Combating IUU Fishing and Fisheries Crime Presentat ion at the 4 t h In ternat ional Symposium on F isher ies Cr ime
MAS ACHMAD SANTOSA Coordinator of the Special Advisors of the Presidential Task Force to Combat Illegal Fishing (SATGAS 115) Copenhagen, 15 October 2018
1
OUTLINE
Category 1: Significance Combating IUU Fishing
Category 2: Combating IUU Fishing: Indonesia’s Policies
Category 3: Positives Impacts of Indonesia’s Policies
Moving Forward
2
SIGNIFICANCE
COMBATING IUU
FISHING
3
INDONESIA’S ASSET
4
“THE SEA IS THE FUTURE OF OUR NATION”
President Joko Widodo, State speech on 20 October 2014
Two-third of Indonesia’s region (NKRI) is ocean (6.4 million km2), with the second longest coastal lines in the world (108.000 km), 17.504 island and 17% of the world’s coral reef is in Indonesia.
Border of Indonesian Sea Region Based on the 1982 LOSC Provisions
Territorial Sea Border
ZEE Sea Border
INCREASING FISHERIES POTENTIAL
5
Indonesia’s fish stock is increasing every year
The Number of Fish Resource Potential (MSY) in Indonesia (million ton / year)
2017 2015 2013 2011 2001 1999 1997
12,54*
3
1 0
2
6
4 5
9
7 8
12
10 11
13
6,19 6,4 6,41 6,52 7,31
9,93
THE FISHERIES SECTOR IS ALSO FACING THREATS WHICH CAUSES FISH STOCK DEPLETION
6
The problems include overfishing, IUU fishing and the use of unsustainable fishing gears and methods, including blast fishing.
Image: http://www.greenpeace.org/australia/PageFiles/632840/supertrawlernet.jpg, http://awsassets.wwfnz.panda.org/img/original/web_230599_trawling.jpg, https://images.nature.com/full/nature-assets/nature/journal/v405/n6790/images/4051017ab.2.jpg
According to FAO, 33.1% of global fish stocks were over-exploited, while another 59.9% were fully-exploited. FAO considers IUU fishing to be a major global threat to sustainable management of fisheries and to stable socio-economic conditions for many small-scale fishing communities. Bottom trawl is not a selective fishing gear, which leads to overfishing and discards a lot of fish. As a result, discarding practices have been estimated to lead to 7 million tons of fish being rejected dead at sea.
DURING THE LAST 10 YEARS, THE LIVELIHOOD OF FISHERMEN ARE DECREASING
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There is a decrease in the number of Fishermen Household according to BPS Agriculture Census
-
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
2003 2013
Usaha Penangkapan Ikan
Source: BPS Agriculture Census 2003 & 2013
Decrease 44,9 %
‘Pintur’ Crab Fisherman
‘Ketinting’ Fisherman
Picture Number of Households in Fishing Business 2003-2013
Fish Catching Business
IUU FISHING AND CRIMES RELATED TO FISHERIES AS TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED FISHERIES CRIME
5. Tax crime (evasion or fraud) 1. Illegal
transaction of fuel
2. Immigration-related crime
3. Customs related crime , (incl.
smugglings of drugs, protected species,
vessel spare parts and other goods)
4. Money laundering 8. Illicit Drugs Trafficking
7. Human rights abuses (forced labor, human trafficking and child labor etc)
6. Corruption
8
COMBATING IUU FISHING: INDONESIA’S
POLICIES 9
10
STRONG FISHERIES GOVERNANCE
Strong governance is the basis to maintain the sustainability of productivity enhancement of marine and fishery resources in Indonesia. Strong fisheries governance is built upon three big pillars of sovereignty, sustainability and prosperity.
