, in truth, work of no mean order. A great deal of myth and legend has grown up around the steel of Damascus, the "hard copper" of Rome, and other similar metallurgical marvels of an­tiquity. Like most of tradition and history, these stories are more fancy than fact: there is no authentic record of a true "lost art" in metallurgy. A l l that has been lost, or replaced, is back-breaking toil; rule-of-thumb and main-strength-and-awkwardness,—bungling thru somehow,— have given way to control analysis and machine handling. The "secret process" is slowly attaining that dubious re­ward, extinction, which has ever come to selfish ignorance. It is even conceivable that someday, not too far in the fu­ture, metallurgy may attain to the fu l l stature of Science.

Today, however, metallurgy is both an art and a science. The art of metallurgy is concerned with profit, and the science of metallurgy tries to make the art profitable. The first criterion of any industrial process is, wi l l it work?

Paffe Thirteen

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines M,agax^ine

And the second criterion, which is of equal importance, is, wil l it pay? There are many ways of making a process pay; but, as a rule, there are only a very few ways of making it work. Hence, the process that both works and pays usually represents a compromise between the art and the science. But once in awhile science slips over a fast one; in such a case, too often, some old, dividend-paying industry finds itself hopelessly outclassed, undersold, over­produced, and otherwise completely ruined. T o be sure, such incidences are rare in metallurgy because, what with wars, automobiles, electrical machinery, and what-not, the demand for metals has kept the prices well above starvation limits. Also, there has been plenty of fuel.

In other words, the temptation to experiment, the neces­sity to change, has been largely lacking in metallurgy. But the first faint signs of a new order of things are now visible to the unaided eye of the untrained observer. The world's supply of coking coal is not limitless, and is definitely bounded; high grade ores of all the precious and base metals are becoming more and more scarce each year. On the other hand, electrical power is _becoming cheaper all the time; and methods of ore-dressing (concentration) are making available large reserves of low-grade and complex ores. The application of electricity to metallurgy consti­tutes the obvious solution to the problem of failing coke supply: electricity may be applied to metallurgy in at least two ways, for electrothermic smelting and refining, and for electrolytic reduction and refining. Both of these applica­tions are in use today, chiefly in the production of precious and non-ferrous metals.

Electric furnaces produce most of our ferro-alloys, how­ever; and the production of the best grades of alloy steel, and of heat and corrosion-resisting alloys, requires electric-furnace temperatures. Chromium plating is one of the more recent applications of electrochemistry to the problem of corrosion. And an increasing tonnage of zinc and cop­per comes from electrolytic plants each year.

As an example of the growth of electrometallurgy, the following data on primary zinc production may be cited

PRIMARY ZINC PRODUCTION S HORT TOKS

World Production United States Year Total ElectroR'tic Retort Tolal Electrolytic Reton 1913 1,103,359 3,500 1,099,859 546,676 346,676 1918 964,684 58,490 906,194 579,093 38,885 540,208 1925 1,221,030 173,010 1,048,020 572,946 79,004 493,942 1926 1,334,158 231,635 1,102,523 618,422 111,596 506,826 1927 1,465,072 2+8,370 1,316,702 592,316 113,639 479,887 1938 1.530,000 314,915 1.215,055 594,500 160,167 434.33 3 1929 1,530,000 369.000 1,211,000 610,000 165,000 445,000

Capaciiy Capacity 1930 530,000 310,000

Of course, hydrometallurgical methods are not altogether recent, either in theory or in practice. The amalgamation of gold and silver in solutions containing salt and copper was practiced by the Romans in the time of Pliny (c.77 A . D . ) , or even earlier. A modification of this process was used in Europe before Columbus discovered America; and finally, the Spaniards in Mexico (c.l552 A . D . ) developed the European process into the Patio Process. Again, the heap leaching of copper ores, followed by the precipitation of copper on iron, has been practiced in Spain since the early days of the Roman occupation.

But hydrometallurgy really began to come into its own with the establishment of the first copper refineries in the nineteenth century,*' and the development of the cyanide treatment of gold and silver ores somewhat later. Fortu­nately, in the meantime, physics, chemistry, and mathe­matics had completed a merger to form that most powerful

=—Arthur Zentncr, Hin. S: Met. 10, 526, 1929. "World Deveiopnienls in Electrolvtic Zinc."

B. Elkington; Brit. Pai. No. 2838 (ISSJI, 3120 (1870).

intellectual giant, physical-chemistry. As an oftspring of this there appeared and flourished electrochemistry. Sired by Faraday, this lusty infant has thrived mightily; its works are all about us; nor is there any limit to its growth.

In this brief work, then, we shall attempt to show and explain the more important principles relating to the science of hydrometallurgy and electrodeposition of the more com­mon precious and industrial metals. These principles are, for the most part, accepted laws and hypotheses of physical chemistry, and it is from this standpoint that we shall de­velop them.

Regardless of the specific organization or type of process, all the operations comprised in the extraction, and reduc­tion, of metals by hydrometallurgy may be divided into general unit processes. First comes the preparation of the ore: this may include concentration; invariably it requires crushing and grinding, usually with classification; and, in the case of sulfides, roasting is also a necessary step. Parallel with ore preparation goes solution preparation. In most processes, especially those involving electrolysis, the main solution is regenerated at the time of metal recover\'; but in some cases a large part or all of the leaching solu­tion must be made up fresh for each lot of solid material treated; and in any event a certain amount of fresh solu­tion must be added in cyclical processes to replace losses.

Second, the ore and solution are brought together in the leaching, or lixiviation, step. The purpose here, of course, is to dissolve out ^of-the solids one or more metallic com­ponents. This involves some sort of agitation.

Third, the spent solids must be separated from the saturated or pregnant solution, and the wet solids must be washed to recover absorbed solution values. The princi­ples invoh'ed here are those dealing with settling, filtering, and washing, either in batches or continuously.

Fourth, the solution usually requires purification or clari­fication, or both, before passing to the main metal precipi­tation step. The solution resulting from the main leach usually contains impurities, either in solution, or as sus­pended matter, or both, which would contaminate the main metal, or would make its precipitation impossible. Impur­ities, therefore, may be removed by chemical means,—as by replacement by a more basic metal,—or by physical means, —as by filtration. For example, in precipitating gold and silver from alkali cyanide solutions on zinc, it is essential to good recovery that the solutions be free of suspended matter and thoroughly deoxidized.

Fifth, and final, comes the main metal recovery. This may be brought about by chemical, physical, or electro­chemical means. The metal may be recovered as such, or in one of its more or less pure compounds. As stated above, this is usually accompanied by regeneration of the main solution, but not always.

Following after the main metal recovery, of course, it is almost always necessary to shape, treat, or fabricate the metal product into merchantable form or into some com­mercial shape or structure. But such treatment or process­ing of the metal is not the immediate concern of hydro-metallurgy as such.

The recovery and refining of by-products may also play an important role, not only from the metallurgical stand­point, but in terms of dollars and cents as well. For ex­ample, the Great Falls Zinc plant produces over a ton of high-grade crude cadmium metal per day as a by-product. The spent ore, or plant residue, may also contain values which are susceptible to recovery by other metallurgical means. The residue from the Great Falls plant, contain­ing lead, copper, silver, and gold, is shipped to the Ameri-

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The Colorado School of Mines Ma gaz.^ ^ ^ M A R C H 1930

can Smelting & Refining Co. lead smelter at East Helena. As to the field of application for hydrometallurgy and

electrometallurgy: Up to the present time, wet processes have found their greatest economic application to low-grade ores and to refining of the products of pyrometallurgical processes. In the case of gold and silver, for instance, there are ores which could not possibly yield a profit by smelting, but which can return a very substantial profit by cyanida-tion. The same may be said of the low-grade copper ores. Wi th the advent of selective flotation,^ electrolytic zinc plants have become directly competitive with retort plants.

In general, hydrometallurgical plants are high in first cost; the amortization, interest, and other fixed costs are iiigh; but the labor charge, maintenance, and fuel (or power, except for electrolysis) costs are low. The product is usually much more pure than could be produced by smelt­ing methods. In comparison, pyrometallurgical plants are low in first cost and in fixed charges; their processes are rapid; but their products are impure; and the labor, fuel and maintenance charges are high. Of course, too, there are some metals that cannot be recovered by hydrometal­lurgical means, per se; and at present it is more economical to smelt most of the base metal ores,—as iron, lead, copper, and zinc,—except under very favorable conditions. How­ever, it is obvious that as the supply of coking coal dwin­dles, and as the reserves of high-grade ores decrease, wet processes, in combination with electrolysis and electric smelting and refining methods, must play a role of ever increasing importance in the world's metal production.

In this work, then, we shall attempt to cover the basic principles involved in the unit operations of hydrometal­lurgy and electrometallurgy, as outlined above. The work has been divided into two parts: first, an analytical dis­cussion of the unit processes, particularly with respect to the physico-chemical principles involved; and second, the application of these principles to existing plant operations. Inasmuch as this work makes no pretence at being a hand­book, the treatment in the second part is not intended to be an exhaustive description of all of the various processes, past and present, in use for the handling of a given ore, or for the recovery of a given metal. Only such examples.will be used as wi l l adequately illustrate the theories and con­cepts developed in the first part.

Before taking up the work proper, however, it may b3 w-ell to establish a few conventions and definitions. It is recognized today,—somewhat vaguely perhaps,—that all physical and chemical changes are essentially energy changes. There are two factors to be considered in any energy change: the quantity factor,—ampere-hours or calories, for instance; and the intensity factor,—volts or temperature. These factors are generally recognized in physics; but in chemistry the development of the nomen­clature has been such as to conceal them. Broadly speak­ing, there are two great generalizations in chemistry: First, the periodic table, which shows the variation of the prop­erties, both physical and chemical, of the elements with their atomic weights. This arrangement is somewhat un­satisfactory ; but it serves to bring out the general mass, or quantity factor, relationships of the elements in their maxi­mum valence. Secondly, we have the electromotive force series of the metals. This arrangement shows the order of the elements with respect to their chemical activity; the e.m.f. series thus establishes the order of intensity of re­action of the elements. It has other uses, of course, but we cannot stop to take them up just now.

—The Trend of Flotation; Weinig & Palmer; C. S, ^l. Quarterly XXI\', 4, (9Z9,

- This question of intensity factor leads to another idea. We often hear the terra "chemical affinity"; it is taken to mean something like "chemical driving force", or "chemi­cal urge". Now it must' be apparent that no reaction, either chemical or physical, can take place of itself unless there is a flow or exchange of energy involved; and, equally as obvious, such flow cannot take place unless there is a difference in pressure, or a greater intensity or con­centration, of energy in the reactants than there is in the products. Water will not of itself run uphill. When water boils, or ice melts, there is an absorption of energy (heat) from the surroundings. Water must be pumped up h i l l ; heat must be put into ice at 32°F to obtain water at the same temperature. When there is no tendency for a substance or a system of substances to undergo change of any kind, that substance or system is said to be in equilib­rium with its enviromnent. Equilibrium, then, represents a state of rest, with respect to the surroundings; a condition of balance in which there is no tendency for energy to flow into or out of the system.

Since we do not know,—nor, in fact, are we greatly in­terested in,—the total, or intrinsic energy of substances, we must measure energy change by differences. Hence, as a starting point, or standard of reference, we may set up some particular, easily reproducible, process which can be carried out on at least a majority of the more important elements, and measure the energy change involved. Such a reference pi'ocess is that by which the e.m.f. series is es­tablished. The "single molal potentials" of the elements provide the numerical basis for the e.m.f. series. Without going into sordid detail at this time, it is sufficent to state that these potentials represent the chemical, or electro­chemical, "affinity" of the elements. That is, when we state that the single molal potential of zinc, at 25°C, is —0.7581 volt, what we mean is that 0.7581 volt is the work required*"' to change one mole (65.4 gm.) of zinc metal into one mole of zinc ion (Zn**) by the passage of two Faradays of electricity across the metal/liquid junc­tion at 25°C. Potential, or voltage thus has the dimen­sions of work per unit of electrical charge (coulombs). We might, by use of conversion factors, state the work in terms of calories; then the above 0.7581 volt represents 34,984 gram-calories of work required to produce the mole of zinc ion. The minus sign in front of the voltage means that, in a solution which is 1-molal with respect to zinc ion, a piece of zinc metal takes on a negative charge referred to the solution in contact with it.

Similar methods may be used to measure the work re­quired to produce compounds, or to measure the work in­volved in chemical reactions between elements, or between compounds, or between elements and compounds. This standard work is called the "free energy" of the process or reaction in question. This matter wil l be taken up in detail later on; but for the time being, it should be noted that this free energy, or standard work, is the actual, quantita­tive measure of chernical affinity.

Energy may be defined as the capacity to do work. That is a definition based on properties. What energy really is, we do not know. What we do know is that matter and energy are two aspects of one and the same thing, what­ever that is. Or, as Dr . H . D . Hubbard; of the Bureau of Standards, has put it: "Atoms are essentially energy sys­tems, and matter is the graphic, tangible aspect of such energy systems. Electricity is both the building material

"—The standard or reference work procesi is the prodtiction of Hydrogen Ion (H+) from liydro 'en gas fH;>. assumed znO.

(Cantinned on pd^i 4i)

Page Fifteen

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Magaz^^in

Colorado

an d its

School of Mines Part Nine

From 1870 to 1874

FR O M 1870 to 1874, Jarvis Hal l flourish­ed, but the School of Mines, hampered

by politicians and dissatisfied interests from Denver, was forced to remain but four walls. * H ; and did not open for students until 1873, de- ''->' spite the fact that brick work on the building was practically complete on Nov. 23, 1870.

On Jan. 26, 1871, Bishop Randall moved ' ^ to Jarvis Ha l l with his family and made the announcement that he would henceforth divide his time between Jarvis Hal l in Golden ' ^ and Wolfe H a l l in Denver.

A t the same time, the first paper issued by the school came off the press. It was a month­ly publication printed on "good quality book paper with cover. Price, $\ per year." It was the official organ for Bishop Randall's diocese and the bishop was connected with it editorially.

The Transcript faithfully records that "George Jarvis and his lady are stopping at Jarvis Hal l for a short visit." It was the first visit of the benefactor to the school which was named for him.; we read of no other visit of the Brooklyn man to Golden.

Dr . H . H . Van Duzen was announced as the new principal of Jarvis Ha l l on Aug. 23, 1871. The remainder of the faculty was practically the same group that taught classes the preceding year. Of interest to the people of the day, was the announcement that tuition was lowered $52, making the cost $112 per term. Whether this was done because of a surplus of funds, or because the authorities wished to attract more students, was not announced, but looking back fifty-seven years, it is safe to judge that tuition rates were decreased in order to secure a larger enrollment.

It is significant to note that on Oct. 18, 1871, Capt. James T . Smith, a commanding force in the affairs of the school from 1876 to 1921, arrived in Golden and became associated with George West in the publication of the Transcript-

Because there had been more criticism about the state supporting a school under the control of the Episcopal Church (which it was not), Bishop Randall and his friends requested the Legislature to amend the Act of 1870 by pass­ing another act, referred to in those days as the Act of 1872. There is mention of shady action on the part of Gov. McCook, and the Transcript does not mince words in

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4. ''^iSiiitlSSsillttiitB:^^!^

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ieI

The Old and the Nenjj. Above—Jarvis Hall and the School of Mines. Beloiv—Guggenhtim Hall, the Administration Building of

the School of Mines Today.

stating that "this act was not given proper attention because he (McCook) dared not return it to the Legislature." Under the provisions of this legislation, the school would be deeded over to the Territory. Portions of the act are printed herewith:

"If said property and building, known as the School of Mines, is not deeded over to said trustees on or before the expiration of one year from the passage of this act, then the act and provisions thereof shall be void, and revert back to the Territory." Ed. Note. This amply secured the property to the Terri­tory.

"The board of trustees may make all needful by-laws and regulations for the government of said board, and for the management and government of said School of Mines, not inconsistent with the Organic Act and laws of this Territory."

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The Colorado School of Mines Ma gamine M A R C H 1930

Ed, Note. Under this, the church could not exercise con­trol of any kind, nor could it be represented on the Board of Trustees, unless the appointing power saw fit—under the Act of 1870 this power was the Legislature and under the Act of 1872 the commissioners of certain counties.

Bishop Randall was fair about the church question. He located the school a reasonable distance from Jarvis Hal l .

Gov. McCook's message to the Ninth Session, given on Jan. 10, 1872, contained the following reference to the struggling school:

"The commissioners appointed under the terms of Sec­tion 3 of an Act to Establish a School of Mines, approved Feb. 10, 1870, have briefly reported to me that they have received from the Territorial Treasury the amount ap­propriated by said act for the erection of a building and that they have expended the same in the construction of a substantial edifice of brick, which has not been entirely com­pleted for want of funds to finish same. It is partly oc­cupied, however, by the library, the herbarium and cabinets for specimens in natural history, together with the philo­sophical apparatus of the institution. They also express a hope that I wi l l commend the matter to the consideration of the Legislature, • and suggest the propriety of L, further appropriation for finishing the building and furnishing it with proper apparatus.

"I do not deem it advisable to recommend any further appropriation for this purpose until the commissioners may have considered some definite plan indicating the objects they have in view, accompanied by an estimate of the amount of money possibly required to carry out these ob­jects. Without this, the Legislature might be induced to make appropriations from year to year, which may not result in any definite good to the people of the Territory."

The result was that the school failed to receive an appro­priation in 1872 and the bare building was nothing more than a "white elephant", of no value to the state, a stumbling block to educational progress at the University, and another obstacle for Bishop Randall to overcome.

In 1872, on May 22, the cornerstone for Matthews Hal l , a divinity school, was laid by Bishop Randall. The occasion marked the third cornerstone laid by the bishop in the course of a year. A half holiday was declared for Jarvis H a l l and a large flag flew over the School of Mines tower. The building was of brick construction, 50x33x40 feet, two stories, with a tower to be 75 feet high. It was designed by a Boston architect. The roof was to be of Italian style. The name was given in honor of Nathan Matthews of Boston, Mass., who contributed liberally to its support.

A t this time, it must be recalled, Golden had passed through its great battle with Denver for supremacy in the gold regions—and had been worsted by the rapidly grow­ing Denver. Golden had been the capital of the Territory in 1862, 1864, 1865, 1866 and 1867. The 4th Session of the Legislature was held in the old Overland Hotel. The meetings in 1866 and 1867 were held in the Loveland Building on Washington Ave. (Now known as the Koenig Building, situated at the corner of Twelfth and Washing­ton). E . L . Berthoud was speaker of the House in 1867.

