6. TENSESTensesExplanationPositive SentenceNegative SentenceInterrogative Sentence

Present SimpleAny action takes place or any habitual action or general truth or behavior

sub+1st form of verb+s/es+objectEx:The sun rises in the east

sub+do not/does not+Ist form of verb+objectEx:I do not go to school

Interrogative sentencedo/does+sub+1st form of verb+objectEx: Does it rain?

Present ContinuousAny action is taking place or an action is going on at the time of speakingsub+ is/am/are+1st fv+Ing+object

She is singingsub+is/am/are(not) +1st fv+ingShe is not telling a lieis/am/are+sub+1st fv+ing +object Am I learning my lesson?

Present PerfectAny action has taken place or to indicate completed activities in the immediate past (with just) or to describe the past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of action itself.

sub+has/have+3rd fv+ objectEx: He has just gone out.

Sub+has not/have not+3rd fv+objectEx: The shopkeeper has not sold the books.

Has/Have+sub+3rd fv + objectEx: Has it not rained?

Present Perfect ContinuousThe present perfect continuous is used of an action which began at sometime in the past and still continuing upto that time.

sub+had been+1st fv+ing+since/ forEx: I had been playing cricket since morning.

subject+had not neen+1st fv +since/forEx: They had not ben sleeping for five hours.

Had+subject+been+1st fv+ing+since/forEx: Had you been building the bridge for several months?

Simple PastAny action took place in the past or an action completed in the past

sub+2nd form of verb+ objectEx: I went to Madras last week

sub +did not+ 1st form of verb+ objectEx: Sita did not sing a sweet song

Did +sub+Ist form of verb+objectEx: Did you fly a kite?

Past ContinuousAny action was taking place or an action was going on at some time in the past

sub+was/were+1stfv+ing+objectEx: It was getting darker.

sub+was not /were not+1st fv+ing objectEx: The train was not moving.Was/were+sub+1st fv +ing+objectEx: Was it drizzling?

Past PerfectTwo actions had taken place. If two actions happened in the past. It may be necessary to show which action happened earlier than the other or the past perfect describes an action completed before a certain momentsub+had+3rd fv + objectEx: I had seen him last five years before.

Sub+had not 3rd fv+ objectEx: She had not written a novel.Had+sub+ 3rd fv+ objectEx: Had he deceived you?

Past Perfect ContinuousAn action that began before a certain point the past and has continued up to the time of speaking

Sub+had been+1fv+ing+.+since/for+.Ex: I had been waiting for him for two hours.Subject+had not been+ 1fv+ing++since/for+Ex: he had not been playing cricket for two hours. Had+sub+been+1fv+ing+.+since/for+?Ex: had he been playing cricket for two hours.

Simple FutureThe simple future tense use to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the future (it expresses the future act)

sub+ will/shall+1st fv + objectEx: I shall go to Delhi tomorrow.

subject+will not /shall not + 1st fv+objectEx: Kiran will not learn her lesson today.

will/shall+subject+1st from of verb+object. Ex: Will they come to our home at Diwali?

Future ContinuousThis tense denotes an action as going on some point in future time.

subject+ will be/ shall be +1st form of verb+ing+objectEx: I shall be washing my clothes.

subject + will not be/shall not be +1st fv+ ing + objectEx: I shall not be taking the test tomorrow.Subject+will/shall+not+be+1fv+ing+objectEx: I shall not be writing a letter.

Future PerfectThis tense denotes that an action will be completed at some point of time in future.

subject+will have/shall have+3rd fv + object .Ex: They will have heard the news by the time you reach there.

subject+will not have/ shall not have+ 3rd fv + objectEx: They will not have return to their houses.

will+ subject+ have + 3rd fv + objectEx: Shall I have completed my work by that time?

Future Perfect ContinuousThis tense is use to denote an action that will have been going on at, or before, some point of time in the future.

subject + will have been ,shall have been+ 1st fv + since/forEx: They will have been studying English since morning.subject + will not have been + 1st fv + ing + since / forEx: Kiran will not have been sleeping since 10 oclockwill /shall + subject + have been + 1st fv + ing +object.Ex: Shall I have been swimming in the river for 1 hour?

ERRORS IN THE USE OF TENSESThe changed forms of verb that indicate time of the action are called tenses of the verb. 1.When the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense. The verbs of the subordinate clauses should be in the past tense: e.g. He said that he had finished his work. I was informed that her mother was ill. 2. But a past tense in the principal clause mayor may not be followed by the past tense in the sub-ordinate clause if the latter expresses universal or habitual truth: e.g. The teacher said that the earth revolves round the sun. My brother told me that smoking is injurious to health.3.Any tense may be used in the sub-ordinate clause if it gives a comparison by using the word than. e.g. He respected you more than he respects his uncle. The teacher liked Anil better than he liked me. 4.Any tense can be used when the sub-ordinate clause is in a quotation: e.g. She said, He will go to Madras tomorrow, I said, I am going to Delhi today.5.The present Perfect Tense (subject+ has/have + V3) cannot be used when an expression of past time (yesterday, last night, ago etc.) is used: e.g. We wrote to you yesterday about his mother. I finished my letter last night. 6. In conditional sentences the subordinate clause, beginning with if, is generally is present or past tense but not in future tense: e.g.if I go to Delhi, I shall see the Red Fort. If he had worked hard, he would have passed. If he had worked hard, he would have passed.7. With the phrases as if and as though, past tense and plural form of + verb should be used: e.g. He behaves as if he were a millionaire. 8. Past perfect tense (subject + had + V3) is used when a sentence refers to two past actions and one of them occurs earlier than the other: e.g.When my uncle came to India I had passed M.A..9. Words like usually, generally often, whenever etc. are used in present Indefinite tense: I usually go to play cricket . I often laugh at him.10.If the action began in the past and is still continuing in the present, use present perfect tense (Subject + has/have + been VI + ing): e.g. I have been reading in this class for two months. 11.Do not use the future or the present tense after such expressions as suppose that, it is high time, it is time, as if etc: e.g. It is high time that you went home. It is time that we played football.

Exercise 6.11. The duties of a policeman are regulating the traffic, (a) / investigating crime (b) / and to contain anti-social elements. (c) / No error (d)2. It is not surprising (a) / that her death cast (b) / a pall of gloom over all those (c) / who came in contact with her. (d) / No error (e)3. Well, I spend six or seven years (a)/ after high school (b) / trying to find a job for me (c)/ but could not succeed in it.(d) /No error (e) 4. You will get (a) / all the information (b) / if you read this booklet carefully. (c) / No error (d) 5. As soon as the Principal (a) / entered the school (b) / all the students approached him (c) / and report the matter. (d) / No error (e) 6. He is writing novels (a) / ever since (b) / he became a graduate. (c) / No error (d)7. Not only the bandits robbed (a)/ the traveller of his purse (b) / but they also wounded him grievously. (c) / No error (d).8. Bacteria is probably (a)/ the most common form (b) / of life on earth. (c)/ No error (d)9. Twenty miles are (a)/ a long way (b)/ to walk. (c)/ No error (d)10. I pleaded with him with (a)/ a view to convincing him (b) / of my innocence in the matter. (c) /No error (d)11. One of these days (a) / I will be going to (b) / confront you with incontrovertible evidence.(c)/ No error (d)12. This small table (a)/will collapse (b)/ if you will stand on it. (c)/ No error (d)13. Shobha asked the dealer (a) / what was the price (b) / of that bicycle and whether (c) / it is really made in Germany? (d) / No error (e)14. Sadhana was the one person (a) / who could somehow manage (b) / to working in that section (c) / for a long time. (d) / No error (e)15. When we consider all the factors, which are many, (a) /' the number of school dropouts (b) / are quite disturbing. (c) / No error (d)16. Coffee seeds (a) / is dried and roasted (b) / before they are ground into powder.(c) / No error (d)17. While going (a) / through the report (b)/ yesterday I find (c) / several factual mistakes. (d) / No error (e)18. The meeting adjourned abruptly (a) / by the Chairman after (b) / about three hours of deliberation.(c)/ No error (d)19. I and you (a) / know each other (b) / for the last six years.(c) / No error (d)20. The eminent speaker's speech (a) / was broadcasted over (b) / all the major radio stations. (c) / No error (d)21. When your father inquired (a)/ about your marks (b)/ you lied to him, (c)/ Have you not? (d)/ No error (e)