3 Pillars of MMAF
Missions Sovereignty Mission
Sustainability Mission
Prosperity Mission
FREE TO DETERMINE
one’s purpose for the sake of
national interest, without foreign
intervention
NATIONAL SECURITY, which
includes the security of its
natural resources
1
2
THE OCEAN’S RESOURCES IS
ADEQUATE for more than one generation
THE OCEAN BOLSTERS NATION’S
DEVELOPMENT
FISHERIES RESOURCES to
enhance the quality of the people in one
nation
3
4
5
TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL OF PUBLIC
WELFARE as mandated by the Preambule of
1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
HUMAN SECURITY, which includes a healthy
environment, insured health, decent education and
protected human rights
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7
THREE PILLARS OF MARINE AND FISHERIES RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
POLICIES TO COMBAT IUU FISHING
Sovereignty, Sustainability and Prosperity
(4) Establishment of a Ministerial Task Force to Prevent and Combat IUU
Fishing
(6) Demolition of 488 Illegal Fishing
Vessels to create deterrent effect
(1) Moratorium for Ex-Foreign
Vessels from November 2014 to
October 2015
(2) Ban on Transhipment at Sea
(3) Prohibition on Unsustainable Fishing Gears
(5) Compliance Audit of 1,132 Ex-
Foreign Vessels
(8) Strengthening Law Enforcement: - Imposing administrative sanctions - Monitoring and evaluation of ongoing case handling (quality control) by the Task
Force - Application of corporate criminal liability and multi-legal regime (multi-door)
approach - International cooperation (MIST, outreach, utilizing INTERPOL facilities, and
Capacity Building) - Advocating Transnational Organized Fisheries Crime (in line with UNTOC)
(9) Human Rights Protection
in the Fisheries Business
(10) 2016: Closing foreign investment for capture-
fisheries sector to protect Indonesia’s natural
resources
(7) Establishment of
a Presidential Task Force to Combat IUU Fishing (Task Force 115) in
2015
(11) Governance improvement: 1. Improving Governance of Fishery
Business License: 2. Promote fisheries transparency in capture
fisheries (FiTI); 3. Analysis and Evaluation of Local Fishing
Vessels to promote compliance and better governance;
4. Phasing out destructive fishing gears; 5. Amendment of Fisheries Law to translate
the 3 principles and to harmonize with CoC on Responsible and Sustainable Fisheries
3 principles:
Joint Communique Indonesia – Papua New Guinea Indonesia – Timor Leste Indonesia – Palau Indonesia – New Zealand Indonesia – Australia Indonesia – Norway
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SINKING OF SHIPS IS MANDATED BY THE FISHERIES LAW
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Creating a Deterrent Effect to eliminate IUUF in Indonesian waters
Article 69 of the Fisheries Law (31/2004 jo .45/2009)
Scope of Authority: • Article 69 (3): Stop, check, carry and hold the vessels
suspected or reasonably suspected of violation in the Area of Fisheries Management
• Article 69 (4): On the basis of sufficient preliminary evidence, may take special action in the form of burning and / or sinking of a foreign-flagged fishing vessel on the basis of sufficient initial evidence
*) Information: MV Viking
NO. Vessel’s Flag TOTAL
1 Vietnam 276
2 Philippines 90
3 Thailand 50
4 Malaysia 41
5 Indonesia 26
6 Papua New Guinea 2
7 China 1
8 Belize 1
9 Stateless 1
TOTAL (Nov 2014-Aug 2018)
488
PROHIBITION & ENFORCEMENT OF MINIMUM SIZE OF TRAWL
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Rules of Sustainability Pillars: Ministerial Reg. No. 01/2015 jo. Ministerial Reg. No. 56/2016 and Ministerial Reg. No. 02/2015 jo. Ministerial Reg. No. 71/2016
The facts are: 1. The net will shrink, if the vessel is used to hold the net
(same as trawl) 2. Average depth of Java sea is 60-100 m, then the net
begins to lift if the rest of the warp rope is close to 2x the depth or about 200m
3. On a vessel that uses >3000 m, the swap areas will be along 1300m
4. Many small fish will get caught, thus, not sustainable
Length of Warp Rope
Dia-meter Circle Area
1,000 m 320 8 Ha 3,000 m 960 72 Ha 6,000 m 1920 289 Ha
P
P
Location Fish Target By-Catch
Brondong (IPB, 2009)
51% 49%
9 species 16 species
Tegal (UNDIP, 2008)
46% 54%
21 species (dominantly Petek)
SURIMI FISH FLOUR
Illustration of Danish Seine (Cantrang) Operation
Commodity Size of Karapas Weight
Lobster (Panulirus spp.) > 8 cm > 200 gram
Crab (Scylla spp) > 15 cm > 200 gram
