combining scientific excellence with commercial relevance

Salinity Gradient Power

Joost Veerman

NHL

November 26, 2009

2

3

Joost Veerman Wetsus, Leeuwarden

salt + fresh brackish + energy

Salinity Gradient Power

4

1. Introduction 15 min - SPP, principles - Demo’s 2. Short Quiz 5 min 3. SGP in practice 10 min - power, efficiency and power density - ideas 4. Assignment comparison renewable en. sources 10 min 5. Evaluation 10 min 6. Movie RED 10 min

5

Afsluitdijk

6

Afsluitdijk

finished 1933lenght 30 km

width 90 mheight 250 m

7

250 m ?

Sea: 30 g/L = 0.5 mol/L = 500 mol/m3 ( NaCl)

V = nRT (van ‘t Hoff, 1885) nRT 500*2*8.34*293 = --------- = ---------------------- = 25*105 Pa V 1

= 25 Bar = 250 m H2O

8

What is Blue Energy?

transport

precipitation

river discharge

evaporation

9

transport

precipitation

river discharge

evaporation

SGP

10

11

Osmotische druk

Rivier Zee

12

Exergy

theoretical

1 m3 river + 1 m3 sea 1.7 MJ

1m3 river + ∞ m3 sea 2.6 MJ

practical

1 m3 river + 1 m3 sea 1.0 MJ

13

How to milk the cow?

Methods for generating

SGP = Salinity Gradient Power)

1) RED = Reverse Electro Dialysis

2) PRO = Pressure Retarded Osmosis

3) VPDU = Vapor Pressure Utilization

4) Salinity shrinking ( Katchalsky )

5) Other

14

RED-2

15

RED-2

16

PRO-1

Statkraft

17

PRO-2

Tomas Harrysson et al.Statkraft

18R.S. Norman, Science 134 (1974) 350-352

PRO-1

19

VPDU-1

20

VPDU-2

M. Olsson SCIENCE, VOL. 206, 26 OCTOBER 1979

21

Katchalsky

22

23

Quiz

24

Q 1

25

A 1

26

Q 1

27

A 2

28

Q 3

29

A 3

30

heat + salt + sweet brackish + energy

Energy content of river water

in relation to diesel oil:

1 - 100 times less

100 - 10 000 times less

10 000 - 100 000 times less

Q 4Energy density

31

Energy density

• Annihilation ( e- + e+ ) 1011 MJ/kg• Nuclear energy 108 ,,• Diesel 40 ,,• Blue Energy (riv.+ sea) 0.002 ,, • Sewage water (BOD) ca. 0.002 ,,

A 5

1 - 100 times less1 - 100 times less 100 - 10 000 times less100 - 10 000 times less

10 000 – 100 000 times less

32

If the sea should contain sugar

instead of salt,

which technique should be useless: • RED • PRO • VPDU

Q-5

33

A-5

34

Katchalsky

The belt is turning……

Clockswise AnticlockwiseNot at all

Q 6

35

Katchalsky A 6 Katchalsky A6

36

37

Worldwide potential

Continent Number of rivers 

Total discharge (m3/s)

Total power (GW)

Africa 513 170 134 310

Asia 1308 215 318 338

Australia 275 15 811 30

Europe 767 66 308 91

NorthAmerica

2000 190 457 319

Oceania 529 147 888 275

Oceans 11 792 1

SouthAmerica

439 319 597 314

SUM   1 126 305 1 680

38

Worldwide potential

Continent Number of rivers 

Total discharge (m3/s)

Total power (GW)

Africa 513 170 134 310

Asia 1308 215 318 338

Australia 275 15 811 30

Europe 767 66 308 91

NorthAmerica

2000 190 457 319

Oceania 529 147 888 275

Oceans 11 792 1

SouthAmerica

439 319 597 314

SUM   1 126 305 1 680

39

Worldwide potential

  River name receiving sea Discharge (m3/s) Temp. (oC) Salinity (PSU)

Energy density (MJ/m3)

Power (GW)

1 Zaire Atlantic Ocean 56 490 25.4 30.652 1.68 95

2 Orinoco Atlantic Ocean 36 999 27.8 32.358 1.79 66

3 Amazon Atlantic Ocean 159 256 28.7 8.3 0.40 64

4 Ganges Indian Ocean 22 280 27.7 28.548 1.57 35

5 Nile Med. Sea 15 367 21.8 38.862 2.13 33

6 Mississippi Gulf of Mexico 17 060 24.6 32.493 1.78 30

7 Parana Atlantic Ocean 18 873 16.0 28.178 1.49 28

8 St. Lawrence Atlantic Ocean 15 461 8.0 32.029 1.65 26

9 Zambezi Indian Ocean 12 317 26. 2 34.626 1.91 24

10 Mekong Pacific Ocean 12 695 27.509 33.078 1.83 23

40

SGP potential worldwide 1.7 TWatt

Electricity consumtion 2.0 TWatt

Other energy consumtion 14.0 TWatt

1.7 1012 Watt Watt

SGP = ---------------------- = 250 ------------• 6.7 109 people person

41

Europe: 600 GW from 767 rivers

42

Current Projects

• KEMA feasibility study + Coyne et Bellier Red Sea Dead Sea Israel, Palestina, Jordan 2008 – 2010