Exercise 6.2Directions: In each of the following questions, find out the part which has an error If there is no error, your answer is (e).1. A misogynist is a person (a)/ who is hating woman (b)/ but a philogynist is a person (c)/ who loves woman. (d)/ No error. (e)2. The secret of his good (a)/ health lies in the fact that (b)/ he is getting up before sunrise (c)/ and has a two mile walk every morning. (d)/No error. (e)3. Now-a-days he teaches physics (a)/ because the teacher of physics (b)/has been absenting himself (c)/ for a month. (d)/ No error. (e)4. He seems to be happy (a)/ because his parents(b) / had come from London (c)/ to live with him. (d)/ No error. (e)5. If I would have done this, (a)/ I would have done wrong (b)/ and would have disappointed (c)/many of my friends. (d)/ No error. (e)6. If she had told me that (a)/ her husband never lived (b)/within his means, I would not (c)/ have lent him the money. (d)/ No error. (e)7. I wish (a)/ he saw you (b)/ when you were (c)/ living in England. (d)/ No error. (e)8. The judge had not given (a)/ any decision (b)/ until he had (c)/ studied the case. (d)/ No error. (e)9. I lived (a)/ here since 1980, (b)/ therefore I know everything (c)/ about this city. (d)/ No error. (e)10. When you will find out (a)/ any solution to this problem (b)/you will become able (c)/to finalise the project. (d)/ No error (e)11. Whenever(a)/you are coming here, (b)/you bring a lot of (c)/sweets for me. (d)/ No error (e) 12. It is appearing to me (a)/ that you are plotting (b)/against your(c)/ friends and their parents.(d)/ No error.(e)13. The old man who is sifting in that room (a)/ lived here for more than (b)/a month but he has never created (c)/ any problem. (d)/ No error. (e)14. Before the alarm (a)/ had stopped ringing (b)/ Veera had pulled up (c)/ the shade. (d)/ No error. (e)15. 1 have been knowing (a)/ him for ten years (b)/ but don't know (c)/ where he lives. (d)/ No error. (e)16. He used to study (a)/ at least All ten o'clock (b)/at night and then (c)/he goes to bed. (d)/No error. (e)17. If he had (a)/ a few hours to spare, (b)/ he would spend (c)/them in a public library.(d)/No error. (e)18. All the flowers (a)/ in his garden will surely die (b)/ before the rains (c)/ will fall. (d)/ No error. (e)19. We got (a)/everything readyforall (b)/of them long (c)/ before they arrived. (d)/ No error. (e)20. She was with (a)/ me uptil now, (b)/ so don't rebuke her (c)/ for getting late. (d)/ No error. (e)21. I have been adoring (a)/ her for (b)/ the voice with (c)/ which she is gated. (d)/ No error. (e)22. I have been (a)/working forthis (b)/organisation for (c)/ the last ten years. (d)/ No error. (e)23. If we had Mohan (a)/in ourteam, we (b)/would have won the match (c)/ against your team. (d)/ No error. (e)24. Radha came (a)/ to the meeting (b)/ much later (c)/ than I expect. (d)/ No error. (e)25. If I was you (a)/I would have told (b)/ the Chairman to keep. (c)/'his mouth shuh (d)/ No error. (e)26. I want you to (a)/ pick up the.box (b)/ of eggs gently and (c)/ kept it in the corner carefully. (d)/ No error. (e)27. it is high time (a)/ you ard,stading (b)/ this work," (c)/ my friend said to me. (d)/ No error. (e)28. I have come (a)/ to know that your (b)/ father has died (c)/ last week. (d)/ No error. (e)29. Many of my friends (a)/ wished to come here (b)/ today but (c)/ none of them arrived yet. (d)/ No error. (e) 30. She says (a)/thatshe will take (b)/ her umbrella (c)/ in case it will rain. (d)/ No error. (e)

Exercise 6.3Directions: In each of the following questions, find out which part of the sentence has an error. If there is no mistake, the answer is No error.1. Unless you stop to make noise at once,(a)/ I will have no option but to (b)/ bring the matter to the attention of the police. (c)/ No error(d)2. A group of friends (a)/ want to visit (b)/ the new plant as early as possible.(c)/ No error (d)3. Meerabai was sent away from her home (a)/ because she spend most of the time (b)/ in the company of holy men(c)/ No error(d)4. If I was you (a)/ I would have (b)/ I terminated his services then and there. (c)/ No error(d)5. The job is much worse than I expected. (a)/ If I would have realized (b)/ how awful it was going to be (c)/ I would not have accepted it. (d)/ No error.(e)6. Neither of the plans (a)/ suits him and therefore (b)/ he decided not to (c)/ go out yesterday, (d)/No error(e)7. The cabinet ministers and the Prime minister (a)/ was at the air port (b)/ to receive the foreign dignitary. (c)/ No error(d)8. The number of people (a)/ applying were so large (b)/ that the collage had to (c)/ stop issuing application forms(d)/ No error(e)9. The house with all its (a)/ furniture and exotic plants (b)/ were sold for Rs. 50,000 (c)/ No error(d)10. The teacher asked the students (a)/ if everyone of them were interested in (b)/ going on an excursion. (c)/ No error(d)11. It is unfortunate that (a)/ many youngsters get (b)/ addicted to gamble.(c)/ No error(d)12. Our conception of (a)/ what should a science of mental life be (b)/ has changed considerable since James time. (c)/ No Error(d)13. Sharad was entrusted with (a)/ the task of coordinating yesterdays programme, (b)/ but due to certain difficulties (c)/he dos not do it(d) No error(e)14. Work hard (a)/ lest you will (b)/ fail. (c)/ No error(d)15. Vipul was unhappy (a)/ because he would (b)/ not attend the marriage (c)/ on his friend yesterday.(d)/ No error(e)16. Until he has confessed his fault (a)/ he will be kept (b)/ in prison.(c)/ No error(d) 17. After the allotted (a)/ time was over (b)/ they torn off all (c)/ the papers which they had used.(d)/ No error(e)18. Deep snow laid on the track (a)/ as the Little Red Riding Hood struggled slowly (b)/ against a biting wind (c)/ for the lonely farmhouse. (d) No error(e)19. When I telephoned him (a)/ the line was so bad (b)/ that I cannot hear (c)/ what he said.(d) No error(e)20. The new facts he (a) has discovered and the new (b)/ arguments he has advanced (c)/ has not changed my opinion. (d)/ No error(e)21. He is going everyday (a)/ for a morning walk (b)/ with his friends and neighbours. (c)/ No error(d)22. How long (a)/were you (b)/learning English for ? (c)/No error(d)23. I have not (a)/ played cricket (b)/ since I have left college. (c)/ No error(d)24. I shall write (a)/ to you (b)/ when I shall reach Bangalore. (c)/ No error(d)25. This pen is (a)/ very good but (b)/ it costed me ten rupees. (c)/ No error(d)26. Every since the government (a)/ announced its new policy, (b)/ the private institutions had (c)/ run into bad weather.(d) No error(e)27. It cannot be forecasted (a)/ how society will emerge (b)/ a generation hence. (c)/ No error(d)28. Ive been to a few of his lectures, (a)/ but understood little of (b)/ what he has said. (c)/ No error(d)29. More leisure, as well as an abundance of goods,(a)/ are attainable (b)/ through automation. (c) No error(d)30. Several visitors (a)/ have been expected (b)/ to visit (c)/ the place tomorrow (d)/ No error(e)31. Looking forward (a)/ to (b)/ meet you here.(c)/ No error(d)32. It's time (a)/ you started (b) / working. (c) /No error (d)33. You are learning Tamil. (a) / for the last one year (b)/ but you show (c) / no improvement whatsoever. (d)/ No error (e) 34. Many a profound thinker believe (a)/ that the march of civilization (b)/ has not coincided with real human progress. (c) / No error (d) 35. The programme which (a) / came on television (b) / these days in the evenings (c)/ is very interesting. (d)/ No error (e)36. Neither India nor Pakistan (a) / have yet acquired (b) / the capability to produce nuclear weapons. (c)/ No error (d)37. When I shall see him (a) / I shall tell him (b)/ that you had called.(c)/ No error (d)38. Courteously asked him (a) /where was he going (b) / but he did not reply. (c) / No error (d)39. It is high time (a) / that we send (b) / the answer.(c)/ No error (d)40. I have had to work (a) / at the fountain for almost (b) / ten hours before it could (c)/ start functioning well. (d)/ No error (e)

Answers (6.1): 1.(c)2.(d) 3.(a) 4.(a) 5.(d) 6.(a) 7.(a) 8.(a) 9.(a) 10.(b) 11.(b) 12.(c) 13.(d) 14.(c) 15.(c) 16.(b) 17.(c)18.(a) 19.(b) 20.(b) 21.(d)

Answers (6.2) 1.(b) 2.(c) 3.(a) 4.(b) 5.(a) 6.(e) 7.(b) 8.(a) 9.(a) 10. (a) 11.(b) 12.(a) 13.(b) 14.(b) 15.(a) 16.(a) 17.(e) 18.(d) 19.(a) 20.(a) 21.(a) 22.(e)23.(a) 24.(d) 25.(a) 26.(d) .27.(b) 28.(c) 29.(d) 30.(d)

Answers (6.3): 1.(a) 2.(b) 3.(b) 4.(a) 5.(b) 6.(b) 7.(b) 8.(b) 9.(c) 10.(b) 11.(c) 12.(b) 13.(d) 14.(b)15.(b) 16.(a)17.(c) 18. (a) 19.(c) 20.(d) 21.(a) 22. (c) 23.(c) 24.(c) 25. (c) 26.(c) 27.(a) 28. (c) 29.(b) 30.(b) 31. (c) 32 (b) 33 (a) 34 (a) 35(b) 36(b) 37(a) 38(b) 39(b) 40(e)

7. ARTICLE

Article: (i) Indefinite (a, an)(ii) Definite (The) Use of An1. Before words beginning with vowel sounds {a, e, i, o, u, are called vowels. Others are consonants}An apple. An egg. An owl.2. Before words beginning with silent h An hour, An honorable man, An heir, An honest man.3. F,H,L,M,N,R,S, X, are letters that are dot vowels but begin with vowel sound e.g. M has the sound of an so an is used before abbreviations beginning with vowels or these letters. e.g: an M.L.A., an R.AR, an N.C.C. officer, an F.I.R. an X-ray,, an H.E. school, an S.P , an LEA school.

