Columbus, Corsair and the Pinzon Brothers

8/9/2019 Columbus, Corsair and the Pinzon Brothers

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Columbus, Corsair, and the Pinzón brothers, Pirates, in

the Mediterranean before 1492

Francesc Albardaner i Llorens

L'auteur présente ici des documents qu'il a découvert dans les archives

espagnoles au sujet des carrières pratiquement inconnues des frères

Pinzón avant qu'ils aient navigué avec Christophe Colomb jusqu’en

mérique en !"#$% Le matériel éclaircit les activités des frères en tantque corsaires et suggère que Colomb aurait participé & ces entreprises%

The dar side of histor!

Too often, popular history, as presented in the mass media and in many basictextbooks, clings to the romantic historiographical perspective of the nineteenth century.The arrival of Christopher Columbus and the Pinzón brothers on American shores in!"# is not only considered a $ma%or discovery,& but has also transformed Columbus intoone of the most important historical figures in history. 'ndeed, the (nited )tates

continues to celebrate $Columbus *ay& on +ctober #, hile Central and )outh Americacommemorate $*ia de la -aza,& a popular holiday that originated in ranco/s )pain, eventhough fe are aare of hat $race& they are talking about.

+ur understanding of Christopher Columbus/s role in history has changeddramatically, hoever, from 0"#, hen the !11 th Anniversary of his first voyage ascelebrated, to the most recent centennial in ""#. +ver the course of a century Columbusas transformed from $saint& to $villain,& from universal hero to initiator of the largestgenocide in human history. Today it is hard to even imagine Count -osselly de 2orgues

proposing that the Pope canonize Columbus as a saint.

-eriting history to conform ith a romanticized vie of the past usually occurshen historians conceal or alter, either by commission or omission, individual charactersor events to make them more $respectable.& or example, historical accounts of late3 th

century 4uropean corsairs and pirates have too often $overlooked& the fact that manyrespected sailors and merchants of the period oed their fortunes to such irregularactivities. Although there has alays been a legal difference beteen corsairs and

pirates, hen analysing the final results, e have to admit that many mariners played on both sides of the fence.

+ngoing research in )pain/s rich archives continually brings to light nedocuments that can alter our perspective on important historical personalities. This paper

presents a ne document in regard to 5icente 6a7ez Pinzón and several others

The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XXI No. 3, (July 2011), 263-2!


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he (orthern )ariner*Le marin du nord #8!

+llustration !% ,irst page of document concerning the galleass errandina - signed b. /oan de Coloma- ro.al secretar. to 0ing /ohn ++- dated $# ,ebruar. !"12% +t includes a


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Columbus- Corsair- and the Pinzón brothers- Pirates

+llustration ! 3continued%4 transcription of a letter from /ohn ++- at arragona- to the bailiff

of 5alencia- $6 ,ebruar. !"12% 7o e8tracts from this part 3 vide infra, p% $9!4 sho7 that 0ing ,errante of (aples 7as half:o7ner of the vessel- in 7hose honour she 7as named% he

other o7ners 7ere ,lorentine merchants of the 5espuccio famil.% 3;o.al rchive of 5alencia-


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he (orthern )ariner*Le marin du nord

Catalan vessel belonging to sub%ects of his father, ing ;ohn '', ruler of the Catalanconfederation. erdinand responded to this unexpected attack ith a royal letter dated !April !DD addressed to all authorities, terrestrial and maritime, that forbade piratical acts

by his sub%ects of Castile against the sub%ects of ing ;ohn ''.The second document relating to the naval activities of 5icente 6a7ez Pinzón and

his elder brother, :artin, in the :editerranean, as published by rancisco :oralesPadrón in the ;evista de +ndias in "8.> rom this document e kno that in the year!D" the Pinzón brothers attacked a ship oned by citizens of the city of 'biza and, aftertaking possession of the vessel and cargo, carried it back to the port of Palos inAndalucia.

