Common Word List

8/8/2019 Common Word List

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Academic Word List - Most Frequent Words inFamilies

1analysis n. process of breaking down a subject and studying it; examination

approach n. access; drawing near; approximation; path or course leading to a specific location

area DISTRICT, region, zone, sector, quarter; locality, locale, neighbourhood, parish, patch; tract, belt; informal neckof the woods;Brit.informal manor;N. Amer.informal turf.assessment EVALUATION, judgement, rating, estimation, appraisal, analysis, opinion

assume PRESUME, suppose, take it (as given), take for granted, take as read, conjecture, surmise, conclude, , , reason,think, fancy, believe, understand, gather;N. Amer. figure; archaic ween.

authority POWER, jurisdiction, command, control, charge, dominance, rule, sovereignty, supremacy; influence; informalclout.

available OBTAINABLE, accessible, to/at hand, at one's disposal, handy, convenient; on sale, procurable; untaken,unengaged, unused; informal up for grabs, on tap, gettable.

benefit GOOD, sake, welfare, well-being, advantage, comfort, ease, convenience; help, aid, assistance, service

concept noun IDEA, notion, conception, abstraction; theory, hypothesis; belief, conviction,opinion; image, impression, picture consistent CONSTANT, regular, uniform, steady, stable, even, unchanging, undeviating,

unfluctuating; dependable, reliable, predictable.constitution

alLEGAL, lawful, legitimate, authorized, permitted; sanctioned, ratified, warranted,constituted, statutory, chartered, vested, official; by law.

context CIRCUMSTANCES, conditions, factors, state of affairs, situation, background, scene,setting. text, subject, theme, topic

contract AGREEMENT, commitment, arrangement, settlement, understanding, compact, covenant,bond; deal, bargain; Law indenture

create PRODUCE, generate, bring into being, make, fabricate, fashion, build, construct; design,devise, originate, frame, develop, shape, form, forgedata FACTS, figures, statistics, details, particulars, specifics; information, intelligence, material,input; informal info, gen.

definition n. explanation, meaning, interpretation (as of a word or term) derived ORIGINATE IN, stem from, descend from, spring from, be taken from.

distribution dividing and giving out among several people, placeseconomic connected with trade, industry, and the management of money; of economics:

environment

HABITAT, territory, domain; surroundings, background, , location; context ; ;

established ACCEPTED, traditional, orthodox, habitual, set, fixed, official

estimateCALCULATE ROUGHLY, approximate, guess; evaluate, judge, gauge, reckon, rate,determine; informal guesstimate. ; ; evidence PROOF, confirmation, verification, corroboration, affirmation, attestation

export SELL OVERSEAS/ABROAD, send overseas/abroad, trade internationallyfactor noun ELEMENT, part, component, ingredient, point, item, feature, aspect, characteristic,

consideration, circumstance. ,financial Adj. MONETARY, money, economic, fiscal, banking, commercial, business, investment formula FORM OF WORDS, set expression, phrase, saying function PURPOSE, task, use, role, RESPONSIBILITY, duty, role, concern

identified RECOGNIZE, single out, pick out, spot, point out, pinpoint, put one's finger on, put a nameto, name, know; discern, distinguish; remember, recall, recollect -

income noun earnings, salary, pay, wages, revenue, N. Amer. take; formal emolument. indicate be a sign of, be evidence of, evidence, demonstrate, show,signal, , suggest, imply

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individual SINGLE, separate, discrete, independent; sole, lone, solitary, isolated. interpretatio

nEXPLANATION, clarification

involved ASSOCIATED, connected, concerned issues MATTER (IN QUESTION), question, point (at issue), affair, case, subject, topic; problem

; --; - labour WORKERS, employees, workmen, workforce, staff, working people, blue-collar workers,labourers, labour, force

legal LAWFUL, legitimate, within the law, legalized, valid; permissible, permitted, allowed,above, acceptable; authorizeinformal legit.