Use of A: 1. (i) In the sense of one, e.g. He couldnt speak a word to save himself.(ii) with one (one begins with sound of W) a one- man show, a one rupee note.2. Before words beginning with consonant sound e.g. a boy, a box, a dog. 3. with vowel letters having consonant value: e.g. a university. A unique article, A euphemism, A unit, a European language. (All these begin with consonant sound of u)4. With units and rate (per): e.g. He earns rupees a kilo. Give me a meter length of the cloth. 5. In exclamatory expressions before singular countable nouns: What a pretty girl!How sunny a day is!6. When two subjects or articles are thought of as a single unit. He was ready with.. a. cup and saucer. A cigarette is made of a paper and tobacco.7. with certain expressions of quantity; a lot of, a dozen, a great deal of, a. couple. 8. with a persons name to indicate that the person is perhaps Unknown to the person addressed. A Mr. Roy is at the door.9. with a special meal (to celebrate something or in someones honour). A dinner was arranged to welcome the principal. 10. To make a common noun of a proper noun. This man is a second Newton. (This phrase means a philosopher as great as Newton;) A Danielcame to Judgment..(The phrase means a wise man)

Use of The:1. When we speak of a particular person or thing already referred to. I dislike the fellow. The boy near the taps is my brother.2. When a singular noun represents a whole class. Ex.(i) The mango is considered the king among fruit. (ii)The ass is uned as a beast of burden. Remark: : The nouns man and woman do not take the before them. Ex. Man is the greatest of Goss creations. 3. With names of : (a) gulfs, rivers, oceans, islands and mountains e.g. the Himalayas, the Indian, ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Ref-Bea, the Andaman islands, the Brahmaputra river. 4. Certain Books: e.g. the Vedas, the purans, the Bible, the Ramacharitmanas. 5. Musical; instruments: e.g. the flute, the violin, the Tablla, the trumpet. 6. The inventions: e.g. (i) I hate the telephone for its consistent ringing. (ii) the television is a gift of science. 7. Parts of body: e.g. (i) tie was wounded in the leg. (ii) They hit him on the hands. 8. Religious groups. The Sikhs, the hindu, the parsees.9. Political parties: The congress, the Janata party, the B.J.P.10. Airplanes, ships, trains etc. The Makalu (Aeroplane), the Vikrant (ship), the Rajdhani express (train)11. Before names of an empire, dynasty or historical events. E.g. the Gupta dynasty, the old stone Age, the First World War, the American Revolution.12. clubs, foundations e.g. The Lions club, the Ford Foundation.13. Before common noun denoting unique things. The sun, the sky, the earth, the world, the stars. 14. With superlatives: Ex. (i) He is the best boy in the class. (ii) prizes would be given for the most out sanding performances. 15. With ordinals: Ex. (i) He took the first taxi that came his way. (ii) He lives in the tenth block. (iii) Our class is on the second floor.16. Before the comparative degree: Ex. (i) The more they get, the more they want. (ii) He is the cleverer of the two. 17. Before an adjective when the noun is understood. Ex. (i) The poor would favour him. (ii) We must not shun the disabled.Omission Of The:1. Before Languages: English is the international language.2. Before abstract nouns: honesty is the best policy.3. before the name of metal: Gold is a precious metal.4. Before the name of food grains: rice is the favorite food of the Bangalis. 5. Before the name of Meals: he enjoyed lunch with his friends.6. Before the names of games: Hockey is a popular game. 7. Before collective noun used in general terms: Parliament has passed the bill.8. Before the common noun in plural number. People are happy in the country,9. Before School, College, Church, Bed, Table, Hospital, Market, when these places are visited for the primary purposed.My father is still in hospital. 10. Before the proper noun: Patna is capital of Bihar.11. Before the names of relatives like Father, mother, aunt, uncle: Uncle has come to see you.

Exercise 7.1FILL THE SUITABLE ARTICLENote: If no Article is Required, Mark answer (E)1. He is..M.A.2. He is.L.L.B.3. He is.M.P.4. Mohan is.M.B.B.S.5. Dasguta is.Historian.6. He is a.hostler.7. Sachin is.honest man.8. He is. Heir to vast property.9. hour is made of sixty minutes.10. My brother is only M.A.11. He is.one eyed man.12. Please give me.one-rupee note.13. He is.European.14. It is.useful book.15. He is.S.D.O.16. Rich must help the poor.17. Ganga is . Holy river.18. He is ablest man of town.19. .Rich must help the poor. 20. He is.knave.21. He is a lover of Ramayana.22. gold is a precious metal. 23. ...Gold of South Africa is exported to many countries 24. .Vedas are revealed books.25. Valmikis Ramayana is worth reading26. Hindustan Times gives the latest news.27. Shakespeare is .. Kalidas of England.28. man is mortal.29. ..Dog is faithful animal. 30. Higher you go cooler it is. 31. . Burmese are Buddhists. 32. U.S.A is the richest country of the world.33.He made noise34. The statesman and Scholar is dead.35. Wheat is a wholesome meal. 36. Wheat of the punjab is liked by all.37.. honesty is the best policy.38. In India.Parliament is supreme.39. ..Society does not permit this.40. football is a popular game.

Exercise 7.2Directions: In each of the following questions find out the part which has an-error If there is no error, your answer is (e).1. The remedy lies (a)/ in promoting values of humanism (b)/ and democracy so as to combat (c)/ the oncoming brand of fascism. (d)/ No error. (e)2. When the house was (a)/ set on the fire, all the people (b)/ started crying at the top (c)/ of their voices. (d)/ No error. (e)3. A first step. (a)/ in a rational solution (b)/ to any problem is the (c)/ recognition that a problem exists. (d)/ No error. (e)4. He leads (a)/ a very busy life (b)/ so he goes everywhere (c)/ by a car. (d)/ No error. (e)5. Thanks to an insight(a)/and persistence of the local doctor, (b)/ hundreds of victims have been (c)/ able to resume normal life. (d)/ No error. (e)6. In a hour's time (a)/ when I had finished the work, (b)/I got up and (c)/ slipped out unnoticed. (d)/ No error. (e)7. He uses (a)/ the mock-heroic (b)/ style to depict (c)/a violence. (d)/ No error. (e)8. People in Darwin (a)/ had become so accustomed to cyclone warnings (b)/ that few of them paid any attention to the radio warnings (c)/ which began this morning. (d)/ No error (e)9. In science, the credit goes to a man (a)/ who convinces the world, (b)/ not to the man to whom (c)/ the idea first occurs. (d)/ No error. (e)10. It is only after (a)/ the war is over (b)/ that people realise (c)/ how bad it was. (d)/ No error. (e)11. Of the two (a)/ answers, this (b)/ is definitely (c)/ better. (d)/ No error. (e)12. Dont talk to (a)/ him, he always (b)/ remains in temper (c)/ these days. (d)/ No error. (e)13. He boasts of (a)/ having good knowledge (b)/ of mathematics but everybody (c)/ knows how far he is good at mathematics.(d) / No error. (e)14. It was (a)/ by a mistake (b)/ that he caught (c)/ her hand. (d)/ No error. (e)15. These orders of (a)/ the Manager (b)/ may put the lives of (c)/ two thousand workers in a danger. (d)/ No error. (e)16. I inspired him (a)/ to take the heart (b)/ in all adverse situations (c)/ and deserve to be called a real hero. (d)/ No error. (e)17. We should spend (a)/ a good part of the day (b)/in out of door activities and games (c)/ because. staying indoors all the time is bad for health. (d)/ No error. (e)18. He should mix (a)/ his authority with little (b)/ of courtesy and (c)/common sense. (d)/No error. (e)19. It is a pity (a)/ that the son of millionaire (b)/ should indulge (c)/ in stealing. (d)/ No error. (e)20. It is(a)/a important (b)/ question which you have (c)/ to prepare very carefully. (d)/ No error. (e)21. Brahmaputra Is(a)/one of the longest rivers(b)/that originate (c)/ in the Himalayas. (d)/ No error. (e)22. John suggested to (a)/ his brothers that they should (b)/ go to the school regularly (c)/ and do their home work sincerely. (d)/ No error. (e)23. After returning(a)/ from the jail, he has abandoned (b)/ all the criminal activities and is determined (c)/ to lead a simple life. (d)/ No error. (e)24. He was an atheist (a)/ but now-a-days he goes to the church (b)/ and offers prayers (c)/ for hours. (d)/ No error. (e)25. His father (a)/ forbade him to go (b)/ to cinema (c)/ late at night. (d)/ No error. (e)26. The fact that the compact car (a)/is better than (b)/ conventional cars has (c)/ been proved by its sales. (d)/ No error (e)27. The first European (a)/ sailor to come to India (b)/ in modern times (c)/ was Vasco-de-Gama. (d)/ No error. (e)28. The trees in a forest (a)/ must be properly counted and numbered (b)/ and proper entries be made (c)/ in the register. (d)/ No error. (e)29. One should (a)/ be true to one's promises (b)/ in order to earn(c)/ name and fame in the life. (d)/ No error. (e)30. The seed (a)/ of all the modern amenities (b)/lies in (c)/ the science. (d)/ No error. (e)

