Unit Two – Population and Migration List of Topics and Terms to Know 1. Definition of Demography 2. Arithmetic density, agricultural density, physiological density - definitions and examples 3. Ecumene 4. Location and characteristics of major population clusters 5. Location and characteristics of emerging population clusters 6. Sparsely populated areas (locations and characteristics) 7. Overpopulation/carrying capacity 8. Challenges of highly-concentrated populations in certain areas of the world 9. Population Pyramids Expansive – show larger numbers or percentages of the population in the younger age groups. These types of pyramids are usually found in populations with very larger fertility rates and lower than average life expectancies. The age-sex distributions of many LDCs would probably display expansive population pyramids Constrictive – display lower number or percentages of younger people. The age- sex distributions of the United States would fall into this type of pyramid. Stationary – or near- stationary population pyramid display somewhat equal number or percentages for almost all age groups. Of course small figures are still to be expected at the oldest age groups. The age-sex distribution of some European countries, especially Scandinavian ones, will tend to fall into this category. 10. Dependency ration 11. Locations of high and low Total Fertility Rate (TFR). Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR) and Natural Increase Rate (NIR), and Zero Population Growth (ZPG) – replacement level 12. Doubling Time 13. Sex Ratio
Transcript
Unit Two – Population and MigrationList of Topics and Terms to Know
1. Definition of Demography2. Arithmetic density, agricultural density, physiological density - definitions and examples3. Ecumene4. Location and characteristics of major population clusters5. Location and characteristics of emerging population clusters6. Sparsely populated areas (locations and characteristics)7. Overpopulation/carrying capacity 8. Challenges of highly-concentrated populations in certain areas of the world9. Population Pyramids
Expansive – show larger numbers or percentages of the population in the younger age groups. These types of pyramids are usually found in populations with very larger fertility rates and lower than average life expectancies. The age-sex distributions of many LDCs would probably display expansive population pyramids Constrictive – display lower number or percentages of younger people. The age-sex distributions of the United States would fall into this type of pyramid.Stationary – or near- stationary population pyramid display somewhat equal number or percentages for almost all age groups. Of course small figures are still to be expected at the oldest age groups. The age-sex distribution of some European countries, especially Scandinavian ones, will tend to fall into this category.
10.Dependency ration11.Locations of high and low Total Fertility Rate (TFR). Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death
Rate (CDR) and Natural Increase Rate (NIR), and Zero Population Growth (ZPG) – replacement level
12.Doubling Time 13.Sex Ratio14.Reasons for Rapid population growth due to industrialization and diffusion of modern
medical practices 15.Thomas Malthus16.Ester Boserup 17.Neo-Malthusians 18.Life expectancy 19.Anti-Natalist policies (strategies to lower the Crude Birth Rate)20.Pro-Natalist policies 9strategies to increase the Crude Birth Rate)21.Which country’s experience was the Demographic Transition Model based on and why?
22.Demographic Transition Model
23.Epidemiological transition Model Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine (High CDR) Principal cause of death: infectious and parasitic diseases
o Ex. black plague (bubonic plague)Stage 2: Receding Pandemic (Rapidly Declining CDR) Pandemic is a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of
the population. Factors that reduced spread of disease, during the industrial revolution
o Improved sanitationo Improved nutritiono Improved medicine
Famous cholera pandemic in London in mid nineteenth century.y Do Some Face Health Threats?Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases (Moderately Declining CDR) Characterized by…
o Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases.o Increase in chronic disorders associated with aging.
– Deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases and cancer delayed because of modern medicine treatments.
Infectious Diseases - Reasons for Possible Stage 5• Evolution
– Infectious disease microbes evolve and establish a resistance to drugs and insecticides.– Antibiotics and genetic engineering contributes to the emergence of new strains of viruses
and bacteria.• Poverty
– Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas because of presence of unsanitary conditions and inability to afford drugs needed for treatment.
• Increased Connections – Advancements in modes of transportation, especially air travel, makes it easier for an
individual infected in one country to be in another country before exhibiting symptoms.
24.Migration and Ravenstein’s Laws a. Most migrants move only a short distanceb. Most migrants are young adults.c. There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly
growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distance areas, and so one until the attractive force (pull factors) is spent.
d. There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption.e. Each migration flows produces a compensating counter-flow (counter-migration)f. Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry.g. Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas.h. Females are more migratory than males i. Economic factors are the main cause of migration
25.Wilber Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Theory
26.Immigration vs Emigration27.Cultural/Political, Economic, and Environmental push and pull factors28.Recent trends in migration29.Chain migration30.Step migration31.Intervening obstacles and opportunities 32.Forced and voluntary migration (specific examples)33.Refugees34.The Soviet internal migration 35.Interregional migration in Europe and the US36.International migration into the US – waves of immigration37.Brain Drain38.Transhumance39.Guest workers40.Intraregional (rural to urban, urban to rural, and urban to suburban)41.Counter-urbanization42.Obstacles for immigrants43.Activity space
