Italiano V La Primavera 2015 la grammatica I Pronomi A direct object is the direct recipient of the action of a verb. I invite the boys. Whom do I invite? The boys. He reads the book. What does he read? The book. The nouns boys and books are direct objects. They answer the question what? or whom? Verbs that take a direct object are called transitive verbs. Verbs that do not take a direct object (she walks, I sleep) are intransitive. Direct object pronouns replace direct object nouns.
Transcript
Italiano V La Primavera 2015 la grammatica
I PronomiA direct object is the direct recipient of the action of a verb. I invite the boys. Whom do I invite? The boys.He reads the book. What does he read? The book. The nouns boys and books are direct objects. They answer the question what? or whom? Verbs that take a direct object are called transitive verbs. Verbs that do not take a direct object (she walks, I sleep) are intransitive.Direct object pronouns replace direct object nouns.
I invite the boys. I invite them.He reads the book. He reads it. In Italian the forms of the direct object pronouns (i pronomi diretti) are as follows:
SINGULAR PLURALmi me ci us
ti you (informal) vi you (informal)La you (formal m. and f.) Li you (form., m.)
Le you (form., f.)lo him, it li them (m. and f.)la her, it le them (f.)
A direct object pronoun is placed immediately before a conjugated verb. Se vedo i ragazzi, li invito. (If I see the boys, I’ll invite them.)Compra la frutta e la mangia. (He buys the fruit and eats it.) In a negative sentence, the word non must come before the object pronoun. Non la mangia. (He doesn’t eat it.)Perchè non li inviti? (Why don’t you invite them?)
While direct object pronouns answer the question what? or whom?
Indirect object pronouns answer the question to whom?
or for whom?
Also, they're the same as the Direct Object Pronouns except for the pronouns in the Third Person (i.e. to him; to her; to them).
Singolare Singular Plural
e Pluralmi (to/for) me ci (to/for) us
ti (to/for) you (informal) vi
(to/for) you (informal)
gli (to/for) him, it loro
(to/for) them (m. & f.)
le (to/for) her, it
Le(to/for) you (formal f. & m.)
Loro(to/for) you (formal f. & m.)
The direct object is governed directly by the verb, for example, in the following statement: Romeo loved her.
The Indirect Object in an English sentence often stands where you would expect the direct object but common sense will tell you that the direct object is later in the sentence, e.g.: Romeo bought her a bunch of flowers.The direct object — i.e. the thing that Romeo bought is “a bunch of flowers”; Romeo didn't buy “her” as if she were a slave. So the pronoun her in the sentence actually means "for her" and is the Indirect Object.Examples:
» Qulacuno mi ha mandato una cartolina dalla Spagna Someone (has) sent me a postcard from Spain.» Il professore le ha spiegato il problema The teacher (has) explained the problem to her.» Gli hai detto di comprare un regalo per sua madre? Did you tell him/them to buy a present for (his/their) mother.» Voglio telefonargli I want to phone him.
» Il signor Brambilla ci ha insegnato l'italiano Mr Brambilla taught us Italian.» Cosa gli dici? What are you saying to him/to them?» Lucia,tuo padre vuole parlarti! Lucia, your father wants to speak to you!» Non gli ho mai chiesto di aiutarmi I (have) never asked him to help me.» Non oserei consigliarti I would not dare to advise you» Le ho regalato un paio di orecchini I gave her a present of a pair of earrings.
Disjunctive Pronouns
I Pronomi ToniciDisjunctive or stressed pronouns are used after prepositions and verbs to show emphasis. They are used after the preposition di when used with the following prepositions: senza, dopo, sotto, and su. When disjunctive pronouns are used, the adverbs anche, proprio, and solamente are often used.
Vengo con te.I'll come with
you.
Amo te, non lei.I love you, not
her.
Ho un regalo per te.
I have a gift for you.
Disjunctive Pronouns
Italian English
me me, myself
te you, yourself
Lei you (formal)
lui, lei him, her
sé
yourself (formal), oneself, himself, herself
noi us, ourselves
voi you, yourselves
Loro you (formal)
loro them
sé yourselves (formal), themselves
Double object pronouns
There are many times when the same verb has both a direct object pronoun and indirect object pronoun. Usually, the indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun
and the indirect object pronouns mi, ti, ci, and vi change to me, te, ce, and ve: Renato porta il libro a me. (Renato brings the book to me.)Renato me lo porta. (Renato brings it to me.)Il professore insegna la lezione a voi. (The professor teaches the lesson to you.)Il professore ve l'insegna. (The professor teaches you the lesson.) For a complete chart of all the double object pronouns, see the table below.