Exercise 7.3Directions: In each of the following questions, find out which part of the sentence has an error. If there is no mistake, the answer is No error.1. The road(a)/ to famous monument (b)/ passes through a forest (c)/ No error(d)2. Now that she is living in her own flat, (a)/ she cleans the windows, (b)/ twice a week in the summer and once a week in the winter, (c)/ No error(d)3. These display (a)/ remarkable variety.(c)/No error (d)/4. According to the Bible (a)/ it is meek and humble (b)/ who shall inherit the earth, (c)/ No error(d)5. Sunita opened a almirah (a)/ full of books (b)/ and took one of them (c)/ for reading(d)/ No error(e)6. My father is (a)/ in bad mood(b)/ today.(c)/ No error(d)7. On my request (a)/ Lalit introduced me (b)/ to his friend(c)/ who is singer and a scientist. (d)/ No error(e)8. This town isnt very well known (a)/ and there isnt much to see, (b)/ so a few tourists come here. (c)/ No error(d)9. The accelerating pace of life in our metropolitan city (a)/ has had the tremendous effect (b)/ on the culture and life-style of the people. (c)/ No error(d)10. The majority of the (a)/ computer professionals recommends (b)/ that effective measures (c)/ should be taken against software piracy. (d)/ No error(e)11. The famous Dr. Chandra (a)/ is only dentist(b)/ in our village.(c)/No error(d)12. A person I met (a)/ in the theatre (b)/ was the playwright himself. (c)/No error(d)13. The reason we have not been able to pay income tax (a)/ is due to fact (b)/that we did not receive pay on time (c)/ No error(d)14. As he had taken only a few sips (a)/ there was still little water (b)/ left in the glass. (c)/ No error(d)15. To perform this experiment, (a)/ drop little sugar (b)/ into a glass of water. (c)/ No error(d)16. Troy was taken by Greeks: (a)/ this formed the basis of a story (b)/ which has become famous.(c)/ No error(d)17. A nationwide survey (a)/ has brought up an (b)/ interesting finding (c)/ regarding infant mortality rate in India.(d)/ No error(e)18. I go the bed (a)/ at eight (b)/ every night, (c)/ No error (d)19. If a man diligently seeks to come into the contact (a)/ with the best that has been thought and said in this world (b)/ he will become simple and selfish. (c)/ No error(d)20. The recent study has (a)/ indicated that there (b)/ is perceptible change in (c)/ the attitudes of the people. (d)/ No error(e)/21. He was fascinated by insects (a)/ and the more he studied their habits (b)/ greater was his fascination. (c)/No error (d)22. We all (a)/ must respect (b)/ a honest person. (c)/ No error(d)23. With little patience (a)/ you will be able to (b)/ cross this hurdle. (c)/No error (d)24. My friends insisted (a)/ that I should see the movie (b)/ from beginning to the end. (c)/ No error(d)25. By all standards (a)/ he is a best soldier (b)/ our military school (c)/ has produced so far.(d)/ No error(e)26. H e took to (a) reading Times (b)/ for better knowledge (c)/ of the facts. (d)/No error(e).27. The accelerating pace of life in our metropolitan city (a)/ has had the tremendous effect (b)/ on the culture and life style the people (c)/ No error (d).28. Both the civilians (a)/ and Armymen (b)/ joined the First World war. (c)/ No error (d)29. The school is (a) / within hundred yards (b)/ from my house.(c)/ No error(d).30. The majority of the (a)/ computer professionals recommends (b)/ that effective measures (c)/ should be taken against software piracy. (d)/ No error(e).31. He obtained good marks (a)/ not only in English essay (b)/ but also in arithmetic which was (c)/ full of complicated calculations. (d)/ No error (e).32. The famous Dr. Chandra (a)/ is only dentist (b)/ is our village (c)/ No error(d).33. This candidates lacks (a)/ an experience (b)/ otherwise he is well qualified. (c)/ No error (d).34. A person I met (a)/ in the theatre (b)/ was the playwright himself. (c)/ No error(d).35. The war of Mahabharata (a)/ is the full length illustration (b)/ of a righteous war. (c)/ No error. (d)36. The interviewer asked me (a) / if I knew that (b) / Kalidas was the greater (c) / than any other poet. (d)/ No error (e).37. The reason we have not been able to pay income tax (a)/ is due to fact (b)/ that we did not receive pay on time. (c)/ No error(e)38. Even now when I see the spot (a)/ I am reminded of an unique incident (b)/ that took place several years ago. (c)/ No error (d)39. As soon as teacher entered,(a)/ everyone fell (b)/ in a silence (c)/ No error(d)40. As he had taken only a few sips (a)/ there was still little water(b)/ left in the glass (c)/ No error(d)41. As I was a reach (a)/early I left in aeroplane (b)/ instead of (c)/ going by train.(d)/ no error(e)42. To perform the experiment, (a)/ drop little sugar (b)/ in to a glass of water. (c)/ No error(d)/43. It written in Geeta(a)/ that God incarnates (b)/ himself (c)/ in time of trouble . (d) No error(e)44. Troy was taken by Greeks; (a)/ this formed the basis of a story (b)/ which has become famous. (c)/ No error(d)45. These facts make it very clear (a)/ that he had hand in the murder, (b)/ though he still (c)/ pleads innocence. (d)/No error(e)46. A nationwide survey (a)/has brought up an (b)/ interesting finding(c)/ regarding infant mortality rate in India. (d)/ No error(e)47. The blinds (a)/ deserve (b)/ our sympathy. (c)/ No error (d)48. They have (a)/ placed order(c)/ or books (d)/ No error(e)49. Students should not take part(a)/ in party politics and political demonstrations (b)/ as they interfere in serious study. (c)/No error(d)50. The flock of lions (a)/ roamed about (b)/ fearlessly in the jungle. (c)/ No error(d)51. I have done my best; (a)/ the whole thing is now (b)/ in the laps of the God(c)/ No error(d) 52. Satijit Ray, who conceived, co-authored (a)/ and directed a number of good films, was (b)/ one of Indias most talented film maker. (c)/ No error(d)53. A trained gang of sailors (a)/ was employed (b)/ on the ship.(c) / No error(d)54. The sound of (a)/ gun shot (b)/ scattered the flock of bird. (c) / No error(d)55. I saw (a)/ a few children (b)/ playing on sand. (c)/ No error (d)56. Interviews for (a)/ the posts of lecturers (b) will begin from Monday.(c) / No error(d)57. The rate of growing (a)/ may by different for different people (b)/but old age spares none. (c) / No error(d)

Answers (7.1):1(an), 2(an), 3(an), 4(an), 5(a), 6(E), 7(an), 8(an), 9(an), 10(an), 11(a), 12(a), 13(a), 14(a), 15(an), 16(a), 17(a), 18(the), 19(the), 20(E), 21(the), 22(E), 23(the), 24(the), 25(E), 26(the), 27(the), 28(E), 29(the, a), 30(the, the) 31(the), 32(the), 33(a), 34(E), 35(E), 36(the), 37(E), 38(E), 39(E), 40(E)

Answers (7.2):1.(b) 2.(b) 3.(a)4.(d) 5.(a) 6.(a) 7.(d) 8.(e) 9.(a) 10.(b) 11.(d) 12.(c) 13.(b) 14.(b) 15.(d) 16.(b) 17.(e) 18.(b) 19.(b) 20.(b)21.(a) 22.(c) 23.(b) 24.(b) 25.(c) 26.(e) . 27.(e) 28.(e) 29.(d) 30.(d)

Answers (7.3):1(b), 2(c), 3(b), 4(b), 5(a), 6(b), 7(d), 8(c), 9(b), 10(a), 11(b), 12(a), 13(b), 14(b), 15(b), 16(a), 17,(d) 18(a), 19(a), 20(c), 21(c), 22(c), 23(a), 24(c), 25(b), 26(b), 27(b), 28(b), 29(b), 30(d), 31(b), 32(b), 33(b), 34(a), 35(b), 36 (c), 37(b), 38(b), 39(c), 40(b), 41(b), 42(b), 43(a), 44(a), 45(b), 46(d), 47(a), 48(b), 49(b), 50(a), 51(c), 52(c), 53(a), 54(b), 55(b), 56(a), 57(c)

8. PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word used with a noun or pronoun to show its relation to some other word in a sentence.Rules: Preposition of /time1. At is used : (a) With a definite point of time e.g. I usually get up at 5 oclock. She leaves her house every day at 9 a.m. (b) With festival. E.g., He will come at Holi.2. In is used (a) With the parts of the day. (With noon, use at) months, seasons years- e.g. He takes a walk in the afternoon. In summer the weather is warm,(b) With the future tense referring to the period in which action may take place. You must be careful in future. 3. On is used its days and dates: e.g. My birthday is on the first of June. 4. By refers to the latest time at which an action will be over: e.g. The examination will be over by 5 p.m. 5. For is used with perfect continuous tense showing the duration of action: I have been here for three years.6. Since is used with the point of time when action begins and continues: e.g. He has been ill since last Tuesday. Since 1980 , Shalini has lived in Delhi.7. From refers to the starting point of action e.g. This water came from a spring. She came from USA.Prepositions of position 1. At refers to on exact point: e.g. The tourist stayed at the Tourist Hotel. He studied at Oxford. He is waiting at the door.2. In refers to larger areas: e.g. He lives in Bombay.3. Between is used for two persons or two thing: e.g. Share these sweets between him and me. It is a secret between you and me.4. Among is used with more than two persons or things but before the word which starts with a consonant letter: Divide the sweets among the three boys.5. Amongst is also used with more than two persons or things hut before the word which starts with a vowel letter: e.g. Divide the sweets amongst us. 6. Above is used for higher than: ;e.g. The sun rose above the horizon.. We were flying above the clouds. 7. Under is used for vertically below: e.g. It is shady wider the trees. 8. Below is used for lower than: e.g. When the sun sets it goes below the horizon. Your work is below average. 9. Over is use for vertically above: e.g. There is an aircraft coming over. The bathroom is over the kitchen. 10. Beneath means a lower position; e.g., the ground was slippery beneath her. Prepositions of Direction 1. To is use to express motion from one place to another: e.g. we walked to the river and back. 2. Towards refers to direction e.g. He saw me running towards him. She glanced towards the mirror. 3. Into denotes motion to words the inside of something: e.g. She fell into a ditch. 4. At refers to aim e.g. He aimed at the bird. 5. For denoted direction: e.g. I will leave for Pune today. The Minister left for the U.K.6. Against shows pressure: e.g. She cleaned the edge of her knife. Against the plate. He leaned against a tree. 7. Off refers to separation: He was wiping sweat of this face Kim fell off his chair in a swoon. 8. From refers to the point of departure: e.g. The man parted from his friends. We scrambled from our trucks and ran after them. Other Uses of Preposition 1. About shows nearness. e.g I was about to 10 to bed when there was a knock at the door. His father is about to retire. 2. Along stands for in the same line: e.g. She led them along the corridor. The current passes along the wire here. 3. After refers to sequence: e.g. She came after me. Soon after, Faraday began his researches into electricity. 4. Across means from one side: e.g. He blew a cloud of smoke across the table. She ran across the field. 5. Before stands for in front of. E.g. A thief was brought before the judge. The garage is before the road. 6. Beyond means at the back of : e.g. She sat down behind the hedge. The sun went behind a cloud. 7. Beyond means on the farther side of: e.g. This is beyond his power. Love is beyond all human control.8. E.g. Beside means by the side of: I sat down beside my wife. 9. Besides means in addition to : e.g. He is guilty of five killings and more besides. Besides being a teacher, he is a skilled craftsman. Words followed by prepositionsAbound withabstain fromAccording toaccordance withAccuse ofaccustomed toAcquaint with acquit ofAdverse toaffiliate to /with Afflict withafraid ofAgree to/onaim at/ toAllegation aboutAllude to alternative to angry with Apply to (body)appreciation of Apprise of approximate toArraign against attest in Arrive at /inashamed of Aspire to/ after/atassociate withAssure of attribute to Averse from/to Belief in bereft of Beset withbeware of Blink at boast ofBreak offbungle over Busy with call on (somebody) canvass forCareful of cause ofCentre on charge withClamour for clamp onCoerce intocollide withComment on compatible withComplain of composed ofCompliment on composed of Concur in condole withConducive to confer on Confirmation ofconform toCongratulate on conscious ofContiguity with converge onConvict ofco-opt toCope withcorrespond withConverge on convict ofCo-opt tocope withCorrespond with cost ofCredit withcriticism ofCure ofDebar fromdecide on Deliberate on delight inDenude of depart toDeparture fordepend on /uponDeprive ofespair ofDetrimental todevoid of Difficulty in diffident of Disabuse ofdisagree withDisgusted with disgusted with dispose ofDissociate from divest ofDivide intodressed inEffort in (-ing) election toEmbroil in emphasis onEmploy inenamoured ofEncroach onendow withEnlarge onengage in Essential toexpostulate withExtend to fed up with Focus on forbid toFraught with fritter in Full of give toGrapple withgood atgratitude forguilty of hanker after identical with impose onincur onindict forindifferent toindulge inInfatuate with infest with infect withinfest with infect withinsensible toinformation on insensible to insist oninterest inintimate tointoxicate withintrigue withintrude oninvest with (power)/in bankinvestigation of involve injealous of jeer at jump at just toknock at lash atlay siege to leave forlive on (income)long forlure intomarried tomeddle withoblivious of operate onopinion on overcome withpay a call onpersevere inpersist in plan for lead forpleased withprefer to preference forpresent withprevent from]priority to probe intoprohibit from proud ofprovide withrecoil fromreconcile toremand to remonstrate withrepent ofreplete withrepent ofresearch onreply toresponsibility of (-ing)sail for satiate withsatisfied withsentence tosick ofside with sparing ofsquare withstickler forstricture onsubsist onsubversive ofsucceed in sue forsuperior to supply withsucceed insurprised atsuperior to suspect of sure of sympathy forsusceptible to suspect ofsympathise with sympathy fortamper with testify to thank forthrow attinker attire of trace totrample on translate intotry to (do)unequal to (the task)vie withvote for (a candidatea0wait for (or await) ways ofwide of wish forspark offill ofusher in brought out dispense withcharge with accuse ofsince with point of timefor with period of time

