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Common Ovine and Caprine DiseasesDr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS
Objectives
• clinical signs associated with specific diseases.• etiology of the diseases.• common treatments for disease. • common and scientific names of parasites
associated with this species. • vaccinations
Reading Assignment
Chapter 17: Common Ovine and Caprine DiseasesKnow table 17 -1: Diseases which can be prevented with vaccines
Key terms• Abortion• AGID• Blepharospasm• Conjunctiva• Coronary Band• ELISA• Epididymitis• Epiphora• Lochia• Microphthalmia
• Opisthotonus• Phthisis Bulbi; shrinkage
eyeball• Prion• Prolapse Ring• Retractor Bulbi muscles• Serovar• Stillbirth• Tetraplegia
Previously covered disease
• Anthrax• Botulism• Black leg• Foot rot• Leptospirosis• Listeriosis• Malignant Edema• Pinkeye
• Johne’s disease• Tetanus• Foot and Mouth Disease• Rabies• Freemartin• Milk Fever• Retained Placenta• Pregnancy toxemia/
ketosis
Paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease)
Previously covered disease.
Urinary Calculi
Previously covered disease.
Prolapse
Previously covered disease.
Prolapse (cont’d)
Prolapse (cont’d)
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Tetanus
Previously covered disease.
Big Head• Causative agent: Clostridium novyi, C.
sordellii, or C. chauvoei (black leg)• Clinical signs (sheep): Head butting and
fighting causes bruising or laceration and edematous swelling.
• Diagnosis: Clinical signs• Treatment: Penicillin, broad spectrum
antibiotics• Prevention: Vaccinate 7/8 way - ewe 1
month before lambing, lamb: 1 month and 2-4 weeks later booster
Black Disease• Causative agent: Clostridium novyi Type B (soil)• Transmission: ingestion of spores, flukes predispose them
to black disease• Clinical signs: Often found dead (endotoxins); respiratory
distress, anorexia, and fever• Diagnosis: Necropsy and culture/ gram stain - liver– Hemorrhage of SQ vessels, sub epicardial hemorrhage,
kidney/liver - autolysis• Treatment: Tetracycline• Control: trematodes e.g. albendazole
Black disease. Dark brown swollen liver showing necrotic areas (1–2 cm) in diameter surrounded by a zone of hyperaemiaCourtesy of FAO
Brucellosis• Causative agent: Brucella ovis and B. melitensis
(rare: abortion) in sheep; Brucella melitensis and B. abortus (ZOONOTIC) in goats. Gram – coccobacillus– Malta fever in humans
• Transmission: sheep - veneral and goats – ingestion of contaminated food, direct contact: urine, feces, placenta, milk
• Clinical signs: – Sheep: Abortion (rare), epididymitis, – goats: abortion storms, lameness, mastitis,
diarrhea, and depression• Diagnosis: Agglutination tests or complement
fixation • Treatment: None
Caseous Lymphadenitis• Causative agent: Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis : gram + coccoid
• Transmission: direct contact with superficial wounds, ingestion, inhalation
• Clinical signs: Dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, and weight loss
• Diagnosis: Culture from TTW, radiographs, necropsy (hepatic abscess)
• Treatment: Isolation, hygiene and vaccine?
Caseous Lymphadenitis (cont’d)
Caseous Lymphadenitis (cont’d)
Chlamydophilosis – Enzootic abortion ewes (EAE)
• Causative agent: Chlamydia psittaci (zoonotic) – gram -• Transmission: Direct contact: uterine discharge, fetus,
placenta; veneral (rams are carriers) • Clinical signs: Abortion (#1 cause in goats): last
trimester, weak or stillborn lambs, pneumonia, KCS, epididymitis, and polyarthritis
• Diagnosis: ELISA, fluorescent antibody staining, and culture isolation
• Treatment: Oxytetracycline; females that have aborted should be isolated; fetal tissue or placenta should be burned or buried; and management
• Prevention: vaccine (prevent abortions)
Clostridium Perfringens• Causative agent: Clostridium perfringens (normal flora GI sheep)• Clinical signs:
– Type A: diarrhea – neonates.– Type B (lamb dysentery: endotoxin): acute bloody diarrhea –
young lambs > high mortality.– Type C (lamb dysentery: endotoxin): diarrhea in lambs < 3
wks. And in adults – “struck”.– Type D: feedlot lambs – high concentrate, eat excessive feed/
milk. Diarrhea (sheep can die w/o diarrhea in goats diarrhea than die), incoordination, excitement, circling, head pressing, convulsions and sudden death
Clostridium Perfringens
• Diagnosis: Clinical signs or necropsy • Treatment: Penicillin and vaccinate with
antitoxin in outbreak • Prevention: vaccination, parasite control,
gradual feed changes
Joint ill• Causative agent: Kids, Staphylococci, streptococci,
Corynebacterium spp., Actinomyces, and coliform bacteria • Transmission: breaks in skin, umbilical cord, GI, respiratory tract • Clinical signs: Warm, painful, swollen joints, lameness, fever, umbilical cord abcessation, and leukocytosis with left shift • Diagnosis: Clinical signs• Treatment: Penicillin's and joint flushing (saline)• Prevention: avoid overcrowding and hygiene at partiurition,
dipping umbilical cord
Vibriosis
• Causative agent: Campylobacter jejuni and C. fetus, gram – rod
• Transmission: ingestion of organisms (intestines of sheep, birds, dogs)
• Clinical signs: Late-term abortion (#1 – sheep), stillbirths, and weak lambs
• Diagnosis: Culture• Treatment: Antibiotics and vaccination
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) - Scrapie
• Causative agent: Prion • Transmission??: Suffolk. Infected at birth. Genetics.
