Commist Cae

Debra Powell

CAMBRIDGE

COMMON MISTAKES at CAE and how to avoid them

01 Perfect tenses: simple or continuous? 02 Perfect tenses: active or passive? 03 Give or have? Test 1 04 How many objects does the verb need? 05 Do I use the gerund or infinitive with the verb + object? 06 Give, provide or offer? Test 2 07 How do I use must and have to? 08 Do I put the adverb before or after a modal verb? 09 How do I use be supposed to, be expected to and be meant to? Test 3 10 This or these? 11 How do I use amount of, number of, kinds of, etc.? 12 Which article do I use? Test 4 13 You, your, yours, or you're? 14 Opportunity, possibility or chance? 15 Commonly confused nouns Test 5 16 Commonly confused adjectives 17 Big, great or large? 18 When do I use a hyphen in compound words? Test 6 19 Noun or verb? 20 How do I use negative prefixes? 21 When do I use regarding? Test 7 22 How do I punctuate sentences with because and however? 23 How do I use because of? 24 If or whether! 42 Test 8 25 How do I use put?

26 Pay or spend? 27 Which preposition do I use? Test 9 28 What are some common spelling mistakes? 29 Is the spelling British or American? 30 Kids or children? Test 10 ANSWER KEY

Perfect tenses: simple or continuous?

1 Tick the correct s e n t e n c e in e a c h pair.

1 a Global w e a t h e r p a t t e r n s have changed fop many y e a r s . b G-lobal w e a t h e r p a t t e r n s have been changing f o r many years.

2 a I'd s t a y e d a t a hotel f o r six months w h e n I b o u g h t my house. b I'd been staying a t a hotel f o r six months when I b o u g h t my hodse.

We u s e t h e s imple a s p e c t of t e n s e s for ac t ions w h i c h w e t h i n k are: f inished: I've done my homework, ( the h o m e w o r k is finished) p e r m a n e n t : I've lived in England for 10 years. I've worked for this company for most

of that time. (I t h i n k I will r e m a i n in Eng land a n d c o n t i n u e to work for t he s a m e c o m p a n y )

We u s e t h e c o n t i n u o u s a s p e c t of t ense s for ac t ions w h i c h w e th ink are: un f in i shed or i n p rogress : I've been doing my homework, (it isn't finished yet) t e m p o r a r y : I've been living in England for six months. I've been working as an au

pair. (I t h ink I will leave Eng land o n e day - m y j o b is t empora ry )

We u s e p a s t perfect t e n s e s to c o n n e c t two p a s t ac t ions , a n d pas t perfect c o n t i n u o u s w h e n o n e even t i n t e r r u p t s ano the r : I'd been waiting for twenty minutes when the bus arrived. T*r T h e s imple or c o n t i n u o u s a spec t appl ies across t h e ent i re t ense sys tem.

3 Comple te the s e n t e n c e s w i t h the correct form of the verb in brackets .

1 I (live) h e r e all m y life a n d neve r w a n t to leave. 2 I (attend) a beg inner ' s class in Span i sh for six weeks . 3 We (drive) for h o u r s w h e n w e s p o t t e d t h e ho te l . 4 I (take) t h e t ra in for a long t ime . 1 prefer to drive. 5 M r Georg iou (work) for t h e c o m p a n y for t w e n t y years w h e n

h e re t i red. 6 T h e city I g rew u p i n (changed) so m u c h , I ha rd ly recognise it

a n y m o r e . 7 I (work) in a n office for t h e p a s t m o n t h , b u t m y profess ion is

ac t ing. 8 She (always I take) good care of h e r f inances .

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Perfect tenses: active or passive?


1 a Eating habits have changed dramatically in the last decade. b Eating habits have been changed dramatically in the last decade.

2 a Smoking has s h o w n t o b e a cause o f cancer. b Smoking has been s h o w n t o be a cause o f cancer.

We u s e active forms of perfect t e n s e s {had I has + p a s t part iciple} to desc r ibe a s i tua t ion w h i c h h a s changed : It's really stormy - the roof has blown off!

We u s e pass ive forms of perfect t e n s e s [has I had been + p a s t par t ic iple) to desc r ibe s o m e t h i n g w h i c h h a p p e n e d in t h e p a s t a n d h a s a clear effect o n t h e p re sen t : The effect of diet on health has been proved.

We u s e active forms of per fec t t e n s e s to desc r ibe a s i tua t ion w h i c h h a s c h a n g e d by itself. We u s e pass ive fo rms w h e n t h e s i tua t ion h a s b e e n c h a n g e d by s o m e o n e or s o m e t h i n g in par t icular . C o m p a r e : Attitudes to religion have changed. His attitude to life has been changed by the accident.

We u s e t h e p r e s e n t per fec t for activities w h i c h h a v e a clear effect o n t h e p re sen t . For f inished activities w i th n o c o n n e c t i o n to t h e presen t , u s e t he p a s t s imple . C o m p a r e : Last week's football match was cancelled, (we are t h ink ing of t h e past) Today's football match has been cancelled, (we are t h ink ing of t h e p r e s e n t - m e r e is n o m a t c h today)

3 Underl ine the m o s t suitable tense .

1 The e c o n o m i c s i tua t ion has improved I has been improved considerably. 2 T h e light b u l b was invented I had been invented by T h o m a s Edison. 3 I had applied I applied for t he job last week a n d n o w I have b e e n invited for interview. 4 The h o u s e in w h i c h h e l ived had left I had been left t o h i m by h i s m o t h e r . 5 Since los ing his j o b his lifestyle has changed I has been changed considerably . 6 It has proved I has been proved t h a t caffeine affects h e a r t ra te a n d b l o o d p ressu re . 7 We have organised I have been organised a leaving pa r ty for Alex. 8 He had handed in I handed in I has handed in h is no t i ce last week .

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Give or have?

1 Tick the correct s e n t e n c e in each pair.

1 a Madonna g a v e an excellent performance, b Madonna had an excellent performance.

2 a Television can give a g r e a t e f f e c t on the family, b Television can have a g r e a t effect on the family.

We u s e give to fo rm col loca t ions wi th ce r ta in n o u n s w i t h a n active m e a n i n g , i.e. 'to deliver ' : give a performance I speech I talk: The band gave a great performance, give information I advice I an example I an explanation:

He gave no explanation for his poor performance.

In m o r e formal s p e e c h or wri t ing, w e often rep lace give w i th o t h e r verbs : give I deliver a speech; give I express an opinion; give I hold a lecture:

The lecture will be held in Room 336.

We u s e have w i t h ce r ta in n o u n s to fo rm col loca t ions wi th t h e sense of owner sh ip : have a(n) problem I chance I opportunity I experience I career I baby.

If I have a chance, I'll travel. have an idea I impression I opinion: Do you have an opinion on hunting? have an advantage I effect I impact.

You have the advantage, I'm afraid. My comments had no effect on him. have a meal I break I appointment I trip: I like to have a light breakfast.

We u s e have, n o t spend, in ce r ta in p h r a s e s to do wi th t ime : have a great time I a pleasant evening. She had a great time in Ibiza.

3 Correct the s e n t e n c e s w i t h a form of give or have as appropriate .

1 Have y o u t a k e n breakfast yet? 2 We s p e n t a great t i m e at t h e party. 3 Mar ia ho lds a great party, don ' t y o u think? 4 The lec tures were m a d e b y a series of exper ts 5 The b o o k h a s m a d e a great i m p a c t o n pub l i c o p i n i o n 6 I 'm t ired. Are w e m a k i n g a break? 7 No t everyone c a n m a k e a good career. 8 If y o u don ' t u n d e r s t a n d , I'll s h o w y o u a n o t h e r e x a m p l e

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TEST 1

1 Complete each s e n t e n c e w i t h a form of give or have a n d o n e of the words in the box. Use each word only once .

advice a p p o i n t m e n t exper ience exp lanat ion j idea prob lems s p e e c h j

1 Traditionally, t h e b e s t m a n a(n) a t t h e w e d d i n g recep t ion .

2 A: W h e r e are y o u going? B: I a(n) w i t h t h e b a n k m a n a g e r .

3 A: H o w was y o u r hol iday? B: Not great . We a lot of (s) w i t h t h e

ho te l . 4 The m a n a g e r couldn ' t u s a n y for t h e lack

of facilities adver t i sed in t h e b r o c h u r e . 5 It's i m p o r t a n t for y o u to a(n) of h o w t h e

firm is o rgan ised before y o u s tar t work ing he re . 6 Having n o of ra is ing chi ldren, I wou ldn ' t

like to you o n h o w to dea l w i th y o u r son's p r o b l e m .

2 Complete the dia logue . Put the verbs in brackets in e i ther the present perfect s imple or present perfect c o n t i n u o u s tense .

Mark: Anna , I haven ' t s e e n y o u s ince College! W h a t (1) (do)! Anna: Mark! W h a t a surpr ise! (2) (work) in France . A n d you? Mark: Well, (3) (have) a few j o b s ab road , b u t I 'm in L o n d o n

n o w a n d (4) (teach) a t a schoo l i n H a m p s t e a d for t h e p a s t few m o n t h s .

Anna: That 's great! Do y o u t h i n k you ' l l s tay there? Mark: Ha rd to say. (5) (always I want) to live i n t h e Far East,

a n d lately (6) (think) a b o u t app ly ing for work i n H o n g Kong.

Anna: (7) Qxear) it's a great p l ace to live. Listen, there 's a n e w play showing a t t h e Art Cent re . (8) (see) it?

Mark: Not yet. (9) (not I he) ou t m u c h s ince I s t a r t ed th is n e w job . Hey, y o u a n d Sarah w e r e g o o d m a t e s . (10) (ring) h e r yet? M a y b e t h e t h r e e of u s cou ld go together .

Anna: G o o d idea . Give m e y o u r n u m b e r ...

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3 Read Mark's emai l to a col league, Alex. Use the in format ion in it to c o m p l e t e the m i n u t e s . Use a n appropriate passive verb for each gap.

Hi Alex Sorry you weren't able to make the staff meeting. Some good news! We got our exam results this week and they were much better than last year's - 10% more of our students got a pass. By the way, there've been a lot of complaints from students about other students arriving late, so we've decided that teachers should send late arrivals to the library. What do you think? Finally, you know the party that we'd scheduled for 15 Oct - we've postponed it to the 22nd. See you soon. Mark

Minutes 1 The Cambridge examination results, which

(1) this week, show a pass result (2) by 10% more students this year than lasl.