legislation noun LAW, body of laws, rulesN. Amer.formal ordinances major CRUCIAL, vital, great, considerable, utmost, prime

method PROCEDURE, technique, system, practice, routine, strategy, plan occur HAPPEN, take place, come about, N. Amer.informal go down;poetic/literarycome to pass

percent n. one part of a hundred

period a length or portion of time - each of the set divisions of the day in a school policy PLANS, strategy, stratagem, approach, code, system, guidelines, theory; line, position,stance, attitude.

principle TRUTH, proposition, concept, idea, theory, assumption, fundamental, essential,DOCTRINE, belief

procedure COURSE OF ACTION, line of action, policy, series of steps, method, system, strategy

process METHOD, system, technique, means, practice, way, approach, methodology. ; required ESSENTIAL, vital, indispensable, necessary, compulsory, obligatory research EXPERIMENTS, experimentation, tests, inquiries, studies. ; response ANSWER, reply, rejoinder, retort, riposte; informal comeback

role CAPACITY, position, job, post, office, duty, responsibility, place; function, par section PART, piece, bit, segment, component, division, portion, element, unit, constituent sector PART, branch, arm, division, area, department, field, sphere.DISTRICT, zone, region, area,

belt. , ( ) significant NOTABLE, noteworthy, worthy of attention, remarkable, important, of importance, of

consequence; serious, crucial, weighty, momentous, uncommon, unusual, rare,extraordinary, exceptional, special ;

similar ALIKE, (much) the same, indistinguishable, almost identical, homogeneous; informal muchof a muchness

source ORIGIN, birthplace, spring, document, REFERENCE, authority specific PARTICULAR, specified, fixed, set, determined, distinct, definite; single, individual,

peculiar, discrete, express, precise structure BUILDING, construction, pattern theory HYPOTHESIS, thesis, conjecture, supposition, speculation, postulation, postulate,

proposition, premise, surmise, assumption, presupposition; opinion, view, belief,contention.

variable CHANGEABLE, changing, varying, shifting, fluctuating, changeful, irregular, inconstant,inconsistent

2achieve ATTAIN, arrive at; realize, bring off/about, , accomplish, carry out/through, fulfill, , perform,

complete, finish, earn, win, gain, acquire, obtain, come by, get, secure, net; informal wrapup, wangle, swing; formal effectuate.

acquisitionPURCHASE, gain, accession, addition, investment, possession; informal buy.

administratio MANAGEMENT, direction, control, command, charge, conduct, operation, running,leadership, government ,

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naffect HAVE AN EFFECT ON, influence, act on, work on, have an impact on; change, alter, modify,

transform, form, shape, sway, bias.move someone (emotionally); appropriate SUITABLE, proper, fitting, apt, right; relevant, pertinent, apposite; convenient,

aspects APPEARANCE, look, side, expression; atmosphere, mood, quality, ambience, feeling

assistance HELP, aid, support, backing, reinforcement, succour, relief, intervention, cooperation,collaboration; a (helping) hand, a good turn; informal a break, a leg up

categories CLASS, classification, group, grouping, bracket, heading, set; type, sort, kind, variety,species, breed, brand, make, model; grade, order, rank

chapter SECTION, division, part, portion commission PERCENTAGE, brokerage, share, portion, dividend, premium, fee, consideration, bonus; informal cut,

take, rake-off, slice; Brit.informal whack, divvy. community POPULATION, populace, people, citizenry, (general) public, collective; residents,

inhabitants, citizens complex COMPLICATED, involved, intricate, convoluted, elaborate, impenetrable, Gordian; difficult,

knotty, tricky, thorny; Brit.informal fiddly. ;

computerconclusion END,finish, close, termination, wind-up, cessation; culmination, denouement, coda. -DEDUCTION,inference, interpretation, reasoning; opinion, judgement, verdict; assumption, presumption,supposition ) ; )

conduct BEHAVIOUR, performance, demeanour; actions, activities, deeds, doings, exploits; habits,manners; formal comportment ; ; ; ;

consequences RESULT, upshot, outcome, out-turn, effect, repercussion, ramification, corollary, concomitant,aftermath; fruit(s), product, by-product, end result; informal pay-off; Medicine sequela.; ; ; ;

construction BUILDING, erection, putting up, setting up, establishment; assembly, manufacture,fabrication, creation.