Golden passed through a dull period for a number of years and we note on June 5, 1872, that there are no side­walks in the town.

Matthews Ha l l was completed rapidly and when Jarvis H a l l opened on Sept. 4, 1872, Matthews Ha l l also opened its doors under the supervision of Rev. W . R, Harding. Rev. Samuel Edwards of Cambridge University, England, was the new principal of Jarvis Ha l l . Daniel N . Allen of

St. Stephen's College, Ne-w York, was the new assistant teacher. The name of the colorful Arthur Lakes is not on the faculty list this year; he either returned to the east for a year or was engaged in church work in the vicinity of Evergreen, Colo. The old records are not clear on this point.

The faculty was announced as follows: Bishop Randall—Moral Science. Rev. Samuel Edwards, A.M.—Principal . Daniel N . Allen, A.B.—Asst. Teacher. Rev. Richard Harding—Mathematics. Rev. C. E . Butler—Spanish. E . L . Berthoud, A.M.—Geology and Civ i l Engineering. George West—Military Science and Tactics. The tuition was reduced $\00 to $400 per annum. Twenty students were enrolled in Jarvis Hal l , while

ten were registered for the opening term of Matthews Hal l . It wi l l be noted that Matthews H a l l opened earlier than the School of Mines despite the fact that its corner­stone was laid some time later than that of the School of Mines. A n apathetic state was allowing its School of Mines to be scrapped before it was started.

But the school had friends who kept everlastingly on the job. A different tenor is found in the Transcript Articles of 1873. On March 26 of that year, came the positive announcement that the school would open in Apr i l . The article follows:

"Prof. Millet (E . ] . Mallet) of the School of Mines of Columbia College wi l l arrive here early in Apr i l to take charge of School of Mines and to instruct students in Jar­vis H a l l in chemistry and in regard to metals.

"The School of Mines is fitted up with every appliance that can be brought into immediate use. The lower story wil l contain the assay furnace; while the second is divided into a library and lecture room—the latter to contain a large selection of minerals. Bishop Randall is to be con­gratulated on the prospective success of the School of Mines notwithstanding the stupid action of our late governor (McCook) , who imagined that an Episcopal fence would materially interfere with the laws that govern metals."

On Apr i l 9, 1873, Supt. West of the Golden Smelring Works, was appointed lecturer of metallurgy. Prof. West had experience in this science at the Polytechnic School of Liverpool and during his short stay in Golden had already acquired a reputation as a clear lecturer.

On Apr i l 16, 1873, the Transcript carried the announce­ment that the fourth term of Jarvis Ha l l would open Wednesday, Apr i l 23. "The opening of the School of Mines wi l l be a feature of the term."

Whether or not the school opened in Apri l , 1873, is a cause for conjecture. The Transcript contains no further comment on the opening, but that is not conclusive that it did not open its doors on Apr i l 23, because the Transcript m,akes no further mention of the School of Mines or Jarvis Ha l l in its columns until July. Wi th Prof. Mallett already engaged as professor in charge, and with Supt. West named lecturer in metallurgy, it seems only reasonable that a few students were on the rolls in Apri l , 1873.

However, when announcement was made on July 2, 1873, of closing exercises of Jarvis Ha l l , no mention is made of the School of Mines. T o be conservative, the writer does not wish to go on record with the statement that the school was in operation from Apr i l 23 to July 2, 1873.

There is no question, however, about the opening of the School of Mines on Sept. 3, 1873. The University was now in ful l swing with its three colleges in operation.

Fage Seventeen

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Maga^in

Prof. F. C. Selden had been placed in charge of Jarvis Hal l , but the faculties were about the same—and inter­changeable. Rev. Arthur Lakes, Rev. Lynd and Capt. Berthoud, we are certain, assisted Prof. E . J . Mallet in the operation of the school.

When classes convened on that momentous opening day, Sept. 3, 1873, the students, few in number, assembled in a building which had cost more than $1,000 in excess of the limited appropriation made by the Legislature of 1870, and w-hich had been advanced by Rev. Randall. A t the open­ing date all im.provements had^not been completed, but the building was ready for occupancy and fitted for both class and laboratory instruction.

Four furnaces had been installed in the basement; one for an eight horse power boiler; one for roasting ores; another for making assays; and a fourth for "manufactur­ing". The laboratories had been equipped in the base­ment and new equipment consisted of a 100 cu. ft. capacity gasometer, and a number of "reagent" tables, each supplied with individual apparatus and chemicals.

The first floor, called the second floor because the base­ment was called the first floor, was used for various pur­poses. The assay weighing room had been outfitted with accurate balances, and, in addition, the assay office as well as the administration offices were on this floor. The lec­ture room served also as museum and a large number of minerals and coals were on exhibition. The library has been removed to Jarvis Hal l .

The building had not been entirely completed, but a lec­ture room was arranged on the "third" floor. The chief equipment of this hall was "a pair of educational stereop-ticons, worth $600." There was an eighteen foot screen in place to be used in connection with this visual method of instruction. The tower had not been completed, but even then it was planned to use it for a series of meteoro­logical observations—which Capt. Berthoud kept and tabu­lated for many years. In fact, h'e gave his weather forecast to the citizens of Golden by placing a printed slip with his observations in the Post Office every morning. This fea­ture was quite an event in the life of the community.

So the School of Mines was a reality; however, there is reason to believe that it was in reality about six months previous, because in the Transcript report on the opening we note the statement that "material . . . has been put in since the close of last term."

Because 1873 was an election year, and the Transcript was very much interested in politics, little mention is made of the University. One item of interest is found in the Transcript of Sept. 24, 1873, in regard to the opening of the three schools:

A l l have a fair list of students, the most successful year for Jarvis Hal l . The School of Mines under Mallet has started out in appropriate work. The students from the other schools have access to the course of instruction. Assay class to begin in a week. Daily lectures are well attended and well given. We predict for the School of Mines a brilliant and useful future.

On Oct. 1, 1873, it was announced that the Golden grade school was about ready. This was the beginning of the south side school located opposite the rear of present Stratton Ha l l .

The entire community—in fact the entire West—was shocked to hear of the death of Bishop Randall in Denver on Oct. 12, 1873. The venerable bishop was active until the end, planning for the future and proving one of Colo­rado's ablest educators. He was succeeded by Bishop Spalding.

Athletics entered the school as an activity for the first time on Nov. 12, 1873, when a baseball club and a cricket club were formed at Jarvis Hal l . It wi l l be noted that Rev. Marshall is the only man interested in both activities. Officers were as follows:

Baseball Club: Prof. F. E . Selden, President; T . T . Reno, field captain; C. H . Marshall, secretary; J . W . Jory, treasurer. Cricket Club: C. H . Marshall, presi­dent; H . Walpole, capt.; S. Walpole, secretary; Prof. R. J . Harding, treasurer.

According to Capt. Smith, Prof. Mallett began giving instruction "in assaying and the easier chemical tests" in 1871. As wil l be seen in the foregoing, the year is erroneous; it was not until 1873. Smith records the first work done by Mallett and his students:

"Wi th the assistance of his students, and aided by M r . John W . Nesmith, then master mechanic of the Colorado Central Railroad, and now president of the Colorado Iron Works Company (1907), Professor Mallett tested the fuel values of the Colorado coals, which were at that time re­garded as unfit for use in either smelting or railroad work. The tests were favorable, showing the variety and value of a Colorado product. Thus early in its history the School of Mines demonstrated its peculiar value and its intimate relation to the varied resources of the Rocky Mountain region."

Military training is not a new development at the School of Mines. It wi l l be recalled that Capt. George West was in charge of military science in the early days of Jarvis Hal l . He was succeeded by his associate editor, Capt. James T . Smith, who now stalks upon the stage of the school—a familiar figure in its production for nearly half a century.

On Dec. 24, 1873, it is recorded that the cadets of Jarvis Ha l l held target practice with Capt. Smith in charge. The results were encouraging, and just to show that he still retained his weather eye, Capt. Smith did some excellent shooting himself.

The holiday season was on and Jarvis H a l l was the scene of a dancing party for the three schools on the even­ing of December 19, 1873. More than 75 guests were present on the occasion and dancing was held from 9 to 12.

Mention is made of the Golden schools and the colleges established by Bishop Randall in the second report of the United States Commissioner of Education, published in Washington, D . C. in 1873. The Colorado School of Mines is mentioned in these reports previous to any institu­tion of higher learning in Colorado. The extract is intact under the headings "Superior Instruction" and "Profes­sional and Technical Instruction." The report is found on Pages 430, 431 and 432, of the bound volume.

The public school of Golden City entered, December 1, 1873, into possession of a new and elegant school-building. When the plans of this building were decided on the attend­ance on the public schools was only 98. In the new struc­ture it has been 251.

Jarvis Hal l , Golden City, a collegiate school for boys, intended to be the foundation of a future university, affords to the residents in that locality, under the guidance of com­petent educators, the ordinary branches of a thorough English secondary course, with a good grounding in Greek, Latin, the French and German languages.

Wolfe Ha l l , Denver, a high school, for young ladies, with 11 instructors, affords the same for the territorial capital, having a ful l English and classic course, with mod­ern languages, music, drawing, painting, etc., all in con­nection with the religious influences of the Protestant-

Vanp. VAohteen

The Colorado School of Nlines Ma ga-^in e M A K C H 1950

Episcopal Church, by which both it and Jarvis Ha l l have been established. The two institutions have fine buildings, erected mainly by the liberal aid of George A . Jarvis, Esq., of Brooklyn, Long Island, and John D . Wolf , Esq., of New York.

SUPERIOR I N S T R U C T I O N

It is intended that this shall be furnished increasingly hy steady enlargement of the course at Jarvis Hal l , so that when the Territory shall have grown into a state it may find there a native university, complete in all departments, which has grown with its growth and which may be ready to take the place of a true college for the people.

PROFESSIONAL A N D T E C H N I C A L I N S T R U C T I O N

A divinity-school in connection with Jarvis Hal l has been in operation in its own building since September 1872. ' T h e same Theologic course which is pursued in the east­ern church-schools is here carried out in all its details," in a course which is at present three years in extent, with a jirobability of its being lengthened out to four.

The territorial school of mines is also connected with the same institution, and in it two lectures weekly have been delivered on geology, with a special reference to min­ing-developments. The cabinet-collection here has been pronounced by the Hayden expedition and M . Lesquereux, of Columbus, Ohio, the most unique and valuable of its kind in the United States.

A very complete philosophic apparatus is possessed by the school of mines, with the details of a large chemic laborator}', in which every process connected with the reducing of metals can be illustrated.

A n eminent physician of the Territory has promised to commence a course of medical lectures, preparatory to which there has been some instruction in physiology.

O B I T U A R Y

The Rt. Rev. George M . Randall, D .D . , bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Colorado, deserves mention here from his efforts to promote education in the Territory. A graduate of Brown University in 1835 and of the Gen­eral Theological Seminary, New York, in 1838, he was first settled at Fall River, Massachusetts, and afterward for some years in Boston. In 1865 he was elected mission­ary bishop to Colorado, there, continued them with un-. abating zeal t i l l his death, September 28, 1873. Perceiv­ing from the first the need of educational institutions for the youth of a new region, he set himself to the establish­ment of parish-schools in connection with the churches and of boarding-schools in the larger towns. Through aid de­rived from eastern friends, he succeeded in building up three important schools within his diocese: Jarvis Hal l , Golden, a diocesan collegiate school for boys; St. Matthew's Hal l , also at Golden, a diocesan divinity-school; and Wolf Hal l , Denver, a diocesan school for girls; each housed in a substantial building of its own, and all, at his death, in suc­cessful operation.

From the 2nd Biennial Report of the Supt. of Public Instruction of Colorado for 2 years ending Sept. 30, 1873, we have this report entitled "The University Schools at Golden".

The foundation of the University Schools of Colorado marks an era in the progress of the West. From the first inauguration of his Episcopate, the distinguished prelate (Ed. Note, Bishop Randall), to whose genius and foresight Colorado is indebted for the foundation of a great univer­sity scheme, saw the necessity for the existence here of a high school system, intermediate between the general and

(Conttnusi on page 2pJ

The Music of the Mines There is music in the mountains—a sweet melodious sound, As the air drills keep a humming, when the men "get in

their round." In the chorus of the blooming of the blasts at close of day, The clanking of the hammer of the blacksmith, joins the

play. The tones are intermingled with the whispering of the

pines— Yes, my friend, 'tis sweet to listen to the music of the

mines. The compressor's rhythmic beating as it gives the drills the

air. Sounds like the drums retreating, with the tank the trom­

bone player; The clicking of the ore cars as they're passing o'er the

track, And the rumbling of the "empties" as they're swiftly going

back; The hum of the transformers, and of transmission lines Is like the peal of organs—yes, there's music in the mines. The grinding of the crusher and the crashing of the ore, Is like the waves of oceans a beating 'gainst the shore. And soothing and enchanting is the steady sounding clank Of the stamps, as they are crushing out the money for

the bank; And like a silvery ocean the amalgam table shines-There is harmony and beauty, and there's music at the

mines. And when the day is over, and the miners "off the shift," As tired, wet and grimy they's emerging from the drift. The sound of merry voices are mingled with the gong Of the dinner bell's sweet pealing, and with the miners'

song. And, as the evening twilight the snowy hills entwines. There's a strain of sweet enchantment in the music of the

mines.—Summit County Journal.

The Dinosaur "Behold the mighty Dinosaur Famous in prehistoric lore. Not only for his weight and strength. But for his intellectual length. You wil l observe by these remains The creature had two sets of brains— One in his head (the usual place). The other at his spinal base. Thus he could reason a priori As well as a posteriori. No problem bothered him a bit; He made both head and tails of it. So wise he was, so wise and solemn. Each thought filled just a spinal column. If one brain found the pressure strong. It passed a few ideas along; If something slipt his forward mind, 'Twas rescued by the one behind; And if in error he was caught. He had a saving afterthought. As he thought twice before he spoke, He had no judgments to revoke; For he could think, without congestion. Upon both sides of every question. Oh, gaze upon this model beast, Defunct ten million years at least."

—Anony?nous.

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Maga^in

George Wilfley Dies Suddenly in Denver

George Wilfley of the Class of 1913 died at his home in Denver, February 10. His death came from a heart attack, following an illness of a few days. George Wilfley was only 41 years old and his death cut short a promising career.

Born in Kokomo, Colorado in 1889, George spent his early years in the environment of a mining camp. His father was then owner and operator of the Wilfley Mine at Kokomo. George's parents removed to Denver while he

was yet a youngster and here he obtained his public school education. He was graduated from the East Denver High School in 1909, entering the School of Mines the same year.

George Wilfley was the son of A . R. Wilfley, the in­ventor of the Wilfley Table. Upon graduation from the School of Mines in 1913; George went to Silverton, Colo­rado, to operate the Mears-Wilfley property. During the latter part of his stay in Silverton he worked with his father in developing the Wilfley Sand Pump. In 1918 he returned to Denver and carried on experiments there. Like his father, George took great pleasure in designing and testing machinery. In 1920' his father formed a partner­ship with his two sons, Elmer and George; this partnership was known as A . R. Wilfley & Sons and was devoted to the development of the Wilfley Sand Pump. M r . A . R. Wilfley died February 20, 1927 and since that time the business has been carried on by the two sons. Following the father's death the partnership was incorporated as a company and is now known as A . R. Wilfley & Sons, Inc.

George Wilfley was a genius in mechanics. He had a keen insight into mechanical design, and it has been largely due to his ability that the Wilfley Pump has been developed to such perfection. Being of this turn of mind he naturally took to the study of radio and photography and at the time of his death he was experimenting with talking picture processes.

Wilfley was married in 1919 to Miss Helen Kuntz of Denver. He was always popular with his schoolmates from old Golden and all respected his judgment and held him in highest regard. He is survived by his mother, Mrs. A . R. Wilf ley; his wife; a sister. Miss May Wilfley, and his brother, Elmer.

Prominent Colorado Pioneer Passes Away

Richard C. Campbell, father of Thomas Patterson Campbell of the Mines Faculty, died February 14 after an illness of three days. The cause of his death was bronchial pneumonia.

M r . Campbell was prominent in Colorado affairs for many years. He became business manager of the Rocky Mountain News in 1895, a position which he held until 1913.

He then founded the investment company which bears his name and was active in its affairs until his death. Thru this company he erected the modern Patterson oflice build­ing at 17th and Welton Sts., a few years ago.

He is survived by a sister, Mrs . Jessica Campbell H i l l , Bethany, W . V a . ; a son, Thomas Patterson Campbell, member of the faculty of the Colorado School of Mines, and a daughter, Mrs . Stuart Smith of Denver.

Former Mines Student Killed by Hit-Run Driver

Hans P. Greve, Jr., 24 years old, husband of the former Miss Thirley Brown of Golden, and student in the Colo­rado School of Mines in 1926-27, died at midnight, Feb. 17 in the Denver General hospital of injuries he suffered a few hours before when struck by a speeding hit-and-run motor­ist.

The tragedy occurred at Tenth Ave. and Broadway, Denver. M r . Greve was returning home when he was run down. He was thrown thirty feet by the impact of the death car, and suffered a fractured skull, internal injuries and several broken ribs. He was picked up and taken to the hospital by a passing motorist.

Aroused by the tragedy, Denver police immediately launched a search for the driver of the death car. They have but one clue on which to work in their search for the slayer. This is a license number assertedly issued in Arapahoe county.

MT. Greve was an employe of the Larson-Nash Motors Co., 1144 Acoma street, Denver.

He is survived by his widow; a son, who was one year old on Washington's birthday; his parents, M r . and Mrs . Hans P. Greve and a brother, Donald Greve, senior in the Golden High School.

World^s Largest Saddle-Stitched Book Published

Because of advice given by the American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, the issue of The Oil and Gas Journal pre­sented no mechanical difficulties, although it contained 316 pages, 9%xl3^/2 overall, weighed 12 pounds and was sad­dle-stitched.

The publication turned out an issue of 424 pages and cover last October. The printer was unable to bind the publication properly with the standard staple and an S. O. S. was sent out to engineers of the American Steel & Wire. After working their slide rules overtime to ascertain stress and other factors, the technical experts presented the printer with a new stitching wire which did everything it was re­quired to do.