2 Complaints (3) by a number of students that their classes are being disturbed by other students who arrive late. It (4) that students who arrive more than 10 minutes late should be sent to the library J o work.

3 The date for die mid-term party, Which (5) for 15 October, (6) to 22 October.

4 In each l ine of the text p u t the verb in brackets in a n appropriate perfect tense .

T H E N E W S T O D A Y Fresh outbreaks of violence (report) today in the country of

Mornavia, where rebel forces (surround) the capital city.

Continued fighting (take) place throughout the day and night.

The President (announce) that his government may step down

in response to the popular support which (give) to the rebel

forces, though previously he (deny) any possibility of surrender.

Tensions in the country (build), but violence erupted during

the elections last year. To date, the cost of the conflict (be)

high. Countless lives (be) lost in the fighting and industry

in the country (virtually/ come) to a halt.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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5 Are these s e n t e n c e s right or wrong? Correct those w h i c h are wrong .

1 This year's t r a d e figures had been announced y e s t e r d a y 2 We spent a w o n d e r f u l time a t the beach y e s t e r d a y 3 Look a t t h e w e a t h e r l It's rained all day! 4 I complained a b o u t the service and they a g r e e d t o have my money back 5 Going t o w a r had an impact on the government's popularity 6 David Buckingham has announced his retirement from professional s p o r t 7 T h e announcement has been made a s h o r t time a g o

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How many objects does the verb need?


1 a I'm writing t o give information and advice. b I'm writ ing t o give y o u information and advice.

2 a I r e g r e t t o inform t h a t there have been complaints a b o u t the service. b I r e g r e t t o inform y o u t h a t there have been complaints a b o u t the service.

Transit ive verbs requi re a n object . S o m e ve rbs n e e d two objects to c o m p l e t e the i r m e a n i n g , a n indi rec t object , w h i c h general ly c o m e s first, a n d a direct object : send I give (someone something):

I gave him the money I owed. I I've sent you an email. fr We c a n often p u t t h e d i rec t objec t [ the thing) first, followed by a p repos i t ion : I gave the money to him. II sent an email to her. (not J gave to him the money 11 sent to her an email)

Other verbs tak ing two objects are: assure (someone) that+ c lause / assure (someone) of (something):

I assure you that we'll do everything we can to help. 11 assure you of our best intentions.

inform (someone) that + c lause / inform (someone) of I about (something): This letter is to inform you that I am not satisfied I inform you of my dissatisfaction.

tell (someone) (something) I tell (someone) that + c lause / tell (someone) how I why, etc.: He told me a lie. I He told me that he wasn't married. I He told me where he lived.

3 Are the s en tences right or wrong? Correct t h o s e w h i c h are wrong.

1 I give t o y o u my w o r d t h a t y o u r s e c r e t is safe 2 T h e firm a s s u r e d Nadia o f their complete t r u s t in her ability 3 I sent t o her a message last week 4 1st me give some advice 5 Thank y o u f o r telling a b o u t y o u r stay in Japan 6 James told t o the police the t r u t h 7 He told w h e r e he spent Friday night 8 T h e police informed him t h a t he wasn't a suspect

I 'd l ike

2 Correct the mis take below.

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Do I use the gerund or infinitive with the verb + object?


1 a Let them k n o w when you're arriving. b Let them t o k n o w w h e n you're arriving.

2 a I can't s t o p y o u t o leave if y o u w a n t t o go. b I can't s t o p y o u leaving if y o u w a n t t o go.

S o m e verbs n e e d a n object followed by a n infinitive w i t h to: allow I authorise (someone) to do (something):

The ticket authorises Iallows you to travel for one month. get I force I help (someone) to do (something):

I got the doctor to make a house call. Poor health forced him to give up smoking. ask I tell (someone) to do (something): Can I ask you to do something for me?

S o m e ve rbs t ake a n infinitive w i t h o u t to: let I make (someone) do (something):

We can't let you leave. You can't make me go.

Other verbs n e e d a n object followed by a ge rund : stop I prevent someone (from) doing something in t h e future:

The police put up barriers to prevent people entering the house. see I hear I watch I feel (someone) doing (something):

I watched the children playing in the park.

I 'm afraid

3 Underl ine the correct form.

1 H o w c a n w e get t h e m change I to change I changing t he i r m i n d s ? 2 Chi ldren are n o t a l lowed travel I to travel I travelling u n a c c o m p a n i e d . 3 There's n o t h i n g p reven t ing y o u take I to take I taking a holiday. 4 I won ' t let y o u make I to make I making s u c h a s t u p i d mis take . 5 I 'm asking you consider I to consider I considering t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s . 6 It's imposs ib l e t o m a k e s o m e o n e do I to do I doing s o m e t h i n g t h e y don ' t w a n t t o do. 7 I c a n h e a r m u s i c play I to play I playing in t h e b a c k g r o u n d . 8 I wish I cou ld s t op h e r f rom feel I to feel I feeling sorry for herself!

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Give, provide or offer?


1 a We wish t o complain a b o u t the service given b y y o u r company. b We wish t o complain a b o d t the service p r o v i d e d b y y o u r company.

2 a T h e service y o u p r o v i d e d did n o t match y o u r promises, b T h e service y o u o f f e r e d did n o t match y o u r promises.

We u s e provide: as a genera l rule, to talk a b o u t services w h i c h h a v e a l ready h a p p e n e d :

The information you requested is provided in the brochure we sent you. in s t ead of give in m o r e formal contex ts :

They have promised to provide us with a friendly service, (not to give us a friendly service)

We u s e offer: to talk a b o u t poss ib le services w h i c h s o m e o n e m i g h t c h o o s e i n t h e future:

We can offer (you) an excellent discount (if you choose our service).

We use offer a n d provide w i th two objects : offer (someone something) I offer (something) to (someone):

They offer people with financial problems free legal advice. They offer free legal advice to people with financial problems.

provide (someone) with (something) I provide (something) for (someone): The hotel does not provide guests with an evening meal. The hotel does not provide an evening meal (for its guests).

2 Correct the mis take below. _ .

3 Complete the s e n t e n c e s b e l o w w i t h the correct form of give, offer or provide.

3 4 5 6

2

8

1

7

We c a n t h e fooc If y o u sign t h e con t rac t today, w e c a n M o r n i n g a n d even ing m e a l s are We're y o u a bet t It's ou r pol icy to For a small surcharge, w e I've y o u all t h e i Would y o u m e 1

y o u all t h e i n fo rma t ion I h a v e available.

... t h e food if y o u c a n s u p p l y t h e e n t e r t a i n m e n t . ly, w e c a n a 10% d i scoun t . 3 a re as p a r t of t h e service. y o u a be t t e r dea l t h a n you ' l l f ind a n y w h e r e else.

m e t h e n a m e of y o u r manage r , p lease .

c l ients w i t h t h e b e s t service poss ib le . clients t he op t ion of b r ing ing a guest.

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TEST 2

1 Underl ine the m o s t appropriate word.

1 T h e ho te l gives I provides I offers even ing e n t e r t a i n m e n t for its guests . 2 The c o m p a n y p r o m i s e s to give I provide I offer m e a l s m a d e f rom fresh ingredients . 3 Have t h e y given I provided I offered y o u a d i s c o u n t if y o u s ign today? 4 Would y o u give I provide I offer m e y o u r t e l e p h o n e n u m b e r ? 5 Ca te r ing services a i m to give I provide I offer g o o d food a t low cost . 6 They ' re offering I providing c a s h pr izes to w i n n e r s of t h e b e s t compe t i t i on . 7 There 's n o p o i n t in fur ther nego t ia t ion . These are t h e b e s t t e r m s I c a n give I

provide I offer. 8 We are offering I providing y o u t h e c h a n c e to b u y t h e c o m p l e t e set a t half pr ice .

2 Complete Suzanne's emai l by filling in the gaps w i t h a n appropriate word where necessary.

1 ;^Send;Naws^Send^iBterJ-||jj Save as Draft j $ Add Attachments j ^ / s i g n a t u r e G ^ O p t l o n a ^ ] - R e v r o p ' ^

From 1 S u z a n n e W i l s o n 1*1.-"""'.' !"M' ! >--,'-" , ' x i ' ' 'f ' '" i ( J_' 9 T o * I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a n g u a g e S c h o o l

, iT"> ' i 9 con ' 'l Z ! / 9* Sect 1

; i'ii i^"^subjecti)| C a t e r i n g

!> Attachments /HW

i |' Default Font >rf T e x t S I z e V |< B I U T | K e s | ; = : = t S - E s | A - d ' i - |

; T h e In ternat iona l L a n g u a g e S c h o o l is ho ld i ng an e n d - o f - t e r m par ty o n t h e

even ing o f 22 O c t o b e r a n d 1 a m w o n d e r i n g if y o u w o u l d p rov ide us

! (1) i n fo rma t i on o n t h e ca te r ing se rv ices y o u r f i rm of fers

(2) There wi l l b e 20 t o 3 0 p e o p l e a t t e n d i n g , bu t I wi l l b e

W o u l d y o u b e ab le t o p rov ide mea ls (4) p e o p l e w i t h

\ spec ia l d ie ta ry requ i remen ts? (One p e r s o n w h o m a y a t t end is a vege ta r ian a n d

ano the r is d iabet ic . ) C o u l d y o u p lease s e n d (5) s a m p l e

m e n u s f o r ho t a n d c o l d mea ls a n d a p r i ce l ist? Finally, a f r i end w h o

r e c o m m e n d e d you r f i rm te l ls (6) t h a t y o u of fer

(7) d i s c o u n t s t o larger g r o u p s a n d I a m w o n d e r i n g if y o u

w o u l d b e ab le t o of fer (8) a reduc t i on o n you r se t ra tes?

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3 Is each l ine in the letter be low right or wrong? Correct t h o s e w h i c h are wrong . S o m e t i m e s there is a word miss ing , a w r o n g w o r d or a word w h i c h is n o t n e e d e d .

\Thank;you for your letter;inquiring:about our- catering, service.. -v | 1 Notonly can we provide you a fall^ 2 offer to you a 10% discount on numbers over 20 if you : 3 send to us confirmation of your booking within 30 days. We can t 4 also provide, dishes tomeet.speGialfdieta^requirementS'if you 5 inform in advance. I endose atul l price list..We"will be happy : F 6 to provide'with nartherdnformatioffionrequest.:In closing, I'd: - : 7 like to assure to you of our best intentions. ; '. 8

4 Rewrite the s e c o n d sentence , u s ing a form of the word in brackets , so that it m e a n s the s a m e as the first.