The third document relating to 5icente 6a7ez Pinzón prior to !"# refers to a piratical act committed in !0! by :artin de la =orda, mariner of uenterrabia, in hich

a cargo of corn destined for ?enoa as stolen from a ship belonging to 5icente 6a7ezPinzón. 'n this case, 5icente 6a7ez Pinzón as the victim and not the aggressor. Thisdocument as published by ;uan :anzano y :anzano and his daughter in his importantmonograph Los Pinzones . el Bescubrimiento de mérica published in "00 G:adridI4diciones de Cultura AispnicaH.

5ery recently, ' have had the pleasure of finding another document related to5icente 6a7ez Pinzón at the Arxiu EistJric de Protocols de =arcelona, belonging to the=arcelona Association of @otaries. 't is a letter dated #D ebruary !DD, and is thereforethe oldest document yet knon concerning 5icente 6a7ez Pinzón. 't also refers to the

piratical attack committed in the port of Alfachs by three Andalusian ships against avessel oned by ?alceran Andreu. The most important parts of this document, ritten in2atin, areI

@overint universi Kuod 4go :atheus Capell :ercator civis =archinone ex certasciencia confirmo et ordino vobis magnificum Alvero de @ave militem,Consiliarium et capitaneum generalem Classis maris serenissimi et potentissimidomini -egis Castelle licet absentem tanLuam presentem procuratorem meumcertum et specialem ac etiam ad subscripta generalem itaLue especialitasgeneralitati non deroget nec e contra videlicet ad petendum exhigendumrecipiendum recuperandum et havendum pro me et in nomine meo a *iego de

:ora, ;ohannes -odriguez )toriano, civitates Civille. 5icentio Anes Pinson villede Palos patronis calavera M ferdinandi *aries )ayavedre mariscalN PetrivasLues de )ayavedre M et ?undisalvus de )tuniyega M dominorum ipsarumcalaverarum, compianonis et dominacionis dicti domini -egis Castelle et ab propis dominis ac ab aliis etiam personis indetentis seu obligates et bonisipsorum omnes illa )aLuas lanorum et alias res et merces Lue per ipsos manuarmati michi depredate fuerunt in portu dels Alfachs *ertuse principatusCathalonie a balanario ?alcerandi Andreu Lui illich pro me mercabat de lanis etinde apoca vel apocasOetc.

> rancisco :orales Padrón, ;evista de +ndias 0> G"8H.

#88


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...ac =archinone FF5'' die mensis ffebruari anno a nativitate *omine:CCCC2FF5'' )ignum :athei Capell predictum hec laudo et firmo.!

This document is a poer of attorney given by :atheu Capell to Alvaro de @ava,admiral of the navy of Castile in the strait of ?ibraltar. 't reveals the names of the three

pirate captainsI *iego de :ora and ;uan -odriguez of )eville, and 5icente 6a7ez GorAnesH Pinzón from the ton of Palos, actually knon as Palos de la rontera. Thelocation as the port of Alfachs in Catalonia, on the southern side of the 4bro -iverdelta. 'n the document, the port is called $Portu dels Alfachs *ertuse,& because it as thenatural port of the ton of Tortosa. ?alceran Andreu, captain of the captured ship, astransporting goods, mainly ool, belonging to the merchant :atheu Capell, a ealthycitizen of =arcelona. The oners of the three caravels ere ernando *aries )aavedra,Pedro 5azLuez )aavedra and ?undisalvo de )tu7iga, all Andalusians.

! AEP=, @otari 2luis ;orba #>0M#.