Exercise 8.1Directions Fill up the blanks with the most suitable alternative.1. I saw him felling a big tree ...... an axe.(a) with(b) from(c) to (d) of(e) through2. The mother was anxious ... the safety of her son.(a) at(b) about(c) for (d) upon(e) on3. The four brothers are always quarrelling ... themselves.(a) between(b) among(c) for(d) within(e) beside4. Within a moment, he burst ...... tears.(a) in(b) out in(c) off into (d) into (e) at5. A steady mind triumphs ...... difficulties.(a) in(b) over(c) at (d) with(e)to6. 1 was annoyed...... his brother.(a) for(b) to(c) at(d) with(e) of7. You will be cured .... this disease at the earliest.(a) for(b) of(c) off(d) from(e) by8. I am disgusted...... their habits.(a) at(b) of(c) from(d) on(e) with9. The Government agreed to pay compensation ......damaged crops, land and cattle.(a) of(b)for(c)to(d) through (e)at10. That rule is applicable ...... everyone.(a) with(b)to(c)for(d) on(e) of11. The college isaffiliated ...... Kanpur University inUttar Pradesh.(a) by(b) with(c) to(d)in(e)for12. He is so proud of his wealth that he looks down ...... the poor.(a) for (b) at(c) with (d) upon (e) in13. The Government aims ...... rehabilitating the affected victims in the calamity. (a) to(b)for(c) at (d) over(e) on14. The city was plunged ...... darkness due to a sudden power failure.(a) at(b) to (c) under (d) into(e) beneath15. The students did not pay attention ...... what the teachers said.(a) to(b) over(c) on (d) at(e) for16. Savita decided to set ...... some time everyday for prayers.(a) up(b) aside(c) in(d) on(e) for17. Both the brothers are equally handsome but the elder ...... the two is 'more intelligent.(a) among(b) of(c) between (d)in (e) from18. He is willing to make a concession .. .. the demands of his employees.(a) to(b) with(c) from (d) on(e) upon19. Cold climate is conducive ...... working conditions for man.(a) for (b) to(c) on (d) at(e) in20. He was vexed ...... the belated reply from his son. (a) at (b) on(c) with (d) by(e) ofExercise 8.2Directions Find out the part which has an error in the following sentences. If there is no error, the answer is (e).1. The recent symposium on censorship indicated (a)/ that to refrain with saying or writing (b) /something, others might object to (c)/ is a form of self-censorship. (d4) /No error. (e)2. Ramu closely resembles (a)/ to his father not only (b)/in physical features /(c)but also in habits . (d)/ No error. (e)3. A quarrel arose between the five members (a)/and for a time it appeared (b)/ as if the party had (c)/ been heading for a split. (d)/ No error. (e)4. Lata parted with her mother (a)/in tears(b)/but the journey (c)/to Delhi amused her. (d)/No error. (e)5. Found guilty (a)/on murder (b)/ the accused was (c)/ sentenced to death. (d)/ No error. (e)6. The smuggler yielded (a)/ for the temptation (b)/and fell (c)/into the police trap. (d)/ No error. (e)7.1 warned him (a)/ for the danger (b)/he was going (c)/ to face during the hiking. (d)/ No error. (e)8. In spite of the fact (a)/ that the meeting was about to end (b)/ she insisted to (c)/asking several questions. (d)/ No error. (e)9. The doctor advised him (a)/ to give off smoking (b)/ but he did not (c)/pay any heed. (d)/ No error. (e)10. Their father has left (a)/behind a huge sum to be (b)/ distributed among (c)/the two brothers. (d)/ No error. (e)11. No effort has been made (a)/ at all to cash on (b)/the refurnished image (c)/of Indian tennis. (d)/ No error. (e)12. The elegantly designed collection (a)/for ladies has an emphasis (b)/ with style, (c)/variety and colour. (d)/ No error. (e)13. As soon as he reached the venue, (a)/ he enquired from the supervisor (b)/ about the closing time (c)/of the examination. (d)/ No error. (e)14. The police accused him for setting fire (a)/ to the building but (b)/he denied having been (c)/ in the area on the night of the fire. (d)/ No error. (e)15. Now-a-days several plastic (a)/ products are superior than (b)/ similar products made (c)/from rubber. (d)/ No error. (e)16. The plan was to go for the cinema (a)/ and then have dinner but Raghu's (b)/ late arrival (c)/upset the whole thing.(d)/ No error. (e)17. The captain' and his wife (a)/ were invited for the (b)/ cultural function (c)/at my home. (d)/ No error. (e)18. He tried (a)/ to open the can (b)/ by a (c)/can opener. (d)/ No error. (e)19. Let no one (a)/ remain with doubt that (b)/ India is getting (c)/stronger and stronger. (d)/ No error. (e)20. When the students reached late (a)/ the teacher objected their (b) /entering the class (c)/ without his permission. (d)/ No error. (e)21. Sheela advised to her (a)/ child not to play b)/ with the ball (c)/on the road. (d)/ No error. (e)22. It was, in fact (a)/ her father who (b)/prevented her (c)/at joining the police academy. (d)/ No error. (e)23. Whom do you plan (a)/to invite to (b)/your party (c)/ besides Mr. Rao and I? (d)/ No error. (e)24. Despite of a good (a)/monsoon this year (b)/ the production of food grains (c)/ in the country did not go up. (d)/ No error. (e)25. Bashu was trying to pass through (a)/the gap on the fence (b)/when he (c)/tore his shirt. (d)/ No error. (e)26. The great actor was angry (a)/ with-the treatment (b)/ during the party (c)/in Ashoka Hall. (d)/ No error. (e)27.1 have searched all (a)/ relevant books into the library (b)/ before writing (c)/this note. (d)/ No error. (e)28.1 have an appointment (a)/ on the 9th (b)/of September (c)/ on five o'clock. (d)/ No error. (e)29. If you do not submit(a)/the report in the next two days (b)/ all of us (c)/will be punished. (d)/ No error. (e)30. Hardly had we settled down (a)/ for the night's rest when we were (b)/ startled by the loud noise being made (c)/outside the house. (d)! No error. (e)Exercise 8.3Directions : In each of the following question, find out which part of the sentence has an error. The error may be idiomatic or grammatical. If the sentence is correct, the answer is `No error'.1. The father brought the sweets (a) / and distributed them (b) /between his five children. (c) / No error (d)2. Raman developed the (a) / habit for sleeping late (b) / when he was (c)/slaying in the hostel. (d) /No error (e)3. It is the duty of every right thinking citizen (a) / to try to make the hole world (b) / a happier place to live. (c) /no error (d)4. The top-ranking candidates (a) / will be appointed in (b)/senior jobs in good companies. (c)/ No error (d)5. My niece has been (a) / married with (b)/ the richest man of the town.(c)/No error(d)6. The venue of examination (a) / is one mile farther up(b)/the hill. (c)/No error (d)7. A man who always (a) / connive on the fruits (b) / of his children (c) / is their worst enemy. (d) / No error (e)8. The doctor referred (a)/ be patient for the O.P.D. (b) / without examining him. (c) / No error (d)9. I do not understanding (a)/why he is (b)/ so angry at me. (c) / No error (d)10. 1 am hearing (a) / a lat about problem of AIDS these days. (c) /No error (d)11. Because of his It innocence (a)/ he can not (b) / distinguish a cheat (c) / for an honest person. (d) / No error (e)12. After opening the door (a) /we entered into the room (b) / next to the kitchen. (c) / No error (d)13. As the meeting was about to end (a) / he insisted to ask (b) / several questions. (c) / No error (d)14. The watchman was kind enough (a)/ to inform us about the conspiracy (b) / but declined to name (c) / the personbe hind it. (d)/ No error (e)15. The captain and his wife (a) / were invited (b) / for the cultural function (c) / at my home. (d) / No error (e)16. The engineer came out (a) / to a novel solution (b) / which may even reduce (c) / daily energy consumption. (d)/ No error.17. On a holiday (a) / Madhu prefers reading (b) / than going out visiting friends. (c) / No error (d)18. People who are averse with (a) / hard work (b)/ generally do not (c) / succeed in life. (d) / No error (e)19. Vishal is (a)/ one year junior (b) / than madam (c) / in our office. (d) / No error (e)20. They walked (a) / besides each other (b) / in silence. (c) / No error (d)/ 21. Our Mathematics teacher (a) / often emphasizes on (b) / the need for a lot of practice. (c) / No error(d)22. He is the habit (a) / of going out (b)/ on a morning walk (c)/ regularly. (d) / No error (e)23. The management did not (a) / select him as he was (b) / not eligible to the post. (c) / No error (d)24. Bothe the form and substance (a) / of what he says (b) / about his life and work (c) / testify for a great reserve of inner Energy (d)/ No error (e)25. I am vexed (a) / at him about what (b) / he has done. (c)/ No error (d)26. Beside chocolates, (a) /they also bought (b) / many toys for the child. (c) /No error (d)27. Young children should not sit close (a) / to the TV set (b) /as it affects on their eyes (c)/ No error (d)28. The child freed himself (a) / from his father's hold (b) / and ran on the road. (c) No error(d)29. Without a moment's hesitation (a) / the principal agreed to write (b) / a foreword to my book (c)/No error(d)30. When the teachers are on strike (a) / and a notice to this effect is pasted on the collage gate (b)/ there is no sense to go(c) / No error (d)31. To gain reputation among your clients, (a) / you ought to finish (b) / every assignment you undertake (c) / within the iced deadline. (d) /No error (e)32. Children often (a) / quarrel on (b) / petty issue (c) / No error (e)33. Rahul was in need (a) / of money and (b) / sold out his gold medal for hundred Rupees (c)/to one of his friends. (d)/ No error(e)/34. Our Mathematics teacher (a)/ often emphasizes on (b) / the need for a lot of practice (c) / No error (d)/.35. Many a time (a) / the minister had hinted on (b) / the destruction caused by floods. (c) / No error (e)36. Having come to Calcutta (a) / he had found the people (b) / were warm and friendly (c) / and there was nothing pessimistic in them (d) / No error (e)37. Our Laxity in duty (a) / increases with our aversion for work. (c)/ No error (d)/ 38. The teacher (a) /was pleased (b) / at Sanjay.(c)No error(d)/39. None saw him (a) / worthy for the reward (b)/he received. (c)/ No error (d)/40. My uncle frequently goes to abroad(a)/on business (b) / by air. (c) / No error (d)41. Yesterday, Sohan came across with (a)/one of his (b) / old friends. (c) / No error ( d)/