1 His doc to r m a d e h i m go o n a str ict diet, (force) His doc to r

2 His c o m p a n y gave h i m p e r m i s s i o n to t ake u n p a i d leave f rom work, (authorise) His c o m p a n y

3 Would y o u d o s o m e t h i n g for m e please? (ask) Could I

4 T h e school d e c i d e d n o t to let h i m take t h e exam, (allow) T h e schoo l d e c i d e d

5 T h e pol ice didn ' t a l low wi tnesses to leave t he s c e n e of t h e c r ime, (prevent) T h e pol ice

6 They forced m e to sign t he d o c u m e n t , (make) T h e y

7 No m a t t e r w h a t I do , m y c o m p u t e r won ' t work, (get) I can' t

8 T h e y p r o m i s e d to h e l p m e in a n y w a y t h e y could , (assure) They

5 Are the s en tences right or wrong? Correct those w h i c h are wrong .

1 I could hear music playing in the b a c k g r o u n d 2 My parents refused t o allow me going o u t on a school night 3 I could smell f o o d c o o k when I walked t h r o u g h the door. 4 T h e y don't allow their children staying up p a s t nine o'clock 5 You haven't told w h y you've come t o see me 6 I'd like t o inform y o u t h a t I've decided n o t t o a t t e n d the c o u r s e 7 T h e tour bus s t o p p e d f o r an hour t o allow passengers going t o the shops.

8 His health prevents him t o w o r k full time.

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How do I use must and have to?


1 a You mustn't take lessons t o learn t o cook. b You don't have t o take lessons t o learn t o cook.

2 a I must have w e a r a suit and tie in my last j o b . b I had t o w e a r a suit and tie in my last j o b .

All m o d a l ve rbs u s e d to express cer ta in ty in t h e p a s t t ake have + p a s t par t ic iple : You must be Ellen's sister-you look just like her. (present) You must have had a good time last night-you look terrible! (past)

The negat ive form of th is u s e of must is can't do or can't have done: You can't be certain she's guilty - what proof do you have? (present) The party can't have been any good - they were home early, (past)

W h e n must is u s e d to express obl igat ion, t h e p a s t fo rm is had to + infinitive: You must see a doctor - you're obviously not well, (present) I had to leave work early yesterday -1 was ill. (past)

T h e negat ive forms of this u s e of must are: mustn't do, for nega t ive obl igat ion, a n d don't have to do, for a b s e n c e of obl igat ion:

You mustn't play with matches - it's dangerous! (present) You don't have to go to school today - it's a holiday, (present)

didn't have to do for a b s e n c e of obl igat ion: I didn't have to wear a suit last night - it was an informal dinner, (past)

7 Jamie's in bed, Doctor, and 3 ^ _ J H ^ 3 Comple te the sentences . Use a form of must, have to or can't. It m a y b e necessary to

change the form of the word in brackets .


1 T h a t w a s a n awful acc iden t - y o u nt - y o u (be) ve ry fr ightened. (argue) a n y m o r e - it's affecting t h e chi ldren .

3 2 We (argue)

T h e fridge is e m p t y - t h e y (eat) all t h e food! 4 5 6 7 8

I (go) ou t You (be) s The wedding ' s t o m o r r o w - y o u . You (buy) She (tell) 1

(go) ou t last n ight , t h o u g h I'd r a t h e r h a v e s tayed a t h o m e . (be) ser ious! I don ' t bel ieve you ' re saying m a t !

w - y o u (be) feeling ne rvous . (buy) m e a p resen t , b u t h o w kind! (tell) h i m t h e t r u t h or t h e y wou ldn ' t still b e together .

15

Do I put the adverb before or after a modal verb?


1 a I'm s o tired, I can hardly keep my eyes open, b I'm s o tired. I hardly can keep my eyes open.

2 a T h e y won't p r o b a b l y arr ive on time - they never do. b T h e y p r o b a b l y won't arr ive on time - they never do.

We usual ly p u t t he se adverbs i m m e d i a t e l y after t h e m o d a l auxil iary ve rb : adverbs of t i m e a n d frequency, e.g. ever, sometimes, never, still, already, soon:

You will never learn to speak English if you don't practise.

I can still see the mess you left in the kitchen. focusing adverbs , e.g. also, only, even, just.

I can just reach it if I stretch. adverbs of degree, e.g. barely, hardly:

We could barely manage it in the time we had. We could hardly have managed it in less time.

adverbs of certainty, e.g. definitely, probably, possibly: I will probably see you tonight. These adverbs c o m e before a c o n t r a c t e d negat ive m o d a l : J probably won't see you at the party. 11 definitely can't meet you.

Adverbs of m a n n e r e n d i n g in -ly, e.g. angrily, easily, happily, c a n go after t h e m o d a l verb or after all auxil iary ve rbs in a p h r a s e :

You could have easily phoned and told me where you were. You could easily have phoned and told me where you were.

2 Correct t h e mis take below. ^ Z T - V ^ ^ V v V \ ^ _ _

3 Add the adverb in brackets to the sentence .

1 You c a n live well w i t h very l i tde money , (still) 2 If you'd t r ied a little harder , y o u m i g h t h a v e c o m e first, (even)

3 I'd have agreed to h e l p if you 'd asked m e . (liappily) 4 It's tiny. You can see it close u p . (only) 5 Travelling is fun, b u t it can b e very expensive, (also) 6 I can't go ou t ton ight . I 've too m u c h work, (definitely) 7 H o w could y o u go a h e a d w i t h t h e p a r t y after what ' s h a p p e n e d ? (possibly)

8 You shouldn ' t d r ink a n d drive, (ever)

You

16

How do I use be supposed to, be expected to and be meant to?


1 a You expected t o dress smartly f o r a wedding. b You a r e expected t o dress smartly f o r a wedding.

2 a C a r s meant t o make o u r lives easier. b C a r s a r e meant t o make o u r lives easier.

Suppose is s imilar in m e a n i n g to ' think' : I suppose we should be leaving. It's getting late.

We u s e expect to to say w e w a n t or h o p e to do some th ing , a n d mean to to say we i n t e n d to d o s o m e t h i n g : W e expected to arrive before 9.00, but we were late. I meant to meet you as we agreed, but I was delayed.

We u s e be supposed to, be expected to a n d be meant to to desc r ibe s o m e t h i n g s o m e o n e else th inks w e shou ld / shou ldn ' t do : You're not supposed to park here. You're expected to arrive by 9.00 for the interview.

W h e n ta lking a b o u t t h e p a s t w e u s e was I were supposed to I expected to I meant to in p lace of should have done to criticise someone ' s behav iour : You're late! You were supposed to be here an hour ago. You were expected to wear a suit for the meeting.

We u s e was I were supposed to to say t h a t events didn ' t h a p p e n t h e w a y w e expected: We were supposed to stop somewhere nice for lunch, (but we didn't)

3 Underl ine the correct words .

1 Visitors suppose I are supposed to see t h e f a m o u s L o n d o n sights. 2 L u n c h should I was supposed to b e in a typical Engl ish res t au ran t , b u t it wasn ' t . 3 I was meant/ meant to s e n d y o u a card for y o u r bir thday, b u t I forgot, 4 Accord ing to t h e invi ta t ion, w h a t t i m e do we expect I are we expected-to arrive? 5 A f a m o u s ac to r meant I was meant to o p e n th is r e s t au ran t . 6 You're n o t suppose to I supposed to wa lk o n t h e grass. 7 T h e resul t wasn ' t w h a t it was expected I expected to b e . 8 We supposed I were supposed to h a v e a m e e t i n g .

17

TEST 3

1 Where necessary, add am, is or are to the s e n t e n c e .

1 All reeds meant t o be inclusive in the price 2 I expected t o be home earlier, but the t r a f f i c w a s terrible 3 I meant t o bring my wallet b u t I f o r g o t 4 Black c a t s s u p p o s e d t o be unlucky 5 I suppose y o u think I'm mad. but I really w a n t t o leave my j o b 6 Technology meant t o make o u r lives easier. 7 You expected t o d r e s s smartly f o r the dinner tonight 8 You s u p p o s e d t o exercise three times a week

2 Complete the s e c o n d s e n t e n c e so it m e a n s the s a m e as the first, u s i n g the words in brackets . Use b e t w e e n three a n d six words .

1 Doctors r e c o m m e n d a b a l a n c e d diet, (suppose) You ea t a b a l a n c e d diet .

2 It's illegal to walk o n t h e grass, (suppose) You o n t h e grass.

3 My pa ren t s t h o u g h t I w o u l d b e c o m e a doctor , b u t I didn't , (expect) My p a r e n t s , b u t I didn' t .

4 Why are t h e y here? They weren ' t invited, (mean) They he re .

5 People say t h a t t h e n u m b e r t h i r t e en b r ings b a d luck, (suppose) The n u m b e r unlucky.

6 I always i n t e n d e d to go b a c k to schoo l a n d finish m y educa t ion , (mean) I always a n d finish m y educa t i on .

7 According to t h e it inerary, w e shou ld have visi ted t h e cast le yesterday, (suppose) We t h e c a s d e yesterday.

8 They an t i c ipa te a lot of p e o p l e will t ake p a r t in t he event , (expect) A lot of i n t h e event .


1 You can't I mustn't b e ce r t a in they ' re co in ing to t h e party. 2 You mustn't I don't have to lie t o t h e t a x office a b o u t y o u r i n c o m e - y o u cou ld go to

pr ison. 3 I must have gone I had to go o u t - 1 h a d a n i m p o r t a n t m e e t i n g . 4 You mustn't have I can't have m e t m y m o t h e r - s h e lives in C a n a d a . 5 You mustn't I don't have to go to work o n a pub l i c holiday. 6 You can't be I can't have been se r ious - sure ly y o u didn ' t m e a n w h a t y o u said las t

n ight . 7 You must be I must have been t i red w h e n y o u arr ived a t t h e party. 8 They must have gone out I had to go out - the i r car's gone a n d t h e l ights are out .

IS

4 Reorder the words in brackets to c o m p l e t e Alan's letter to a friend.

l>ear Alex

Uus t +o let you know we're back from Barcelona.. What a disappointment

t h a t was!

First of all, because t h e air conditioning in t h e hotel was broken, we h a d t o leave oar windows open. The hotel was very near t h e centre a n d t h e room was so noisy we ( l ) (sleep / hardly / could). Not t h a t we wan ted t o look ou t of t h e window either - when we did we ( 2 j (only / could / see) building s i tes !