The service was described as an interesting academic study, since such a small percentage of wire is used for this purpose that the market is insignificant, compared with the company's total output.

The Colorado School of Mines Ma gamine M A R C H 1930

The Prehistoric Roots of Civilization t By J . H A R L A N J O H N S O N , '23*

TH E object of this article is not to give a story of pre­historic man and his achievements but rather to call

attention to those things of interest, importance, or value in modern civilization which date back to prehistoric times; that is, to show what prehistoric times contributed toward civilization.

One thing must be remembered. The course of man has not been a smooth, straight path. It has been a long rough road with many ups and downs, and the rate of progress has not been uniform. In general the beginnings were extremely slow but there was an increasing acceleration. The movement, however, has not been steadily progressive but rather pulsating and with an increasing tempo.

Necessity is ever the mother of invention. The idea of the "aspiring ape who' wished to become a man" is pure poetic fancy. The truth would almost be that progress has been made only under the spur of necessity. Certainly we see that during those times when living conditions were easy, little or no advances were made and even retrogression took place, while under more difficult environmental con­ditions advancements occur.

Since some of our readers may not have a very clear pic­ture of prehistoric man a chart is included which shows the line of cultural stages, their environmental backgrounds, and approximate dates.

Word pictures wi l l be given, generalizing the cultures of each cultural period, mentioning the advances made during that period, and showing the contributions of each to pres­ent day life. The story told is for Western Europe as that is the only area in which sufficient study has been given to the subject for us to have a clear picture of events.

E O L I T H IC The Eolithic was a long period of time during which

progress was extremely slow. It is characterized by the use of tools and weapons made from naturally shaped stones which have at best been only slightly improved by breaking off an objectionable corner or chipping an edge. It represents the first use by man of external objects for tools and weapons. The materials used were stone and wood. During this period, man was a hunting animal. In trying to discover what the Eolithic has contributed to our present day civilization, we can find only a few generalities. Men learned to work together, to use tools and weapons, and we find the first real development of language sufficient for a free exchange of ideas.

P A L E O L I T H I C

This period was also long in terms of years but not nearly so long as the Eolithic. It represents a time interval of over a quarter of a million years, and is characterized by the use of chipped stone tools. A t the beginning the tools and the chipping were very crude but by the end of the period great skill and perfection had been developed. Use was also made of wood, bone, horn and ivory. Man was still essentially a hunter though he amplified his diet by fishing and by collecting various vegetable products such as roots, nuts, and fruits. He was, however, distinctly a collector of food, not a producer. During this time, great advances were made in the variety and quantity of tools

t Paper presented before the Monday Evening Club of Golden, Jan. U, 1929. .Associate Professor of Geology, Colorado School of iNlines.

and weapons. We find for example that the javelin, har­poon, and a number of kinds of traps were invented and in common use by the end of the period. A t least one method of kindling fire had been discovered rather early in the Paleolithic. Needles and the art of sewing were highly developed. It might even be said that the eyed needle may be considered as one of the great inventions of the time. Beautifully formed bone and ivory needles of late Paleolithic age may be seen in most museums.

"Civilization's debt to the late Paleolithic peoples is large but difficult to estimate. A people depending upon hunting for food cannot attain a high culture no matter how intelligent nor how great their innate mental capacity. They may nevertheless invent many of the fundamental arts and crafts of civilization and may need but a new en­vironment to bring them to ful l fruition. Consequently, when agriculture was invented and animals were domesti­cated the change from a life of a hunter to that of a farmer w^ould be made with hardly a break."- Thus we may say probably the greatest contribution of the Paleolithic was in preparing the way and building the foundations for the Neolithic.

N E O L I T H I C

Compared to the others, the Neolithic covered a rather short time interval but its importance in the history of man is tremendous. It is characterized by the use of imple­ments of ground and polished stone, by the domestication of animals and the beginning and development of agriculture. Practically all the arts of the Paleolithic were continued, though we find that as the use of polished stone increases, as a rule the quality of the chipped stone decreases and the tendency is for the larger and more important tools and weapons to be made of the polished ware. W i t h the domes­tication of animals and the development of agriculture, man begins to rise above the immediate control of his environ­ment and the effect upon men themselves was very great. Tribes of nomad herdsmen and permanent villages of agri­cultural folk began to appear. No longer is man dependant entirely upon the vicissitudes of his immediate environment for existence. Wi th the increased food supply it becomes possible for a given area to support a much larger popula­tion and also, for at least some of the folk, a surplus ac­cumulates which allows them some time in which cultural advance can be made and we find that as the Neolithic progresses, the inventive powers of man were enormously stimulated. There are very few important crop plants or kinds of domesticated animals now in use which do not date from Neolithic times. Weaving commenced and made considerable progress, basketry came in to common use, pottery was invented and considerably developed. We find the beginning of navigation and advancement in the making of boats. Hunting and fishing were still widely practiced but excepting in a few impoverished regions they were supplementary rather than primary industries.

In summary we may say that the Neolithic was probably the greatest of all chapters in human history because the inventions and the discoveries of that time are the broad foundation upon which the whole structure of modern civilization was built.

- Cleland Our Prehistoric Ancestors, p. 53.

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Ma gaz.i

A G E OF B R O N Z E

The Neolithic merges into the Bronze without a break in Europe. Hunting and fishing continue but are not so important as they were at previous times. Agricuhure and grazing improve and increase. The introduction of metals again greatly stimulates the inventive faculties of man. A great variety of new tools, weapons and utensils are de­veloped. Smelting probably arose indirectly from pottery making. Glass was invented before the end of the period but did not attain wide use until the first age of Iron. Trade and commerce become well organized and highly developed. We find a wide spread network of trade routes connecting most of the regions of Europe carrying a large commerce in amber, salt, pottery and metals. Writ ing be­gan and was fairly well developed but was not very widely distributed either geographically or among the entire popu­lation of a given area during this period.

I R O N I. H A L L S T A T T

The Bronze Age did not end abruptly when the use of iron was invented but in most regions was reached by a gradual transition. In the beginning, iron was scarce and very expensive sp was used only for weapons and cutting tools (in fact before the Iron Age, it was known, but was used only for jewelry). Bronze was still largely used for tools, utensils and ornaments. Jewelry and ornaments were abundant and often were very beautifullv made. Glass comes into common use. Pottery is highly developed and frequently beautifully decorated. W e l l built houses are common though built mainly of wood. Religious rites were elaborately developed. Music was apparently highly ap­preciated as indicated by the abundant remains of certain types of musical instruments. The horse comes into rather common use. Commerce and trade are extensive, especially in salt, iron, amber, pottery and jewelry. Travelling artisans were undoubtedly a strong factor in the spread of culture.

The Hallstatt culture deve'loped particularly in Central Europe and appears to have supported a rather dense popu­lation. However, practically its only contribution to mod­ern civilization was the introduction of iron in commercial quantities so that it would be within reach of all.

L A T E N E ( I R O N II)

This is sometimes known as the Age of the Kelts or the Celtic culture. This started in about the same region as the Hallstatt culture but spread rapidly over most of northern and western Europe. Agriculture and the domes­tication of animals reached about as high a level as existed ill Europe during the Middle Ages. The houses were mainly wood but were frequently large and well built. In fact they w-ere very similar to the architectural types in many parts of Central Europe today. Iron was abundantly used for tools and weapons. The pottery was excellent. About as high a level was reached as was ever attained by hand methods. Military Science may be said to begin at this time. A widespread and very active commerce in a great variety of commodities existed.

This period closed historically with the Roman conquests but the general cultural level of the common people of Europe changed but little from then until the time of the Industrial Re\"oIution less than two centuries ago.

R E S U M E

A l l of our civilizations arose directly or indirectly from a Neolithic base. History shows this development in f-gypt i Babylonia, Crete and paits of Greece.

Practically all the great currents of history start with

a cultural impulse. Examples of this may be seen in the spread of bronze cultures over the Neolithic in some areas. Iron causes the fall of Crete and the decline of the Egyptian Empire. The domestication of the horse spreads culture and conquest. Agriculture develops towms and wealth and makes conquest worthwhile. If we look back and critically analyze the cultures of these prehistoric ances­tors of ours and compare the fundamental value of many of their inventions with those of the present time of which we are so proud and of which we frequently speak so boast­fully, one often is led to wonder if real progress is being made so rapidly at present as it was in the past; if indeed any fundamental inventions have been made, and if in the last 2000 years any real progress has occurred. In any case one cannot help but to feel great admiration for the work of these early peoples and to realize that modern civilization has important roots that penetrate far into the pre-historic past.

REFERENCES General

Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 1 CJeland, H. F. Our Prehistoric Ancestors. 1928. MacCurdy, G. G. Human Oregans. 192+. Perry, W, J. Growth of Civilization.

(Covtimied fill page 4$)

Geolog-ic Time Cultural stage .Approximate date

Enoch Age Cultural stage .Approximate

date

o Recent

Modfrn Civilization;

o Recent

(H. La Tene Iron \

ll- Hallstatt

Reian 300-1300 B. C. Earliest in Central Europe Late.st in Scandinavia

o Recent Broniie Began 3200-1700 B. C. Earliest in Central Europe

o Recent

Neolithic Began 7000-2000 B, C.

o Recent

A'.iiia ri [Transitional)

Began B. C. 9000 to s;oo

o

Post Glacial Magdalenian Solutrean

Bega n B. C. 24. 000

o

, oAurignacian 'j'^f'^' + ^Upper Mousterian B. C.7) 000

o

Interglaciai 3 Mousterian B. C. 130 000

o

Glacial 3 Uppet Acheulean

o

Interslacial 2 pLower Acheulean -la-.ellean

B. C. 300 000

B. C. 350 000

o

Glacial 2 Early Chellean B. C, 420 000

o

Interglaciai 1 (Helderhergman) B. C. 575 000

o

First Glacial B. C. 750 000

Pliocene Late j Foxhallian B. C. 1,200.000

Chart Sho'wing Cultural Stages of Man and the Relation of these stages to Geologic time and physical conditions.

Page Tioenty-tiso

The Colorado School of Mines Ma gamine M A R C H 1930

Spheroidicity of the Earth By F R E D C . BOND^ '22

The surface of the earth is assumed to approximate that of an oblate spheroid formed by the rotation of an ellipse about its minor axis, the minor axis corresponding to the earth's polar diameter and the major axis to its equatorial diameter.

The accepted figures are: Equatorial semi-axis = a — 6,378.388 km. Polar semi-axis — b =; 6,356.912 km.

a —b 1 EUipticity = ~

a 297.0 ± 0.5 The polar and equatorial diameters are obtained from

extensive triangulations on the earth's surface, as well as by astronomical determinations of latitude. The height of the pole star above the horizon wil l give the latitude, and it is found that a degree of latitude is slightly greater near the poles than near the equator, thus confirming the theory of flattening at the poles.

The astronomic latitude and longitude depend directly upon the direction of the plumb line at the point of observa­tion. The triangulation surveys also depend upon the plumb line direction, after including the corrections for topography and isostasy. Thus it is apparent that the amount of flattening of the earth at its poles is measured directly from the plumb line directions on different points of the earth's surface.

The direction of the plumb line is not toward the center of volume or of mass of the earth, except at the poles or on the equator. It is a resultant of the gravitational attraction of the earth and the centrifugal force caused by its rotation. If the earth were rotating at 17 times its present speed re­leased bodies would fall toward the equator rather than toward the earth. The greatest variation of the plumb line direction from the center of the earth wi l l be at or near a latitude of 45°. The value of the centrifugal force is zero at the poles and a maximum at the equator.

Where a is the acceleration toward the center, r is the radius in centimeters, and 1" is the sidereal dav in seconds

47r-r a =^

T -On the equator

47r- {63,783,880cm.) 0.33918 cm.

(86,164 cm.)^' sec The value of the acceleration due to gravitv at the equa-

977.989 cm. 978.328 cm. tor is ; adding to this 0.339 gives

sec- see-as the value at the equator if the earth's rotation stopped. The value of g at the poles is 983.210, and the difference between g at the poles and at the equator is 5.221. The difference if the earth's rotation stopped would be 4.882.

As an approximation 4.882 297

= , 317.6 5.221 X

This indicates that the true elipticity of the earth is

1 1 rather than , and that the latter figure was

317.6 297.0 derived by failing to correct for the plumb line deviations caused by the earth's rotation.

If the equatorial semi-diameter of the earth is taken as correct

a b " a = 6,358.306 km.

317.6 This is 1.384 km. greater than the accepted value of the

earth's polar semi-diameter. It is believed that this difference in the amount of the

equatorial bulge is not enough to cause any considerable change in the computations of the perturbations of the moon.

4 The volume of an oblate spheroid is , where a is

37ra-b the major and b the minor semi-axis. The increased value of the minor semi-axis wil l increase the volume of the earth by 0.0218%. If the mass of the earth is taken as correct its mean density wi l l be decreased from the present value of 5.527 to 5.526.

As the sidereal day lengthens—at the rate of one second in about 120,000 years—the earth's apparent polar diameter as measured from plumb line directions should increase, to a maximum of about two miles additional when rotation ceases, assuming that no surface deformation or change takes place and that the present accepted equatorial diam­eter is correct.

Patent Issued to Coolbaugh and Read A new process in treating sulphide ores, which requires

less fuel, with a greater elimination of sulphur, has been patented by M . F . Coolbaugh, president of the Colorado School of Mines, and J . Burns Read, professor of mining at that institution.

President Coolbaugh and Professor Read perfected the process five years ago, but the issuance of the patent was held up pending a thorough study by government experts. Official word of its issuance was not received in Denver from Washington until February 1.

The patent, according to President Coolbaugh, has already Ijeen assigned to the Complex Ores Recoveries com­pany, a Colorado mining corporation.

Du Pont Technical Section Meets The fourteenth annual meeting of the Technical Section

of the Explosives Department, E . I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, was held in the du Pont-Biltmore Hotel, W i l ­mington, Del., February 4, 5 and 6. Arthur LaMotte, manager of the section, presided. More than one hundred subjects relating to explosives and their uses in mining, construction and for other industrial purposes were dis­cussed by the eighty du Pont executives and field repre­sentatives from all parts of the United States.

J . W . McCoy, general manager of the Explosives De­partment, addressed the opening session, while L . P . Mahony, director of sales, was the principal speaker at the dinner which followed the close of the three-day meeting.

"One more payment and the baby wil l be ours," ex­claimed a young husband as he mailed a check to the doctor.

Deferred paym.ent plans increase production, we are told.

Page T'l^enty-tliree

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Magaz^int

Some Interesting Geolog

Located in the southwest part of Huerfano county, with­in a radius of 10 miles from L a Junta, Colorado, are many typical geological phenomena; some of which are illustrated by the accompanying photographs.

count of the fact that they are somewhat isolated, and set out by themselves several miles east of the main range.

Radiating from the west Spanish Peak as an axis are approximately 40 dikes. A simile might be drawn by com­paring the formation to a wheel with the peak as a hub and the radiating walls the spokes.

The landscape marked number 3 is a typical illustration of one of these dikes with the peak in the background. Locally this igneous formation has been named the "Devil's Stair Steps", on account of its resemblance to a series of steps.

These dikes are exposed for a distance of a few hundred feet to three or four miles; have a height as great as 90 feet, and are about 15 feet wide. The rock is light in color, which would indicate it contained a high percent of acid forming minerals and would be classified as felsite.

The larger walls are exposed at the foot of the moun­tain, in somewhat regular intervals, of a mile or two apart, but in some places two or three smaller dikes run parallel to the big ones, at intervals of not more than 150 feet.

Bisecting the south line of the county are the east and west Spanish Peaks (with elevations of 13,623 and 12,708 feet respectively) which are a part of the Sangre De Cristo range. These peaks are particularly distinguished on ac-

Picture 6 is a freak formation, where the main outcrop branches off in two arms; also the outcrop has a saw tooth appearance which is not typical of most of the other walls.

The formation shown in view number 2 is another dike called "Profile Rock", and various outlines can be seen in it, (if one has sufficient imagination). A t the left of the picture, the bottom hole thru the wall resembles a fox lying down. On the right side face of the big " U " cut in the top of the formation is the profile of a huge face, and another hole in the dike near the right of the picture resembles a Dutch shoe.

The east Spanish Peak does not have similar radiating walls, but instead, north of the mountain, is a network of walls much smaller in size and running in no fixed direc­tion. Some run at right angles to others, and the younger

Pnnf T'^p-ntv-iiiiit

The Colorado School of Mines Ma ga%^in e M A R C H 1930

rmations in Southern Colorado ^ER, '21

one penetrates the older, continuing the same course. These walls also differ from those pictured, through the fact that some of them follow a crooked, snake-like course, rather than straight. The rock in these smaller dikes is dark in color, which indicates the presence of a high percent of base forming mineral.

Picture number 4 is a section of another outcrop, which has been traced for a distance of at least 20 miles through southern Colorado, and into New Mexico, and runs close to the foot of the west side of the west Spanish Peak. Its character is somewhat irregu­lar, and its composition in some localities is igneous, and in other places sedi­mentary rock. In a general way it re­sembles the dikes first described, but the

Within two miles of L a Veta is the balanced rock, shown in the view marked 5. This is a striking example of the work of wind and water erosion on sandstone. The rock is so accurately balanced on its pedestal that it can

be teetered by the exertion of a few hundred pounds of force on one side.

Although various illustrations of balanced rocks are shown in text books, or in advertise­ments of scenic attractions, there are perhaps none which show so striking an example of the typical formation as the one in this vicinitv.

formation lies at an angle to a vertical plane, and the outcrop was presumably made by a fault.

Another interesting igneous formation is shown in view number 1. Since there is no evidence that extrusive volcanic activity has been connected with this intrusion, the formation in all proba­bility is a stock rather than a volcanic neck. The mountains which are dimly visible in the back ground are the Span­ish Peaks and are about 6 miles back of the butte. The peak in the right of this picture is the west one, and the Profile Rock shown in photograph number 2 lies about one and a half miles bade of the stock. This formation is composed of basalt.

Paoe Tiventv-ft've

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines M a ga zi ^ ^

Chicken Bill By C H A S . S. T H O M A S

OV E R in Alma just across the Mosquito Range from California Gulch lived Chicken B i l l in the Sunny

Seventies. He was baptized Wil l iam Lovell and called himself a miner. In some unusual manner, of which I am wholly ignorant, he identified himself w\t\\ the poultry business, either as a producer or trader, which promptly earned him the cognomen which staid with him to the end.

