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Common Cancer Diseases Affecting

Reproductive System

Prepared By:

Mr. Charlie C. Falguera, RN, MAN

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A Normal Cervix

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Cervical Cancer

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Description:

A malignant

neoplasm ofthe cervix

uteri or

cervical area. Exact Cause:

UNKNOWN

Cervical Cancer

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Risk Factors:

Genital warts (Human papillomavirus infection

[HPV]) Multiple sexual partners or a partner who has

had multiple sexual partners

Early age of first intercourse

Smoking

HIV infection

Family history

Untreated cervicitis

Cervical Cancer

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Clinical Manifestations: Vaginal bleeding

Vaginal discharge

Metrorrhagia

Polymenorrhea

Dyspareunia

Loss of appetite

Weight loss

Fatigue

Pelvic pain

Back pain

Cervical Cancer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squamous_carcinoma_of_the_cervix.jpg

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Diagnostic Tests:

Pap smearmicroscopic study of

exfoliated cells via special staining &fixation technique detects abnormal

cells.

Cold colonization a cone-shaped

section of the cervix is obtained with a

scalpel.

Cervical Cancer

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Cervical Cancer

Diagnostic Tests:

Loop Electrocautery Excision

Procedure performed to excise the

cervical areas causing concern.

Biopsy done through colposcopy

aided by using a dilute acetic acid (e.g.vinegar) solution to highlight abnormal

cells on the surface of the cervix.

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Stage 0 - full-thickness involvement of the epithelium withoutinvasion into the stroma (carcinoma in situ)

Stage I - limited to the cervix

IA - diagnosed only by microscopy; no visible lesions

IA1 - stromal invasion less than 3 mm in depth

and 7 mm or less in horizontalspread

IA2 - stromal invasion between 3 and 5 mm

with horizontal spread of 7 mm or

lessIB - visible lesion or a microscopic lesion with more

than 5 mm of depth or horizontal spread of

more than 7 mm

IB1 - visible lesion 4 cm or less in

greatest dimension

Staging:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroma_%28animal_tissue%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroma_%28animal_tissue%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium

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Staging:

Stage II - invades beyond cervix

IIA - without parametrial invasion, but involve upper 2/3 of

vagina

IIB - with parametrial invasion

Stage III - extends to pelvic wall or lower third of the vagina

IIIA - involves lower third of vagina

IIIB - extends to pelvic wall and/or causes hydronephrosis or

non-functioning kidneyIVA - invades mucosa of bladder or rectum and/or extends beyond

true pelvis

IVB - distant metastasis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosis

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Prevention:

Awareness Screening

Pap Smear

Vaccination (Gardasil, Cervarix)

Condoms

Smoking avoidance

Nutrition

Fruits & vegetables, vitamin C, E, Folic acid,

carotenoids

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Management:

Irradiation

Cryosurgery

local freezing of abnormal cells& tissues with volatile gases such as nitrous

oxide or CO2.

Conization removal of small cone of tissue

with a sharp instrument. Laser therapy burn of the tissues, leading to

an increase in sluoghing discharge for weeks.

Cervical Cancer

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Testicular Cancer

Description:

Cancer that

evelops in the

testicles, part

of the male

reproductivesystem.

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Exact Cause: UNKNOWN

Risk Factors:

Family history

Exogenous estrogen

Crytorchidism

Testicular Cancer

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Clinical Manifestations: A lump in one testis or hardening of one of the

testicles

Abnormal sensitivity

Loss of sexual activity or interest Sexual withdrawal

Burning sensation

Hydrocele

Heavy sensation Lower back pain

Increase or decrease in size of one or bothtestes

Blood in semen

General weak

Testicular Cancer

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Diagnostic

Tests:

Biopsy

Blood tests

AFP, beta-HCG,

LDH

Testicular Cancer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seminoma_of_the_Testis.jpg

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Testicular Cancer

Stage I: the cancer remains localized to the testis.

Stage II: the cancer involves the testis and metastasis to

retroperitoneal and/orParaaortic lymph nodes(lymph nodes below the diaphragm).

Stage III: the cancer involves the testis and metastasis

beyond the retroperitoneal and Paraaortic lymph

nodes. Stage III is further subdivided intononbulky stage III and bulky stage III. [11]

Stage IV: if there is liver and/or lung secondaries

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis

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Prevention:

Testicular Self-Exam

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Testicular Self-Exam

Best time to perform: During shower or

warm bath

Roll the testis between the thumb & first3 fingers until the entire surface has been

covered. Palpate each one separately.

Identify the structures

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Management:

Surgery: Orchiectomy, Retroperitoneal

Lymph Node Dissection (RPLND) Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

Testicular Self-Exam

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Prostate Cancer

Description:

is a disease in which cancerdevelops in

the prostate a gland in the malereproductive system.

Cause: UNKNOWN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease

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Risk Factors: Age

Genetics

Diet

Medication

exposure

Ejaculation

Infection

STDs

Obesity

Increased testosterone

Prostate Cancer

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Prostate Cancer:

Clinical Manifestations:

Dysuria

Hesitancy

Dribbling

Frequency, urgency

Hematuria Nocturia

Retention

Interruption in urinary system

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Prostate Cancer:

Clinical Manifestations:

Inability to urinate

Pain in lumbosacral area

Sexual dysfunction

Painful ejaculation

Diffoculty erection Bone pain

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Prostate Cancer

Diagnostic Test:

Biopsy

Digital rectal exam

Elevated PSA level

PCA3

Prostasomes

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Prevention:

Vitamins & medications

Ejaculation frequency

Oils & fatty acids

Screening:

DRE

PSA test measure

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Management:

Radiation therapy (Brachytherapy)

Chemotherapy

Hormonal therapy

Surgery:

Prostatectomy

TURP

Orchiectomy

cryosurgery