I have t o say t h a t t he itinerary w a s n ' t b a d , except t h a t on our l a s t afternoon it poured with rain. I know 5un Travel (3) (could / anticipated / hardly / have) b a d wea the r , b u t they (H) (easily / had / have / could) a contingency plan. VJe (5) (had / should / have / also) more, time a t t h e Picasso Museum, a s the re was so much t o see t he r e . Oh, a n d t h e bus they provided was so cramped 1 LG) (move / could / barely) my le_gs, b u t by then I was t i red of complaining.

Of course, I ' v e a sked for compensation, b u t t h e f a c t is nothing (7) (up / make / can / ever) for t h e disappointment of a ruined holiday. T ru th is , we (8) (should / booked / never / have) a package holiday in t h e f i r s t place - Barcelona is such an easy place t o _get around next time we'll j u s t _get on a plane a n d find our own way round.

ttope you're well,

Bes t wishes

Alan

5 Are the s e n t e n c e s right or wrong? Correct those w h i c h are wrong .

1 She can't have left y e t - her coat's still there 2 She must have already a r r i v e d

3 I w o n ' t see y o u a t t h e meeting tonight p r o b a b l y 4 She will admit never she w a s w r o n g 5 She p r o b a b l y will win the competition 6 We hardly could see t h e performance b e c a u s e w e w e r e sitting in the b a c k r o w .

7 We can p r o v i d e samples also o f the menus f o r y o u t o study 8 I w o u l d have happily helped y o u if you'd asked me

19

This or these?


1 a People d o t o o little exercise this days, b People d o t o o little exercise these days.

2 a After all this advice. I hope you'll come t o the right decision. b After all these advices. I h o p e you'll come t o the right decision.

We u s e these in front of p lura l n o u n s , e.g. children, mice, people, police: Wliere did all these people come from?

We u s e this in front of: s ingular c o u n t a b l e n o u n s :

Wliy choose this place and time? u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n s :

/ hope this information will be helpful.

An u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n h a s n o p lu ra l form. C o m m o n u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n s are: chaos, evidence, ice, information, knowledge, lightning, literature, money, permission, pressure, success, thunder, traffic, work

We u s e this a n d these w i t h n o u n s t h a t w e t h i n k are close i n s p a c e or t ime, a n d that a n d those wi th n o u n s t h a t we see as m o r e d is tan t : Can you help me? There's a problem with this softtvare. I wish you'd stop playing with that computer!

3 Are the sentences right or wrong? Where necessary correct the underl ined expressions.

1 For all these reasons, I hope y o u will consider ray p r o p o s a l 2 Don't y o u think these money should g o in the bank? 3 In this changing times, w e have t o be p r e p a r e d t o a d a p t t o new circumstances.

4 Can someone tell me w h y this children aren't in school? 5 We couldn't have achieved this success w i t h o u t y o u r e f f o r t s 6 People a r e doing very little exercise this d a y s 7 We hope t o continue these w o r k f o r many y e a r s 8 H o w did y o u come b y these knowledges?

20

How do I use amount of, number of, kinds of, etc.?


1 a T h e amount o f people suffering from this disease is increasing, b T h e number o f people suffering f r o m this disease is increasing.

2 a T h e r e a r e hundreds o f different s o r t o f butterflies, b T h e r e a r e hundreds o f different s o r t s o f butterflies.

We u s e number o /be fo re a p lu ra l c o u n t a b l e n o u n : There are a number of problems to address.

We u s e amount of or quantity o /be fo re a n u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n : We have a limited amount of office equipment to sell.

We u s e p lu ra l forms like kinds of, sorts of, types of. after p lu ra l express ions like all, different, many, these a n d various:

I've taken all kinds of courses, but this was the best. before p lura l n o u n s :

These sorts of opportunities don't come that often.

We u s e t h e s ingular fo rm kind of, sort of, type of. w h e n w e are ta lking a b o u t o n e sort , t ype or k ind of th ing:

There is a demand for this kind of job. before u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n s :

This sort of information can be dangerous in the wrong hands.

2 Correct the mis take below. . M


1 Don ' t forget to t ake a smal l amount I number of co ins w i t h you. 2 It's n o t safe to ca r ry a large amount I number of ca sh w i t h you . 3 This kind I kinds of h igh -pay ing j o b is difficult to find. 4 The re were all sort I sorts of art icles a n d b o o k s for sale. 5 A large amount I number of s t u d e n t s t o o k p a r t in t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n . 6 The re are p l ans t o inc rease t h e amount I number of low-cost a c c o m m o d a t i o n

available. 7 Our c lub n e e d s m o r e of th is type I types of event . 8 Thanks , b u t I don ' t n e e d t h a t sort I sorts of advice.

1 fiijcn

2 1

Which article do I use?


1 a T h e r o o m they b o o k e d w a s a t f i ve-star hotel, b T h e r o o m they b o o k e d w a s a t a f i ve-star hotel.

2 a T h e r o o m w a s on a f o u r t h f l o o r and there w a s no lift b T h e r o o m w a s on the f o u r t h f l o o r and there w a s no lift

We use the: w h e n t h e ident i ty of t h e p e r s o n or t h i n g is k n o w n to b o t h t h e speake r a n d l is tener:

The college canteen serves reasonably priced food. t he re c a n b e only o n e of t h e p e r s o n or t h i n g referred to :

We're studying Japan in the sixth century. in front of super la t ive adjectives:

Giving money isn't always the best way to help people. wi th coun t ab l e or u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n s :

The report explains the current situation. It provided us with the correct information.

We use a I an: in front of s ingular c o u n t a b l e n o u n s :

We're looking for someone with an outgoing personality. & In front of u n c o u n t a b l e n o u n s , w e u s e some: He gave me some good advice, (not a good advice)

wi th express ions like a bit I few I little, a great time, a high standard, a certain way: Wlien she looks at me in a certain way, I know she's upset.

3 Insert an appropriate article in e a c h sen tence .

1 Take the lift Our apartment is on f o u r t h floor. 2 We have automatic washing machine a t home 3 Our company has achieved b e s t results ever this year. 4 I'll give y o u e x a c t d a t e w h e n I k n o w w h a t it is 5 Only bride's close friends w e r e invited 6 Confirm arr ival time and g a t e b e f o r e y o u leave home 7 I called this meeting because I have f e w suggestions t o make. 8 We've come t o e x p e c t high s t a n d a r d o f service


I th ink

22

TEST 4


1 I h o p e y o u can follow this I these i ns t ruc t ions . 2 W i t h o u t y o u r work, w e couldn ' t achieve this I these success . 3 Would y o u p u t this I that cat down? It's filthy. 4 We all w a n t to solve this I these p r o b l e m s . 5 Char i t ies are d e s i g n e d to h e l p these I those p e o p l e t h a t are suffering. 6 We'll c o n t i n u e this I these work un t i l it's f inished. 7 Look a t that! Have you s e e n these I those s ta ins o n t h e carpet? 8 W h o left this I these stuff here?


1 A large amount o f people in the w o r l d still suffer f r o m hunger. 2 Our firm a r r a n g e s different t y p e o f sport ing events 3 We have a large number o f o f f i c e equipments f o r sale 4 W h a t s o r t o f j o b s have y o u done? 5 I've done many different t y p e s o f w o r k 6 Perhaps y o u should consider o t h e r kind o f accommodation? 7 What kinds o f information a r e y o u looking for? 8 He spends a large amount o f money on entertainment

3 Is each l ine in the extract b e l o w right or wrong? Correct those w h i c h are wrong. S o m e t i m e s there is a word miss ing , a w r o n g word, or a w o r d w h i c h is n o t needed .

last week I went shopping for the electronic jadjets and it's ; 1 amazing whatyon can. spend _ycM.r money 6h.td.is days, There J 2 were all kind of electronic equipment for sale, everything from I 3 an electronic cube which will forecast the weather to a solar 4 powered briefcase which will charge electronic etju.ipm.eht inside ' 5 the case. However, a^adget I liked the best was the walking desk, (- 6 which has the treadmill and exercise bikeinstalled-underneath. I 7 They sag an office workeriike me could walk four to five miles i 8 in an average work dajj. Imagine that!

23

Complete the extract by writ ing a, an word is needed .

or the in the space provided. S o m e t i m e s

What 's ( 1 ) wea the r do ing? We d o n ' t have to watch

( 2 ) wea the r repor t to find out- all we n e e d to do Is

look a t o u r wea ther c u b e s . Current ly ( 3 ) m o s t popu lar

g a d g e t In Japan, ( 4 ) ba t te ry -powered dev ice Is

( 5 ) four- Inch c u b e wh ich can p red ic t ( 6 )

weather up to e i gh t hou rs In advance . ( 7 ) cube g ives

( 8 ) 1 2 - to 2 4 - hour fo recas t via easy- to - read s y m b o l s

- c louds, rain, s u n - d isp layed on ( 9 ) LCD s c r e e n .

( 1 0 ) dev ice can p red i c t ( 1 1 ) rain, fea tu res

( 1 2 ) snow possib i l i ty a la rm, and will even display

sunr ise and s u n s e t t i m e s in c i t ies a round ( 1 3 ) wor ld .

Would you go on ( 1 4 ) p icn ic w i t h o u t one?

( 1 5 ) wea the r c u b e Is ( 1 6 ) essent ia l

t ravel accessory .

2 4

You, your, yours, or you're?


1 a I'm sure y o u r going t o be pleased, b I'm sure you're going t o be pleased.

2 a Our monthly repayment plan can save y o u money. b Our monthly repayment plan can save you're money.

We u s e you in p lace of a n o u n . You refers to t h e p e r s o n or p e o p l e b e i n g addressed : I wish you all the best.

We u s e your in front of a n o u n : I've read your brochure.

We u s e yours: i n s t e a d of your + n o u n to s h o w t h a t s o m e t h i n g be longs t o t h e p e r s o n or peop le

b e i n g addressed : This coat is mine and that one is yours.

at t h e e n d of le t ters : Yours faithfidly I Yours sincerely I Yours

You're is a c o n t r a c t e d fo rm a n d m e a n s 'you are' : You're always the last to leave a party!

