The Royal Society, the national academy of science of the UK and the Commonwealth, is at the cutting edge of scientific progress. We support many top young scientists, engineers and technologists, influence science policy, debate scientific issues with the public and much more. We are an independent, charitable body and derive our authoritative status from over 1400 Fellows and Foreign Members. Our mission: to expand knowledge and further the role of science and engineering in making the world a better place. The Royal Society’s strategic priorities are to: • invest in future scientific leaders and in innovation, • influence policymaking with the best scientific advice, • invigorate science and mathematics education, • increase access to the best science internationally, and • inspire an interest in the joy, wonder and excitement of scientific discovery. For further information on the Society’s activities, please contact the following departments on the extensions listed by dialling +44 (0)20 7839 5561, or visit the Society’s Web site (royalsociety.org). Research Support (UK grants and fellowships) Research Appointments (Fellowships): 2542 Research Grants: 2223 International travel Grants: 2555 Newton International Fellowships: 2559 Science Policy Centre General enquiries: 2550 Science Communication General enquiries: 2573 Library and Information Services Library/archive enquiries: 2606 Selection criteria The criteria for selection are scientific excellence, originality and interest across disciplines within the physical sciences and engineering. The Editors are responsible for all editorial decisions and they make these decisions based on the reports received from the referees and/or Editorial Board members. Many more good proposals and articles are submitted to us than we have space to print, and we give preference to those that are of broad interest and of high scientific quality. Publishing format Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A articles are published regularly online and in print twice a month. Along with all Royal Society journals, we are committed to archiving and providing perpetual access. The journal also offers the facility for including Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM) to papers. Contents of the ESM might include details of methods, derivations of equations, large tables of data and computer programs. However, the printed version must include enough detail to satisfy most non-specialist readers. Supplementary data up to 10Mb is placed on the Society's website free of charge. Larger datasets must be deposited in recognised public domain databases by the author. Conditions of publication Articles must not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere. The main findings of the article should not have been reported in the mass media. Like many journals, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A employs a strict embargo policy where the reporting of a scientific article by the media is embargoed until a specific time. The Editor has final authority in all matters relating to publication. Electronic Submission details For full submission guidelines and access to all journal content please visit the Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A website at rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org. Cover image: Image courtesy of Daniel Cooper, WellMet2050. GUIDANCE FOR AUTHORS
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AIMS AND SCOPE Each issue of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A is devoted to a specific area of themathematical, physical and engineering sciences. This area will definea research frontier that is advancing rapidly, often bridging traditionaldisciplines. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A is essential reading for mathematicians,physicists, engineers and other physical scientists. As well as themeissues, the journal publishes papers from the Royal Society’smathematical, physical and engineering discussion meetings. Forinformation on submitting a proposal for a theme issue, please consultthe journal’s website at rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org
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EditorC. David Garner FRS
Commissioning EditorSuzanne Abbott
C. David Garner, EditorSchool of Chemistry, University of NottinghamRussel CaflischDepartment of Mathematics, University of California, Los AngelesGiu-Qiang ChenMathematical Institute, University of OxfordPeter CoveneyCentre for Computational Science, University College LondonWalter CraigDepartment of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster UniversityJohn DaintonCockcroft Institute For Accelerator Science and TechnologyDaniel FelthamCentre for Polar Observation & Modelling, University College LondonBen FeringaStratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of GroningenNigel GoldenfeldDepartment of Physics, University of IllinoisGodfrey Gumbs Department of Physics, Hunter CollegeYasuhiro IwasawaCatalysis and Surface Science Laboratory, University of TokyoBruce JoyceDepartment of Physics, Imperial College, LondonHolger KantzMax Plank Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsChristopher KilburnDepartment of Earth Sciences, University College LondonJürgen Kurths Institute of Physics, University of PotsdamMarta Kwiatkowska Computing Laboratory, University of OxfordYing-Cheng Lai Arizona State University Frank LarkinsUniversity of MelbourneBrian LaunderSchool of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of ManchesterJoseph T. C. LiuSchool of Engineering, Brown UniversityMalcolm LongairDepartment of Physics, University of Cambridge
Alan MartinDepartment of Physics, Durham UniversityBill McGuire Department of Earth Sciences, University College LondonNicolas MoussiopoulosDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki Alfredo Ozorio de Almeida Centro Brasiliero de Pesquias Fisicas (CBPF) Richard Pattick School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester Michael PepperDepartment of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London and London Centre for Nanotechnology Annie Powell Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of KarlsruheEric Priest Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St AndrewsC.N.R. RaoCSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific ResearchUlrich RistInstitut für Aerodynamik und Gasdynamik, Universität Stuttgart Howard StonePrinceton University Rowan Sutton National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of ReadingBill UnruhDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British ColumbiaPaul ValdesSchool of Geographical Sciences, University of BristolTanja van MourikSchool of Chemistry, University of St AndrewsBryan WebberDepartment of Physics, University of Cambridge Paul WilliamsDepartment of Meteorology, University of ReadingVivian YamDepartment of Chemistry, University of Hong KongNan YaoPRISM Imaging and Analysis Centre, Princeton University John Zarnecki Planetary & Space Sciences Research Institute, The Open University
Editorial Board
SUBSCRIPTIONSIn 2013 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A (ISSN 1364-503X) will be publishedtwice a month. Full details of subscriptions and single issue salesmay be obtained either by contacting our journal fulfilmentagent, Portland Customer Services, Commerce Way, ColchesterCO2 8HP; Tel: +44 (0)1206 796351; fax: +44 (0)1206 799331;email: [email protected] or by visiting our website atroyalsocietypublishing.org/info/subscriptions. The Royal Societyis a Registered Charity No. 207043.