Note the economy in words: gli, le, and Le become glie- before direct object pronouns and before ne, and combine with them to become one word.
It is possible to use a direct object with a reflexive verb as well. Let's look at the sentence Mi metto una cravatta. This sentence is reflexive, since I am putting something on myself, and it also
has a direct object — una cravatta (necktie).It is possible to use both a reflexive pronoun and a direct object pronoun in the same sentence.
If we were to substitute a direct object pronoun for this sentence, we would have Me la metto (I put it on.) The following table shows the reflexive/direct double object pronoun combinations.Table 10-9
When using the verbs dovere, potere, volere, and sapere in a double verb construction with a double object pronoun, you have the choice of either putting the double object pronouns before the conjugated verb or attaching them to the end of the
1.Riportiamo il libro a lei. Glielo riportiamo. (We bring the books back to her. We bring them back to her.)
2.Restituisci il quaderno a lui. Glielo restituisci. (You return the notebook to him. You return it to him.)
3.Presto la macchina a Paolo. Gliela presto. (I lend the car to Paolo. I lend it to him.)
4.Mandate i regali ai bambini. Glieli mandate. (Or alternately Li mandate loro but dated) (You give the gifts to the children. You give them to them.)
5.Mio zio porta i documenti ai signori. Mio zio glieli porta. (Or alternately Mio zio li porta loro but dated) (My uncle carries the documents to the men. My uncle brings them to them.)
6.Date la palla alle ragazze. Gliela date. (Or alternately La date loro but dated) (You give the ball to the girls. You give it to them.)
7.Do il libro agli studenti. Glielo do. (Or alternately Lo do loro but dated) (I give the book to the students. I give it to them.)
8.Inviano i pacchi a lui. Glieli inviano. (They send the packages to him. They send them to him.)
9.Prestiamo le fotografie a Luisa. Gliele prestiamo. (We lend the photos to Luisa. We lend them to her.)
10. Do la penna a Martina. Gliela do. (I give the pen to Martina. I give it to her.)
Italian relative pronouns (pronomi relativi) are called as such because, in addition to substituting for the noun, connect (relate) two clauses. The clause introduced by the pronoun is subordinate and is dependent on the main clause.
È molto bello il vestito che hai acquistato.
The dress that you bought is very nice.
The relative pronouns are: chi, che, cui, and il quale.
chi is invariable, is used in the masculine and feminine singular, and refers only to a person:
Chi rompe, paga.He who breaks (it), pays (for it).
Chi tra voi ragazze vuole partecipare alla gara, si iscriva.
Those of you girls who want to participate in the competition, sign up.
In general, chi functions as subject and object; in fact, it corresponds to a relative pronoun preceded by a demonstrative.
Non mi piace chi non lavora seriamente.I do not like those that do not work seriously.
Sometimes chi functions as an indirect complement if preceded by a preposition.
Mi rivolge a chi parla senza pensare.I was referring to those who speak without thinking.
1. Come si chiamano le ragazze la cui che avete incontrate?
2. I libri con cui che mia madre mi ha regalato sono molto belli.
3. Come si chiamano i professori la cui con
cui hai avuto tanti problemi?
4. L´appartamento per cui in cui abitano i Rossi è piuttosto antico.
5. Torno nel villaggio chi in cui sono nato.
6. il cui chi parla molto, pensa poco.
7. Gino è un operaio la cui che lavora poco.
8. I programmi con cui che abbiamo visto erano abbastanza interessanti.
9. Ieri ho incontrato una bella signorina il cui nome non mi ricordo.
10. L´anno che in cui mi sono sposato è nata mia figlia.
11. Nel momento in cui ci siamo visti mi sono innamorato.
12. Chi è la ragazza in cui con cui hai ballato ieri sera ?
13. Questo è il paese chi in cui sono nato.
14. Chi conosce il motivo la cui per cui ha ucciso il suo gatto?
15. La signora, la cui macchina è stata rubata, ha comprato una Mercedes.
16. Il turista che la cui valigia è molto pesante, parte oggi.
17. per cui chi tace acconsente.