2 Correct the mis take below. ^ , ^ ^ v - v \ _

T h a n k

3 Comple te the s en tences w i t h you, you're, your or yours.

1 F o r m a l le t te rs a re s i g n e d ' faithfully'. 2 It doesn ' t be long to m e . It's 3 T h a n k for letter. 4 T h e in fo rma t ion in article w a s wrong . 5 In adver t i semen t , p ro r 6 I h o p e go ing to finish t h a t before you leave. 7 Having r ead c o m m e n t s , I agree wi th 8 I 'm wr i t ing t o t o c o m p l a i n .

p r o m i s e d m a n y things.

25

Opportunity, possibility or chance?


1 a T h e j o b g a v e me the possibility t o t r a v e l t o Scotland, b T h e j o b g a v e me the opportunity t o t r a v e l t o Scotland.

2 a When y o u have the opportunity, ask y o u r f a t h e r f o r his advice, b When y o u have the occasion, ask y o u r f a t h e r f o r his advice.

We use opportunity for a s i tuat ion in which it's possible to do s o m e t h i n g y o u w a n t to do: J have the opportunity to study abroad I of going to College. Collocations are the earliest (first) opportunity, equal opportunity, a unique opportunity, ii An occasion is a par t icular r ime w h e n s o m e t h i n g h a p p e n s : A birthday is a special occasion.

We u s e a possibility for s o m e t h i n g t h a t m i g h t or m i g h t n o t h a p p e n : There's a possibility of rain tonight I that it will rain tonight.

The m e a n i n g of chance c a n over lap wi th t h e m e a n i n g s of possibility a n d opportunity, b u t chance m a y b e u s e d less formally: / know we're late, but is there any chance (possibility) of catching the train? This is your chance (opportunity) to do what you've always wanted.

Collocat ions are a slim I slight I faint chance, a second chance: I know I disappointed you, but please give me a second chance. fr We u s e have a chance b u t n o t have a possibility, a n d grab or seize an opportunity, b u t n o t grab a chance.


1 We w a n t t o improve o u r chances I opportunities of w i n n i n g future con t rac t s . 2 Everyone he r e h a s t h e chance I possibility to l ea rn a s e c o n d l anguage . 3 Everyone shou ld h a v e equa l opportunities I possibilities in educa t i on . 4 There was n o opportunity I possibility for h i m to b e e n t e r e d for t he exam. 5 There is a(n) opportunity I possibility it will s n o w ton igh t . 6 T h a n k y o u for this occasion I opportunity to b r o a d e n m y knowledge . 7 Nurs ing gives o n e t h e chance I possibility to h e l p o thers . 8 Going to a pa r ty is a great occasion I opportunity to m e e t n e w peop le .

Thanks for giving me a second opportunity. I won't disappoint you.

26

Commonly confused nouns

1 Tick the correct s e n t e n c e i n e a c h pair.

1 a We'd like t o invite y o u t o o u r next event which will be held in May. b We'd like t o invite y o u t o o u r next activity, which will be held in May.

2 a Keeping fit is an important activity in the local a r e a , b Keeping fit is an important event in the local area.

Activity or event! A n activity is s o m e t h i n g o rgan i sed for p e o p l e to take p a r t in, e.g. a spor t : The centre offers special activities for children, including games and sports.

An event is s o m e t h i n g o rgan i sed w h i c h p e o p l e a t t end , usua l ly a social ga ther ing: The social event was a disaster - nobody came!

These w o r d s are s o m e t i m e s confused w i t h activity or event a n action is t h e p roces s of do ing s o m e t h i n g or a phys ica l m o v e m e n t :

He mimed the actions without saying a word. a happening is a n inc ident wh ich m a y b e difficult to explain, e.g. a strange happening a meetingis a n even t w h e n p e o p l e c o m e together , often to d iscuss bus ine s s a n organisation is a g roup of p e o p l e w h o w o r k toge the r for a c o m m o n p u r p o s e :

The organisation holds monthly meetings. a programme is a p l a n n e d series of activities or events :

The school offers a programme of social events, including concerts and parties.

3 Under l ine the correct words .

1 In m y op in ion , t h e happening! eventwas a big success . 2 Gymnas t i c s is a p o p u l a r spor t s activity I event a t m y school . 3 Everyone is invi ted to t h e nex t activity I event. 4 A meeting! event was h e ld to d iscuss t h e club's finances. 5 T h e spor t s organisation I event w a s well a t t e n d e d . 6 T h e organisation I event is p r o u d of t h e resul ts . 7 T h e cen t re a r r anged a day of activities I programmes for o lder peop le . 8 We've o rgan i sed a(n) event I activity I programme of even t s wi th activities to appea l

t o different peop le .

27

TEST 5


1 Thank y o d f o r this o c c a s i o n t o speak t o y o d tonight 2 Do men and women in y o d r codntpy have eqdal possibilities? 3 He w a s given a s e c o n d possibility t o p r o v e he codld d o the j o b 4 I w o d l d like a j o b w h e r e there a r e chances f o r p r o m o t i o n 5 Training possibilities a r e available f o r all members o f staff. 6 Ml participants have the same possibility o f winning 7 He has a slim possibility o f sdcceeding if he applies himself. 8 Don't miss this dniqpe opportunity t o see Picasso's later w o r k

2 Fill in the gaps wi th a n appropriate word. Use you, your, yours or you're.

1 I 'm sure going to b e p leased . 2 I'd like to h e a r s ide of t h e story. 3 T h a n k y o u for c o n c e r n . 4 I'll b e wai t ing for a t t h e s ta t ion . 5 I've h u n g m y jacke t nex t to 6 I th ink th is is b igges t mis t ake . 7 W h e r e do y o u t h i n k going? 8 Here's m y b u s - is n u m b e r 30.

3 Complete the extract w i th a form of activity, event, programme, or meeting.

This season's coming (1) include the Winter Street Festival, promising a packed (2) of street theatre, music and dance. Another not-to-be-missed annual winter (3) is the Historic

includes races, road rallies and Motor Sports Show. The (4). speed events. A reminder for those 18-80s whose spare-time (5) range from bowling to ballroom dancing - the Social Club meets monthly on the first Tuesday of the month, 8.30 at the Rose and Crown. The December (6) was very festive. The Club offers sport and social (7) suitable for people of all ages. Finally, if you have a forthcoming (8) _ _ which you would like to advertise, contact me on 01832-358217.

28

Circle the correct word for e a c h space a n d c o m p l e t e the text.

CV

T i p s f o r i m p r o v i n g (1) c a r e e r Here are seven ways t o ensure (2) ready t o make the most of ca reer (3) 1 Find a career men to r - someone t o discuss

(4) hopes and dreams with. 2 Unders tand w h a t motivates (5) and

be t r u e t o yourself. Make career decisions for yoursel f -t h e only career (6) can really influence is (7)

3 Be positive. If t h e boss notices, th is will improve your (8) of promotion.

4 Grab any (9) t o network, no ma t t e r how tired (10) feeling. Social (11) can be a grea t place t o ge t yoursel f noticed.

5 Update (12) CV - and if (13) don ' t have an electronic version, get one.

6 Get noticed, loin a public or char i table (14); and a t tend meet ings regularly.

7 Remember health and family. Take pa r t in an (15) like t enn i s or swimming t h a t will keep you fit. (16) expand when you are happy and healthy.

1 y o u 2 y o u 3 possibi l i t ies 4 y o u 5 y o u 6 you 7 y o u 8 possibi l i t ies 9 possibi l i t ies

.0 y o u

.1 even t s

.2 y o u

.3 you

.4 h a p p e n i n g

.5 even t

.6 Possibili t ies

your y o u r o p p o r t u n i t i e s y o u r y o u r y o u r y o u r o p p o r t u n i t i e s o p p o r t u n i t i e s y o u r activities your y o u r activity activity Oppor tun i t i e s

your s your s c h a n c e s your s your s y o u r s your s c h a n c e s c h a n c e s your s m e e t i n g s your s your s o rgan i sa t ion m e e t i n g C h a n c e s

29

you re you ' re

you ' re you ' re you ' re you ' re

y o u re p r o g r a m m e s you ' re you ' re p r o g r a m m e p r o g r a m m e

Commonly confused adjectives

1 Tick the correct s e n t e n c e i n each pair.

1 a T h e r e a r e Free s p o r t activities available t o members, b T h e r e a r e free s p o r t s activities available t o members.

2 a T h e y have a v a r i e d range o f healthy f o o d s on offer, b T h e y have a variety range o f healthy f o o d s on offer.

Sports, sporting o r sport? We c a n u s e sports a n d sporting as adjectives. Sport is a n o u n : Welcome to the school sports day. There are a number of sporting events. Wliat's your favourite sport? Do you play any sports? C o m m o n col locat ions wi th sports a re sports centre, sports club, sports day, sports competition, sports equipment, sports programme, sports teacher

Open or opened? We can u s e open as a n adjective. Opened is a ve rb : We're open for business around the clock. The shop opened an hour ago.

Varied or variety? We c a n use -ing or -erf par t ic ip les as adjectives: We offer a varied choice dishes, (adj) A variety of dishes is available, (n) People are concerned about the environment, (adj) The environment is a concern, (n) Wlien are you taking your driving test? (adj) Wouldyou like to go for a drive? (n)

Other forms wh ich are confused are: cultural (adj) / culture (n), dramatic (adj) / dramatically (adv), true (adj)/ truth (n)

3 Are the under l ined words right or wrong? Correct t h o s e w h i c h are wrong .

1 I'm concern a b o u t the t r a n s p o r t strike 2 Have y o u g o t a driving licence? 3 Everything w e advert ise is t r u t h 4 I have been opened a b o u t h o w I feel 5 We organise s p o r t events every month 6 Life can take dramaticallu turns w h e n y o u least e x p e c t it 7 You should e a t a var ied o f f o o d s daily 8 H o l l y w o o d has increased the culture influence o f America ...


We're

30

Big, great or iarge?


1 a We think o u r w o r k here is o f big importance. b We think o u r w o r k here is o f g r e a t importance.

2 a T h e choice o f h o t meals is t o o little, b T h e choice o f h o t meals is t o o limited.