Chicken Bi l l was a miner of the vocal type. His volu­bility was occasionally productive, for he could sometimes persuade a tenderfoot to stake him to an interest in a claim as an inducement to sell it for real money. B i l l had a never-failing supply of potential customers for promising mine locations. He never divulged their names, partly because the fact might impair his commissions as middle­

man, but chiefly because they were the children of his prolific fancy, and hence could be given names and local habitations as need might require. He was provided or provided himself with a perennial supply of endorse­ments from men of standing in the business world and could reel off the details of his successful promotions of attractive properties to those who knew him not but who cared to listen. To his neighbors he was a harmless

but good-natured idler, whose schemes for living on his wits instead of his toil were a source of diversion to the community at large. And Bi l l certainly managed to main­tain himself after a precarious fashion through the lean years following the panic of 1873, during which period prospecting was fairly active 'in and around the Mount Lincoln mining district.

It is said by high authority that opportunity knocks once at every man's door. Chicken B i l l heard and responded to it in the early autumn of 1877 when silver lead ores began to trickle down California Gulch toward the smelters of the Missouri Valley. More than half of Alma's popula­tion heard it also, and flocked to the new E l Dorado en masse. B i l l caught the contagion, locked his cabin, saddled his "cayuse", whistled to his dog, and headed west, in quest of prosperity. He arrived in three or four hours and although unheralded, he made his occupation known with­out delay by securing quarters and announcing himself as a dealer and promoter of mining loca­tions and prospects. B i l l had plenty of competition in this very popular pastime but he also had a large and rapidly increasing field of operations. Men and women were coming in by the wagon load from every direction. New mines were being rapidly brought into production and business booming in all its branches. B i l l be­gan to attract the attention of men having wares to display and made an occasional stake.

Finally, and during the early months of 1878, there came to him the owners of a claim called the Chrysolite, located in what came to be called Fryer H i l l just north of another claim called the Little Pittsburgh, destined to a career surpassed

only by that of the Comstock Lode of Nevada. These men wanted to convert their newly acquired property into cash without undue delay. B i l l assured them that they had come to the right man to handle the job for them. He invoked his list of ghostly investors who responded to his summons with the customary promptitude. These were also duly fortified with Bill 's old letters of endorsement. The result of the conference was a written agreement giving B i l l the exclusive right to negotiate and sell the Chrysolite mine at a minimum price, and authorizing him by power of attorney to convey same to the purchaser there­of. His commission was fixed at one-fourth of the sum to be realized.

The subsequent discovery of ore bodies in the Little Pittsburgh and other locations immediately south of the Chrysolite gave that claim a large prospective value. B i l l therefore very wisely concluded that he could do better by develop­ing that property himself, which he proceeded to do with the assent of the owners. For this he de­manded and received a conveyance for something more than a fourth interest in the location. He began sinking the Discovery shaft then some twenty feet deep and wholly in the wash on detritus covering the hill to greater depths. He drove it something over two hun­dred feet but without result. The claim was seemingly north of the big ore deposit and B i l l began to suspect he had backed the wrong horse. He employed a mining en­gineer to examine the hole and report conclusions. The report was unfavorable. His associates in the enterprise shut off his supplies and his co-owners clamored for a new deal. B i l l was seemingly at the end of his tether and worse off than when he arrived in camp some six months before.

B i l l how"ever proved to be a resourceful man in times of dire extremity. Desperate situations require desperate remedies and only the faint-hearted shrink from resorting to them.

B i l l therefore obtained a few pounds of high grade ores from the Little Pittsburgh bins which an obliging friend in the assay business pulverized for him. He then obtained a few sticks of dynamite, borrowed a drill and hammer. Wi th these he proceeded under cover of darkness to the Chrysolite Mine, descended to the bottom of the shaft, drilled two or three shallow holes in the soft porphyry rock, inserted his dynamite sticks into them, and tamped them copiously with his comminuted ore. He then set and lighted his fuses, climbed the ladder to the surface and proceeded homeward. Nature took its course, the charges exploded, and the shaft was ready for inspection and

Page Tiventy-six

The Colorado School of Mines Ma gamine M A R C H 1930

sampling. Needless to say that B i l l was the first casual visitor. He took half a dozen samples from the bottom of the shaft, submitted them to a careful assay, and was astounded by the result, for the metallic values of the samples equalled anything previously disclosed by the de­velopments on Fryer H i l l . B i l l was overcome with the excitement which his great and unexpected fortune aroused. He enjoined the strictest secrecy upon the assayer, and then proceeded with his pre-arranged plan.

Governor H . A . W . Tabor, the wealthiest operator in the District, was in the market for a mining property well-located and with favorable prospects. Associated with him in this enterprise were Marshall Field, Esq. of Chicago, and his general counsel, M r . John Borden. B i l l knew all about these gentlemen, and their purpose, so he dispatched a trusty friend to the Governor, who told him of a casual inspection of the Chrysolite shaft a few hours before, that the bottom of it was "lousy" with rich carbonate ore, that Chicken B i l l didn't know it and was too lazy to find it out until the news reached him from the outside. This dummy brought samples with him, which he left with Tabor. That competent gentleman lost no time. He sent an agent to the mine and went himself to Chicken Bill 's office to dicker for the mine. B i l l didn't care to sell but finally named a sum comprising six figures for a ten day option with a cash payment of $10,000.00 to be forfeited if the option should be abandoned. Tabor promptly closed the deal on the terms proposed, and within forty-eight hours afterwards, he exercised his option and took over the property.

Chicken B i l l thus made a big stake. He and his co-owners had more money than ever before. He had put one over on one of the keenest traders in the field, and was too elated with his good fortune to keep quiet about it. So the facts were pretty generally known by the time the purchasers discovered that they had obtained a well-salted mine.

But the purchasers were garhe. They laughed at the stories of Chicken Bill 's successful fraud, laughed at the jeers of the public, declared themselves satisfied with their purchase, let contracts for hoisting plants and shaft houses and for road construction to their ore bins. And they continued the work of shaft sinking. Within a month they reached the ore bearing zone, uncovered an ore body of great richness and enormous dimensions. They turned the laugh from themselves to the general public, paid dividends at the rate of $100,000' per month with clocklike regularity until 1881, listed their stock on the New York Exchange where it commanded a large premium for some two years. The owners never disclosed the amount of their profits, which w ere prodigious.

They were more than content with their bargain. But poor old Chicken B i l l ! The success of his grantees virtual­ly broke his virtuous old heart. He not only nursed a chronic sense of personal injur}', but actually believed that he had been defrauded of the biggest mine on earth. Rumor had it that he consulted a prominent firm of lawyers as to the institution of an action to set aside the sale and for an accounting of the proceeds from the operation of the mine, based upon the charge of fraud and deliberate concealment of its value by the purchasers. While this attitude sounds preposterously ridiculous, it must be said that B i l l could cite two or three precedents for his suggestion. The suit, however, was never brought.

But B i l l was a broken man from the hour that the mine came in strong. He couldn't stand the jibes and ridicule which assailed him from all directions. Those whom he

encountered, whether familiars or strangers, always greeted him with a grin. He was pointed out to visitors as the man who salted a mine on Marshall Field. He became a Leadville institution over night. He sought the solace of seclusion. Finally an irreverent reporter suggested that mine owners, discouraged over their barren developments could win fortune by securing the services of Chicken B i l l , the professional mine Salter of California Gulch, the wizard who could produce ore deposits by fertilizing the super­incumbent rocks. This blow must have killed father, for M r . Wil l iam Lovell withdrew from the busy haunts of Leadville, and the places which there knew him knew him no more forever. Even his deed which lived after him for a time has almost passed into the shades of oblivion.

Max Ball Heads Milmac Oil Company

The annual meeting of the Milmac O i l Company, held in the company's office in the Burk Burnett Building, Fort Worth, Texas, on February 4, resulted in the re-election of M a x W . Ball, Paul McCune, F . L . Michaels, Jr., O. B. Swanson, F. A . Douglass, H . C. Detrick, and O. K . Detrick as directors, and the re-election of the following officers: M a x W . Ball , chairman of the board, Paul McCune, president, F. L . Michaels, Jr., vice-president, O. B. Swanson, secretary and treasurer, and Winifred E . Drach, assistant secretary and assistant treasurer.

W . E . Wrather, M a x W . Ball, and Paul McCune were re-elected as members of the advisory committee of the company.

Of these officers and directors. Ball is a graduate of Mines, '06, McCune, '24, and Michaels, '25. Bajl lives in Denver and has his headquarters in the First National Bank Building there, spending part of his time at the Milmac offices, Burk Burnett Building, Fort Worth. McCune and Michaels make their headquarters at the Burk Burnett Building, Fort Worth, and live at 4806 Bryce, Fort Worth.

Alumnus Receives Recognition in Blast Furnace Slag Research

Tracy Bartholomew, '06, has recently been appointed manager of Research and Tests at the Duquesne Slag Products Co., of Pittsburgh. M r . Bartholomew has been engaged for over eight years in active research work on the utilization of blast furnace slags at Mellon Institute under a fellowship given by the Duquesne Slag Products Co. His new position gives him ful l charge of research, inspection and technical problems generally at the plant.

While at Mines M r . Bartholomew was prominent in campus activities. He is a member of Beta Theta Tau.

Dean Butler Chosen on Committee

Prof. G . M . Butler, Colorado School of Mines graduate and former member of the Mines faculty, now dean of the University of Arizona, has been chosen a member of a com­mittee of the American Association of Engineers to name the most outstanding citizens on whom wil l be conferred the Clausen gold medal. W i t h Dr . Butler on the com­mittee are C. F. Kettering, Detroit; Michael J . Pupin, New York ; and R. B. Kleinsmid, president University of Southern California.

Page T=wenty-seven

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Magaz.^^^^

Former Mines Professor Tells About Russia From an Interview Appearing in the Tulsa World

PR O F . R. C. B E C K S T R O M , recently returned to the United States from Baku. Russia, where he was em­

ployed for three months by the Russian government as consulting engineer to the Azneft O i l Trust, has resumed his duties as dean of the college of petroleum engineering at University of Tulsa.

He wil l return to Russia in June, however, he said, to accept another contract with the government in the same capacity.

Already a widely-known figure among American petro­leum engineers, Beckstrom jumped into international prom­inence through his work with the Russian government. His advent into the new territory was heralded by the press of several nations and occupied a foremost place in the world of international affairs. Pictures and stories of Doc­tor Beckstrom appeared in the papers of America, France, Germany and Russia.

STUDIED P R O J E C T

Of his personal achievements, Beckstrom is reticent to talk. He is chiefly concerned with the oil interests of Rus­sia, and an enthusiastic observer of the tremendous project which is being launched in the reconstruction of the country.

As an American, as well as an engineering expert, Beck­strom states that he was treated with the utmost courtesy and hospitality on every side. His wife, and Barbara, their 6-year-old daughter who accompanied him, support the professor in this statement. While the customs of the country were found to be widely different from those in America, the readjustment was -made comparatively easy for the Tulsans by the Russians, who proved without ex­ception to be considerate and anxious to make Americans like Russia.

"Russia is taking America for its model," Doctor Beck­strom says, "and zealously rebuilding and improving the old scheme of things. The great cry of the country is to 'industrialize' Russia. Children are taught from babyhood to build Russia, and their toys are the implements of re­construction as they see it. The faith of the nation is pinned to the utilization of machinery. By the use of machinery they believe they wil l bring about the equalization of time, effort and income among the Russian people."

F O U R - D A Y W E E K

The four-day week is an interesting factor in the new industrial development, Beckstrom reports. Each in­dividual is required to work only four days without a holi­day. The fifth day is a day of rest, but different days are divided among different groups. In this way the wheels of industry are kept constantly in motion, and yet the burden of the individual worker is lightened.

Women occupy the same positions as men in the new order of things, according to Beckstrom. They operate street cars, trucks, act as policemen, executives and street sweepers, according to their individual capabilities.

Marriage laws have undergone and are undergoing a radical change, and Professor Beckstrom confesses the ulti­mate goal is unknown to him.

Russia has a real liquor problem, he believes, and pro­fesses admiration for the manner in which it is being handled.

"The liquor is sold by the bottle in the grocery stores, and its sale dictated by the government. A t any time the order may come for the suspension of the liquor sale over a certain period of time. It is never sold on pay days or holidays, nor during the time when the young men are mobilized into the army. I saw verj' little drunkenness, but everybody drinks."

R U S S I A N A R M Y

Of the army, Beckstrom claims to know little. It is his understanding that every young man serves for a certain period of time in the army, and it was his observation that the military forces were well maintained. Soldiers seemed to be on guard duty in nearly every place, he said, and the streets were well-policed at all times.

The school system is unfamiliar to the Tulsa engineer. According to his conception the only requirement under the new order is that every one be taught to read and write—regardless of age. He believes, however, that plans for an efficient school system are being worked out in ac­cordance with the program of the entire reconstruction.

"The political situation," Beckstrom reports, "is entirely in the hands of the bolshevik party, which controls all in­dustry. There is no personal property—everything has been converted into government ownership. Each indi­vidual is allotted so much floor space and so much food.

"The government is gradually trying out different ex­periments and making changes for the betterment of the people. The present propaganda teaches that if sacrifices are made by the individual now, that with the industrial­ization of Russia, every one wil l be amply repaid in five j'ears.

While Russia is ardently and openly copying America, eager to learn from Americans and to improve by new methods, Russians are essentially a very national people, Beckstrom observed, with a loyalty to their own country born of centuries of tradition and teaching. They are gradually emerging, however, from the shackles which have held them to the past, and, as the Tulsa engineer sees it, it is a country that is "looking forward."

The oil fields, he saj's, are the most interesting of all Russia, and he cites the oil industry as paramount among the developments of the many natural resources of the country.

A R I D , D E S E R T C O U N T R Y

Baku, the age-old city of nearly one-half a million people, where Beckstrom and his family were situated, lies just at the edge of the Caspian sea. It is the center of the oil fields, and is an arid, desert country, Beckstrom says. A part of the old city is sunken beneath the waters of the Caspian, from where the towers and minarets are still to be seen emerging.

The oil fields are for the most part, Beckstrom reports, of shallow production, reaching only a depth of 2,500 or 3,000 feet. There are a large number of gushers and most of the wells are pumpers. There are as many as 15 sands found in one field, he says.

The fields are being developed much in the same manner as the American fields, although they are not yet using the modern equipment which is to be found in the United States. The fields are electrified, which Beckstrom says is

Page Tiventy-e'ight

The Colorado School of Mines Magaz.^^^ M A R C H 1930

one of the most modern features. The Russians are utiliz­ing every possible means for the improvement of their methods and equipment. More and more Americans are to be brought into the country. Possibly 45 American engineers wil l go over with Beckstrom in June, he said.

C O N T R A S T S E E N

Beckstrom. stated that his most vivid impression of Rus­sia, as a nation, was the striking contrast and paradoxical combination of the age-old and the ultra-new.

The most modern transportation facilities—air, water and rail—have not disturbed the calm procession of the caravans of camels which still plod through the cobblestone streets.

Modern apartment houses stand side by side with mos­ques and minarets. The city is a monument to the chang­ing influences which have played upon it since 1200 A . D . The hundred warring factions of the surrounding country —Arab, Turk, Persian, Chinese, Armenian, Tartan, Geor­gian—each reign has left its mark.

At the present time, he says, the population of Baku is a pot-pourri of nationalities, dress and tongues. There was one negro in the town while he was there.

The greatest reaction which Beckstrom says he has re­ceived from the three months he spent in Russia and the tremendous project in which he is engaged, comes from watching the development in Russia which the American oil industry underwent a few years ago, and from watching it with experienced eyes which are quick to see the neces­sity for change or improvement.—Tulsa World.

Colorado and Its School of Mines (CoTitin-uid jrom page 19)

elementary culture of the common school, and the more elaborate and specific training of a college course.

A t that time a university would' have been premature . . . The idea was, to establish here a superior grammar school, with special reference to the peculiar industries of the Ter­ritory, the pupils of which should be qualified at once to enter with credit upon a complete course in Arts and Sci­ence, in any established university, and also to engage with success in the special pursuits which characterize the popu­lation of Colorado.

The first of the native buildings—erected through the munificence of George A . Jarvis, Esq. of Brooklyn in the year 1870-, is called after the generous donor, Jarvis Hal l . This is intended to be the nucleus of the University. By the generosity of the Legislature, the Bishop was next en­abled to erect, and from private sources to furnish, the Ter­ritorial School of Mines. Tbe cabinet collection here has been pronounced by the Hayden Expedition and by M . Lesquereux of Columbus, Ohio, the most unique and valu­able collection of its kind in the United States.

There is besides a very complete philosophical apparatus, and all the details of a large chemical laboratory' in which every process connected with the reducing, etc. of metals can be successfully illustrated.

Four acres have been donated by C. C. Welch to the grounds for a herbarium to illustrate the flora of Colorado, and a very exhaustive collection of the same has been made by our distinguished botanist, the Rev. E . I. Greene. The value of this property cannot be far from $50,000.

R I C H A R D H A R D I N G , Professor of Divinity, M . H .

for F . C . Selden, Esq. Principal.

Alumnus Goes to Russia as Coal Expert Ira G . Levering, a graduate of the Colorado School of

Mines in 1913, has been engaged, through Allen and Gar­cia, Chicago Engineers, by the Russian Government to form a commisison of ten men to work on an extensive program to rejuvenate the entire coal industry of Russia.

He wi l l act in an advisory capacity on coal cleaning meth­ods and checking.

Lovering sailed, January 9, on the steamship George Washington. He wil l stop in Paris and Berlin, later going to Moscow. His headquarters wi l l be at Kharkov, United States of Soviet Russia, care of Geproschact.

Lovering is an experienced coal man. He spent seven years in the industry in Mexico, and was for some time superintendent of coal washery at Dawson, New Mexico. From here he went with the Pittsburg Coal Company with which he was associated when called upon to take a place upon the Russian Coal Commission.

Mines Professors Attend AJ.M.E. Meeting

President Coolbaugh led a discussion on the subject of the Relationship of Physical Chemistry to Metallurgy at the annual meeting of the A . I. M . E. in New York. February 17 to 20. This discussion was conducted as a part of the program of the Engineering Education division of the Institute.