The Royal Society, the national academy of science ofthe UK and the Commonwealth, is at the cutting edgeof scientific progress. We support many top youngscientists, engineers and technologists, influencescience policy, debate scientific issues with the publicand much more. We are an independent, charitablebody and derive our authoritative status from over1400 Fellows and Foreign Members.
Our mission: to expand knowledge and further the roleof science and engineering in making the world abetter place.
The Royal Society’s strategic priorities are to:
• invest in future scientific leaders and ininnovation,
• influence policymaking with the best scientificadvice,
• invigorate science and mathematics education,
• increase access to the best science internationally,and
• inspire an interest in the joy, wonder andexcitement of scientific discovery.
For further information on the Society’s activities, pleasecontact the following departments on the extensionslisted by dialling +44 (0)20 7839 5561, or visit theSociety’s Web site (royalsociety.org).
Research Support (UK grants and fellowships)Research Appointments (Fellowships): 2542Research Grants: 2223International travel Grants: 2555Newton International Fellowships: 2559
Science Policy CentreGeneral enquiries: 2550
Science CommunicationGeneral enquiries: 2573
Library and Information ServicesLibrary/archive enquiries: 2606
Selection criteriaThe criteria for selection are scientific excellence,originality and interest across disciplines within thephysical sciences and engineering. The Editors areresponsible for all editorial decisions and they make thesedecisions based on the reports received from the refereesand/or Editorial Board members. Many more goodproposals and articles are submitted to us than we havespace to print, and we give preference to those that areof broad interest and of high scientific quality.
Publishing formatPhil. Trans. R. Soc. A articles are published regularly onlineand in print twice a month. Along with all Royal Societyjournals, we are committed to archiving and providingperpetual access. The journal also offers the facility forincluding Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM) topapers. Contents of the ESM might include details ofmethods, derivations of equations, large tables of data andcomputer programs. However, the printed version must
include enough detail to satisfy most non-specialist readers.Supplementary data up to 10Mb is placed on the Society'swebsite free of charge. Larger datasets must be depositedin recognised public domain databases by the author.
Conditions of publicationArticles must not have been published previously, norbe under consideration for publication elsewhere. Themain findings of the article should not have beenreported in the mass media. Like many journals, Phil.Trans. R. Soc. A employs a strict embargo policy wherethe reporting of a scientific article by the media isembargoed until a specific time. The Editor has finalauthority in all matters relating to publication.
Electronic Submission detailsFor full submission guidelines and access to all journalcontent please visit the Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A website atrsta.royalsocietypublishing.org.
Cover image: Image courtesy of Daniel Cooper, WellMet2050.
GUIDANCE FOR AUTHORS
Subscription prices UK, Europe Europe USA, Canada2013 calendar year and RoW and RoW
Printed version plus £3164 €4114 $5996electronic access
Electronic access only £2260 €2939 $4283
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Phil. Tran
s. R. Soc. A | vol. 371 n
o. 1986 | 13 March
2013M
aterial efficien
cy
Founded in 1660, the Royal Society is the independent scientific academy of the UK, dedicated to promotingexcellence in science
Registered Charity No 207043
13 March 2013
volume 371 · number 1986
rsta.royalsocietypublishing.orgPublished in Great Britain by the Royal Society, 6–9 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AG
IntroductionMaterial efficiency: providing material services with less material production 20120496J. M. Allwood, M. F. Ashby, T. G. Gutowski & E. Worrell
ArticlesCould energy-intensive industries be powered by carbon-free electricity? 20110560D. J. C. MacKay
The energy required to produce materials: constraints on energy-intensity improvements, parameters of demand 20120003T. G. Gutowski, S. Sahni, J. M. Allwood, M. F. Ashby & E. Worrell
Resource convergence and resource power: towards new concepts for material efficiency 20110562P. Vasara, J. Rouhiainen & H. Lehtinen
Material efficiency: rare and critical metals 20110563R. U. Ayres & L. Talens Peiró
Material efficiency in Dutch packaging policy 20110570E. Worrell & M. A. E. van Sluisveld
Material efficiency: from top-down steering to tailor-made governance 20110564J. Cramer
Intermediate inputs and economic productivity 20110565S. Baptist & C. Hepburn
Material efficiency in a multi-material world 20120002R. Lifset & M. Eckelman
A low carbon economy and society 20110566J. Urry
Energy and materials conservation: applying pioneering research and techniques to current non-energy materials conservation issues 20120005B. Hannon
Policy for material efficiency—sustainable taxation as a departure from the throwaway society 20110567W. R. Stahel
Energy and the English Industrial Revolution 20110568E. A. Wrigley
‘Visionary rather than practical’: craft, art and material efficiency 20110569T. Harrod
Transitions to material efficiency in the UK steel economy 20110577J. M. Allwood
Material efficiency: providing material services with less material production Papers of a Discussion Meeting Issue organized and edited by Julian Allwood,Michael Ashby, Tim Gutowski and Ernst Worrell
13 March 2013
ISSN 1364-503X
volume 371
number 1986
Material efficiency: providing material services with less material production Papers of a Discussion Meeting Issue organized and edited by Julian Allwood, Michael Ashby, Tim Gutowski and Ernst Worrell