Adjectives m e a n i n g big a re u s e d in t h e s e express ions : great fun, of great importance, a great pleasure, a great success, a great variety a high level of something, high prices, a high standard (of living), high wages a large amount I number I quantity of something a wide choice I range I variety of something

Adjectives m e a n i n g little are u s e d in t h e s e express ions : a limited choice of something, a limited I narrow range of something a small amount I number I quantity of something, a small business I firm a short break, a short holiday, a short time a low level of something, low pay I prices, a low standard (of living), low wages Also: a minor problem, a light rain I shower

Adjectives m e a n i n g good, bad or wrong are u s e d i n t he se express ions : poor pay I wages, poor quality inadequate I insufficient leg room or space false I inaccurate information I figures I statement Also: a bad habit, a positive response, a severe I serious illness

2 Correct the mis take below. ^ ^ ^ ^ V ^ V v - * - ^ v W e ' r e a little

3 Comple te the s e n t e n c e s wi th an adjective m e a n i n g big, little, good, or wrong.

We're

4 5 6 7 8

3 2 1 It's a p l ea su re to m e e t you .

We were p a i d a a m o u n t of m o n e y as a b o n u s . There is a r ange of foods available. We've worked ha rd . It's t ime for a break. T h a n k s to a s t rong economy, w e h a v e a stand; We don ' t n e e d a n u m b r e l l a - t h e forecast is for We have on ly a n u m b e r of i t e m s left to sell. It's a c r ime to give i n fo rma t ion to t he pol ice .

s t a n d a r d of living. rain.

3 1

When do I use a hyphen in compound words?


1 a T h e view from here is breath-taking, b T h e view from here is breathtaking.

2 a T h e n e w s p a p e r is well k n o w n f o r its balanced c o v e r a g e , b T h e n e w s p a p e r is wel l -known f o r its balanced c o v e r a g e .

We usual ly wri te c o m p o u n d adjectives w i t h a h y p h e n : above-mentioned, air-conditioned, all-inclusive, brand-new, English-speaking, easy-going, (five)-year-old, fidl-time, grown-up, living-room, middle-aged, middle-class, never-ending, self-centred, so-called, three-storey, top-class, well-known, well-paid

Some c o m p o u n d adjectives c a n b e wr i t t en as two w o r d s w h e n u s e d after the n o u n : It's a top-class restaurant. The restaurant is top class. Anthony's a well-known actor. Anthony's well known as an actor.

These c o m p o u n d words are usua l ly wr i t t en as o n e word : breathtaking, hairdresser, lifestyle, lunchtime, worldwide: Football is a worldwide sport. Can you have this finished by lunchtime'?

These c o m p o u n d n o u n s are wr i t t en as two w o r d s : air conditioning, free time. W h e n tiiey are u s e d as adjectives t h e y are h y p h e n a t e d : Wliat do you do in your free time? She had to reduce her free-time activities when she started her new job. ~& If y o u are i n d o u b t a b o u t w h e t h e r a c o m p o u n d s h o u l d b e o n e word , two w o r d s or h y p h e n a t e d , it is a g o o d idea to consu l t a dict ionary.


1 T h e English language is spoken w o r l d w i d e 2 T h e air-conditioning is t o o cold. Would y o u turn it d o w n ? 3 She goes t o the hair d r e s s e r once a week 4 Moving t o the c o u n t r y w a s a big life style change 5 Could y o u make a note o f the above-mentioned point? 6 Where a r e my s o called friends when I need them? 7 In my free-time. I w a t c h television t o relax 8 T h e air-conditioning unit has broken d o w n

32

TEST 6


1 His w o r k as a medical researcher is o f big importance 2 In ray c o u n t r y w e e a t a big quantity o f p a s t a and b r e a d 3 T h e choice o f dishes is little and the prices a r e high 4 T h e p a y f o r teachers and nurses in Britain is quite little 5 T h e event w a s a g o o d success and will doubtless take place again n e x t yean

6 It's difficult t o change w r o n g habits once they a r e formed 7 I've decided t o take a s h o r t holiday w i t h my family 8 T h e article wasn't carefully r e s e a r c h e d and contained w r o n g information.

2 Fill in the gaps w i t h a sui table form of the words i n the box. Use o n e word twice,

j culture c o n c e r n dramatic o p e n truth sport vary |

1 His w o r k i m p r o v e d w h e n h e h e a r d a b o u t h i s p a y rise. 2 We're for b u s i n e s s vir tually r o u n d t h e clock. 3 Have y o u b e e n to t h e n e w cen t re yet? T h e y h a v e a n Olympic

sized poo l . 4 A m e r i c a h a s h a d a h u g e c o m m e r c i a l a n d inf luence o n t h e

wor ld . 5 Peop le are increas ingly a b o u t a d o p t i n g a h e a l t h y lifestyle. 6 T h e n e w r e s t a u r a n t h a s h e a l t h y food, a m e n u a n d friendly

staff. 7 Your adve r t i s emen t s o u n d s too good to b e 8 Footbal l is a p o p u l a r w i th p e o p l e of all ages.


1 Her la tes t CD inc ludes brand new I brand-new songs a n d r ecen t hi ts . 2 She h a s t h r ee ch i ld ren b u t they ' re all grown up I grown-up. 3 I 'm very easy going I easy-going a n d I love p e o p l e . 4 He's well known I well-known for h is love of fine art . 5 T h e v iew of t h e valley f rom ou r ho te l r o o m w a s breathtaking I breath-taking. 6 The c lub is p o p u l a r wi th middle aged I middle-aged a n d older peop le . 7 Have y o u ever lived in a n English speaking I English-speaking count ry? 8 I don ' t h a v e a lot of free time /free-time, b u t I enjoy w h a t I have .

33

4 Is each l ine in the extract b e l o w right or wrong? Correct those w h i c h are wrong .

Sports is an important part of the cultural tradition in Britain. Two especially well liked national sports are football and tennis. For football fans,, nothing- can compare with the excitement generated every four-years by. the World Cup, an event, which is watched virtually world-wide. The event.is not only an opportunity to watch top class football, it's also a chance to see some of the most well known players in the world, celebrities in their own right. For tennis lovers, Wimbledon, which takes place every jurie, is the event to watch. This championship tennis competition is not only a sporting event - it is a culture event. It is not uncommon for tennis lovers to take a small holiday so that they can watch the matches undisturbed. While some fans, watch the games in the, comfort of their living-rooms, others are happy to brave the unpredictable June weather to watch the games played live.'There is some debate about whether the big wages paid to professional sportspeople are excessive, but for many fans, the big pleasure derived from watching a true professional in action is worth any price.

1 9 2 10 3 11 4 12 5 13 6 14 7 15 8 16

3 4

Noun or verb?


1 a Their main complain is related t o the quality o f the f o o d , b Their main complaint is related t o the quality o f the f o o d .

2 a Technology has great ly a f f e c t e d o u r lives, b Technology has great ly a f f e c t e d o u r lifes.

T h e verb complain a n d t h e n o u n complaint a re of ten confused: Some people are always complaining. We didn't hear any complaints.

Other c o m m o n l y confused forms are: advise (verb) a n d advice ( noun) :

It's better not to give advice to people who don't ask for it. live (verb) a n d life I lives (noun) :

This diet has changed my life. sit I sat (verb) a n d seat (noun) :

Could we have seats at the front of the cinema, please? (not could wc have sits) pay I paid (verb) a n d payment (noun) :

Wliich method of payment do you prefer - cash or credit card? (not method of paying) stay (verb) a n d stay (noun) :

/ hope you enjoy your stay in Britain, (not your staying)

3 Underl ine the correct word.

1 What ' s t h e m o s t f requent complain I complaint y o u receive f rom s tuden ts? 2 Mainly, t h e y complain I complaint t h a t t h e r e are t oo m a n y s t u d e n t s in t h e class. 3 C h a n g e is inevi table - you 've c o m e to a t u r n i n g p o i n t in y o u r life I live. 4 H o w w o u l d you like to b e pay I paid for y o u r w o r k - c a s h or cheque? 5 W h e n w e go to t h e thea t re , we b u y t h e b e s t sits I seats w e c a n afford. 6 A good p iece of advice I advise is, 'Don' t worry! ' 7 Unfor tunately , every bus ine s s will receive its sha re of complains I complaints. 8 Jenny enjoyed h e r stay I staying in Amer ica , b u t w a s glad t o get h o m e .

35

How do I use negative prefixes?


1 a T h e c o a c h driver w a s very unpolite and unfriendly, b T h e c o a c h driver w a s very impolite and unfriendly.

2 a In f a c t the w h o l e t o u r w a s quite dissatisfactory, b In f a c t the w h o l e t o u r w a s quite unsatisfactory.

These prefixes give w o r d s a negat ive m e a n i n g : un-, in-, im-, dis-, mis- a n d non-.

The m o s t c o m m o n nega t ive prefix is un-. S o m e w o r d s t ak ing un- are: unavailable, uncomfortable, unconditional, unconscious, unconvincing, undemanding, undoubtedly, unforgettable, unforgivable, unlimited, unnecessary, unoccupied, unpolluted, unprejudiced, unsatisfactory, unscheduled

in- is also a c o m m o n l y - u s e d prefix. Words tak ing in- are: inadequate, inadvisable, inappropriate, incapable, incompetent, incomplete, inconvenient, ineffective, inexcusable, inexpensive, inexperienced, insecure, insufficient, intolerable

We u s e im- before w o r d s b e g i n n i n g w i t h p a n d m: impolite, impossible, impractical, improper, immature

Words taking non- are: non-existent, non-native Words tak ing mis- are: mislead, misunderstand Words tak ing dis- are: discourage, disobedient, disorganised, dissatisfied it We say unsatisfactory (adj), b u t dissatisfaction (noun) a n d dissatisfied (adj).

3 Complete each s e n t e n c e wi th a negat ive form of the word in brackets .

1 The College c a n t e e n is a n d n e e d s t o b e improved , (adequate) 2 You m y m e a n i n g or y o u wou ldn ' t h a v e t a k e n offence.

(understand) 3 I don ' t accep t t h a t m y b e h a v i o u r w a s in a n y w a y (proper) 4 I 'm wri t ing to express m y wi th y o u r firm, (satisfy) 5 We're m o s t u n h a p p y wi th t h e service y o u provided , (satisfy) 6 I 'm afraid y o u r r e p o r t is (complete) 7 For a speaker , y o u r p r o n u n c i a t i o n is excellent , (native) 8 T h a n k you for a(n) holiday, (forget)

36

Mien do I use regarding?

Tick the correct s e n t e n c e in each pair.

1 a That's all I have t o say a s f o r myself. b That's all I have t o s a y regarding myself.

2 a According t o the Financial Times, t h a t company is facing bankruptcy, b Regarding the Financial Times, t h a t company is facing bankruptcy.

In a m o r e fo rmal context , w e u s e regarding + n o u n to i n t r o d u c e a n e w idea or topic . Regarding your visit on Thursday, I wonder if you could arrive after 10.00.