J . Burns Read, head of the Mining Department, and C. A . Heiland, Professor of Geophysics, were also present at the New York meeting. Many Alumni attended. E . M . J . Alenius, '23, presented a paper, "Methods and Costs of Stripping and Mining at the United Verde Open-pit Mine."

Wit ty boarder: "Ah , your steak is like the weather this evening, madam. Rather raw!"

Witty landlady: "Indeed? By the way, your account is like the weather, too. Unsettled."—Capitol Supply News.

Shipwrecked Sailor—Why does that big cannibal look at us so intently?

His companion (Cheerfully)—I expect he's the food inspector.

M A R C H 1330 The Colorado School of Mines M a ga z.^ n

The articles abstracted and the books reviewed in this deportment, are selected with your interests in view. We strive to cover a wide range of material. The reviews are written by William J. Hazard, '97, / . Harlan Johnson, '23, R. A. Baxter, '23, and Professor R. W. Morton.

The so-called Hoover report on recent economic changes has been widely read and discussed. The secretary of the Committee on Recent Economic Changes of the President's Conference on Unemployment, Edward Eyre Hunt, of the U . S. Department of Commerce, addressed the Annual Meeting of the A . S . M . E . last December. His address is published in the February issue of Mechanical Engineering.

Our problem, he points out, is to develop in this country a technique of economic balance. We are far from possess­ing such a balance, he says, and we must know far more s than Ave do now, but a sound beginning has been made. "Already the swings of our economic seesaw are notably less than they were before the war. W e shall never know how much more they can be controlled before we try."

— R . W . M . -» « *

Soil and Civilization. Mil ton Whitney. D. Van Nos-trand Co., New York, 1929. 278 pp. $3.00. The rise and fall of nations is written in the soil. A history of the past and a forecast of the future when richer lands wil l be possible and the reclamation of desert lands wi l l offer tremendous additional areas for productive expansion.

» * *

The Nigerian Coalfield (Sec. 2. Parts of Onitska and Orverri Provences) by R. C. Wilson & A . D . N . Bain. Nigeria Geological Survey Bulletin No. 12, 54 pp. 6 plates and geologic map. 1928. (12 shillings).

This volume describes a portion of the great nigerian coalfield. It is rather of a reconnaissance nature but gives a very interesting statement as to conditions in the region.

The Geological Survey of Nigeria is doing valuable work and their reports wil l be useful to anyone interested in the region.

- J - H . J . s s- *

J^es Houilles: Leur Marche, preparation, mecanique, et utilisation chimique. By C. Berthelot. Bailliere et Fils, Paris, 1929. 330 pp., illus. 20 francs.

This paper-bound volume is one of a series that is being issued as an industrial encyclopedia. It has a number of illustrations but no index. About half the text is devoted to mechanical preparation of coal and most of the rest to its utilization. Probably the part on briquetting wi l l be of the most interest to engineers here; the rest is a good, concise summary of European practice.

« * * Applications de L'Eleclricite aux Mines. By Georges

Hacault. Bailliere et Fils, Paris, 1929. 552 pp., illus. 85 francs. Paper bound.

This volume is one of a series being published by Bailliere and Sons of Paris to form an industrial encyclopedia. While its title indicates that it covers all the uses of elec­tricity underground, fourfifths of the book is devoted to electric hoisting and the remainder to pumps, fans and compressors. Haulage, coal-cutting, conveyors, lighting, etc., are not mentioned. The section on hoisting goes into it with a great deal of mathematical detail and the book is well illustrated.

* ®

Structure of the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma and Arkansas. Hugh D . Miser. Oklahojna Geological Sur­vey Bulletin 50. 30 pages, maps and sections. 1929. (50c).

This paper gives the first published picture of the geolo­gic structure of the entire Ouachita Mountain region. Chapters cover: Location and general geologic features, structure of the rocks of the Ouachita mountains, faults, structure sections, direction of compressive movement, structural salient in Oklahoma, boundary between Ouachita and Arbuckle Mountain facies of rocks, time of deforma­tion, erratic boulders in the Caney shale.

— J - H . J .

* fi Picture Theories Inadequate. Prof. Vladimir Karapetoff.

Electrical World. December 14, 1929. In this article Prof. Karapetoff is evidently trying to

break the news gently, that atomic physics is being attacked from a purely mathematical stand point in the endeavor to get around the difficulties and inadequacies of mechanical analogs and pictures of nuclei with electrons in all sorts of orbits. This is a popular discussion of a radical change of concept and method of attack in the problems of atomic and molecular structure. A more complete and concrete discussion of modern ph -sics is given in the article referred to below.

— W . J . H . * * *

Permanent Elements in the Flux of Present Day Phy­sics. Prof. P. W . Bridgman. Science. January 10, 1930.

This is the address of the retiring vice-president and chairman of the Physics Section of the American Associa­tion for the Advancement of Science. He mentions some of the important landmarks in the progress of the theory of physics and discusses more particularly the work of Heisen-berg. He gives a list of 21 questions which need answer­ing but which, in order to answer, would keep the world's physicists busy for some time.

— W . J . H .

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Ma ga x.^^ ^

The articles abstracted and the books revieived in this department are selected with your interests in view. We strive to cover a wide range of material. The reviews are written by M^ilUarn J. Hazard, '97, / . Harlan Johnson, '23, R. A. Baxter, '23, and Professor R. W. Morton.

The so-called Hoover report on recent economic changes has been widely read and discussed. The secretary of the Committee on Recent Economic Changes of the President's' Conference on Unemployment, Edward Eyre Hunt, of the U . S. Department of Commerce, addressed the Annual Meeting of the A . S . M . E . last December. His address is published in the February issue of Mechanical Engineering.

Our problem, he points out, is to develop in this country a technique of economic balance. We are far from possess­ing such a balance, he says, and we must know far more ^ than we do now, but a sound beginning has been made. "Already the swings of our economic seesaw are notably less than they were before the war. W e shall never know how much more they can be controlled before we trv."

— R . W . M . « *

Soil and Civilization. Milton Whitney. T>. Van Nos-trand Co., New York, 1929. 278 pp. $3.00. The rise and fall of nations is written in the soil. A history of the past and a forecast of the future when richer lands will be possible and the reclamation of desert lands wil l offer tremendous additional areas for productive expansion.

* * ifi

The Nigerian Coalfield (Sec. 2. Parts of Onitska and Orverri Provences) by R. C. Wilson & A . D . N . Bain. Nigeria Geological Survey Bulletin No. 12, 54 pp. 6 plates and geologic map. 1928. (12 shillings).

This volume describes a portion of the great nigerian coalfield. It is rather of a reconnaissance nature but gives a very interesting statement as to conditions in the region.

The Geological Survey of Nigeria is doing valuable work and their reports wil l be useful to anyone interested in the region.

" J . H . J . » * *

Les Houilles: Leur Marche, preparation, mecanique, et utilisation chimique. By C. Berthelot. Bailliere et Fils, Paris, 1929. 330 pp., illus. 20 francs.

This paper-bound volume is one of a series that is being issued as an industrial encyclopedia. It has a number of illustrations but no index. About half the text is devoted to mechanical preparation of coal and most of the rest to its utilization. Probably the part on briquetting wil l be of the most interest to engineers here; the rest is a good, concise summarj' of European practice.

* * s Applications de L'Eleciricite aux Mines. Bv Georges

Hacault. Bailliere et Fils, Paris, 1929. 552 pp., illus. 85 francs. Paper bound.

This volume is one of a series being published by Bailliere and Sons of Paris to form an industrial encyclopedia. While its title indicates that it covers all the uses of elec­tricity underground, fourfifths of the hook is devoted to electric hoisting and the remainder to pumps, fans and compressors. Haulage, coal-cutting, conveyors, lighting, etc., are not mentioned. The section on hoisting goes into it with a great deal of mathematical detail and the book is well illustrated.

Structure of the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoina and Arkansas. Hugh D . Miser. Oklahoma Geological Sur­vey Bulletin 50. 30 pages, maps and sections. 1929. (50c).

This paper gives the first published picture of the geolo­gic structure of the entire Ouachita Mountain region. Chapters cover: Location and general geologic features, structure of the rocks of the Ouachita mountains, faults, structure sections, direction of compressive movement, structural salient in Oklahoma, boundary between Ouachita and Arbuckle Mountain facies of rocks, time of deforma­tion, erratic boulders in the Caney shale.

- J . H . J . w * »

Picture Theories Inadequate. Prof. Vladimir Karapetoff. Electrical World. December 14, 1929.

In this article Prof. Karapetoff is evidently trying to break the news gently, that atomic physics is being attacked from a purely mathematical stand point in the endeavor to get around the difficulties and inadequacies of mechanical analogs and pictures of nuclei with electrons in all sorts of orbits. This is a popular discussion of a radical change of concept and method of attack in the problems of atomic and molecular structure. A more complete and concrete discussion of modern physics is given in the article referred to below.

— W . J . H . # * *

Permanent Ele?nents in the Flux of Present Day Phy­sics. Prof. P. W . Bridgman. Science. January 10', 1930.

This is the address of the retiring vice-president and chairman of the Physics Section of the American Associa­tion for the Advancement of Science. He mentions some of the important landmarks in the progress of the theory of physics and discusses more particularly the work of Heisen-berg. He gives a list of 21 questions which need answer­ing but which, in order to answer, would keep the world's physicists busy for some time.

— W . J . H .

The Colorado School of Mines Ma ga^^in e M A R C H 1930

Developments In the Electrical Industry During 1929. John Liston of the General Electric Company. General Electric Review. Jan. 1930.

This is a remarkably comprehensive article of 64 pages, profusely illustrated. It is a digest of progress and gives the high spots in a vast number of phases of electrical development and applications. There is not space to men­tion even the subtitles here.

A 208,000-kw cross compound unit and a 160,000-kw tandem-compound unit were put in service. The capacity of 1200 lb. turbines put in service was equal to the total capacity of inch units put in service in the previous six years. There has been a notable extension in the use of mercury-arc power rectifiers in railway substations. The Emmet mercury vapor plant, previously mentioned in this column is briefly described and operating and test data are given. There has been exceptional activity in the applica­tion of electric drive in the merchant marine service. Alternating current motors for propeller drive totaling more than 71,000 hp. Several outstanding railroad electri­fications were initiated during the year.

The largest electric shovel now in captivity is described and illustrated. It has some 4000' hp. installed and wi l l raise 15 to 20 cu. yds. 85 ft.

Applications to hoists, mine locomotives and steel mills are rated. Welding, industrial heating and refrigeration have all made advances. A new method of making quartz window- panes 7^^ inches sq. and i/4 inch thick is described. Radio and sound pictures have considerable space.

— W . J . H . * * «

Progress in Radio Receiving During 1929. Dr . Alfred M . Goldsmith. General Electric Review. January 1930.

Besides describing new tubes and motion picture applica­tions the R C A Theremin Musical Instrument is de­scribed. It is named for the inventor. Prof. Leon Theremin. Music is produced by electrical methods without keyboard, strings, reeds or any mechanical aids or sources of sound. It employs a loud speaker, a chassis for radio frequency oscillators and .audio frequency amplifying system and two metal rods as antennas, one controlling pitch and the other controlling volume. When any object as the human hand is brought into the electrostatic field surrounding the ver­tical rod the field is altered so as to charge the audible beat frequency produced. The volume control is similar. The player merely waves her hands about in the vicinity of the two rods, seemingly mesmerizing the instrument which produces heavenly music, apparently by magic. Scientists and noted musicians are of the opinion that the instrument wil l revolutionize the world of music.

— W . J . H . » 3S *

An Electrical Engine Indicator. E . J . Mart in and D . F . Caris. General Motors Research Laboratories. The Elec­trical Journal J February 1930.

The old type steam engine indicator was (and is) a very valuable instrument for use on slow speed reciprocating engines and in analogous applications. On high speed en­gines, especially the internal combustion engines, the old indicator becomes so unreliable as to be worse than useless.

The new type indicator described by the authors is op­erated electrically and the record is made by an oscillo­graph, so that in its present form it is exceedingly accurate and reliable for the highest speed engines. It is used in the Research Laboratories of General Motors.

— W . J . H .

Better??ient Expenditures Now Will Maintain Prosperi­ty. Electrical World. January 25, 1930.

The National Business Survey Committee, which grew out of the Hoover conferences has taken its first step toward stabilization of business. It has asked the coopera­tion of every trade and industry association in ascertaining the economic possibilities in their respective industries for participating in a nation wide program of repairs, replace­ments and betterments. A l l the trade organizations have been asked to urge their members to make all repairs, re­placements, and reconstructions at once, if they have to be made sometime. Many suggestions are made for tuning up the electrical equipment of industrial plants. Some of the topics considered are: Odd Voltage, Phase and Frequency Installations; Inadequate Plant and Building Wir ing re­sulting in Fire Risk, Poor Regulation and Reduced Effi­ciency Inflexibility of Control and Interruptions; Poor Power Factor and Load Factor; Improved Machinery for Pro'duction; Material Handling Facilities; Industrial Heating; Lighting Systems; A i r Conditioning; Inefficient Steam Heating; Hazardous Equipment; Economic Studies.

— W . J . H .

^ * The Machine Myth. F . A . Merrick, President Westing-

house Electric M f g . Co. The Electrical Journal. Feb­ruary 1930.

" A myth is essentially an easy-to-believe assumption in place of a reasoned analysis of facts." It was easier for the ancients to invent the myth of Apollo and believe that the sun was drawn across the sky by horses than to work out the true mechanics of the solar system. It is easy for those w-ho are not in a position to follow a complicated eco­nomic process to believe that machines, which reduce the amount of labor needed to perform certain operations, also of necessity reduce the total amount of labor needed by society.

M r . Merrick proceeds to show the fallacy of this assump­tion. He points out that the production of automobiles in this country at the rate of 4 million a year and with the average wholesale price of $542 is only possible in a highly mechanized industry. This industry employs 800,000 workers in direct production and about 4,000,OO'O workers in the industries created by the automobile. If autos were hand made, the cheapest would cost $10,000 and the de­mand would be so small that the number of men employed would be onlv a fraction of those employed at present.

_ W . J . H . * « *

Operation of Neon Tubes. J . K . McNeely and R. P. Ballon. Electrical World, January 11, 1930.

Laboratory tests on cold cathode tubes under various conditions of energy supply furnish data significant to op­eration and indicate possibilities of new uses.

Breakdown voltages and current curves for various lengths of tube with alternating and with direct current are given.

— W . J . H .

C O R R E C T I O N In the January magazine it was stated that the

new sunshine lamp of the General Electric Company was a "combustion" of mercury arc and tungsten lamps. The lamp is a combination instead of "com­bustion."

Paae Thirtv-nnn

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Ma gax^in e

[hlccics Basketball Results MINES—W. S. C.

Flashy floor work of the veteran Cap­tain Downs led Western State College to a Rocky Mountain Conference basket­ball decision at Pueblo February 7 over the Colorado Mines quintet. The score was 32 to 19.

Western State controlled the jump at center with regularity, the lanky Kyfiin tipping the ball where he willed. While floor work was executed at a fast clip, both teams were guilty of erratic passing and both missed numerous set-ups be­neath the baskets.

Mines gave the Westerners a battle in the first half, the score at the rest period standing 14 to 12 with the Gunnison squad in front.

The floor work Friday was executed at a fast clip. Both teams missed a num­ber of set-ups under the basket.

SECOND GAME The game on the following night was

just opposite to the Miners' first set-to with Western. Mines did not get started until the second half. The floor work was slower but the passing more ac­curate with both squads handling the ball well. At one time in the second half the Miners were only eight points behind. Western State lead at the half 21-6. The Miners were held to one field goal in this first half. Dickey. Bond and Morris played best for the Orediggers. Morris scored 12 points on five baskets and two free throws.

Mines rallied at the start of the second period but with Western State's lead cut to eight points and the score standing 26 to 18, the Mountaineers again found the target and increased their advantage, the game ending 36-22.

LOSE TO C. C. Colorado College defeated the Miners

on the Golden floor February 14, and again at Colorado Springs the following night.

The Mines five played a good game during the first half of the Golden game, the score being 10 to 7 at half time. But the College Tigers came back strong in the second frame, running the score up to 29 and allowing only four points to Mines. The game ended 29 to 11, Colo­rado College.

The second game of this series was a complete rout. Slocum, C. C.'s star forward got hot and caged 20 points all by himself, Clark was covered and un­able to contribute more than one field goal to the Tigers' score. The Miners were left with IS points at the end of the game.

In these two contests with C. C. ap­peared a new center, Clyde Turnbul!. He is six feet, four, and always gets the tip-ofF. With more experience, TurnbuII will make a valuable basketball man.

THE REGIS GAME TurnbuII further proved his worth to

the team on the night of February 19 when Min'es met Regis in Denver, En­abled to get the tipofF, the Miners held the ball most of the game, A stalling

offense brought the guards out of their positions making it possible to sneak in behind for set up shots.

The Miners took an early lead and held it throughout the game. Never trailing by more than four points, the Rangers kept the Orediggers pushed to maintain the lead. With only two minutes to play, the Regis forwards got hot and rolled in three field goals from the center of the floor, crowding the Miners out by three points. The Final score: Regis 27, Mines 24.

TEACHERS GIVEN SCARE Using the same stalling tactics and

keeping possession of the ball until there was an opportunity for a set-up shot, the Miners threw a real scare into the strong Teachers' Five, February 22. The Miners threw away the game in the first half when they failed to make their free throws count. They missed nine attempts out of eleven. At half time the score stood 13 to 12 in favor of Teachers.

The two teams jockied for the lead at the beginning of the second period, and with but four minutes to go the score stood 23 aJi. Then three long shots gave Teachers a six point lead which was soon after increased to eight when Jacobson converted two free throws.' Mines was unable to overtake this lead, but managed to pulJ up to within three points of the Pedagogs before the final gun. Final score: Teachers 32, Mines 29.

SEASON CLOSES Playing better ball than they had dis­

played all season the Miners closed their schedule by dropping two close games. The Orediggers traveled to Fort Collins to meet the Aggies on their floor. The boys made a desperate rally and nearly pulled the game out of the fire but weak­ened in the second half.

The final score of the game was Aggies 43, Mines 20.

The second game for the week and the last one of the season was played with Denver Universit>' at their gym at Denver. Fighting with the knowledge of their last encounter the Miners threw a scare into the Pioneers,

Again the Miners used the stalling type of game and this proved to be a great puzzle to the Denver quintet.

Score: Denver 32, Mines 23.