Exercise 8.4Fill in the blanks (Prepositions)1. There is already opposition:..........the governments industrial policy.(a) for (b) from (c) To (d) Towards2. In an election, those in power should feel obliged to compete........their opponents on equal terms.(a) With(b) Towards(c) Against(d) On3. The work on this project has been seriously set.....(a) On(b) Off (c) Of(d) About4. This house is too expensive to keep....(a) Off(b) Up(c) To(d) At5. Coal has become dearer...... the end of the last year.(a) From(b) For(c) Since(d) To6. A girl with blue eyes has just goners .the door.(a) Off (b) In (c) Beside(d) through7. His genius borders..... lunacy.(a) To (b) to (c) On (d) about8. Ravi is married .cousin of mine.(a) with (b) to (c) along with (d) Off9. When I parted my mother, there were tears(a) From (b) With (c) Off(d) Of10. Conversation was carried on........whispers.(a) On (b) By (c) Away(d) in11. The minister has promised to look----the matter(a) At (b) Into (c) For (d) About12. Open your book..... page ten and start reading.(a) At (b) On (c) Upon(d) Over13. Employees who have twenty-five years' service be-come entitled........a pension.(a) Of (b) On (c) To(d) Towards14. Poor old Mr. Singh, he has suffered.........rheumatism for twenty years.(a) With (b) Of (c) From (d) No preposition is needed.15. The frustrated lover jumped....... the river. (a) In (b) Within (c) At(d) Into16. You are devised to learn this lesson word.. ..word.(a) For(b) By(c) To(d) In17. Let us discuss...... The Female Education' in India.(a) On (b) About (c) Of (d) No preposition is needed.18. 1 can write a book........ grammar. (a) On(b) Of (c) about (d) In 19. It is hardly ten years.......the reform was introduced.(a) On (b) Over (c) Since (d) preposition is needed.20. Each boy an each girl was .presented.(a)The(b) With (c) To (d)No preposition is needed21. An epidemic of influenza broke out last winter, and did not die for many months.(a) Of (b) Down (c) Out (d) No preposition is needed22. Cigarette smoking is injurious......health.(a) To(b) For (c) On (d) At23. Does the old lady object....... my smoking cigarettes?(a) On(b) To(c) Of(d) For24. Five hundred rupees are allotted for the purchase of books...... physics.(a) Of (b) About(c) In(d) On25. I went on holiday........ a friend.(a) By (b) For (c) With (d) No preposition needed26. Mohan may be slow......... his work, but he is very quick in uptake.(a) At (b) In (c) About(d) To27. Socrates was the greatest of the ancient Greek philosophers and was a seeker....... truth.(a) Of (b) After (c) For (d) On28. 58. The world is disgusted........frequent display of violent behaviour.(a) Of (b) From (c) To(d) No preposition is needed29. I would willingly part......my goat.(a) From (b) With (c) Of (d) No preposition is needed30. The young boy was enchanted........the beauty of the girl.(a) With (b) By (c) Of (d) In31. As I approached him, he turned and walked away. (a) To (b) Beside (c) By (d)No preposition is needed32. ........uranium, we can use another metal, thorium, to produce nuclear power.(a) Besides(b) Beside (c) Against(d) Of33. The prisoner was bound.........a chain.(a) With (b) By (c)From(d) On34. He was honorably acquitted.......the charge.(a) From(b) Of (c) Off(d) For35. Monkeys live........ trees. .(a) On(b) Upon (c) In(d) Into36. This train is running........time.(a) On(b) In(c) At(d) To37. Students should be ordered to write only......... ink.(a) With(b) of (c) In (d) From38. This go down is infested....... (a) Of (b) About (c) With (d) In39. He abandoned his comrade..the wolves.(a) To(b)With (c) For (d) Towards40. Bangs alternated.crashes.(a) In (b) With (c) From (d) No preposition is needed

Answers (8.1):1.(a) 2.(c) 3.(b) 4.(d) 5. (b) 6.(d) 7.(b) 8.(e) 9.(b) 10.(b) 11.(c) 12. (d) 13.(c) 14.(e) 15.(a) 16.(b) 17.(b) 18.(a) 19.(b)20. (1)Answers (8.2): 1.(b) 2.(b) 3.(a)4.(a) 5.(b) 6.(b) 7.(b) 8.(c) 9.(b) 10.(c) 11.(b) 12.(c) 13.(b) 14.(a) 15.(b) 16.(a) 17.(b) 18.(c) 19.(b)20.(b) 21.(a) 22.(d) 23.(d) 24.(a) 25.(b) 26.(b) 27.(b) 28.(d) 29.(b) 30.(c)Answers (8.3): 1(c), 2(b), 3(c), 4(c), 5(b), 6(b), 7(b), 8(b), 9(c), 10(b), 11(d), 12(b), 13(b), 14(e), 15(c), 16(b), 17,(c) 18(a), 19(c), 20(b), 21(b), 22(c), 23(c), 24(d), 25(b), 26(a), 27(c), 28(c), 29(c), 30(c), 31(d), 32(b), 33(c), 34(d), 35(b), 36 (d), 37(c), 38(c), 39(b), 40(a), 41(a),Answers (8.4):1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d)7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12.(a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d)16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (a)19. (c), 20 (b), 21. (b), 22. (a), 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (b)30. (b) 31. (d) 32.(a) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (b) 9. CONJUNCTIONSErrors in use of conjunctions:1. Scarcely or hardly is followed by when. E.g. Scarcely had I entered the room when I heard a shriek. Hardly had I slept when the telephone rang. 2. Though is followed by yet. E.g. Though he worked hard yet he failed. 3. No sooner is followed by than. E.g. No sooner did we reach there than it began to rain.4. Not only is followed by but also . e.g. Not only did he help her, but also dropped her home safely.5. Lest is negative and so should not be followed by not it is followed by should. E.g. Work hard lest you should fail. If would or may is used in place of should, then else should be used in place of least. E.g. Give him water, else he may die. Leave on time, else you would miss the train. 6. Both is complemented by and, not by as well as. E.g. both Amit and Satish are good at science. 7. So as used in negative sentences, where as as is used in affirmative sentences. E.g. He is not so tall as his brother. He is as tall as his brother.8. Other is followed by than. E.g. He has no other claim than his wealth. 9. The word reason is not followed by because, but by than. E.g. The reason why he didnt go was that his mother was ill.10. Because denoted reason. In order that denoted purpose e.g. He went to the doctor because he was ill. He went to Delhi in order that he might see Mr. Roy. 11. Words such as regard, describe, define, treat, mention, depict, portray are followed by as. E.g. I regard her as my sister. He was treated. As a slave. 12. As and since are also used to express reason. E.g. As he as not there, I spoke to his brother. Since he did not come to the party, his gift was sent to him. 13. Neither is followed by nor and both are followed by same auxiliary verb. E.g. Neither Ravi nor Raju was seen. Neither did I read nor did I write. 14. Either is followed by or. e.g. Either you are or he is to blame. 15. Unless, until, it not, so that should not be followed by not. E.g. Wait here until I come. Do not go unless I return. 16. If is used in conditional sense. Whether is used in uncertainty. E.g. If he does not return the books, he will not be awarded the certificate. I dont know whether he was present. 17. To express time before use until or till and to express how long use as long as. E.g He continued to be lazy, until he was ten years old, Work as long as you live. 18. Such is followed by as. E.g. We talked about such subjects as the weather. Such is followed by that if we emphasize degree of something by mentioning the result. E.g. The extent of the disaster was such that not a single man could survive.19. Like is followed by pronoun: as is followed by a clause. E.g. He runs like me. He runs as I do.

Exercise 9.1Direction: join the following pairs of sentences using the connectors given in brackets:1. My father is ill. My wife is ill. (bothand)2. Walk carefully. You may fall (since/besides/lest/nevertheless/before/after/otherwise)3. Its raining. We wont play the match today. (since/besides/lest/nevertheless/before/after/otherwise)4. He is a rich man. He is an M.P (since/besides/lest/nevertheless/before/after/otherwise)5. The thief saw the policeman. He ran away at once. (no sooner.than)6. A student will fail.he does not work hard. (because/if/until/though/unless)7. He was late.it was raining heavily. (while/after/so/that/when/because)8. .you have any doubt, please ask me. (in case/because/unless/until/though)9. We must leave now.it is getting dark.(as long as/as soon as/ when/since)10. She has changed a lot.I saw her last(when/before/while/as/since)11. She tried her best; . She couldnt succeed. (besides/in case/however/instead/as long as)12. We want others to respect our feelings., we should respect the feelings of others. (nevertheless/similarly/on the other hand)13. We lost the key. We hadto break the lock open.(still./for/therefore)14. His parents was transferred to Agra .he was five years old. (when/since/while)15. A mechanic was sent for .our car broke down. (since/as soon as/ because)16. The rent being very high he will not take that house; .it is very far away from his office. (because/moreover/still)17. The police asked the suspect question after question,. He did not open his mouth.(yet/still/moreover)18. I have been to the hanging garden four times, . I wont mind going there again(but/nevertheless/however)19. .much I tries, I could not help him. (though/however/as)20. My uncle left for Mexico. I was six years old. (when/since/while.)