#8D

+llustration $ Po7er of attorne. given b. )atheu Capell- merchant in


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?onzalo Gor ?undisalvoH de )tu7iga had been the lord mayor of the harbour tonof Palos until !"#, hen the Cron of Castile acLuired half9onership of this port andreplaced )tu7iga by *iego ?utierrez. At that time, the sailors of Palos had extensive

experience in organizing expeditions to ?uinea in search of gold and slaves, in openconfrontation ith the Portuguese. These expeditions involved considerable secrecy,hoever, as did any piratical activities against Portuguese vessels beteen the Canary'slands and the 'berian peninsula on their return %ourney from ?uinea. Thus the sailors ofPalos, and the Pinzón brothers among them, had considerable opportunities for mountingattacks on shipping in Atlantic aters and earned themselves a small fortune through thesale of captured goods and slaves.

@o onder the Cron selected Palos as the ideal port for launching Columbus/sfirst voyage instead of choosing one of the larger Andalusian ports, such as )eville, Cadizor Puerto de )anta :aria. irstly, Palos as under direct royal control and secondly, the

local sailors ere considered the most experienced sailors in Atlantic aters, both in piracy and in the gold and slave trade, $Lualities& that could be considered by the Cronas the necessary $kno9ho& for the American voyage.

The Pinzón brothers/ experience ith piracy in the :editerranean opens up the possibility of a personal relationship beteen them and Christopher Columbus prior totheir !"# voyage, but due to the absence of actual documentation and the fact that therecord of naval activities for the Pinzón brothers is later than !D8, ' think e must limitfurther speculation for the time being.

Christo"her Columbus, corsair before 1492#

riar =artolom de 2as Casas in his Aistoria de +ndias= copied a letter ritten in31 in )eville or Cadiz by Christopher Columbus to the $altos -eyes.& 'n this letter,Columbus declares that he began sailing very early in his youth and affirms that he has

been a sailor for more than !1 years G$6a pasan de !1 a7osO&H. 'f so, Columbus begansailing in !8 or earlier, but despite his lengthy career, e kno very little beyond a fedetails recorded by his son, ernando.8 rom his biography, e can deduce four phasesin Columbus/s maritime career. irst as a captain of a ship in the navy of Aragon G!D1Q9!D>QHN second as a cre member of ?uillaume de Cazenove Coulon G!D>Q9August!D8N third, he as involved in a discovery voyage to 'celand and ?reenland in a 2uso9*anish expedition G!D89!DDH and lastly embarked on voyages to 2a :ina and Cabo5erde under the Portuguese flag G!DD9!0!H.

=ased on Columbus/s claim that he had visited $all the 4ast and the .

8 ernando Colón, 5ita di Cristoforo Colombo- descritta da ,erdinando- suo figlio e tradottada lfonso Hlloa G3DH.

#80


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pure invention and personal vanity.

The sole documentary source for this period is an undated letter sent byColumbus to the Catholic ings, and copied by his son ernando Colón, hich statesI

And in another letter, that he rote from Eispaniola in the month of ;anuaryin the year !"3 to the Catholic ings about the diversity and errors thatmay happen in deciding the ship/s course and pilotage, he saysI

And it happened to me, that king -einel, ho ?od has taken ith him, sentme to Tunisia, in order to capture the galleass ernandina, and %ust hen eere near the island of )an Pietro, near )ardinia, somebody told us, that,together ith the galleass there ere to sailing vessels and a $carraLue&,fact that alarmed the cre, that decided not to continue sailing forard, butsail back to :arseille in order to get another ship and more sailors to %oin usN

and ', seeing no ay of forcing their decision, ' conceded them hat theyere asking forN but changing the needle of the compass, ' ordered to unfoldsails to the ind, late in the eveningN and next day, at sunrise e ere atsight of cape Cartaghe, even if the cre as convinced of returning to:arseille.

)cholars have argued about the accuracy of the previous text hile trying todetermine Columbus/s skill as a seafarer.


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The %alleass "errandina or "ernandina

According to his letter to the Catholic ings, Columbus as captain of a ship

serving the interests of -n d/An%ou against ing ;ohn '', hose fleet included thegalleass ,errandina or ,ernandina. ortunately, additional information about the vesselcan be found in the archives in 5alencia and =arcelona.

