PAN-AFRICIANISM and National Identity in Africa

Pan-Africanism Common goals = the unity of Africanselimination of

colonialism and white supremacy from the continent.

However, the meaning of leadership, kinds of government, and regional interests differed

Educated in the United States.

Leads the Pan-African Congress. Linked educated

groups of Africans together. (activists, writers, artists) to fight for Independence in Africa.

Kwame Nkrumah and Ghana

Independence 1958Nkrumah was made president by the

British.He then declared The Gold Coast

colony independent in 1958.Renames it GHANA (refers back to ancient

African Kingdom).1960 declares Ghana a Republic.

Nkrumah’s choices:“African Socialism”

Combination of modern growth and traditional values.

Seven Year Plan.Government controls

all economic markets monopolies on crops.

rural based economies to industrialization.

1964 declares himself President for Life -> dictatorship!

While Nkrumah visits North Korea his military stages a coup in 1966 forces Nkrumah into

exile.Dies in exile but buried

in Ghana.Constitution written in

1993. Democracy today.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIr09k_LMoE

CongoPatrice Lumumba =Born into a

small and non- important tribe.WAS NOT educated in the West.Leads the Congolese National

Movement Party.Takes part in All-African

People's Conference in Accra, Ghana. Buddies with Nkrumah.

June 23, 1960 Independence from the Belgians.

Within a week of gaining independence from Belgium in 1960, the country became divided and Lumumba is killed.

Democratic Republic of the Congo• For four years the country was torn apart by civil

war, until Mobutu Sese Seko established himself as dictator, changed the country’s name to Zaire, and regained control.

• By the early 1990s, Zaire owed foreign banks nearly 9 billion dollars, while Mobutu’s personal wealth was estimated to be billions of dollars.

• Mobutu allowed elections in 1990, but refused to give up power.

• People were reduced to bartering for needed goods.• In 1997, Mobutu was overthrown, and civil war broke

out as several opposition groups led uprisings against the government.

• Laurent Kabila become president and changed the name to the DRC. He was assassinated in 2001.

• 2005: Constitution is written. • President Joseph Kabila.

• In the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, civil war has taken more than five million lives, children as young as six are routinely recruited by militias and taught to kill. It is estimated that children, most between 8 and 16 years old, make up 60% of combatants in the region.

• Women and children are raped on a daily basis.

• This way of life is not only seen in the DRC but in many countries such as Uganda and the Central Republic of Africa.

KENYA In the early 1890s= Britain took over land in

Kenya’s highlands. Economic development- Britain spent millions to

build a railroad from the Kenyan coast to Lake Victoria, but the project cost thousands of lives.

After the railroad was completed in 1903, the British government encouraged its own citizens and other Europeans to settle in Kenya.

The white settlers took over much of the land the Kikuyu had traditionally considered their own, and many Kikuyu were forced to work on farms run by settlers.

In the 1950s, the Kikuyu briefly went to war against the British settlers in the Mau Mau Rebellion, but the British crushed all resistance.

After Kenya gained independence in 1963, the Kikuyu leader Jomo Kenyatta became president, and the Kikuyu regained some of their farms in the central highlands.

Government After IndependenceIn Kenya and in other countries that gained

independence from European countries, there seems to be the same old story…

Gain independence, a native gains power, is corrupt in power and in many cases is overthrown and the cycle begins again.

Nelson Mandela and South Africa

Union of South Africa 1910Union of South Africa

1910.Self-governing part of

the British Empire.Made up of 4 British

Colonies.Constitution= power

to the Whites.

African National Congress 1912.Get rid of practices

based on race.Blacks want

representation in South African Parliament

1960s, the ANC and Pan-African Congress (PAC) were banned.

vs.

Apartheid: “separateness”

In the 1940’s, the National Party came to power and ordered complete separation of the races.

Independence =1961 Republic of South Africa.Continue to use

racist policies.

Apartheid

Propaganda against Apartheid in 1988.

Educated Tribal Elitejoined the African

National Congress. = Non-Violent Protests

Later proposes a violent branch of the ANC.Protest in Sharpeville

Nelson Mandela arrested

and thrown in jail for 27 years.

Nelson Mandela

1991 Apartheid is officially abolished.ANC allowed back.Mandela released from prison.

1993 Constitution written.Nelson Mandala is elected President.

nonracial elections were held on April, 19941997 New Constitution

dedicated to reforming the nation.Mandela steps down from power.

End of Apartheid…

parliamentary democracy constitutional power is shared between the

president and the Parliament.The national hero passes away on December 5, 2013.

South Africa Today