Exercise 9.2Directions: In each of the following questions, find out the part which has an error. If there is no error, your answer is (e)1. Because he is intelligent, (a)/ therefore he gets good (b)/ marks in all the (c)/ examinations he takes. (d)/ No error. (e)2. Both the rich along with (a)/ the poor are responsible for a (b)/ great many vices with which our society (c)/ as well as country is inflicted. (d)/ No error. (e)3. He suggested to me (a)/ that I should (b)/ do all the work as (c)/ quickly like him. (d)/ No error (e)4. He was so clever (a)/that every body's attempt(b)/to misguide him (c)/ proved to be futile. (d)/ No error. (e)5. No sooner did (a)/he find out any solution (b)/to the problem when (c)/ another problem appeared. (d)/ No error. (e)6. Not only has he built (a)/ a hospital for the poor (b)/ but he has also built an (c)/ orphanage for orphans. (d)/ No error. (e)7. Scarcely had he bought (a)/ the ticket when the guard (b)/ showed the flag and (c)/the train started. (d)/ No error. (e)8. I don't know (a)/ if any of the members (b)/ of the party is conspiring (c)/ against the President or not. (d)/ No error. (e)9. Many of the founding fathers (a)/of our Constitution are (b)/ so reverend as Ambedkar (c)/ if not more. (d)/ No error. (e)10. This is not such (a)/. major problem (b)/ which cannot be solved (c)/ with a little effort. (d)/ No error. (e)11. He was not (a)/ so well versed in (b)/ English that we (c)/ had expected. (d)/ No error. (e)12. Mrs Varun (a)/ not only stopped coming (b)/ here but also going to any place (c)/ which is related to her past tragedy. (d)/ No error. (e)13. Nobody else but (a)/ you might be declared (b)/ responsible for the (c)/ loss of those articles. (d)/ No error (e)14. The teacher said (a)/ to the students "Go through the (b)/notes as many times as possible (c)/lest you would fail." (d)/ No error (e)15. You must either (a)/ inform the police (b)/ else be prepared (c)/ to suffer any loss. (d)/ No error. (e)16. A soon as the peon (a)/ rings the first bell, then all (b)/ the students assemble (c)/ on the ground for prayer. (d)/ No error. (e)17. He not only comes (a)/ here for shopping but also for (b)/ having a glimpse of (c)/ the extremely beautiful sales girl.(d)/ No error. (e)18. Hardly had he (a)/come out of the bus (b)/ then the bomb exploded (c)/ and shattered the bus into pieces. (d)/ No error. (e)19. Scarcely had 1(a)/walked out of my house (b)/when I saw my (c)/ friend coming towards me. (d)/ No error. (e)20. Mrs Sen told me that though (a)/ her son had worked hard but (b)/ he failed to make (c)/ any mark in the last examination.(d)/ No error. (e)21. Seldom or (a)/ ever have I turned (b)/ a beggar away without (c)/ giving him some alms. (d)/ No error. (e)22. The officer was doubtful(a)/if some of the clerks(b)/of his office were (c)/ involved in bribery.(d)/No error. (e)23. Neither the doctor (a)/ nor his assistants (b)/ were asleep when (c)/ the phone rang up. (d)/ No error. (e)24. Because he has (a)/ been ill for a month (b)/ so he does not (c)/ come to the office. (d)/ No error. (e)25. Dr Sinha was not only (a)/sympathetic to the rich (b)/ patients but also (c)/ to the poor ones. (d)/ No error. (e)26. He has lots (a)/ of money and (b)/ he dare not start (c)/ a factory. (d)/ No error. (5)27. This is perhaps (a)/the same dog which(b)/ bit her while she was returning (c)/ from market. (d)/ No error. (e)28. He asked me(a)/that why I was(b)/not preparing for the (c)/Civil Service Examinations.(d)/No error.(e)29. Both Hari(a)/as well as his wife (b)/are determined to bring (c)/about some changes in the plan(d)/No error.(e)30. As he is (a)/a perfectionist, (b)/ so he always insists (c)/ on regular practice. (d)/ No error.(e)

Exercise 9.3Directions: In each of the following questions, find out which part of the sentence has an error. The error may be grammatical or idiomatic. If there is no mistake, the answer is No error1. The reason for (a)/ his failure is because (b)/ he did not work hard(c)/ No error(d)2. Bharat asked him (a)/ that which was the way (b)/ to the post office. (c)/No error(d)3. Unless you do not listen to his advice (a)/ I am not going (b)/ to help you.(c)/No error (d)4. How do you say (a)/ that neither he or (b)/ Ravi has qualified (c)/in the examination? (d)/ No error(e)5. Even though the shirt is rather expensive (a)./ but I wish to (b)/ purchase it with my own money (c)/No error (d)6. Unless Ashish does not (a)/ return all the library bokks, (b)/ purchase it with my own money (c)/ No error(d)7. Mohan could not (a)/ go to the picnic (b)/ for his mother (c)/ was not well. (d)/ no error(e)8. Ranjeet is as (a)/ fast as or (b)/ perhaps faster (c)/ than Rohit. (d)/ No error (e)9. Though she was sick (a)/ but (b)/ She went to work. (c)/ no error(d)10. Hardly had I (a)/ reached the station where (b)/I learnt about (c)/ the powerful bomb explosion.(d)/ No error(e)11. No sooner did (a)/ the chairman begin speaking, some (b)/ participants started (c)/ shouting slogans. (d)/ No error(e)12. As he is rich, (a)/ so he spends (b)/ lavishly. (c)/ no error(d)13. I am but (a)/ a humble seeker after truth (b)/ and bent upon finding it.(c)/ No error(d)14. Hardly he had arrived (a)/ When the house caught fire (b)/ and everything was reduced to ashes. (c)/ No error (d)15. Neither the famine (a)/ or the subsequent fire (b)/ was able to destroy the spirit of the people. (c)/No error (d)16. Neither did he (a)/ accept the punishment (b)/ or apologized (c)/ for his mistake (d)/ No error (e)17. No sooner did the jeep arrive (a)/ at the station(b)/ than a young police officer (c)/ jumped out of it(d)/ No error (e)18. If you hate me, (a)/ then you should (b)/ leave my house.(c) No error (d)19. No sooner did I open the door (a)/ when the rain, heavy and stormy, rushed in (b)/ making us shiver from head to foot.(c)/No error(d)20. The downfall of this kind (a)/ is to be attributed to (b)/ nothing else than pride.(c)/ No error(d)21. The old woman has had the best medical facilities available (a)/ but she will not be cured (b)/ unless she does not have a strong desire to live.(c) No error(d)22. The manager of the bank was busy: (a)/ so he asked them to come and (b)/see him between two or three in the afternoon.(c) No error(d)23. No sooner did the sun rise (a)/ when we took a hasty breakfast (b)/ and resumed the journey.(c)/No error(d)24. The reason for (a)/ his failure is because (b)/he did ot work hard.(c)/No error(d)25. How do you say (a)/ that neighter he or (b)/ Ravi has qualified (c)/ in the examination?(d)/ No error(e)26. Even though the shirt is rather expensive (a)/but I wish to(b)/ purchase it with my own money. (c)/ No error. (d)27. Mohan could not(a)/ go to the picnic(b)/ for his mother (c)/was not well. (d)/ No error.(e)28. Though she was sick(a)/ but(b)/ she went to work. (c)/ No error. (d)29. Hardly had I(a)/ reached the station where(b)/ I learnt about(c)/ the powerful bomb explosion. (d)/ No error.(e)30. No sooner did(a)/ the Chairman begin speaking, some(b)/ participants started(c)/ shouting slogans. (d)/ No error. (e)31. As he is rich, (a)/ so he spends (b)/ lavishly. (c)/no error. (d)/32. Hardly he had arrived (a)/when the house caught fire(b)/ and everything was reduced to ashes. (c)/ No error. (d)33. Neither the famine(a)/ or the subsequent fire(b)/ was able to destroy the spirit of the people. (c)/ No error.(d)34. No sooner did the jeep arrive(a)/ at the station (b)/than a young police officer(c)/ jumped out of it. (d)/ No error. (e)35. The managing director well as the Board members(a)/ was in favor of taking strict action(b)/ against the striking workers. (c)/ No error. (d)36. Sooner than he had arrived(a)/ his friends arranged a reception(b)/ in his honour in(c)/ the best hotel in town. (d)/ No error. (e)37. As much as I admire him for his sterling qualities, (a)/ I cannot excuse him (b)/for being unfair to his friends. (c)/ No error. (d)38. He gave them no money(a)/ nor he did help them(b)/ in any way. (c)/No error. (d)39. He took out the spare tyre(a)/ and was very disappointed(b)/ when he was discovered(c)/ that this tyre was also punctured. (d)/No error.(e)40. Since it was his first election campaign, the candidate was confused; (a)/ none could clearly understand (b)/either the principles he stood for or the benefit he promised. (c)/ No error. (d)

Solutions (9.1):1. Both my father and my wife are ill.2. Walk carefully lest you should fall3. Since its raining, we wont play the match today.4. He is a rich man, besides, he is an MP5. No sooner did the policeman see the thief than he ran away.6. If7. Because8. In case9. Since10. Since11. However12. Similarly13. Therefore14. When15. Because16. Moreover17. Still18. But19. However20. when

Answers (9.2):1.(b)2.(a)3.(d)4.(e)5.(c) 6.(e)7.(e)8.(b)9.(c)10.(c)11.(c)12.(b)13.(e)14 (d)15. (c)16 (b)17.(a)18.(c)19.(e)20.(b)21.(b)22.(e)23.(e)24.(c)25.(a)26.(b)27.(b)28.(b)29.(b)30.(c)

Answers (9.3): 1(b), 2(b), 3(a), 4(b), 5(b), 6(a), 7(c), 8(a), 9(b), 10(b), 11 (b), 12(b), 13(a), 14(a), 15(b), 16(c), 17(e), 18(b), 19(b),20(c), 21(c), 22(c), 23(b), 24(b), 25(b), 26(b), 27(e), 28(b), 29(b), 30(b), 31(b), 32(d), 33(b), 34(e), 35(a),36(a), 37(a), 38(b), 39(b), 40(d)

SUCCESS PLUS, SCO 162, FF, Sector 38 C & D, Chd. Ph: 0172-3027679, 9888438402.Page 13