Rifle Teatn Showing Good in Matches

With only two veterans from last years team, the rifle team has made remarkable progress. The team has been keeping pace with the good records made by such experts as Leslie, Zwick, Horn and Sim­mons of last year's team. It is expected by Coach Canan that they will even sur­pass all preceding records.

The results of the last match which was between the teams in the West were:

University of Wyoming—3465, Colorado School of Mines—3348. University of So. Dakota—3315. The team at present is shooting the

Eighth Corp Area intercollegiate match and will finish this week.

i

Coach Hinds Resigns The resignation of Ervin Hinds as

Director of Physical Education at the Colorado School of Mines was made public February 13 by President M. F. Coolbaugh. Hinds submitted his resigna­tion to the Board of Trustees several weeks ago, to become effective at the close of this school year.

President Coolbaugh made the follow­ing statement to the press; "Mr. Hinds is resigning from the faculty in order to resume his study of medicine. His work as Director of Physical Education here at Mines has been most satisfactory, and his resignation was accepted only after it was learned that Mr. Hinds was determined to complete his training for a career in the medical profession,"

Ervin Hinds came to the Colorado School of Mines four years ago as Assist­ant Coach. At the end of his first year he was made Director of Athletics, created much interest in intramural sports, and in various other ways has brought about healthier conditions in athletics at the School of Mines. While serving as director, Hinds acted as back­field coach under George Allen for three years; had charge of the basketball teams for two years, and coached base­ball.

Hinds is a graduate of the Colorado Agricultural College where he made a name for himself both in athletics and in student activities. He was an all-con­ference end in 1922, and held the R. M. C. boxing light heavyweight champion­ship for four years. He won letters in 3 football, 4 baseball, 2 basketball and 4 boxing. In addition to these athletic honors. Hinds was student body presi­dent at Aggies for one year, and held other student offices.

Upon graduation Hinds took a coach­ing position at the Yuma, Colorado, High School. His football teams attracted the attention of many throughout the State, and their successes paved the way to a coaching position at Eaton. While Hinds was coaching the Eaton High team this school was runner up for the State Championship. His success with the Eaton team led to his appointment as assistant coach at Mines.

Hinds was with the American Expe­ditionary Forces in France for IS months. It was upon his return from the War that he entered the Agricultural College. He now leaves the Colorado School of Mines in order to complete his medical education which was begun some time ago.

How They Stand

T E A M W. L. PET. PTS. O.P. COLO- U . 11 3 .786 47S 311 WYO, U . 7 3 .700 372 314 COLO. C. 9 5 .643 446 361 COLO. T. C 7 7 .500- 324 346 DENVER U . .... 7 7 ,500 414 3S8 W. S. C. S 6 .475 312 292 COLO, A 4 9 .307 384 450 MINES 1 11 .091 229 564

Paae Thirtv-tmn

The Colorado School of Mines Magazine M A R C H 1930

Early Baseball Practice

Captain Pugh took advantage of the early spring weather during the last two weeks of February, and called out the baseball candidates for practice.

It is a noted fact that the spring weath­er in Colorado is anything but the stuff that the poets sing about. And to take advantage of these bright days is seizing opportunity by the fetlock.

As soon as the basketball squad is finished practicing in the gym, the candi­dates for the batteries will start working out there. All the other men will report at the call of the coach to start loosening up.

The prospects for a good team are rather bright this year as Coach Hinds has several letter men to build his team around. The only weak spot seems to be in the pitching department. Hinds has Dickey, letterman from last year and TurnbuII, who have had some experience. Don FaJler is out and will add greatly to the strength in that position. He has earned two letters and is looking forward to a good season as this is his last year in school, "Mutt" Wood, Matti, and Coolbaugh are others that are going to turn in a fling at the hurlers job.

Videgary, veteran catcher is out for practice. Daiton and Fleishman are two other promising candidates for the back stop position. Art Bennett is back on the job at first, but there is no one in sight for the keystone position. Doug Hier, who played two years ago is a candidate for third base. Shortstop is another ques­tion, while the outfield seems to be well taken care of by Pugh, Carr, Kerr, and Say.

Athletic Editorial

There has been some agitation in favor of a spring football contest between

Mines and another conference school. The idea, as such, proves interesting; but when one stops to consider every con­tingency, he finds that there are any num­ber of draw backs to such a proposal.

Enough emphasis has already been placed upon football; and there is no reason why two football seasons should be fostered, doubling the emotional dis­traction that is fast reaching a deplorable state at the present time. Football already over runs its regular season, and with a little more encouragement New Year's Day could be made the end of one season and the beginning of another. Such a move would be only another step toward courting the favor of large crowds and the material gains derived therefrom. In other words, it would be a further weakening of the original pur­pose of the college and a greater com­mercialism. Some of us still hold to the old fashioned belief that American foot­ball has been somewhat spoiled by stadi­ums,' tyranical coaching systems, and dictatorial supervision.

Basketeers Enter District A . A . U . Tournament

The Orediggers have entered the A. A. U. tournament at Denver and they will probably meet some of the other col­lege teams that have entered. The win­ner of this meet will represent the Rocky Mountain Division in the National Tour­nament that will be held in Kansas City. This will be valuable experience for the team and will give the new men a chance for further team work. It is hoped that the boys make a good showing in this tournament for this will advertise the school and the team. Half of the games will be played in the University of Den­ver gym and the other half will be play­ed in the Y. M. C. A. gym.

Intramural Tournament

Results of the intramural boxing and wrestling tournament show that the Sig­ma Alpha Epsilon group won high honors in wrestling while the Beta Theta Pi aggregation were the winners in boxing.

The Barbs team was the runner up for mat honors and tied with the Sigma Nus and Alpha Tau Omegas for second place in the boxing finals.

More than seventy entrants took part in the preliminaries held during the week preceding the final bouts.

The results of the tournament were as follows:

WRESTLING n5-pound—Ewbanks, Sig Alph, won over

Kruger, Barb. 12S-pound—Largnergren, A, T. O., won

over Tibbs, Barb. 13S-pound—Green, Sig Alph, won over

Briscoe, Barb. 1+S-pound—Hoalst, Barb, won over

Morris, Beta. 15S-pound—McCIave, Sig Alph, won over

Johnson, Beta. 175-pound-—True, A. T. O., won over

Coolbaugh, Beta. Heavyweight—Carruthers, Sigma Nu,

won over Terry, Sig Alph.

BOXING nS-pound—Linderman, Sigma Nu, won

over Schultz, Kappa Sig. 12S-pound—Bench, Stray Greek, won

over Lagnergren, A. T, O, 135-pound—Bowener, Barb, won over

Mack, Beta. l+S-pound—Wilkerson, Sig Alph, won

over Clark, Beta, 15S-pound—Keeler, Beta, won over

Spaulding, Kappa Sig. 17S-pound—Presset, Sig Phi Ep, won over

Costello, Barb, Heavyweight—Mattel, A, T, 0., won

over Elgin, Sigma Nu.

Four Veterans of the 1929 Baseball Team

C^PT. P U G H BARKER VmEC^RY CARR

Page Thirty-three

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Magax.ine

Camptjs Fraternity News

Six Theta Tau pledges made an in­spection trip on the campus January twenty-eight. The pledges were be­decked in costumes ranging from red tights and long handled drawers to blond wigs with long curls. The six Theta Taus to be, were very thorough in their tour. Each class room was visited sys­tematically, the students receiving a short lecture by Mr. Ed. Rice on things not learned in school,

S. A. E. INITIATES The Colorado Lambda chapter of Sig­

ma Alpha Epsilon fraternity initiated eleven pledges February 2, at Golden.

Those initiated were: Robert W. Harrison of Denver, Louis L. Fernald of Tarpon Springs, Florida, Russell C. Miller of Los Angeles, Calif., James B. Quinn of Balboa, Canal Zone, Fred J. Trotter of Mancos, Colo., Lowell Green of Danville, 111., Arthur E. Austin of Houston, Texas, John F. Riddle of Den­ver, Joseph N. Dotson of Wise, Virginia, Benjamin Terry of Golden, and John Golden of Golden.

Golden, Austin and Green are upper-class men. Austin, a junior, transferred from Rice Tech., and Green transferred from the Univ. of Illinois.

A. T. O. INITIATES Epsilon Alpha chapter of Alpha Tau

Omega held the formal initiation of their pledges February 2. The initiated were: James Boyd, Hollywood, Calif.; M. E. Volin, Hollywood, Calif.; Gilbert Rinker, Loveland, Colo.; J. W. Daly, Detroit, Mich.; J. L. Daly, Detroit, Mich.; J. H. Hoggatt, Eaton, Colo.; F. A. Mattel, Denver; F. C. McCormack, Denver; Fred Nelson, Denver; J. G. Orwig, Den­ver. Among the guests were J. C. Vrav-ens and Judge I. C. Rothgerber, of Den­ver, and members of the Boulder chapter. The initiation was followed by a dinner served at the chapter house.

SIGMA PHI EPSILON INITIATES Colorado Delta of Sigma Phi Epsilon

held its formal initiation at its chapter house on Sunday, February 2. Eight men were initiated into the fraternity, as follows:

Robert Riegel, Denver, Colo.; Robert Cockle, Denver, Colo.; Charles Pillar, Denver, Colo,; James O'Keefe, Denver, Colo.; Charles Thomas, Denver, Colo.; Arthur Hull, Golden, Colorado; Robert Haeys, Berind, Colo.; Otis Miller, Port­land, Oregon.

Professors G. W. Salzer and Byron Boatright attended the ceremonies. And the Professors and their wives were guests at the banquet served in honor of the newly initiated men.

Band Concert

The first band concert of 1930 given by the Colorado School of Mines band was a decided success. The musicale was attended by the townspeople of Golden and visitors from surrounding districts. A good number of students and faculty attended the recital.

Each piece was received with gracious-ness and appreciation and splendid ap­plause greeted the efforts of the band. The offerings of the quartette and the soloists were received well by the audi­ence.

Columbia Professor Praises C . S . M .

Doctor Thomas T. Read, head of the mining and metallurgical department of Columbia University recently visited the Colorado School of Mines. He paid a high compliment to the institution.

Doctor Read was especially interested in the geophysics equipment and instruc­tion at the School of Mines and in the work being done by the Mines experi­mental plant.

Doctor Read has no patience with the frenzy of conservation which has re­tarded development of the West. "The conservationists have even frightened us by telling us we were running out of coal," Dr. Read said, "and it was not until we got over our fright and began to think seriously that we found that we have enough coal in the United States to supply the world for 3,000 years. So it was with our iron, our lumber, our lead and zinc and other metals. In 1913 the Utah Copper company estimated it had 70 million tons of ore reserves, and today, after milling more than that much its experts find they have 600 million tons left. The problem is to stabilize prices so as to keep the industries on an even keel."

Silver is the hardest problem of all to face, he said.

"The only remedy for silver is for the silver producers association to conduct an intelligent campaign to increase the con­sumption of silver. We are paying as much for silverware as when the silver miner got $1.25 an ounce. Silverware should be at a price so that no ordinary family need be without silver service, and not be compelled to use substitutes and alloys."

Mines Boosts Summer Term

The School of Mines has started an extensive advertising campaign to secure an increased enrollment at the summer sessions, which begin June 30,

"At the present time our regular terms are operating close to capacity," Presi­dent Coolbaugh stated. "We can, how­ever, accommodate more summer stu­dents and we are bending our efforts to attract students here during the sum­mer months."

"Study in Cool Colorado," is the slogan adopted on an illustrated "broadside" distributed all over the nation this week. The poster contains pictures of school buildings, summer school activities and views of Golden,

An eight weeks' college course in tech­nical subjects will begin June 30 and a six-weeks' course on July 14. Preparatory courses in chemistry, physics and ad­vanced algebra and solid geometry will be given from June 30 to August 22. Continuous courses in mining will be available at the experimental mine at Idaho Springs from May 26 to August 22.

Upperclassmen Frivol at Brilliant Mili tary Bal l

The fourth annual Military Ball was held in Guggenheim Hall on last Friday. The ball was well attended and proved a colorful event with the intermingling of the uniforms of the army, the blue of the navy and a few tuxs of the civilians, set off by the varied colored evening dresses of the ladies.

The Hall was decorated with the Blue and White background of Mines with the official banners of the Military De­partment in the foreground. The colors of the Corps were arrayed on either side of the orchestra platform guarded by a set of stacked arms at their sides. Around the Hal! at intervals were the stacks of arms and bayonet belts of the unit. Flanking each pillar of the Hall were the gu.de-ones of the four companies that make up the Mines unit. The whole scheme of decorations was cleverly carried out and formed a unique setting for the dance.

The programs were headed by a fancy figure of a full dressed soldier. Setting off this man were the numerals 1930.

The reception for the dancers was held at ten o'clock and the grand march followed. Ted Sees as the battalion commander led the grand march fol­lowed by the personnel of his staff. In the receiving line were Adjutant Sander­son, Major Sees, Captain Cole, Dean Morgan and their respective ladies.

The music was furnished by Ferraro's band and was well received by the crowd. There were several visitors from different units of the R. O. T. C, in this vicinity and many of the undergraduates appeared in their uniforms as second lieutenants.

Chinese Student Speaks

The congregation of the Methodist Episcopal church heard a talk in the Chinese language Sunday morning. Yao Li, a native of Vladivo'Stock, Manchuria, a student at the School of Mines, was the speaker. His address, on conditions in his home country, was interpreted by the Rev. Ray Roberts, head of the Mines Christian Association.

Another student speaker was Joseph B. K. Anderson of Liberia, Africa, who also told of his "home town," and the work of the Methodist Missionary schools.

Illustrated Lecture

An illustrated lecture on electrical measuring instruments, permanent mag­net, movable coil, movable iron and dynamometer types of instruments, as well as power factor meters, frequency meters, synchronoscopes and thermo in­struments was presented to the Juniors and Seniors during the first, second and third periods Tuesday morning, March 4, in the E, E, lecture room.

Page Th '.rty-four

The Colorado School of Mines Ma ga^^ine M A R C H 1930

Boatright and Warren Initiated by Theta Tau

Professors Warren and Boatright were initiated into the Theta Tau Fraternity Thursday, February 13. Both of these men were taken in as Honorary Mem­bers. The ceremony followed a dinner served at the Sigma Alpha Epsilon House in their honor.

Both of these Professors are well known in and out of school for their meritorious work in their chosen field. Boatright is head of the Petroleum Pro­duction Department and Warren is Pro­fessor of Oredressing.

Boatright graduated from the Colo­rado School of Mines in 1922. He started in the oil game upon graduation and has been following that branch of the work since that time. He .had experience in the Wyoming and Texas fields and was called back to school when Professor Shannon resigned to enter into active field work in Columbia.

Warren is also a graduate of the Coio­rado School of Mines. He finished school in 1913 and has served in many parts of the world following the line of Oredressing. He has acted as consulting engineer for many large corporations and has attained a remarkable reputation as an expert mill designer. His work is looked upon with so much favor by these corporations that he has frequently been called upon to leave school in the middle of the semester and to return to a job to oversee its completion. "Pi" is an active booster for the school and all of its ac­tivities. He is a charter member of the Blue Key fraternity and is a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity.

Kappa Kappa Psi Pledges Thirteen Xi Chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi an­

nounces the pledging of the following men for the semester:

Mears, Grimes, Tesch, Professor Boat-right, Willoughby, F. Lindeman, Peery, Janvrin, Sullivan, U. S. James, Stroud, Freyermuth and Loyd Jones.

Kappa Kappa Psi is a national hon­orary band fraternity and was instituted November 11, 192S.

Kappa Kappa Psi was founded to pro­mote the best interests of College bands-mien and to encourage a higher type of band music. In carrying out the full purpose of the fraternity, each member before the initiation must be found to have three qualifications which cause him to be an outstanding man in the band organization. Thes'C three talents are:

First: Musical aptness and ability. Second; Personality and the ability to

lead. Third: Scholarship.

Baxter Prize Goes to Beckham Leland J. Beckham has set a record

in the Chemistry Department at the Colo­rado School of Mines in making 416 quality points in seven semesters of work. Of these 416 points he earned 96 in the first year, 80 in the second, 178 in the third, and 62 in the first semester of the

Typical Miner Elected The "Typical Miner" for 1930 has

been elected, according to the editor of the Prospector, although the result will not be announced until the appearance of the yearbook. The Prospector sponsors this election, which was held February 12 at Guggenheim Hall.

The "Typical Miner" idea had its in­ception in the 1926 Annual, and has be­come an important feature of the book.

Rules governing the selection of the "Typical Miner" require a popular vote. He must be a member of the Senior class and must have proved himself a campus leader during his four years at Mines, Scholarship and athletic records are also determining factors. "Red" Wells, '29; "Sock" Henderson, '28; and "Slick" Weintz, 27, have been.chosen in the past for this honor.

C. A. W E ^ T Z First Typical Miner to be Elected

Captain Cole Speaks Capt. Heston Cole, head of the School

of Mines R. 0. T. C. was the speaker of the evening at the Golden Kiwanis club meeting Tuesday. His subject was "With the Army in Peace Time" and spoke more particularly of the achieve­ments of the engineering corps of the array. Capt, E. L. Berthoud, Golden pioneer, was brought to the West, where he had such a prominent place in history, by his army duties. Captain Cole said. He mentioned the building of the Pan­ama canal and the Union Pacific railroad as some of the outstanding peace time assignments of the army engineers. Lieut. Lewis Cannan was chairman of the evening.

fourth. In the first year Artese, Hastings, Tullis, Wallis and Wolters also each made 96 points. In the second year Schilthuis tied with 80 points. In no other year following did anyone make as many quality points as Beckham. This is a very exceptional record as the aver­age for the class is 133.

This record wins for Beckham the Baxter prize for 1930, a membership in the American Chemical Society.

M . C . A . Doings

ffinter Retreat for Students; Faculty Forum Held for Professors; Senior

Secretary Makes Annual Visit

The Winter Vacation gave occasion for the annual mountain party for Students who could not return home for Christmas. On Friday afternoon after Christmas the bunch gathered at the M. C. A. office in the Armstrong building and promptly at 4:00 P. M. started in cars for Genesee Mountain. The place of destination was the Banker's Lodge on the south side of the mountain. The group arrived in time to get the skiis and toboggan out for a few thrills before supper.