18. Roma è una città per cui che mi piace molto.
Pronomi personali -Forme combinate
I. Le Opere ed I COMPITI
II. un ripassino in breve quick review
1. uses of Avere and expressiones with AVERE
2. L´ imperfetto in ripasso un’po -What was the imperfect tense?
3. IL PASSATO PROSSIMO
a.AVERE The verb to have
AVERE ho hai ha abbiamo avete hanno
b. using avere with the past participles
c. Exploring the past participles: What are these past participles?
How do they work?
How do we form them?
d. Putting the verb AVERE with the past participles to create \
the Pasato Prossimo!
e. Passato Prossimo POWER POINT
f. Attivita’ -Activities and practice in pairs and groups
Writing sentences in the Passato Prossimo PP II
g. Conclusion-Resume-Putting it all together take home practice
Homework to be used to measure understanding of the Lesson Passato
Prossimno
L’ imperfetto a past tense Ripassi
We use the imperfect tense to describe past tense events that are ongoing or have no definite end. This tense many times corresponds to the English expressions "was" "were" and "used to". When we use these expressions we are talking about an event in the past that never really stopped. Here are some examples:
When I was young I used to go to the movies all the time.
They were listening to the radio when...
My mother always used to make frittata for me as a child.
In the above situations, the action doesn't have a definite end. If I were to say, "Yesterday, I made a frittata" that sentence would NOT be in the imperfect because the action clearly stopped at some point in time.
The imperfect is used to describe many different things in the past such as:
your age (when I was 12)the weather (it was raining)describing a scene (It was a cold and dark night)what you were doing ( I was eating when)what you used to do ( I used to go there all the time)what time it was (It was 5:00 when.......)what somebody looked like (he was short and mean looking)
The formation of the imperfect is simple:
here is the entire conjugation for: I verbi regolari in imperfetto
verbo -ARE regolare -AVO
parlare:Parlavo = I used to talk,Parlavi = You (informal) used to talkParlava = He/she used to talkParlavamo = We used to talkParlavate = You (plural) used to talkParlavano = They used to talk
Vedere I Verbi –ERE regolare
VedevoVedeviVedevaVedevamoVedevateVedevano
DORMIRE I Verbi –ire regolare
DormivoDormiviDormivaDormivanoDormivateDormivano
There are some verbs that are irregular in the imperfect
ESSERE = to beero (I was)erieraeravamoeravateerano
fare = to do
facevofacevifacevafacevamofecevatefacevano
Bere = to drink
bevevobevevibevevabevevamobevevatebevevano
dire = to say
dicevodicevidicevadicevamodicevatedicevano
ATTIVITA’ PRACTICE writing sentences together
OGGI in ITALIA
Pagina 208 a 209 STRUTTURA ed USO:
La pagina 209 a leggere
B. IL PASSATO PROSSIMO
1. a domandare alla classe in Inglese: ask the students:
Write down two things that you did last evening.
Examples:
I went to the supermarket.
I called a friend.
I studied math and Italian.
I washed the dished after dinner.
I finished my homework!
All of these actions were completed. They are finished!
Note that we are talking about things that have been completed.
Remember that the imperfect tense is used to indicate
something that was taking place in your description.
-Something was happening or happened repeatedly
-something used to happen often….
I was talking on the phone when….
They were going to the shore every weekend!
We used to live there.
We were touring every day!
I was writing in my journal every night throughout the
winter months.
He was swimming every day in the ocean.
All of these examples are describing actions that were taking place and so they are examples of the IMPERFETTO (Imperfect Tense)
The Passato Prossimo is used to indicate a completed action. Something was finished (or completed) in your description.
We ate late last night.
She arrived on time.
They bought the car last Tuesday.
In Italian Passato Prossimo is used to describe what has happened or what happened.
Qui - Here POWER POINT Presentation on website
Fanno Gli Attivita’ Students will complete activities on the power point in pairs and groups
COMMON ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS OFTEN USED WITH THE PASSATO PROSSIMO
wordsthat make you use the Passato Prossimo……
ieri yesterday
ieri pomeriggio yesterday afternoon
ieri sera last night
il mese scorso last month
l'altro giorno the other day
stamani this morning
tre giorni fa three days ago
To create the Passato Prossimo in Italian, you use the verb AVERE in the PRESENT INDICATICE tense, and then use the past participle:
HO
HAI
HA
ABBIAMO
AVETE
HANNO
AVERE + the Past ParticiplePast participles
Regular past participles are easy to form. You remove the infinitive ending and apply the past participle ending as shown below;
Verbs ending in ARE use ATO, for example; mangiare - are = mangi + ato = mangiato
Verbs ending in ERE use UTO, for example; credere - ere = cred + uto = creduto
Verbs ending in IRE use ITO, for example; finire - ire = fin + ito = finito
More regular endings as examples….