Other express ions u s e d in th is w a y are as regards a n d as for. As regards often indica tes a c h a n g e of topic : The food for the event has been organised. However, as regards the entertainment...

As for m a y ind ica te a negat ive a t t i t ude o n t h e p a r t of t h e speaker : As for the schedule, it could be difficult to manage. ? We u s e according to + n o u n , n o t regarding, to m e a n 'as s t a ted by' : According to the Prime Minister, the economy continues to improve. -fr We u s e in my opinio?!, b u t n o t according to me to s ta te ou r o w n op in ion .

W h e n regarding occurs m i d - s e n t e n c e , it often rep laces t h e p r epos i t i on about: lam writing to you regarding/about your choice of accommodation.

Regarding c a n also p a r t n e r w o r d s in p lace of in, of and on: We've made remarkable progress regarding I in customer relations. Wliat are your expectations regarding I of the team? Ten years ago, these regidations regarding/on working conditions did not exist.

\ Are the s e n t e n c e s right or wrong? Correct those w h i c h are wrong .

1 A b o u t the hotel, it w a s mdch t o o f a r f rom the train station 2 As regarding the entertainment I f o u n d it t o be excellent 3 According t o the variety o f f o o d , there will be dishes f o r vegetarians.... 4 For these complaints, w e need t o decide w h a t action t o take 5 T h e government is quite concerned a b o u t this matter. 6 I'll give y o u my a d v i c e a s f o r passing y o u r driving test. 7 In the new clubroom, w e could paint it yellow. 8 We've made remarkable p r o g r e s s in medical science

2 Correct the m i s t a k e below;

Sir,

37

TEST 7

1 Complete the s e n t e n c e s w i t h a n appropriate form of the w o r d i n brackets .

1 The chi ld w a s p u n i s h e d for h e r (obey) 2 We were p r o m i s e d a(n) ho l iday a n d w e d id h a v e a wonder fu l

t ime, (forget) 3 E m p l o y m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n th i s p a r t of t h e c o u n t r y are pract ical ly

(exist) 4 Your desk looks so - can' t y o u t idy it up? (organise) 5 love for a n o t h e r p e r s o n is p e r h a p s s o m e t h i n g on ly p a r e n t s

feel, (condition) 6 The barr is ter 's a r g u m e n t s w e r e too to sway t h e o p i n i o n of t h e

jury, (convince) 7 I'd love t o o w n a spo r t s car, b u t it w o u l d b e w i t h a large

family, (practical) 8 M a n y p e o p l e i n t h e wor ld are forced to live i n cond i t i ons o the r s w o u l d find

(tolerate)


1 I'd advice I advise y o u to b e careful a b o u t w h o y o u confide in. 2 Millions of p e o p l e lost the i r lives I lifes in t h e S e c o n d World War. 3 I 'm c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e c u r r e n t s i tua t ion of I regarding ou r w o r k efficiency. 4 We were p r e s e n t e d w i t h a list of complains I complaints a b o u t t h e p r o d u c t . 5 Our t h r ee day stay I staying i n Paris w a s jus t t h e b r eak w e n e e d e d . 6 We'd have enjoyed t h e p e r f o r m a n c e m o r e if we 'd h a d be t t e r sits I seats. 7 About I Regarding d ie t a n d a c c o m m o d a t i o n , do y o u h a v e a n y specia l r equ i r emen t s? 8 I th ink t h e paying I payment for m y w o r k s h o u l d b e inc reased .

3 Are the s en tences right or wrong? Where necessary, change the s e n t e n c e us ing regarding.

1 I'd like t o speak t o y o u a b o u t y o u r p r o p o s a l f o r a training programme.

2 I'd be pleased t o give y o u my advice f o r improvements t o the College 3 I am writing t o e x p r e s s my dissatisfaction f o r the tour. 4 A b o u t public t ransport , future developments have been planned 5 I'm a little c o n c e r n e d a b o u t some points o f the organisat ion o f the tour.

6 According t o the P r o d u c t i o n Manager, productiv i ty has increased this month.

7 For y o u r request f o r more o f f i c e equipment I'm a f r a i d it has been refused.

8 A b o u t the danger o f a t r a n s p o r t strike, negotiations a r e underway.

38

1 Read the n o t e s and, us ing the in format ion given, c o m p l e t e the letter of compla in t . Write the m i s s i n g words i n the space provided. Use o n l y o n e word in e a c h space .

f 3hs too sna.ll ~ noy/htn to sit Bus masts stops not on ctele TLooms cliily and not wmfM-UMe Waiter not: j>olitt ot ot^mised Wouldn't a.mft ^.mwit f>^ Location not c-onv&nient ~ 4 mites from town centre ^

I a m w r i t i n g o n b e h a l f of m y f i rm t o . m a k e a (1) r e g a r d i n g t h e s e r v i c e y o u r h o t e l p r o v i d e d a t o u r a n n u a l c o n v e n t i o n . First ly, t h e b u s w h i c h t r a n s p o r t e d u s f r o m t h e t r a i n s t a t i o n t o t h e h o t e l d i d n o t h a v e e n o u g h (2) '. a n d a s a r e s u l t m a n y d e l e g a t e s w e r e f o r c e d to s t a n d . M o r e o v e r , t h e d r i v e r m a d e t w o (3) s t o p s . W h e n w e f ina l ly a r r i v e d a t t h e h o t e l , w e f o u n d o u r r o o m s d i r t y a n d (4) La t e r , w e h a d d i n n e r i n y o u r r e s t a u r a n t . T h e f o o d w a s t a s t y b u t t h e w a i t e r w a s (5) a n d (6) I n fact , w h e n t h e b i l l ' w a s p r e s e n t e d h e w o u l d n ' t a c c e p t a c h e q u e a n d i n s i s t e d w e s h o u l d (7) , b y c a s h or c r e d i t c a r d . F ina l ly , y o u d e s c r i b e d t h e l o c a t i o n of y o u r h o t e l a s ' c e n t r a l ' w h e n , i n fact , it w a s l o c a t e d f o u r m i l e s f r o m t h e c e n t r e , w h i c h w a s m o s t (8) I l o o k f o r w a r d t o r e c e i v i n g a l e t t e r of a p o l o g y a n d a n offer of c o m p e n s a t i o n .

5 Fill in the gaps w i t h a form of the words in the box. comfort

pat ient c o n s c i o u s success

d e p e n d unders tand

lead verbal

Body Language

Understanding body language can teach us a great deal about human behaviour.

Much research has been done into whether (1) signals are inborn or learnt, and experiments have shown that the smiling expressions of children born deaf and blind occur (2) or learning. Do you cross your arms left over right or right over left? Most people will find that where one way feels good, the other feels very (3) It seems that basic communication gestures are the same worldwide. However, cultural differences in body language, gesture in particular, can cause (4) and these can be highly embarrassing.

Much of what we communicate through body language is done (5) That is to say, we are unaware of the message we are conveying. Is It possible, then, to fake body language so as to deliberately (6) others? Skilled communicators, like actors or politicians may do so for short periods of time, but your average person would be (7) even at this. If you want to learn to read body language, go to an airport - here you can observe a spectrum of gestures as people openly express anger, sorrow, (8) and many other emotions.

39

How do I punctuate sentences with because and however?


1 a Because she w a s driving t o o quickly she skidded and nearly h a d an accident b Because she w a s driving t o o quickly, she skidded and nearly h a d an accident

2 a I w a n t t o learn English, h o w e v e r lots o f people in ray class don't feel t h a t w a y . b I w a n t t o learn English. However, lots o f people in ray class don't feel t h a t w a y .

However is a n adverb . We u s e however. to h ighl ight a con t r a s t w i t h t h e i dea i n t h e p rev ious s e n t e n c e to s tar t a n e w s e n t e n c e . However is followed b y a c o m m a :

The cost was advertised as all-inclusive. However, we had to pay for meals.

Nevertheless is u s e d in a s imilar w a y to however, b u t is m o r e formal .

Because is a con junc t ion . We u s e because: to give a r e a s o n for t h e s i tua t ion or even t in t h e m a i n c lause . to l ink two clauses . T h e c lause w i t h because u sua l ly c o m e s after t h e m a i n c lause .

W h e n it c o m e s first, it is followed by a c o m m a . We were unhappy with the service because we had to pay for meals. Because we had to pay for meals, we were unhappy with the service.

As a n d since a re also con junc t ions w h i c h c a n b e u s e d to i n t r o d u c e a r ea son . Clauses wi th as or since of ten c o m e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e s e n t e n c e : As it was nearly one o'clock, we decided to break for lunch.

3 Join the s en tences us ing however or because. Use capital letters and / or c o m m a s where necessary.

1 I'd like a refund. I 'm dissatisfied wi th t h e service y o u p rov ided 2 We provide vege ta r ian food. The re is a n extra charge for this^ 3 I'd like to accept t he job. There are s o m e po in t s I n e e d to clarify. 4 There w a s a t h u n d e r s t o r m . I ar r ived a t College w e t a n d cold 5 We visi ted a beaut i ful ca thedra l . T h a t w a s t h e on ly enjoyable p a r t of t h e holiday.

6 This is o n e so lu t ion to t h e p r o b l e m . The re are o the r so lu t ions 7 We t h i n k t h e c a n t e e n is unhyg ien ic . We are refusing to ea t t he re 8 Suzanne 's feeling very irr i table. She's t i red

40

How do I use because of?


1 a Our lives have changed a lot because o f new technology, b Our lives have changed a lot b y new technology.

2 a I w o u l d like t o thank y o u f o r y o u r invitation. b I w o u l d like t o thank y o u because o f y o u r invitation.

Because of ox because! Because of is a t w o - w o r d p repos i t i on . We u s e because of+ a n o u n or a p r o n o u n : I can't live in a house with pets because of an allergy.

Because is a con junc t ion . We u s e because + a c lause: I can't live in a house with pets because I have an allergy.

Because of, for, or by7. We u s e because of+ n o u n to s h o w t h e c a u s e of a s i tua t ion or event . Owing to a n d due to c a n b e u s e d i n t h e s a m e way: They were delayed because of I owing to I due to bad weather. T~r We c a n u s e due to, b u t n o t because of or owing to, after t h e ve rb to be: His wealth is due to his lottery win.

We u s e for + n o u n to i n t r o d u c e a n exp lana t ion for ou r behav iou r : I'd like to thank you for the time you gave me.