• Statkraft PRO plant Norway 2009

• REDstack RED plant in the Afsluitdijk the Netherlands 2015

43

Israel, Palestia, Jordan

KEMA et al.

Feasibility study

44

Norway

Statkraft,Burum, 2-4 kWatt

45

The Netherlands

46

Afsluitdijk

REDstack, Rijkswaterstaat et al.

IJsselmeer + Waddenzee Waddenzee

350 m3/s 350 MW

47

Philipsdam

Merwede + Oosterschelde Grevelingen 1000 m3/s

1000 MW

48

Vlaardingen

Nw. Maas + Hartelkanaal Nw. Waterweg 700 m3/s

500 MW R.W. Quak

49

Max. power

Max. power = Energy density * flow P = A * B J m3

P = ------- * -------- m3 s In the Netherlands: P = 2.5* 106 * 3300 = 8.3 *109 Watt ( 70% )IJssel (Afsluitdijk):

P = 2.5* 106 * 500 = 1.3 *109 Watt ( 11% )

Electricity consumption in the Netherlands (2007)= 12 *109 Watt ( 100% )

50

1 x Afsluitdijk BE = 2 x Bergumermeer Power station3 x Nuclear Power Station Borsele

=

=

51

Power = Energy density * flow

Pmax = A * B Preal = a*A * b* B or Preal = a * b * Pmax

maximization of a and b:

a: energy efficiency : technical b: fuel availability : political, economical, ecological, technical, ……….. fuel availability factor : realistic a=0.3 b = 0.3 future a=0.7 b = 0.7

52

IJsselmeer: 1100 km2

IJssel : 500 m3/s

Without drain off during 24 hours :

4 cm rise of the level

Consequences:

1) 24 h buffering easy

2) Longer period storage discutable

no conversion losses

Storage / buffering

53

or .....

54

My project

Design

55

Piotr Długołęcki

membranes

University of Twente

Prof. Dr. Ing Matthias Wessling

Jan Post

fouling

Wageningen University

Prof. Dr. C. Buisman

Joost Veerman

stack design

Groningen University

Prof. Ir. G.J. Harmsen

Wetsus and Blue Energy

56

My project

57

3 stages

Experiments: Effect on fuel efficiency & specific power

co- OR countercurrent

different spacers

Serial OR oparallel

Shortcut currents?

co- OR countercurrent

58

Multi staging

Conclusions:

1 stage: P=0.95 W/m2 and Ygross=0.093 stages:

P= 0.40 W/m2 and Ygross=0.18

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0 1 2 3 4 5

number of stages

Psp

( W

/m2 )

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

Yg

ross

(-)

59

Multi staging

Conclusions:

1 stage: P=0.95 W/m2 and Ygross=0.093 stages:

P= 0.40 W/m2 and Ygross=0.18

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0 1 2 3 4 5

number of stages

Psp

( W

/m2 )

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

Yg

ross

(-)

Psp*Ygross

60

61

Comparison of

renewable energy sources

assignment 1

62

Comparison sustainable energy sources

63

Each group fills in 1 aspect- for each mentioned sub-aspect- add ( if possible) additional sub-aspects scale: 1 = very bad 2 = bad 3 = neutral 4 = good 5 = very good

when finished: report the data a.s.a.p. We show the scores live! l time: max. 10 min.

64

65

meat vegetable bread oilspinach cabbage sunflower olive peanut

product calories 3 1 2 4 5 5 5

health vitamins 4 4 3 5 1 1 1minerals 4 4 3 5 1 1 1sat. fat 3 5 5 4 3 5 1

other taste 1 3 4 4 1 5 1price 1 4 5 4 2 4 4smell 1 1 5 4 2 3 2

Geometric Mean 2.03 2.67 3.67 4.26 1.79 2.84 1.69Rank 5 4 2 1 6 3 7

Aritmatic Mean 2.43 3.14 3.86 4.29 2.14 3.43 2.14Rank 5 4 2 1 6 3 6

66

Conclusion

. . . . . . . . . . .

is the best

67

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . is the best but variation is better ! ! ! !

Schijf van vijf

68

• Movie B.E.

69

?

70

71

72

73