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Combining GIS and GPS to Improve Our Understanding of the
Spatial Distribution ofSnow Water Equivalence
Todd AckermanTodd AckermanTyler EricksonTyler Erickson
Mark W. WilliamsMark W. Williams
Institute of Arctic and Alpine ResearchInstitute of Arctic and Alpine ResearchUniversity of ColoradoUniversity of Colorado
Boulder, ColoradoBoulder, Colorado
Overview
Research goalsResearch goals Site descriptionSite description Data collectionData collection AnalysisAnalysis
Why study snow?
75% of annual water supply in the western US75% of annual water supply in the western US Catastrophic floodingCatastrophic flooding
Problems in Snow Hydrology
In western US, SWE is measured once every In western US, SWE is measured once every 1,800 square miles1,800 square miles
Scaling: point measurements of SWE to Scaling: point measurements of SWE to regional and global scalesregional and global scales
Research Goals
Detailed data set for snow hydrologyDetailed data set for snow hydrology Improvement of methods for estimating SWE Improvement of methods for estimating SWE
in alpine basinsin alpine basins Relationship of SWE to landscape typeRelationship of SWE to landscape type
GIS
PlatformsPlatforms ArcInfo 7.0.2 Workstation for SolarisArcInfo 7.0.2 Workstation for Solaris ArcInfo 8.1 Desktop and Workstation for ArcInfo 8.1 Desktop and Workstation for
Windows NT Windows NT ExtensionsExtensions
Spatial AnalystSpatial Analyst Geostatistical Analyst Geostatistical Analyst
Green Lakes Valley
3,575 to 4,000 m3,575 to 4,000 m 1,000 mm of1,000 mm of
precipitationprecipitation 80% as snow80% as snow UNESCO BiosphereUNESCO Biosphere
ReserveReserve LTER network siteLTER network site
Surrounding Area
Access
25 km roundtrip25 km roundtrip Tundra labTundra lab
Field Methods
Snow ProbesSnow Probes Snow PitsSnow Pits DEMDEM LandcoverLandcover GPSGPS
Field Methods
Snow ProbesSnow Probes Snow PitsSnow Pits DEMDEM LandcoverLandcover GPSGPS
Field Methods
Snow ProbesSnow Probes Snow PitsSnow Pits DEMDEM LandcoverLandcover GPSGPS
Field Methods
Snow ProbesSnow Probes Snow PitsSnow Pits DEMDEM LandcoverLandcover GPSGPS
Field Methods
Snow ProbesSnow Probes Snow PitsSnow Pits DEMDEM LandcoverLandcover GPSGPS
GPSComparison
0
1
2
3
Trimble Garmin
we
igh
t (kg
)
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
Trimble Garmin
pu
rch
ase
co
st
TrimbleTrimblePro XRPro XR
GarminGarminGPS-III PlusGPS-III Plus
GPSComparison
Snow Depth Measurements
Kriging
Geostatistical AnalystGeostatistical Analyst Useful, flexible toolUseful, flexible tool
CaveatsCaveats StationarityStationarity Lower boundLower bound
constraintconstraint
KrigingResults
Correlation of Snow Depth with Landscape Type
Measured Points Interpolated Points
Summary
GIS technology allows us to conduct better GIS technology allows us to conduct better snow surveys, and to analyze the resultssnow surveys, and to analyze the results
GPS: lighter, cheaper, happierGPS: lighter, cheaper, happier Kriging can be used to scale up the point Kriging can be used to scale up the point
measurement, but is currently a black box measurement, but is currently a black box operation.operation.
Acknowledgements
Students, field staff (especially Tim Bardsley), Matt Students, field staff (especially Tim Bardsley), Matt Tomaszewski, and volunteers who have helped with the Tomaszewski, and volunteers who have helped with the snow surveys over the years.snow surveys over the years.
NSF EAR-9526875 (Hydrology)NSF EAR-9526875 (Hydrology) Army Research Office grant DAAH04-96-1-0033Army Research Office grant DAAH04-96-1-0033 NASA-EOSNASA-EOS Mountain Research Station of INSTAAR andMountain Research Station of INSTAAR and
CU-BoulderCU-Boulder Ongoing maintenance and data access is funded by the Ongoing maintenance and data access is funded by the
NSF grants DEB 92-11776 and DEB 98-10218NSF grants DEB 92-11776 and DEB 98-10218
Further Information
Niwot LTER (Niwot LTER (http://culter.colorado.eduhttp://culter.colorado.edu)) INSTAAR (INSTAAR (http://ekman.colorado.eduhttp://ekman.colorado.edu)) TundraCam (TundraCam (http://tundracam.colorado.eduhttp://tundracam.colorado.edu))