The galleass ,errandina, also knon as ,ernandina, as named in honour ofing errante of @aples, bastard son of the late ing Alfonso of Aragon, and nephe ofing ;ohn '' of the Catalan Confederation, Alfonso/s brother. 't seems that the

,errandina as %ointly oned by ing errante and several lorentine merchants. Theearliest reference to this ship is found in the Archive of the ingdom of 5alencia in aletter sent by ing ;ohn '' from Tarragona to the $=attle ?eneral& in 5alencia, dated Debruary !80. 'n that letter, the king agrees to permit the galleass ,errandina to sell the

goods that the ship brought from 'taly, even if some of the deliveries ould fall intoenemy hands, G$de nostres rebelles o de nostres enemichs, Ro es del *uch -eynel e duch;oan,...&H. @ote that ;ohn '', hen referring to his enemy, -n d/An%ou, never uses thetitle of king but only that of duke.

rom another document of the -oyal Archives in 5alencia,D dated :onday, #"ebruary !80, e kno that the captain of the galleass ,errandina as $Piero ;ohan5ezpuxe& GPietro ?iovanni 5espuccioH.0 'n this document is included the transcription ofthe letter of ;ohn '' brought by captain 5espuccio, dated #> ebruary !80, in Tarragona,in hich the king affirmsI $and for respecting his highness *on errando, our nephe,

that e love as our on son, that has some part of the onership of thatD 2libre de la =atllia de 5alencia de :ossSn Eonorat =erenguer :ercader, A-5N =atllia n.

3!, p. 0"v9">r.0 The commercial contacts beteen 5alentian and lorentine merchants ere very important

in the second half of the 3th century. The transcription of the folloing document,demonstrates early contact beteen 2luis de )antngel, the future sponsor of Columbus/sdiscovery voyage, ith the 5espucci merchants of lorence, the family of Amerigo5espuccio, Columbus/s friend and collaboratorIriday,# )eptember !DDI$@otum sit cunctis Luod 4go, 2udovicus de )entangel , :ercator civis 5alencie, heres

universalis bonorumLue omnium et %urum Lue Luondam fuerunt honor 2udovici de)entangel, patris Luondam mei, mercatoris civis dicte civitate ut constat de dicta herenciaultimo illo testamento receptor per discretum ;acobum Carnicer, notarius publicus 5alencie,die secunda mensis septembris anno a nativitate dominis :CCCC2FF5'. 4t perundemnotarius publicatus in mensis novembris anno predicto :CCCC2FF5'. ?ratis et scienterdicto norem ffacio constittuo et ordino procuratorem meum certum et specialem acgeneralem ad infrascriptam vos magnificum ?uillermum de Pasci, florentinum, absentetanLuam presente videlicet ad petendum, habendum, exhigendum et reaprendum per me etnome meo a magnifico Piero de ;ulian 5espuchi, milite florentino, Luaius peccunie Luantasres campas et merces per illum debitas michi @ome predicto tamen cause et albaranis Luamsive illis et debitis Lue receptis seu recepisse confessus suntis apochas albarana absoluciones

et disfunciones pacta anuencias transacciones et composiciones ,etc.& GA-5, @otary ;aume)alvador, Protocol ""D 9 6ear !DDH.

#D1


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galleass....&G$5olem empero per respecte del 'llustrissimo -ey don errando nostre moltcar nebot com a fill, Luis diu haver part en la dita galeaRa,O& H. 'n that same letter, theking also specifically names $the galleass of lorentines, called La ,errandina- that has

arrived once again in that port Gbeach of 5alenciaH.&

A letter from the bailiff of 5alencia, Eonorat :ercader, to the king, dated 3

:arch !80, statesI $' got your letter from the hands of the captain of the galleass of thelorentines, called errandina, etcO& The king/s illingness to confide a letter to thecre of the ship demonstrates his trust in their loyalty. *uring the civil ar beteen the?overnment of Catalonia and ;ohn '', control of maritime commerce as essential inorder to deprive their enemies of both arms and food. These documents prove not onlythe true existence of the galleass called La ,errandina, but her cre/s loyalty to the causeof ;ohn '' in the Catalan civil ar.