After a luscious pork chop supper cooked by the Russian student Kohanawski, the discussion began. Rev. Alfred Swan of the Congregational Church of Greeley was the speaker and leader. He introduced the subject of Human Relations or Human Engineering, which subject and its ramifications held the foreground throughout the whole re­treat.

FACULTY FORUM A new, and perhaps one of the most

acceptable, project that has been spon­sored by the M. C. A. is the Faculty Forum. A few members of the faculty who are interested in the religious life about the school met together as a com­mittee and laid out a plan for four meet­ings at two week intervals from February 6 to March 20. The best leaders obtain­able were procured to lead these forums. Dr. Wm. H. Bernhardt, of the Iliff Sem­inary, and Dr. Samuel A. Lough of Den­ver University. Dr. Bernhardt chose the subject, "An Intellectual Approach to Re­ligion" and "Implications of the Faith Found by this Approach" Dr. Lough has the subject, "Psychology and Religion."

Dr. Bernhardt has met the group twice at the Berrimoor Hotel for dinner, with discussion afterwards. The attendance has been large enough to show that the faculty men are interested. Fifteen have been present each time and the interest and vigor of discussion have increased.

SECRETARY'S VISIT One of the helpful events of the year

is the annual visit of Harold Colvin, the Senior Secretary of the Student Y. M. C. A. work for the Rocky Mountain area. He was here for the day February IS. He spent the morning and afternoon visiting faculty members and students. At noon he was entertained at a luncheon in the home of R. C. Roberts, Secretary of the M. C. A. Other guests were Dr. A. S. Adams, Dr. W. E. RolofE, Professor J. Harlan Johnson, C. H. C. Braden of the faculty; Ed Tullis and Robert Mc-Clevey, students. After the luncheon an hour was spent in discussing the place and influence of the faculty.

In the evening at 6:00, eighteen stu­dents met with Mr. Colvin at the Golden Waffle Inn, for dinner. It was the annual get together feed, and it was a most en­joyable affair. Mr. Colvin spoke after supper on "How to get the Most out of College Life".

Mr. Colvin then visited for a while in the home of Rut Volk, his old time friend, and left on the 10:00 o'clock car for Den­ver, His visit is looked forward to each year by the Mines Christian Association members.

Page Thirty-fi've

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Ma ga ii n e

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New York Section At the 90th regular meeting of the

New York Section, February 17, Dr. Coolbaugh gave a short talk on condi­tions at the school commenting particu­larly on the increase in attendance during the past two years and the great value of the various Student Loan Funds to the students, in which the N. Y. Section has taken a very active part.

The attendance at this meeting was next to the largest in the history of this Section, there being twenty-eight Mines men and four guests present.

The meeting was held at the Chemists' Club, 52 East 41st Street, New York City, on Monday, February 17, 1930. Dinner was served at 6:15 P. M.

The following men were present: Barb, C. F., '25, State College, Pa.; Bevan, J, G., '21, 3771 Tenth Ave., N. Y. C.; Bonardi, J. P., '21, 225 Broadway, N. Y. C ; Budd, M. R., '24, Wilmington, Del.; Burgess, C. W., '09, 247 Park Ave., N. Y. C ; Bregman, A., '13, 99 John St., N. Y. C ; Coolbaugh, M. F., Golden, Colo.; Currens, W. W., '12, Little Falls, N. J.; Downes, F. A. '13, 247 Park Ave., N. Y. C ; Duggleby, A. F., 'IS, 14 Wall St., N. Y . ; French, C. L., '13, 11 Bartlett St., Brooklyn, N. Y . ; Greensfelder, N. S. '12, Wilmington, Del.; Gross, L. M., '14, 39 Broadway, N. Y. C.; Harrington, D., '00, Washington, D. C.; Marvin, Theo., '22, Wilmington, Del.; Maxwell, R. C, '23, Carteret, N. J.; McKinless, F. V., Jr., '23, 11 Broadwav, N. Y. C ; Newhirter, S. A., '17; Paul, R. B., '02, 160 Front St., N. Y. C.; Ramsey, E. R, '12, 247 Park Ave., N. Y. C ; Roll, G. H., '19, 2739 Graybar Bldg., N. Y. C.; Storms, F. H,, '24, U Broadway, N. Y.

ATTENTION It is proper to call attention to

the Local Sections of the Alumni Association the fact that a new class will be graduated from the Colo­rado School of Mines in another two months.

These young engineers will go into the industry. Some of them have already found jobs; others are looking now for an opening.

The Local Sections in meeting are asked to ascertain whether or not openings in their particular lo­cations will be available in June. If tbe members of your Section know of opportunities, pass them along to the School for tbe benefit of the new graduates.

Inexperienced men, though graduates, are available for posi­tions which the experienced men may not care to hold. The 193 0 Miners are willing to work, and they are not afraid fo begin the day after Commencement. If there is a job open in your locality, it should be filled by a Mines Man!

C.; Titsworth, F. W., '9S, 521 Fifth Ave., N. Y. C ; Thum, E. E., '06, 239 W. 39th St., N. Y. C ; Walmsley, H. P., Ex-'24, 1239 Graybar Bldg., N. Y. C ; Waltman, W. D., '99, 551 Fifth Ave., N. Y. C ; Williams, J. C, '13, Westport, Conn.; Wolf, H. J., '03, 42 Broadway, N. Y. C.

Guests: Briscoe, H. S., New York; Schreiner, T. W., New York; Seep, A. E., New York; Ruth, J. P., Denver, Colo.

Following the dinner President Harry J. Wolf called the meeting to order. To enable those present to attend the A.I.M. E. Smoker, all routine business was dis­pensed with.

President Wolf called for nominations of a committee of three whose duty will be to prepare a slate of officers for the N. Y. Section for the 1930 fiscal year. E. R. Ramsey, R. B. Paul and F. V. Mc­Kinless, Jr. were elected and instructed to present recommendations at the March meeting when the election of officers will take place.

J A N U A R Y M E E T I N G

The 89th regular meeting of the New York Section of the Colorado School of Mines Alumni Association was held at the Chemists' Club, 52 East 41st Street, New York City, on Friday, January 31, 1930. Dinner was served at 6:30 P. M.

The following men were present: Bonardi, J. P., '21, 22S Broadway, N. Y. C. ; Burgess, C. W., '09, 247 Park Ave., N. Y. C ; Downes, F. A., '13, 247 Park Ave., N. Y. C ; French, C. L., '13, 11 Bartlett St., Brooklyn, N. Y. ; Foote, F. W., '14, 39 Broadway, N. Y. C.; Gross, L. M., '14, 39 Broadway, N. Y. C ; Mc­Kinless, Jr., F. v., '23, 11 Broadway, N-Y. C ; Paul, R. B., '02, 160 Front St., N. Y. C ; Roll, Geo. H., '19, 420 Lexington Ave., N. Y. C ; Stansmore, K. C, '29, 247 Park Ave., N. Y. C.; Waltman, W. D. , '99, SSI Fifth Ave., N. Y. C ; Wolf, H. J., '03, 42 Broadway, N. Y. C.

Guests of Mr. Waltman; Briscoe, H. S.; Schreiner, T. W,

Following the dinner the meeting was called to order by the President, Harry J, Wolf- The reading of the minutes of the preceding meeting was dispensed with. The Treasurer's report was presented, accepted and ordered filed.

S H O R T H A N D the

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The Colorado School of Mines M a gaz.tn M A R C H 1930

Following the routine business, Mr. Bonardi gave a very interesting talk on Mining Progress as measured by new concentrators, plant expansions, projected new mills and smelters, and covered also new developments in metallurgical equip­ment and processes. Mr. Bonardi is now working up an outline of his talk for publication in the "Mines Magazine" and we hope it will get into print in the very near future.

The meeting was adjourned at 10:15 P. M.

F. A. DOWNES, Secretary.

Colorado Section The regular monthly meeting of the

Colorado Section of the Alumni Associa­tion was held in the, Auditorium Hotel at noon on Friday. February 21.

Vice President Donald Dyrenforth pre­sided over the meeting,

Mr, C, ,L, Colburn read his report on the financial condition of the Association. The report was discussed at length. Tbe members present decided that some means would have to be devised to increase the revenues in order to enable the Associa­tion to carry on its work on its present scale.

An announcement was made that Mr. W. H. Paul would be the speaker at the March meeting. Mr. Paul's subject will be Reminiscences of Dolores, Chihuahua, Mexico.

The following members were present: W. H. Paul, -96; H. W. C. Prommell, '17; Ray C. Roberts, '08; J. H. Winchell, '17; W. M. Travers, '16; C. S. Arthur, '13; W. B. Milliken, '93; C. W. Watt, '24; H. M. Conners, '22; Malcolm Collier, '22; Chas, M. Rath, '05; C, L. Colburn, '07; Frank Reinhard, '05; W. B. Patrick, '09; W. P. Simpson, '01; Jay t. Emrich, '12; F. M. Stevens, '13; C. S. Carstens, '16; Donald Dyrenforth, '12; J. E. Norman, "98.

Oklahoma Section ( T U L S A SECTION)

The February meeting of the Section was a great success, and was also en­joyed by the ladies. There were thirty-three present and, as usual, the Bartles­ville crowd showed up. We hope more of the Miners from nearby cities will be able to get in on the meetings hereafter.

Dinner, followed by bridge and danc­ing, occupied most of the evening, but a

short business meeting was held and the suggestions of the local Ways and Means Committee were adopted. The Section will do its bit toward the general Ways and Means fund for the Foundation and hopes for a successful year. Every Miner present subscribed to the plan presented and there will be, without fail, a mini­mum of a dollar each month from every one who was present.

There was also adopted a suggestion that the name of this Section be broad­ened to include the surrounding territory so we could present the ideas and thoughts of all men in this vicinity. The name adopted as appropriate was Okla­homa Section, and we hope men through­out the state will send in their addressee to the Secretary.

The Bartlesville members have invited the Section to meet in their city on March IS and we hope tO' have a big turnout for the party. Mrs, Lichtenheld is entertain­ing the ladies.

Recent visitors at the weekly luncheons have included Bilhartz, who was on his way to Ft. Logan, Ingam and Leonard who have just come down into the Okla­homa City oil field, and ex-Professor Pfoutz who has just recently returned from a trip to South America.

Suggestions for nominations are wanted by tbe Committee. The annual election w i l l be in M a y , and a ticket Is to be made out soon. Wri te in your suggestions for 1 9 3 0 officers.

C H A R L E S O . P A R K E R , ' 2 3

1 9 0 1 Lawrence St. D E N V E R

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G O L D E N , C O L O .

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines M a ga x.i n e

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Prospector

S T U D E N T Y E A R B O O K

Alumni who want copies of the Annual may secure them at re­duced rates i f order is received before the book goes to printer, Apr i l 15.

Address

P H I L D I X O N ^ Manager

Golden, Colorado

crsona George W. Clarke, '23, who has been

located in Oklahoma City, has moved to Tulsa, Oklahoma where he has offices at 1902 Philtower Building.

LonieU C. Atchison, '25, is now Head Chemist for the Crystal Oil Company and located at Shreveport, Louisiana. His address is 6809 Fairfield Avenue, Cedar Grove Station.

Hugh M. Connors, '22, recently accept­ed a position in the Commercial Survey Department of the Mountain States Tele­phone & Telegraph Company and is making his home in Denver at 61S Lafayette Street.

William B. Patrick, '09, is now con­nected with Men Finders, Employment Agency, with offices in the Security Building, Denver.

Charles A. Miller, Ex-, located in San Diego, Calif., is proprietor of a Super Service Station by the name of "Miller Brothers". It is a very up-to-date estab­lishment and well advertised.

Among, the Engineer Reserve Officers in training at Fort Logan, Colorado, February 3rd to 17th were the following Mines meft: Captain Neil M. MacNeill, '1+, Woodrow, Colo.; Lieut. William A. Freeman, '23, Denver; and Lieut. Harold C. Coombs, '27, Denver.

Frank T. A. Smith, '16, who has been associated with the Vermont Copper Cor­poration at South Stralford, Vermont for the past year, has returned to his home in Rivera, Calif.

Hoiaard A. Storm, '29, Sales Repre­sentative for the Allis-Chalmers Manu­facturing Company, made a trip to Wyo­ming the middle of February. He had an interesting experience in going by sled from Lander thirty miles and by skis ten miles. One of the places he visited was the American Asbestos Mining Com­pany from whose mine he brought some good samples.

Carl T. Linderholm, '24, recently ac­cepted a position with the American Metals Company and is now located at

Minas de Matahambre, Matahambre, Prov. de Pinar del Rio, Cuba.

Clyde H. Fe-nton, '23, who has been with the International Nickel Company, Creighton Mine, Canada, for the past six years, has moved to Houston, Texas, where he has become a member of the firm of Blue Bonnet Tile Company, Tile Importers. His address is 1009 Isabella Street, Houston.

Henry G. Schneider, '18, was recently elected to a Vice-Presidency of the Dixie Oil Company.

E. J. Dickinson, Ex-'18, who is asso--ciated with the Dixie Oil Company is now located at their Tulsa, Oklahoma office in the Philcade Building.

John Old, Ex-'94-, was taken to Denver from Georgetown for an operation. Pres­ent reports are that he Is well on the way to recovery and will soon be back on the job.

George Somers, '30, is now in Houston, Somers recently completed his work on a Doctor of Science Degree at the School of Mines. He came to Golden from New Mexico where he was professor of geology at Socorro.

William S. Siringham is now in charge of metallurgy for National Copper Corp. and is located at their copper property at South Strafford, Vermont.

Melvin Brugger, '14, has returned from abroad and is temporarily at P. 0. Box lOlS, Britton, Oklahoma.

Leon M. Banks, '12, who has been in Joplin, Missouri for the past two years, sailed early in February for Russia. Mr. Banks has a position with the Amtorg Trading Co., the official representative of Russian mining interests in this country. Mr, Banks was accompanied by his wife and expects to be gone for about two years.

Frederick W. Foote, '14, has been en­gaged in examination work in Newfound­land, Canada for the past three months, and will spend February and March at the Vermont properties of National Cop­per Corp., of which Mr. Foote is Vice-President,

T O R S I O N B A L A N C E and

Magnetometer Surveys GEORGE STEINER

PETROLEUM BLDG.—HOUSTON, TEXAS and

PETROLEUM SECURITIES BLDG.—LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

Report by Donald C- Barton

Consulting Geologist and Geophysicist

Sole American Representative Suss Visual—Suss Rybar Automatic

Torsion Balances

The Colorado School of Mines M a ga'Zine M A R C H 1930

William p. Huleatt, '23, left February 17 for several weeks in the east.

Frank Holt, (Ex-'16) is spending the winter in West Palra Beach, Florida with his wife and young son.

LeRoy M. Gross, '14, mining engineer at 39 Broadway, New York City writes that he has come in contact lately with several Mines men who are stationed in the East.

A. C. Kinsley, '20, mining engineer, General Land Office, Denver, visited the President's office recently.

Ben T. Wells, '04, was looking up friends in Golden the week of January 26. Wells is now located in Guatemala.

CARL F . BEILHARZ

Former Captain of Basketball

Carl F. Beilharz, '26, is located at present at Fort Logan where he is taking his Reserved Officers' Training. He will return after his time is up to the Pure Oil Company at El Dorado, Arkansas.

G. Montague Butler, '02, has been named chairman of the committee which each year awards the Clausen medal to an engineer who has performed the most outstanding economic service tO' the na­tion. He is on this committee with Michael Purpin, eminent New York sci­entist.

Butler, after being graduated from the School of Mines, was an assistant to the late Dr. H. B. Patton, head of the school's geology department. He after­wards joined the faculty of the Univer­sity of Arizona, where he is now dean of the College of Mines and Engineering.

John H. Wilson, '23, returned to Golden, February 23 from an extended business trip in Texas.

Norman Whitmore, '26, presented the Geology Department recently with a splendid collection of Tertiary Fossils from California.

Leslie E. Wilson, '27, sent in a number of specimens of Eocene Fossils, also from California.

Philip Simmons, '29, has been visiting lately in Golden. Simmons was a prom­inent athlete during his four years at Mines. He is a holder of the Carnegie Hero Silver Medal, and a promising young Mining Engineer,

Poy-Miiler

Clarence Poy, '26, and Miss Cora E. Miller were united in marriage at Seattle, Washington, February 15. While in school Poy was active in wrestling and coached the squad during his senior year. He was very adept at this kind of sport and had won several conference matches in competition.

Poy went to Alaska after his gradua­tion and while there he met Miss Miller. Miss Miller was born in that country.

Anderson-Hammond

Miss Lorraine Hammond, pretty stu­dent of Colorado Woman's College, be­came Mrs. Sebbie Anderson, D'ec. 15, but her friends did not learn of her switch in names until recently.

A college romance was revealed with the admission of the secret wedding, which took place at Sedalia.

Anderson, former student of the Coio­rado School of Mines, and his bride slipped away to Sedalia without telling friends and relatives. Announcement of the elopement was forced, however, when Anderson obtained a new position in Los Angeles.

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Alumni

The Colorado School of Mines

S U M M E R S C H O O L

is jor

E N G I N E E R S

M I N E S

is building a great Summer

School, and your help is solicited.

IF

you know of a prospective student for the summer, recommend Mines to him.

A L U M N I

M A R C H 1930 The Colorado School of Mines M a ga '^i n

"^ith Ottr ADVERTISERS Policy of this Department

It is the policy of the Colorado School of Mines Magazine to cooperate with its advertisers to the fullest extent. A l l of our advertisers are specialists in their field of endeavor. They accumulate vast stores of information of an engineering and technical nature—information that holds great interest for our readers. This space is set aside for them to use for the publication of such information. It is free to our advertisers and limited exclusivelv to their use.

What About the Known Buyers

Can advertising function profitably, without ab­normal waste, if it is directed wil ly ni l ly on a scat-teration basis to the four corners of the earth ? When business is hard to get, concerns must concentrate on known huyers. That is to say, potential buyers. It is a waste of time and advertising to bring the merits of a product to the attention of a vast number of individuals who are not knowai to be possible buyers.

It is, therefore, imperative that advertising be con­centrated in mediums whose ability to reach buyers is definitely known. The advertiser who wants re­sults wi l l not overlook the value of publications which bring his products before a select group of known buyers. Such advertisers do not seek' "mass cover­age"; they w^ant to reach the known buyers.

The Colorado School of Mines Magazine does not offer ''mass coverage". Its subscription list is not broad; it reaches engineers, and particularly those engineers engaged in the mineral industries.