Rajungan (Portunus spp.) > 10 cm > 60 gram
Limiting Size of Lobsters, Crabs, Swimming Crab
Open season for crabs spawn : 15 Des-5 Feb Closed season for crabs Spawn: 6 Feb-14 Des
The failure of lobster seeds smuggling in Tanjung Priok
ONE ROOF ENFORCEMENT FOR FISHERY CRIME
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Establishment of 115 Task Force (Presidential Regulatopn No. 115/2015 on Illegal Fishing Eradication Task Force)
PRESIDENTIAL REGULATION NO. 44 OF 2016:
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Partiality and investment opportunities offered in the field of marine and fisheries
BUSINESS CATEGORY
OPEN
OPEN WITH REQUIRED TERMS
For foreign investment 100% without special provisions
Cold Storage
Requirements reserved for SMEs
Fish breeding
OPEN WITH PARTNERSHIP REQUIREMENTS
Requires to partner with SMEs
Fish hatchery and enlargement
Drying, fumigation, fermentation & surimi
Marketing, Distribution & Export
OPEN WITH CERTAIN REQUIREMENTS
Specific requirements such as location, capital size & institutional recommendation
Excavation of sea sand (100% domestic capital)
Capture fisheries (100% domestic capital and KKP special permits)
Cultivation of ornamental coral (recommendation from KLHK)
CLOSED
Prohibited from doing any business, either domestic or foreign investors
Fish listed in CITES
Utilization of natural corals
Lifting of the sinking ship
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 14
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10 Targets of SDG 14
Sustainably manage and
protect marine and coastal
ecosystem by 2020
Minimize and address the impacts of
ocean acidification
End overfishing,
IUU fishing and destructive fishing by
2020
Reduce marine
pollution by 2025
Conserve at least 10% of coastal and
marine areas by 2020
Increase scientific
knowledge to improve
ocean health Increase economic
benefits from sustainable use
of marine resources for
SIDS and LDCs
Prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies By
2020
Enhance conservation and sustainable use of oceans by implementing
international law Provide access for small-scale
artisanal fisheries to
marine resources and markets
SDG 14 DRIVES COUNTRIES TO CONSERVE AND SUSTAINABLY USE THE OCEAN THROUGH 10 TARGETS
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POSITIVE IMPACTS OF INDONESIA’S POLICIES
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GROWTH OF FISHERY SECTOR TO NATIONAL ECONOMY
19
The fishery sector is growing above the national economy
Quarterly GDP Growth Rate (%) Year 2011 - 2017 (Quarter III)
Sum
ber :
Bad
an P
usat
Sta
tistik
, 201
7
Nilai PDB Perikanan Dalam Rp. miliar
The growth of GDP value of fishery is always above the national GDP and agricultural sector’s GDP value. Until Quarter III 2017, the growth reached 6.79% and the value is Rp169,513.10 billion
Gro
wth
(%
) 189,089.70
204,016.80 214,523.20
169,513.10
2014 2015 2016 2017*
s.d Triwulan III 2017
5.02
4.88 5.02 5.03
4.24
3.00 3.16 3.91
7.35 7.89
5.15 6.79
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Nasional Pertanian Perikanan
Fisheries GDP Growth Value in IDR
Until Q32017
INCREASING FISH CONSUMPTION
20
Indicator of increased economic growth in domestic fisheries sector
33.89 35.21
38.14
41.11 43.94
46.49
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Fish Consumption per year(Kg/Kap/Year) 2012-2017*
Kg/Kap/tahun
Sumber : BPS,, processed Ditjen PDS, 2017 * Temporary figures 2017
1. Fish consumption is increasing to 21.9% during with the consumption preference classification as follows: Fresh fish 76%, Processed Fish (KIMJ) 19%, Salted Fish 15%
2. The average of fish consumption is increasing in every province
3. Fish is increasingly popular
76, 69%
15, 14%
19, 17%
Fresh fish
Processed Fish
Salted fish
CONSUMER PREFERENCE
Investasi tanpa reformasi Reformasi tanpa investasi Investasi dan reformasi
*Nilai apabila dibandingkan dengan tidak adanya investasi DAN tidak ada reformasi
FISHERIES POLICY REFORM WILL INCREASE FISH STOCK & REVENUE
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Research Results of MMAF Research & HR Agency, together with the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB)
FISHERIES POLICY REFORM WILL INCREASE FISH STOCK & REVENUE
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Projections 2050: If the fishery reform policy is carried out consistently, it can increase the fish biomass 224%, increase the catch 100%, and increase the economic profit USD 3.7 billion.