our years later, hen =arcelona as the only ton still resisting the siege by thearmy and navy of ;ohn ''," e find, among the letters sent beteen the councillors of

" 'n the $Arxiu EistJric :unicipal de 5alencia& GAE:5H are several letters ritten by ;ohn ''explaining the situation of the terrestrial and naval siege of =arcelona at the end of the

#D

+llustrations 6 and "% 7o e8tracts from the document 3 vide supra - p% $1"4concerning the galleass errandina - sho7 that 0ing ,errante of (aples 7as half:o7ner of thevessel- in 7hose honour she 7as named% he other o7ners 7ere ,lorentine merchants of the

5espuccio famil.% 3;o.al rchive of 5alencia-


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=arcelona and their ing, -n d/An%ou, the folloing references to the ,errandinaI

2etter to the ing, #8 August !D#I

The very last day, hen e rote to your :a%esty, there ere in this beach Gof=arcelonaH F' ships, big and small, of the enemies, and '''' galleasses. Todayseveral ships have departed together ith to galleasses, remaining only theFarnandina, to venetian vessels and three halers or not so big vessels, and itis believed that these six vessels ill return ith three galleasses.

2etter to the ing, 8 )eptember !D#I

=ecause the belly does not allo any further delay, there remain only '''' enemyvesselsI the Farrendina, one 5enetian and to halers, O 1.

According to these letters, the galleass ,errandina played an important part inthe siege of =arcelona, in the final moments of the Catalan Civil


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must have taDen place in !"9! or in the first half of !"9$ , hen he ould have beentrying to prevent the ship from %oining in the siege of =arcelona.

The corsair na'! of &)n) d*An+ou'n the second half of the fifteenth century, 4uropean kingdoms did not maintain

permanent naval structures or a standing navy. @avies ere formed as and henreLuired. or example, it as only toards the end of the Catalan Civil , and most probably sailed in thecorsair navy of ray Carles de Torrelles and ranci Antoni )etantV. 'nterestingly, this

little9knon period of Columbus/s life does not appear in his existing biographies,especially those by 'talian scholars.


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he (orthern )ariner*Le marin du nord #D!

+llustration =% Ivis de un cossari apellat Colom qui menave 5++ (aus armadesJ

3IKarning letter about a corsair called Colom 7ho commands seven armed shipsJ4 sent b.

the Consolat de )ar 3)aritime uthorit.4 in


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+llustration = 3continued%4 villages of the Catalan Confederation- 6 ctober !"96% IColomJ

refers to Muillaume de Casenove Coulon- that in the Catalan confederation 7as Dno7n as

IColomJ and in the 0ingdom of Castile 7as Dno7n as IColón%J Muillaume de Cazenove

Coulon 7as vice:admiral in ,rance and operated in the ?nglish Channel as a pirate from his port of Aonfleur% ,ollo7ing is a loose translation of the main bod. of the documentN Ia

corsair Dno7n as Colom 7ith seven armed ships has arrived at lacant%%% his fleet has

persecuted the galle.s of the Count of Prades and %%% sent Othem to the bottom of the sea% +t is

believed that this corsair 7ill turn round from that place and 7ill sail along all the coast% nd

therefore 7e have informed .ou of this ne7s in order that .ou ma. alert all the ships and

vessels %%% so that %%% no harm 7ill occur to them%%%J 3r8iu AistFric )unicipal de >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

