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Three Types of Silicon Solar cells Three Types of Silicon Solar cells
MonocrystallineMonocrystalline MulticrystallineMulticrystalline Amorphous Amorphous
MonocrystallineMonocrystalline
These silicon cells are saw-cut from a These silicon cells are saw-cut from a single, cylindrical crystal of silicon. They are single, cylindrical crystal of silicon. They are the most efficient of the threethe most efficient of the three
Additional informationAdditional information
High efficiency, roughly 15%High efficiency, roughly 15% Pure Silicon which means no impuritiesPure Silicon which means no impurities Costs are much higherCosts are much higher More detailed required in manufacturingMore detailed required in manufacturing
MulticrystallineMulticrystalline
These are cut from an ingot of melted and These are cut from an ingot of melted and recrystallized silicon.recrystallized silicon.
Additional informationAdditional information
Less efficiency than Less efficiency than MonocrystallineMonocrystalline
Less expensiveLess expensive Square cuts Square cuts
minimize wasted minimize wasted surface areasurface area
Amorphous siliconAmorphous silicon
Rather than coming from a crystal structure, Rather than coming from a crystal structure, these cells are created from a thin layer of these cells are created from a thin layer of silicon atoms.silicon atoms.
Additional informationAdditional information
•No structural uniformity like other silicon solar cells•Requires less temperature to produce•Often used for calculators and other small low energy devices•Hydrogenation
HydrogenationHydrogenation
““But amorphous silicon can be deposited so But amorphous silicon can be deposited so that it contains a small amount of hydrogen, that it contains a small amount of hydrogen, in a process called "hydrogenation." The in a process called "hydrogenation." The result is that the hydrogen atoms combine result is that the hydrogen atoms combine chemically with many of the dangling bonds, chemically with many of the dangling bonds, essentially removing them and permitting essentially removing them and permitting electrons to move through the material.”electrons to move through the material.”
Czochralski processCzochralski processSeed crystal dipped Seed crystal dipped in molten cruciblein molten crucibleSlowly pulled upwardSlowly pulled upwardCreates ingot as it Creates ingot as it slowly turnsslowly turnsConstant heat Constant heat appliedapplied
Cutting ProcessCutting Process
20% waste from 20% waste from cutting thin slices cutting thin slices “kerf”“kerf”
Wire saw with Wire saw with diamonddiamond
CoatingCoating
Anti-reflective coatAnti-reflective coat Electrical contact Electrical contact
forms PV cellsforms PV cells Glass is used for the Glass is used for the
outside protective outside protective layerlayer
John Geisz and Mark WanlassJohn Geisz and Mark Wanlass
40.8 solar cell 40.8 solar cell efficiencyefficiency
Highest ever recordedHighest ever recorded Under 326 sunsUnder 326 suns Gallium indium Gallium indium
phosphidephosphide
How to make a PV at homeHow to make a PV at home
Cut out a copper Cut out a copper piece equal to piece equal to electric burner electric burner sizesize
Leave it on for Leave it on for roughly 1.5 hours roughly 1.5 hours until it oxidizes until it oxidizes (complete black)(complete black)
Let it cool after it Let it cool after it has turned blackhas turned black
As it cools it will As it cools it will shrink (different shrink (different rates of rates of shrinking)shrinking)
Flake off the rest Flake off the rest with your handswith your hands
Complete the CircuitComplete the Circuit
After majority of the After majority of the black flakes are off, black flakes are off, cut another copper cut another copper sheet equal in sizesheet equal in size
Connect clips to Connect clips to each piece dipped each piece dipped in water with in water with sunlightsunlight
Too much for too littleToo much for too little
Only produces .25V at 25 microampsOnly produces .25V at 25 microamps Not efficientNot efficient Requires acres to actually make useRequires acres to actually make use 80,000 square meters to light 100 lightbulbs80,000 square meters to light 100 lightbulbs
VideosVideos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYeynLy6pj8v=qYeynLy6pj8
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/22/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/22/solar-plane-crosses-alps_n_206835.htmlsolar-plane-crosses-alps_n_206835.html
SpacecraftsSpacecrafts
US satellite Vanguard 1, launched in March US satellite Vanguard 1, launched in March 1958 with solar cells made by Hoffman 1958 with solar cells made by Hoffman Electronics Electronics
This was a crucial development which This was a crucial development which stimulated funding from several stimulated funding from several governments into research for improved governments into research for improved solar cells solar cells
U.S Solar CellsU.S Solar Cells
30 megawatt 30 megawatt Being built for Being built for
Austin, TxAustin, Tx Nearby Nearby
WebervilleWeberville 300 Acres300 Acres
Looking at the FutureLooking at the Future Sahara Sahara
DesertDesert Worlds Worlds
largest solar largest solar array array
.03% area is .03% area is enough to enough to power all of power all of EuropeEurope
12 acres 12 acres covering former covering former landfill in landfill in ColoradoColorado
2 megawatt 2 megawatt Largest array in Largest array in
armyarmy
ResourcesResources http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/silicon.htmlhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/silicon.html http://www.beyondzeroemissions.org/2008/08/26/Dr-http://www.beyondzeroemissions.org/2008/08/26/Dr-
Mark-Wanlass-discusses-award-winning-inverted-Mark-Wanlass-discusses-award-winning-inverted-metamorphic-multi-junction-photovoltaic-cellmetamorphic-multi-junction-photovoltaic-cell
http://scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/echem/echem2.htmlhttp://scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/echem/echem2.html http://dvice.com/archives/2009/06/worlds-largest-4.phphttp://dvice.com/archives/2009/06/worlds-largest-4.php http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/06/03/us-largest-solar-http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/06/03/us-largest-solar-
power-facility-approved-in-austin/power-facility-approved-in-austin/ http://ecoworldly.com/2008/03/05/worlds-7-biggest-solar-http://ecoworldly.com/2008/03/05/worlds-7-biggest-solar-
energy-plants/energy-plants/