And if done globally, by 2050, fish biomass will increase to 619 million metric tons, catch to 16 million metric tons, and fishery profits of USD 53 billion.
Research Results of MMAF Research & HR Agency, together with the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB)
INCREASING FISH STOCK
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Indicator of restored health of marine resources after fisheries policy reform
The Number of Fish Resource Potential (MSY) in Indonesia (million ton / year)
*) Ministerial Decree, Kepmen KP No. 50/KEPMEN-KP/2017
2017 2015 2013 2011 2001 1999 1997
12,54*
3
1 0
2
6
4 5
9
7 8
12
10 11
13
6,19 6,4 6,41 6,52 7,31
9,93
THE FISHERMEN‘S PROSPERITY INCREASES
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The Fisherman Business Exchange Value (NTUN) has the most significant increase compared to other indicators
Sumber : Badan Pusat Statistik, 2017 NTP : Nilai Tukar Perikanan NTUP : Nilai Tukar Usaha Perikanan NTN : Nilai Tukar Nelayan NTUN : Nilai Tukar Usaha Nelayan NTPi : Nilai Tukar Pembudidaya Ikan NTUPi : Nilai Tukar Usaha Pembudidaya Ikan
95.00
100.00
105.00
110.00
115.00
120.00
125.00
130.00
Jan-
14
Feb-
14
Mar
-14
Apr
-14
May
-14
Jun-
14
Jul-1
4 A
ug-1
4 Se
p-14
O
ct-1
4 N
ov-1
4 D
ec-1
4 Ja
n-15
Fe
b-15
M
ar-1
5 A
pr-1
5 M
ay-1
5 Ju
n-15
Ju
l-15
Aug
-15
Sep-
15
Oct
-15
Nov
-15
Dec
-15
Jan-
16
Feb-
16
Mar
-16
Apr
-16
May
-16
Jun-
16
Jul-1
6 A
ug-1
6 Se
p-16
O
ct-1
6 N
ov-1
6 D
ec-1
6 Ja
n-17
Fe
b-17
M
ar-1
7 A
pr-1
7 M
ay-1
7 Ju
n-17
Ju
l-17
Aug
-17
Sep-
17
Oct
-17
Nov
-17
Dec
-17
NTN NTPi NTP NTUN NTUPi NTUP
NT Rata-Rata 2014 2015 2016 2017
NTN 104,63 106,14 108,24 109,86
NTUN 107,37 108,63 117,57 123,01
NTPi 101,42 99,65 98,96 99,09
NTUPi 105,90 106,61 108,62 110,23
FISHERIES NON-TAX REVENUE REACH THE HIGHEST RECORD IN 2017
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As the regulation and law enforcement improved, state revenues increased
Fishery Income for 2007-2017 * (Rp Billion)
115 77
101 92
183 215 227.56 214.44
77.47
357.88
491.08
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Foreign Vessel and Ex-foreign Vessel still operates
491.08 Billion Rupiah The highest achievement in the last 10 years (2007-2017)
Indonesian fishermen and Domestic Vessel
Source : https://spanint.kemenkeu.go.id (9 January 2018)
MOVING FORWARD • Strong political will is imperative for governments to take actions, make decisions,
and enforce the law to support the preservation of healthy ocean. • Approaches to combat IUU fishing shall include (1) using preventative measure by
promoting compliance monitoring system which is conducted regularly and periodically; (2) promoting non-discriminative enforcement policy including using multidoor approach and imposing corporate criminal liability; (3) ensuring the government meets the criteria of 3As (ability to detect, ability respond, and ability to punish); (4) establishing integrated criminal justice system by setting up one roof enforcement system (ORES) to ease the inter-agency coordination; (5) conducting effective international cooperation and collaboration (bilateral, multilateral, and with UN agencies and INTERPOL), including promoting FishFORCE Academy not only located in South Africa and Indonesia but also in other continents to facilitate the capacity building for enforcement officers.
.
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THANK YOU
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MAS ACHMAD SANTOSA Coordinator of the Special Advisors of the Presidential Task Force to Combat Illegal Fishing (SATGAS 115) Copenhagen, 15 October 2018