-eturning to our study of Columbus as a corsair, it is important to remember thathis son and biographer, ernando Colón, asserted that Columbus sailed ith the famousrench corsair ?uillaume de Cazenove Coulon for several years. 'n August !D8,Columbus took part in a naval battle off Cape )aint 5incent in Portugal. Ee fought onthe side of the ranco9Portuguese navy against four ?enoese and one lemish vessels.'talian scholars also deny this episode in Columbus/s life, especially after discoveringthat ?uillaume de Cazenove Coulon as a rench corsair, and not a 2igurian Colombo,corsair or pirate. Another reason for denying the participation of Columbus onCazenove/s side in this battle as the fact that he fought against ?enovese ships. The?enovese historian Pessagno could never demonstrate that Columbus as among the

?enovese cres in this battle, although he found documents containing the lists of allmembers of these cres.

@evertheless, it is not only highly probable but reasonable to expect thatColumbus continued his corsair activities under Cazenove Coulon. At the end of theCatalan Civil , Cazenove sailed

back for home, stopping en route at the end of )eptember to completely destroy theCatalan navy of the Count of Prades in front of Alacant GAlicanteH. *uring the recent

conflict, the Count of Prades and Cardona had been the most illustrious and strongest allyof ing ;ohn '' in Catalonia. This naval attack as not considered piracy, hoever, sinceCazenove did not capture any ships or goods. 'nstead, he simply sank all the ships andkilled the cres in a clear act of revenge against ;ohn '' and his supporters folloing thefinal defeat of the army and navy of -n d/An%ou in Catalonia the year before.

The document that demonstrates the truth of the naval battle beteen the ships of?uillaume de Cazenove Coulon and the navy of the Count of Prades and Cardona in frontof Alacant, is a arning letter sent by the Consolat de :ar G:aritime AuthorityH of=arcelona to all the ports, harbours and coastal villages of the Catalan Confederationdated >rd +ctober !D>. This document says that the nes of the naval disaster as

knon thanks to a letter sent by 2luVs :artV, 5alentian merchant, to ?alceran de =esal.:erchant in =arcelona, the #"th of )eptember !D> at $six hours in the morning.&

#D3


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Therefore this naval battle may have taken place one or to days before #D or #0)eptember !D>.>

'talian scholars find it very difficult to connect $their& Cristoforo Colombo ith

?uillaume de Cazenove Coulon, hose naval activities ere based in the harbour ofEonfleur and hose natural maritime domain as the 4nglish Channel. Therefore theydeny that Cazenove and Columbus ever sailed together. =ut, given the fact thatCazenove as in the :editerranean in !D#9!D>, and specifically in :arseille, and thatthe temporary navy of -n d/An%ou as dismantled after his defeat in !D# leavingColumbus ithout a %ob, it seems reasonable to think that Columbus ould leave:arseille and begin a ne life sailing under the flag of rance in the cre of ?uillaumede Cazenove. +ne possible link beteen the rench and the Provencal corsair naviesmay be ;ean de =ueil, ho as both a councillor to -n d/An%ou and Admiral ofrance, serving 2ouis F'. PSre Anselme, in his famous Aistoire Ménéalogique etChronologique de la )aison ;o.ale de ,rance includes ?uillaume de Cazenove amongthe members of the =ueil family.

Conclusion

A )panish proverb saysI $*ios los cria y ellos se %untan&, meaning that personsith similar affinities and moral values tend naturally to become friends or allies.


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the Christopher Columbus ho sailed ith the Pinzón brothers in !"# is not the sameChristoforo Colombo of the Assereto/s document, ho as still a simple commercialagent in !D".

The documents relating to the galleass ,errandina have reconfirmed Columbus/searly service as a ship captain to -n d/An%ou, ing of Aragón and count of Provence,in the naval base of :arseille. rom the documents cited in this paper, and evidencedating the naval episode of the ,errandina to !D9!D#, to important conclusionsfollo. irst, in !D#, Columbus as older than the #9## years suggested for the?enoese Cristoforo Colombo. :ost likely aged beteen #3 and >1 at the time,Columbus as probably born beteen !!# and !!D. )econd, accepting that Columbuslived in :arseille from circa !D1 to !D>, and knoing that ?uillaume de CazenoveCoulon sailed to :arseille in !D#9!D>, it confirms the accuracy of ernando Colón/sstory of his father/s naval experience under Cazenove Coulon.