H o w many of these engineers are known buyers? School of Mines graduates, subscribers to the Maga­zine, alone make an imposing list of potential buyers. Besides the many consulting engineers, mi l l designers and so forth, this group is composed of executives, superintendents, general managers, operators and others, all knozvn Buyers of equipment and supplies.

When advertising in the School of Aiines Maga­zine, the advertiser not only places the merits of his products before these men, but he has a personal con­tact, so to speak, in the fact that he is helping to back a project in which all of them are interested—namely, the A lumni Mag'azine.

In addition to subscribers who are members of the Alumni Association, this Magazine is paid for and read by more than half a thousand executives in the mineral industries who are not graduates of the Colo­rado School of Mines. These, too, are known buyers.

Index to Advertisers

Page

American Askama Corporation 4 C. S. Card Iron Works Co. - 4, 45 Climax Molybdenum Co -- J9 Colorado Central Power Co 36 Colorado Fuel & Iron 10 Colorado Transcript 36 Colorado Iron Works Co 5 Denver Equipment Company 4 Denver Fireclay -•- 5 Eaton Metal Products Co 39 Flexible Steel Lacing Co 43 Gardner-Denver Co 47 General Electric Co - — 7 Golden Fire Brick Co. 36 Golden Page — 6 Goodman Mfg . Co — 43 Hercules Powder Co — _ 48 Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co.. 38 Lindrootii, Shubart & Co. 38 Mine & Smelter Supply Co. 46 Midwest Steel Si Iron Co 42 National Fuse & Powder Co 39 Professional Cards 44, 45 F. B. Robinson Book Store _ _ 36 Reading Iron _____ 3 Ronald P. FitzGerald 56 Rubey National Bank 36 Steiner, Geologist 38 Stonehouse Signs 2 Traylor Vibrator Co 2

United Verde Copper Co.. _ 39 Western Elaterite Roofing Co 37 A. R. Wilfley & Sons ._,. 43

The Colorado School of Mines Maga^^ine M A R C H 1930

The Coolidge Dam By C. L O R I M E R C O L B U R N , '07

R E C E N T press dispatches state that M r . Coolidge has been requested by the President to dedicate the

Coolidge Dam. This brings to mind the leading part played by the Colorado School of Mines in the construc­tion of this triple dome dam. C. A . Spicer of the Class of '05 is a member of the firm of Atkinson, Kier Bros. & Spicer who were contractors for the dam.

This is the largest multiple dome dam in the world and one has only to glance at the pictures accompanying this article, which show the domes with their warped surfaces, to realize what the complicated problem was involved in placing the concrete. The domes were built true to design with smoothly finished surfaces by the use of specially designed flexible steel panels for supporting the forms. A l l of this was worked out by the technical staff of one of our regular advertisers.. The specially designed steel forms were obtained from the Midwest Steel Company of Denver. This is another case where Mines men have worked together with our advertisers for the benefit of both.

The contract for the building of the Coolidge Dam was signed on January Ist, 1927 and under its terms the dam was to have been completed on July 1st, 1929, but on account of the skill of the con­tractors and the use of the special­ly designed steel forms for holding the concrete on the domes, this structure was completed nine months ahead of schedule. This is a record for any Government

j oh. :f f ^^^^8 The contract price for the dam

was $2,268,000, exclusive of the steel and cement which was fur­nished by the Government. The total cost of the dam and power house amounted to about $4,500,000.

The Coolidge Dam is certainly a wonderful structure; the main highway from Phoenix to E l Paso passes over it. It is located about eight miles from Globe, at San Carlos, Arizona. It is 250 feet high above bedrock with a reservoir capacity of 1,200,000 acre feet of water. The length of the

^ ^ ^ ^ " ? V V "1

central buttress at the base is 270 feet and the length over all, including spillways, is 920 feet.

The construction of the dam entailed a number of unique problems. The three domes together with the arrangement of the spillways and the highway across the

top of the dam brings in a complex system of curves and warped surfaces. The most serious prob­lem was that of placing the con­crete in the three domes which involved curves in both the hori­zontal and vertical planes. It was this part of the job that baffled the other contractors who were bid­ding on this structure. The solv­ing of serious problems like these adds spice and pleasure to the ex­perience of capable engineers such as our friend Spicer and the tech­nical staff of the Midwest Steel Company.

j The steel forms designed and i used on this job had many ad-i vantages. The forms were held in I place by steel panels or trusses and

each successive tier of forms was supported by the completed part of the structure. No scaffolding was used. The forms had to be flexible so that for each successive tier the forms could be shaped to the curve of the dome. The speed with which the dam was built and the success of the construction as a whole hinged on the problem of the concrete forms for the domes.

This modern dam, which wi l l impound more than a million acre feet of water, wi l l provide a water supply sufficient for the irrigation of 100,000 acres of valley land. This, however, is not the first irrigation project in this region. A n extensive system along the Gi la River in Arizona had been worked out long before Europeans came to the North American continent. There is no exact record of who the people were nor when they lived, but indications found there show that this project was in opera­tion years before the Spaniards explored the region in 1694.

As we ramble from coast to coast and visit the various raining and metallurgical plants and petroleum operations where Mines men have accomplished unusual feats of en­gineering we are also reminded hy the Coolidge Dam that the engineering training given at Golden gives a man the fundamental training to enable him to accomplish the most complicated job in construction.

A L B E R T G . F I S H , Pres. & Treas. I R A C . B O W E R , Sec.

S T R U C T U R A L STEEL and O R N A M E N T A L IRON

The Midwest Steel and Iron Works is equipped to handle any size job. No undertaking is too large for our engineers and none is too small to be slighted.

Some of our recent contracts which have just been completed include:

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The Whi tman Hotel, IPueblo, Colorado. The Coolidge Dam, Globe, Ar izona . The Colorado Agricultural College's new Gymnasium,

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The scciionj! steel hinge pin (parenred) absorbs friction in the joint.

Belt End Protection. Tfiroivn In Scaling ihc bcic end with (he powerful compces-

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M A R C P I 1930 The Colorado School of Mines Ma ga^^in e

\o fessional Cards A . E . ANDERSON-, E . M . ' 0 4

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Denver, Colo.

L D W A K U P. A R T H U R , ' 9 5

Mining Engineer

Cripple Creek, Colo.

M A X W . B A L L Consulting .Petroleum Engineer

First National Bank Building, Denver Exchange National Bank Bldg., Tulsa

H E N R Y C . B E E L E R , ' 96

Mining Engineer

C. A , Johnson Eldg. Denver, Colo.

C H A R L E S N . B E L L , ' 06

Mining Engineer

C. A . Johnson Bldg. Denver, Colo.

J A C K P . B O N A R D I , ' 21

Sales Manager The Mine & Smelter Supply Co. 225 Broadway, New York City

F R A N K C . B O W M A N ^ '01 Mining & Metallurgical Engineer

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L I O N E L B R O O K E , ' 1 4 Mining Engineer

824 Royal Bank Bldg. "Montreal, Canada

W. E Burlingame, '01 Charles 0. Parker, '23

B U R L I N G A M E & P A R K E R

Chemists and Assayers

Specializing in umpire and control work Al ! types o£ analytical and

commercial problems

J901 Lawrence St. Denver, Colo.

G . M O N T A G U E B U T L E R ' 0 2

Mining and Geological Engineer

Dean College of Mines and Engineer­ing, University of Arizona, Tucson. Esarainations and problems involving persistence, change in character, and loss of ore. Diamonds and other gems secured for Miners

or their friends at reduced rates.

F R E D C . C A R S T A R P H E N , ' 0 5 specializing in Design and Erection

Aerial Tramways Consulting Engineer

721 Marion St. Denver, Colo.

C . L O R I M E R C O L B U R N , ' 07

Mining Engineer

C. A . Johnson Bldg. Denver, Colo.

S H R I V E B . C O L L I N S , ' 01

Consulting Mining Engineer

176S Glencoe Street Denver, Colo.

A R T H U R V . C O R R Y , ' 98 Member Harper, MacDonald and Co.

Mining Engineers Butte, Mont.

A . E . C R A I G , ' 1 4 Metallurgical Engineer

The Mine & Smelter Supply Co. DENVER, COLORADO

D O N A L D D Y R E N F O R T H , ' 1 2

T H E DORR COMPANY DENVER

J O H N W E L L I N G T O N F I N C H

Consulting Geologist and Engineer

1st National Bank Bldg., Denver, Colo.

H E Y

MINERS!

J O H N H A Y S H A M M O N D , Hon. ' 0 9

Mining Engineer

120 Broadvray New York, N. Y .

T H O M A S S. H A R R I S O N , ' 08 Consulting Oil Geologist

70S First National Bank Bldg. Denver, Colo.

M O N T A N A L A B O R A T O R Y C O . E. E . Blumenthal '9S Chemist and Assayer

Phillipsburg, Mont.

A . E . M O Y N A H A N , ' 0 0

Consulting Mining Engineer'

241 Coronado Bldg. Denver, Colo.

J O H N E D W A R D N O R M A N , '98

Mining Engineer

1267 Race Street Denver, Colo.

C H A R L E S M . R A T H , ' 0 5 Petroleum Geologist and Appraiser

Midwest Refining Co. Denver, Colo. Not a'vaiiabie for private =ioork

F R A N K J . R E I N H A R D , ' 0 5

Equitable Life Assurance Society

Security Eldg. Denver, Colo.

ROBERT H . S A Y R E

Mining Engineer 715 First National Bank Bldg.

Denver, Colo.

W I L L I A M P . S I M P S O N , '01 Root & Simpson

Metallurgical Chemists, Assayers Denver, Colo.

W . G . S W A R T , H O N . , ' 1 7 Mining Engineer

711 Lonsdale Bldg. DuLUTH, MINNESOTA

We've started another page of Professional cards. How about yours? WRITE N O W to C. Lorimer Colburn, Secretary, Colo. School of Mines Alumni Ass'n.

C. A . Joiinson Bldg., 509 17th St., Denver, Colo.

The Colorado School of Mines M a g a z^i n M A R C H 1930

McAore Professional Cards; J A M E S U N D E R H I L L

Mininl Engineer

Idaho Springs, Colo.

R O G E R F . W H I T E , ' 1 8 Consulting Petroleum Engineer

80+ Hellman Bank Bldg. Los Angeles, Calif.

H A R R Y J . W O L F , ' 0 3

Mining Engineer

+2 Broadway New York

W M . D . W A L T M A N , ' 9 9 Franco Wyoming Oil Company

551 Fifth Avenue, New York City +22 First Nat. Bank Eldg., Denver

J O H N H . W I L S O N , E . M . , '23

Geologist and Geophysicist

Box 187 Golden, Colo.

H . J . W O L F , I N C O R P O R A T E D

A n Investment Trust

15 Exchange Place Jersey City, N . J ,

Hydto-metallutgy (Continusd jrom page 15)

and the constructive force." We recognize and classify energy according; to its manifestations; we give it different names according to the units in which we employ it. Thus we have calories, ergs, joules, British Thermal Units, etc. In electrical work we use the volt-coulomb, or watt-second. And this brings up another point: Power has the dimen­sions of velocity; power means rate of doing-work; power connotes the rate at which energy is being absorbed or given out by a given system which is undergoing some sort of motion or change. Evidently, then, power multiplied by time of action, or change, gives a quantity of work, or energy.

A i l this fuss about energy may seem ver>' academic and altogether superfluous. Perhaps so; but the discussion up­on i^-hich we are about to embark hinges upon a clear understanding of just what is meSnt by energy, for, as we shall see, practically all of the principles involved sooner or later boil down to a question of the energy factors and energy changes going on in the system in question.

One more definition, and we'll sign off: By "system" is meant that portion of the universe which we choose to isolate, in thought, from all the rest of the universe for the purpose of study or experiment or investigation in general. Our system may consist of a single atom, or a single elec­tron; or it may embrace the solar system, or the whole galaxy of which we happen to be a less than negligible part. Whatever our system may comprise, however, all the rest of the universe becomes, for the time being, the surroundings or environment of that system. This is a purely arbitrary definition; but science long ago adopted the simple expedient of the late Humpty Dumpty. Said he: "When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean,—neither more, nor less." However offensive such tactics may be to those who find words inadequate to the "true expression" of their "innermost selves", it is certain that precision of meaning makes for clarity of thought,— and that works backward with equal force, as witness any legal document or process of law.

In a recent lecture, Bertrand Russell pointed to the fact that our civilization has changed more in the last one hundred and fifty years than it did in all the countless centuries of man's existence before that. Aletallurgy has played a leading role in that swift change. If this work does no more than outline our present position in one branch of metallurgy-, and perhaps indicate a little of the future of that branch, then surely it wi l l have been worth the effort.

Prehistoric Roots of Civilization (Continued jrom pngc 22)

Eolithic and Paleolithic Boule, M . Fossil Men (English Translation 1923). Eurkett, M . C. Prehistory. 1921. Soilas, W. J . Ancient Hunter and their Modern Representa­

tives. 1924, Osborn, ?L F. Men of the Old Stone Age. 1916. Obermaier, H . Fossil Men in Spain. 192+.

Neolithic

Taylor. The New Stone Age in Northern Europe.

Bronze Coffey, G. The Bronze Age in Ireland. 1913. Peake, H . The Bronze Age and the Celtic World. 1922.

Iron and Hallstatt and LaTene Dechelette, J . Manuel dArcheoIogic. Vol. 2 Pt. 2. 1913, Dechelette, J. Manuel d'Archeologic. Vol. 2 Ft. 3. 1914.

The mining engineer who was graduated 3 7 years ago had his diploma framed the s^me year we started making Card Mine Cars.

M i n i n g men f rom Cobalt to Sonora can give plenty of reasons for standardizing on Card haulage equipment, but they' l l tell you one reason is sufficient—

Low Cost Per Ton Mile Haul

The C. S. Card Iron Works Co. D E N V E R

B U I L T S H O R T E R T O U S T • . O M O e i l

The remarkable compactness of Telsmith design means even more than economy of head room. Shorter and sturdier . . . Telsmith Crushers are naturally stronger . . . and this strength is more than doubled by using 90% STEEL in their construction instead of the usual gray iron. Inside the head Telsmith Crushers have a long sleeve eccentric, with enormous, bearing areas and renewable bab­bitt sleeves. Since the eccentric rotates on a FIXED UN­BREAKABLE SHAFT, vibration is reduced to a minimum.

Every bearing, every running part is provided with positive and continuous lubrication and all Telsmith Crushers have a big oil storage tank as well as apparatus for straining and cooling the oil.

The ability of Telsmith Crushers to take punishment, with fewer shut-downs . . . their faculty of carrying on year after year and still keeping production at the peak . . . is due to Telsmith's shot STEEL STRUCTURE, straight pinch, enormous bearing areas and automatic lubrication. Telsmith's greater capacity is still another story.

.^^^MITH Reduction Crusher

TELSMITH Primary Breaker

fVAAINEandGVlELTER

DENVER, COLORADO, U. S. A. EL PASO, TEXAS

410 San Francisco St. NEW YORK CITY

225 Broadway SALT LAKE, UTAH 121 West 2nd, South

MASSCO

M O D E L S 7L and 17L are recent additions to our popular "Seven

Series" of high-speed drifting drills. In their design, low upkeep

costs have been kept especially in view and we confidently offer

them as the most economically operated drifters obtainable. Model

7L weighs only l4l pounds and is suitable for most drifting oper­

ations but for extremely hard formations the Model 17L, weight

177 pounds, is recommended.

G A R D N E R - D E N V E R C O M P A N Y ROCK DRILL DIVISION

DENVER, COLORADO

SaUl Offices Throiighoul lAc IVclJ

C O A L T H A T H E R C O A L - F S H O T

• • •

THEY FILL ALL COAL BLASTING NEEDS

Although cool mining conditions vary widely, the nine

Hercules permissibles, listed at the right, will satisfac­

torily meet all coal-blasting requirements in this country.

For instance, the Lillybrook Coal Company at its Lilly-

brook and Sullivan mines in West Virginia has adopted

Hercoal-F. The improved quality of lump, following the

introduction of this permissible, brought about increased

market demand for this No. 4 Pocahontas coal.

Her'coal"F is widely used throughout the industry be­

cause it combines the lump-producing qualities of black

powder with the safety of a permissible—at no greater

cost than black powder and with much better fumes.

Checkand mailthe coupon-iistforinformation concerning

Hercoal-F or any of the other permissibles of the Hercules

complete series of explosives in which you are interested.

HERCULES POWDER COMPANY

ALLENTOWN, PA.

BIRMINGHAM

BUFFALO

CHICAGO

DENVER

DULUTH

( [ N C O R P O R A T E D )

Wilmington De laware

HAZLETON, PA.

HUNTINGTON, W. VA.

JOPLIN, M O .

LOS ANGELES

NEW YORK CITY

NORRISTOWN, PA.

PITTSBURG, KAN.-

PinSBURGH, PA.

POTTSVILLE, PA.

ST. LOUIS

SALT LAKE CITY

SAN FRANCISCO

WILKES-BARRE

WILMINGTON, DEL.

The Permissible For Your

Coal Is In This List • H E R C O A L - F : The new type lump pro­

ducer. A very high cortridge count permissible (about 500I* with block powder action.

• H E R C O A L - D : This Hercoal lies be­tween F and C In count (about 450),* and like them is a black powder ac­tion, lump producer.

• H E R C O A L - C : Another black powder action, lump producing permissible. Lower count (about40Ql,*and strong­er per cartridge than Hercoal-F.

• • • • R E D H F-L. F;: Slow and strong with

a cartridge count of obout 356.* A lump producer.

• R E D H D-L. F.: Slow and strong. Car­tridge count around 316.* Another lump producer.

• R E D H C -L. F.: Slowand strong. About 276'" count and a lump producer.

• R E D H B-L. F.: A fast, dense, sirong permissible of about 1280''' count with 0 smashing action.

• 9 •

•COLLIER C-L. F.: Post and strong but with higher count (obout 320)"' than Red H B-L. F.

• H E R C O G E L : Dense and strong. Suit­able for wet work. Count about 190.^" *NOTE: Cartridge counts refer to the number of Tii" by 8" cartridges in 700 lbs.of explosives.

• • • ' HERCULES POWDER COMPANY

(Incorporated)' S3! King Street, Wilmington, Delaware

Gentlemen: Please send me pamphlets de­scribing the Permissible explosives checked.

Nome

Company

Street

P. O