Chiamare-chiamato
Vendere – venduto
Partire - partito
REGULAR
-IRE VERBS ITO
Esempio...
Parlare parlato- - spoken
Mangiare mangiato- - eaten
HOHAI HA parlatoABBIAMOAVETEHANNO
Ho parlato = I spoke, I have spoken
Hai parlato = you spoke, you have spoken familiar
Ha parlato= You spoke, you have spoken formal
He spoke, He has spoken
She spoke, She has spoken
Abbiamo parlato= We spoke, We have spoken
Avete parlato = You (all) Spoke, You (all) have spoken
Hanno Parlato = (All of) You spoke, (All of ) you have spoken formal, they spoke, they have spoken
More examples of –ere verbs and –ire verbs regular in Passato
Sentire conjugated in the passato prossimo
Io Tu Lui/Lei Noi Voi Loro
Ho sentito Hai sentito Ha sentito Abbiamo sentito Avete sentito Hanno sentito
Passato Prossimo
I heard or have heard You heard or have heard He/She/It heard or has heard We heard or have
The passato prossimo is one of several past tenses in Italian and is probably the one you will use most. It is used to describe actions that were completed in the past, such as: I took the exam last Friday. We went to Italy two months
ago.It can also be used to describe an action that began in the past but continues to apply to the present, such as: I have been to Italy three
times in my life. We have not finished the
exam yet.
The passato prossimo is a compound tense, meaning it is made up of two verbs.
heard Y'all heard or have heard All of you-They heard or have heard
The first verb is a conjugated form of essere or avere; the second is the past participle of the main verb. Let's get on to an example that will help you understand the tense and the terminology used to describe its components:
Mario ha
mangiato la pizza.
Mario
ate the
pizza.
In this example, ha is the conjugated form of avere. Conjugated just means that the verb has a particular ending that goes with the subject, in this case the lui/lei form of the verb to agree with Mario. Following, mangiato is called the past participle of the main verb mangiare (to eat).
Past participles are formed from the infinitive of the main verb by dropping the –are, –ere, or –ire and adding –ato, –uto, and –ito, respectively. For example:
infinitivepast
participle
parlare parlato
credere creduto
finire finito
The chart below lists forms of verbs in the passato prossimo, conjugated with avere and essere. Consider the forms and the questions
that follow.parlar
eandare
creder
e
metter
ecapire
io
ho
parlat
o
sono
andato
/a
ho
credut
o
ho
messo
ho
capito
tu
hai
parlat
o
sei
andato
/a
hai
credut
o
hai
messo
hai
capito
lui,lei,
Lei
ha
parlat
o
e'
andato
/a
ha
credut
o
ha
messo
ha
capito
noi
abbia
mo
parlat
o
siamo
andati/
e
abbia
mo
credut
o
abbia
mo
messo
abbia
mo
capito
voi
avete
parlat
o
siete
andati/
e
avete
credut
o
avete
messo
avete
capito
loro
hanno
parlat
o
sono
andati/
e
hanno
credut
o
hanno
messo
hanno
capito
Essere vs. AvereWhen verbs are used in the passato prossimo, some go with essere and some with avere.
The choice often appears more difficult than it really is. Keep the following points in mind: All transitive verbs (verbs
that have objects, like mangiare - to eat, scrivere - to write, suonare - to play, telefonare - to call) go with avere.
Many verbs that indicate movement (e.g. andare - to go, venire - to come, uscire - to go out, partire - to depart), go with essere.
Many verbs that indicate stasis or immobility (e.g. stare - to stay, essere - to be, restare - to stay, rimanere - to remain), go with essere.
Many verbs that indicate a change of state (e.g. cambiare - to change, diventare - to become, nascere - to be born, morire - to die, ingrandire - to get bigger) go with essere.
All reflexive verbs (e.g. arrabbiarsi - to get angry, lavarsi - to wash oneself, chiamarsi - to be called) go
with essere.While it is a good idea to keep these rules in mind, it may also be helpful to memorize common verbs that go with essere.
When you learn new verbs in your textbook or from your dictionary, those verbs that go with essere in the passato prossimo will be flagged for you. Put these on notecards!
Past ParticiplesMany verbs have irregular past participles. Examples include the following:
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