As e have seen, ne documents shed ne light on the lives of ChristopherColumbus and the Pinzón brothers. )ome are useful in reaffirming the activities of the

brothers in :editerranean aters, but others not only confirm the veracity of the$Eistorie& of ernando Colón and the activities of his father as a corsair, but alsogenerate ne data that casts serious doubt on the accuracy of the ?enoese version ofColumbus/s history.

inally, hile the :uslim territories of @orth Africa or Turkey spaned the mostfeared pirates in the estern :editerranean during the second half of the fifteenthcentury, there as plenty of piratical activity carried out by sub%ects of Christian

kingdoms and :editerranean republics against each others/ ships.


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tradotta da lfonso Hlloa. 2ondonI *ulauYCo, 08D.

avier, ;ean. Le ;oi ;ené. 2ibrairie ArthSme ayard, #110.

ernndez *uro, Cesreo. Colón . Pinzón N +nforme relativo a los pormenores deldescubrimiento del (uevo )undo presentado a la ;eal cademia de la Aistoria . :adridI'mprenta y undición de :anuel Tello, 00>.

errer ' :allol, :aria Teresa. $Corso y piraterVa entre :editerrneo y Atlntico en la=a%a 4dad :edia&. C)'CI 'nstitució :ilB i ontanals.

XXXXXXXX and Arcadi ?arcia ' )anz. $Assegurances i canvis marVtimis medievals a=arcelona.& 'nstitut d/4studis Catalans.

Premi erran Armengol i Tubau, "D!. =arcelona, "0>.

Eernndez Pinzón 6 ?anzinotto, ;os. 5icente E@ez Pinzón- Qus 5iajes . Bescubrimientos. :adridI 'mprenta del :inisterio de :arina, , "#1.

Eino%osa :ontalvo, ;os. Pirateria . corso en la ?dad media valenciana.

:a%ó ramis, -icardo. $2os Pinzones.& 4ditorial Mran Capitn. :adrid, "!D.

:anzano 6 :anzano, ;uan. $2os Pinzones y el *escubrimiento de Amrica..'nstituto de Cooperación 'beroamericana. ?diciones de Cultura Aispnica. :adrid, "00.

:errill, Charles ;. Colom of Catalonia R rigins of Christopher Columbus ;evealed%)pokane, G"8H, !>>9!!#. -evista de

'ndias @.0> G"8H XXXXXXXX. )anual de Aistoria Hniversal omo 5- Aistoria de mérica. 4ditorial

4spasa Calpe ).A., "8#.

-igaud, Philippe. Letras de la Costiera R Pirates et corsaires dans les mers de Provence S5e R S5+e siècles . Paris I Zditions du Comit des travaux historiLues etscientifiLues CTE), , #118.

-odriLuez 2ia7ez, 2aureano. $:oguer y Palos en la poca del descubrimiento I*ocumentos para su historia en el registro del sello de corte del Archivo ?eneral de)imancas.& ctas S+ /ornadas de ndalucGa . mérica. Euelva, "">.

-yder, Alan. he KrecD of Catalonia R Civil Kar in the ,ifteenth Centur. . +xfordI+xford (niversity Press, #11D.

)olsona Climent, rancisca. $Aspectos de la dominación angevina en Catalu7a,!889!D#&. G2a participación italiana y francesa en la revolución contra ;uan '' de AragónH.Cuadernos de Aistoria /erónimo Turita !9!,"3#, >.

(nali, Anna. )arinari- pirate e corsari catalani nel

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Columbus, Corsair and the Pinzon Brothers

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