(environment) and show c.s. at 3.5 years. • Clinical signs: Wool or hair loss, ataxia, weight loss,
starring, aggressiveness, floppy ears, tremors, seizures, inability to swallow, and death. Chronic and degenerative
• Diagnosis: Finding prion protein with immunostaining of lymphoid tissue in 3rd eyelid
• Treatment: None• REPORTABLE, eradication program
OTHER DISEASES
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) - Scrapie
Toxoplasma
• Causative agent: Toxoplasma gondii • Clinical signs: Fetal death, abortion,
embryonic death, stillbirth, and weak nonviable neonates
• Diagnosis: Serologic tests • Treatment: Prevent cat access to sheep areas
VIRAL DISEASES
Bluetongue• Causative agent: genus: Orbivirus; Family: Reoviridae • Transmission: Culicoides gnat/midge, cattle are
reservoirs• Clinical signs: Ulcerations on the mouth or nose,
lame, fever, and abortion, neonate - hydroencephaly• Diagnosis: Viral isolation• Treatment: Insect control, vaccine• REPORTABLE
Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis
• Causative agent: Retroviral (similar to ovine progressive pneumoniae)
• Transmission: fomites (needles), colostrum• Clinical signs: – Neurologic: kids 1-4 months: tetraplegia, ataxia,
blindness, head tilt, facial paralysis, opisthotonus, generalized paresis
– Arthritic– Mastitis
Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis
• Diagnosis: AGID (test for CAE antibody), CS, and necropsy
• Treatment: None• Prevention: cull,
colostrum heated 1 hour at 56⁰ C
Contagious Ecthyma • contagious viral pustular
dermatitis – orf – sore mouth – contagious pustular dermatitis – cutaneous pustular dermatitis, scabby mouth
• Etiology: Family poxviridae and genus: Parapoxvirus
• Transmission: direct/ indirect with environment
Immunity and counter-immunity during infection with the parapoxvirus orf virus: David M Haig, , Colin J McInnes, 2002
Contagious Ecthyma • Clinical signs: Lesions in oral
cavity, eyelids, feet, and teats; lameness, anorexia, dehydration, malnutrition, secondary bacterial infections
• Diagnosis: Clinical signs• Treatment: Secondary
bacterial infections and supportive
• Prevention:
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
• Causative agent: Retroviridae family • Transmission: milk and colostrum• Clinical signs: Coughing, bronchial exudates,
anorexia, fever, depression, encephalitis, and mastitis
• Diagnosis: Necropsy, ELISA, AGID, and virus isolation• Treatment: None• Prevention: culling
Description:This slide shows gross lung tissue from a sheep with ovine progressive pnemonia (OPP). This is an example of a multifocal pulmonary disease that may be diagnosed by lung biopsy.
Author: Angie Warner, D.V.M.,D.Sc.
Noninfectious Diseases
Entropion
• Causative agent: Congenital, trauma, severe dehydration, weight loss, and painful ocular conditions
• Most common ocular disease in neonatal lambs
• Bilateral and lower lids
Entropion
• Clinical signs: Blepharospasm, photophobia, epiphora, keratoconjunctivitis, and eye rubbing• Diagnosis: Clinical signs• Treatment: Surgical and Penicillin, topical atropine, topical antibiotics
Hereditary Chondrodysplasia – spider lamb syndrome
• Causative agent: Inheritable • Clinical signs: Skeletal
defects primarily seen in Suffolk or Hampshire breeds– Lambs show clinical
signs at 6 weeks of age• Longer legs• Chondrodysplasia: skull,
sternum, vertebrae
Hereditary Chondrodysplasia (cont’d)
Metritis
• Causative agent: Clostridium spp. After dystocia, retained placenta
• Clinical signs: Vaginal discharge – malodorous brownish-red watery
• Diagnosis: Clinical signs• Treatment: Prostaglandins and oxytocin
References• http://www.pipevet.com/content/Photosensitization.asp• http://www.arkanimalcare.com/sites/default/files/InfoFiles/SheepGoat/
Disease%20of%20Sheep_Goats.pdf• http://www.vet.k-state.edu/depts/vhc/agpract/articles/
Caseous_Lymph.pdf• http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0756e/T0756E06.htm#ch5.3.2• ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/publications/mmwr/rr/rr4908.pdf• http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/
50713.htm• http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/scrapie/
downloads/fs_ahscrapie.pdf• K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary
Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323
References
• http://ohioline.osu.edu/vme-fact/0004.html• http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/
bluetongue.pdf• http://www.uwyo.edu/vetsci/courses/
patb_4110/3-28/class_notes.htm• Immunity and counter-immunity during infection
with the parapoxvirus orf virus• David M Haig, , • Colin J McInnes