We use by + n o u n in a pass ive c o n s t r u c t i o n to s h o w t h e agen t or c a u s e of a n act ion: We were misled by your advertisement.


1 T h e firm closed d o w n last m o n t h for I because o / f inanc ia l p r o b l e m s . 2 Because / Because of t h e m o n e y I ea rn , I 'm able to h e l p o the r s . 3 John is feeling s t ressed / 0 7 ' / because of a hec t i c job . 4 I 'm n o t h a p p y wi th t h e t o u r for I because of two r easons . 5 T h e g a r d e n furni ture w a s des t royed by I because o / p o u r i n g ra in . 6 Sales are suf fe r ing /or / because of a l ack of a c o m m i t t e d sales t e a m . 7 You were r e c o m m e n d e d because I because of 'you offer t op -qua l i ty service. 8 T h e s t o r m d a m a g e was owing to I due to t h e except ional ly h igh winds .

2 Correct the m i s t a k e below.

James

4 1

If or whethert


1 a I think it w o u l d be b e t t e r w h e t h e r the t o u r w e n t a h e a d as planned, b I think it w o u l d be b e t t e r if the t o u r w e n t a h e a d as planned.

2 a T h e question w a s a b o u t w h e t h e r I a g r e e d w i t h the p r o p o s a l , b T h e question w a s a b o u t if I a g r e e d w i t h the p r o p o s a l .

We c a n u s e t h e con junc t ions i f a n d whether. in r e p o r t e d yes I no ques t i ons :

She asked me if / whether I would take the job she offered me. after express ions like I'm not sure, I don't know, a n d I wonder.

I'm not sure if / whether I should answer your question. in express ions w i t h o r not

I want to know if/ whether you're coming to the event or not.

Only whether is poss ib le : in t h e express ion whether or not.

I want to know whether or not you're coming to the event. after p repos i t ions :

J was worried about whether something had happened to her.

Only if is poss ib le in cond i t iona l s e n t e n c e s : If you're not interested in the idea, you should say so. ftEven i f i n t r o d u c e s a cond i t ion , whi le even though is s imilar i n m e a n i n g to although. W h e n t h e c lauses wi th i f a n d even i f c o m e first, t h e y are followed by a c o m m a . Even if I win the lottery, I won't give up work.

Go on . Talk to h e r L - l _ ^ - C ^ - ^ - t - 1

3 Complete the s en tences w i t h i f or whether. In s o m e s e n t e n c e s b o t h are poss ib le .


4

2 3

5 6 7 8

1 We shou ld ask t h e m Janice was w o r r i e d a b o u t

Even I ki I get very i rr i table We m a y b e late . It d e p e n d s o n I w a n t t o k n o w We'd like to k n o w I 'm n o t sure

t h e a c c o m m o d a t i o n is all r ight. s h e h a d p a s s e d t h e e x a m or no t .

I k n e w I'd get a w a y w i t h it, I wou ldn ' t c h e a t i n a n exam. I don ' t get e n o u g h s leep.

o n t h e t ra in is de layed. t he re is a n y c h a n c e of get t ing m y m o n e y back.

or n o t y o u are p l ea sed w i t h ou r service. a ccep t ing t h e j o b w o u l d b e a g o o d idea .

42

TEST 8


1 I'd like a refund o f f o r t y pounds because my dissatisfaction w i t h the p r o d u c t

2 Owing t o the late arrival o f the train, w e w e r e late f o r o u r appointment

3 I chose the driving school b y the pass r a t e s o f the people w h o w e n t there.

4 T h e c a r is in p o o r condition because o f it hasn't been well-maintained.

5 She w a s frightened because o f t h e d o g s

6 I w o u l d like t o thank y o u because o f y o u r invitation t o take p a r t in this event

7 I hesitated t o tell y o u w h a t had happened because o f many r e a s o n s 8 Our meetings will be more successful because o f y o u r help

2 Correct a n y mis takes in punctuat ion . Add capital letters where necessary.

1 In some countries a br ide can't see the g r o o m the night b e f o r e the wedding because it's considered b a d luck

2 T h e Party Conference ended successfully h o w e v e r a lot o f issues w e r e n o t discussed.

3 Because he w a s feeling unwell he decided n o t t o a t t e n d the meeting 4 I used t o keep fit h o w e v e r I've been t o o busy o f late t o d o s o 5 We a r r i v e d late because o f the heavy t r a f f i c 6 Due t o the difficulties the firm experienced they h a d t o close d o w n 7 If y o u w a n t t o see the beginning o f the film you'll have t o hurry 8 Don't make a decision n o w j u s t because I said y o u should


1 Even if I though w e couldn ' t m a n a g e w i t h o u t the i r he lp , I wou ldn ' t ask t h e m . 2 I t h i n k it w o u l d b e be t t e r if I whether t h e s igh tsee ing t o u r w e r e canceEed. 3 I 'm still n o t sure a b o u t if I whether to accep t t h e j o b or no t . 4 I'd like to k n o w if I whether or n o t y o u agree w i t h m y sugges t ions . 5 T h e y didn ' t t ake care of m e even if I though I w a s ill. 6 If I Wfiether y o u hadn ' t l ied a b o u t y o u r age, w e wou ldn ' t b e in th is s i tua t ion . 7 If/Although t h e c l a s s rooms are excellent, t h e food i n t h e c a n t e e n is terr ible . 8 I'd like to a r r ange a m e e t i n g if I whether y o u th ink that ' s conven ien t .

43

4 Complete the extract by writ ing a n appropriate l inking express ion in the space provided. Use o n e or two words for e a c h space .

How to make decisions Making decisions is a practical matter, (1) there is enough

information to make the decision for us, then we, as humans, are unnecessary. It is only

necessary, then, to make decisions when we have to speculate or guess

(2) the analysis of the information is insufficient. Some decisions

are simple to make (3) the correctness of the decision can be

checked immediately. (4) , the difficulty is usually that the

correctness of the decision can only be checked in the future - after we've made the decision.

Before making a decision we must think about the situation in which it is to be made. For

example, we need to decide (5) there is a need to make a decision at

all and (6) or not it's necessary to make the decision now. What will

happen (7) the decision is put off? When questions like these are

answered, one acceptable method of making a decision is simply to throw a die.

(8) this seems irrational, there is quite a lot of sense to it. This is

(9) psychologists have discovered that people tend to get to like

decisions after they have been made. So (10) you're uncertain about

(11) to choose one alternative or another, let 'someone else' decide

and then see (12) you would be happy with that decision.

(13) , decisions not only have to be made but they also have to be

acted upon. The 'easy way out' method suggests we choose the easiest alternative to carry

out. Of course, (14) differences in personality, the 'easiest' method

will differ from person to person. Once the choice has been made, make the effort to justify

the decision. (15) , at the end of this effort, the choice still seems

acceptable, then the decision can be made. (16) not, then some

other decision method is needed.

How do I use put?


1 a Things g o missing w h e n y o u don't put them in the right place, b Things g o missing when y o u don't put them on the right place.

2 a T h e w o r k w e put in this event w a s w o r t h it b T h e w o r k w e put into this event w a s w o r t h it

We put on (something) w e wear : She has to put on a wig I put a wig on for her part in the play.

We put up (something) w e are hang ing , e.g. o n a wall:

I put up the curtains I put the curtains up in the bedroom.

We put (something) in the right place.

We put in work or effort I put in a lot of effort I put a lot of effort in when I decide to do something.

We put work I effort I enthusiasm into (something): He put a lot of work into preparing for his exams.

We put (something) into practice: You need to put what you've learnt in class into practice I put into practice what you've learnt.

W h e n we put forward something we offer or sugges t it, e.g. put forward an idea I put an idea forward.

Put on (something) c a n m e a n 'to p rov ide it', e.g. put on a performance.

3 Insert an appropriate prepos i t ion .

1 I t r y t o put enthusiasm everything I do. 2 We put a lot o f w o r k w h e n preparing f o r the p a r t y 3 T h e amount o f w o r k w e put this event should b e a p p r e c i a t e d 4 It's time y o u put y o u r ideas p r a c t i c e 5 T h e s h o w w a s s o popular the t r o d p e decided t o put an e x t r a performance. 6 Would y o u put these pictures f o r me, please? 7 Why a r e y o u putting y o u r coat? Are y o u r e a d y t o leave? 8 Could y o u put t h a t the right place - w h e r e it belongs?

45

Pay or spend?


1 a I'd appreciate it if the firm paid f o r my expenses as s o o n as possible, b I'd appreciate it if the firm paid my expenses as s o o n as possible.

2 a T h e government has spent a lot o f money in the construct ion o f r o a d s , b T h e government has spent a lot o f money on the construct ion o f r o a d s .

Pay (for) (something) W h e n w e p u r c h a s e s o m e t h i n g w h i c h t h e n b e c o m e s ours , w e pay for t h e i t em: Breakfast was included, but we paid for our other meals.

W h e n w e pay (something) b e c a u s e t h e m o n e y is owed, w e o m i t for, e.g. pay a bill: We paid the bill with cash. Don't forget to pay the rent.

Spend money a n d time We spend money on (something): Young people spend a lot of money on entertainment.

We spend time (doing something): We spent the afternoon sitting in the garden.

We spend time + p r epos i t i on + p lace : spend time at a bu i ld ing or loca t ion , e.g. at a theatre I castle, at the beach spend time in a city or country, e.g. in London I Canada spend time in a n enc losed area , e.g. in the garden I bath I swimming pool spend time with (someone), e.g. with a friend

We spent an afternoon at the beach. We spent eight days in London with my parents.

We s p e n t I - " V J f F * Z%

3 Are these s en tences right or wrong? Correct those w h i c h are wrong .

1 Ml o u r expenses w e r e paid b y t h e company 2 T h e y paid all o u r meals and o u r accommodation 3 H o w much time d o y o u spend doing y o u r homework? 4 H o w long did y o u spend a t Madrid? 5 H o w did y o u p a y the tickets - cash o r credit card? 6 T h e evening w e spent in the t h e a t r e w a s terrible 7 H o w much money did y o u spend f o r the holiday? 8 I spent the weekend in my family


4 6

Which preposition do I use?


1 a He j u s t needs someone t o p a y attention on him. b He j u s t needs someone t o p a y attent ion t o him.

2 a T h e article o f y o u r magazine is quite interesting, b T h e article in y o u r magazine is quite interesting.

There are m a n y examples of d e p e n d e n t p r epos i t i ons in English:

Verb + p repos i t ion : care for (something) or (someone)

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