consumer PURCHASER, buyer, customer, shopper; user, end-user; client; (the consumer or consumers) thepublic, the market.

credit PRAISE, commendation, acclaim, acknowledgement, recognition, kudos, glory, esteem, respect,admiration, tributes, bouquets, thanks, gratitude, appreciation; informal brownie points. cultural ETHNIC, racial, folk; societal, lifestyle. ; ; design PLAN, blueprint, drawing, sketch, outline, map, plot, diagram, draft, representation, scheme, model.

distinction DIFFERENCE, contrast, dissimilarity, variance, variation; division, differentiation ; elements COMPONENT, constituent, part, section, portion, piece, segment, bit; aspect, factor, feature, facet,

ingredient, strand, detail, point; member, unit, module, item. ; ; ; equation MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM, sum, calculation, question ; ;

evaluation ASSESSMENT, appraisal, judgement, gauging, rating, estimation, consideration, analysis. ; features CHARACTERISTIC, attribute, quality, property, trait, hallmark, trademark; aspect, facet, factor,

ingredient, component, element, theme; peculiarity, idiosyncrasy, quirk. ; final LAST, closing, concluding, finishing, end, terminating, ultimate, eventual.

focus CENTRE, focal point, central point, centre of attention, hub, pivot, nucleus, heart,cornerstone, linchpin, cynosure. ; ; ;

impact EFFECT, influence; consequences, repercussions, ramifications, reverberations. , , ,injury HARM, hurt, damage, pain, suffering, impairment, affliction, incapacity.

institute an organization for the promotion of science, education, etc ; ; investment n. the action or process of investing. a thing worth buying because it may be profitable

or useful in the future. ; items thing, object, article; news story, piece of information ; ; ; ;

journal a newspaper or magazine dealing with a particular subject.

maintenance Repairs normal usual, typical, or expected

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obtained Obtain = secure; earn, achieveobtained ; ; ;participation n. involvement, partaking, taking part, joining in

perceived adj. sensed, noticed, seen, discernedpositive n. photograph having true colors adj. not negative; favorable, beneficially; explicit, clear;

practical, not based on theory

potential adj. possible n. possibility; ability previous adj. earlier, prior, preceding, antecedent; hasty, premature, rash (Slang) primary adj. first, original; primeval, initial; principal, main, prime; basic, fundamental

purchase purchasev. buy, acquire in exchange for money; procure, obtain ;

range extend, stretch; vary region n. area, territory, domain; field, area of activity or interest, sphere

regulations n. rule, statute, law; act of controlling, management, direction

relevant related, connected to the current subject

resident n. inhabitant, one who lives in a particular locationresources n. wealth, financial means; ability, capability restricted adj. limited, constrained, confined

security n. safety; protection, defense;

sought Seekv. go in search of, look for; search for select adj. chosen, picked out; choice

site n. place, location, area; Web site, location on the World Wide Web strategies n. plans or methods created for the purpose of achieving a goal; science of preparing

long-term battle plans (Military) survey n. act of measuring and recording the characteristics of a plot of land

v. look over, observe; examine carefully, studytext script, words traditional an inherited , established, or customary pattern of thought, action

transfer v. move from one place to another - 3

alternative adj. optionalcircumstance

scondition of a person with respect to income and material state

comments v. make a remark; write an explanatory note; explain

compensation recompense, repayment; something done to make up for (a loss, deficiency or fault)components Ingredient, part,

consent v. agree; approve n. agreement, accord considerable adj. important; sizable, substantial

constant adj. continuous; firm constraints n. restriction; artificial manner, unnatural manner; force ; ; ;

contribution n. act of donating; donationconvention n. conference; treaty; agreement; routine, custom

coordination n. harmony, accord; working together

core n. central part of a fruit (containing the seeds); center, heart;

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corporate adj. incorporated; common, shared, collective; of or pertaining to a corporation corresponding adj. similar, analogous, comparable, parallel

criteria criterionn. standard against which something is measured (i.e. standard or principle) ; ;

deduction n. subtraction, reduction, discount; conclusion , , demonstrate v. exhibit, present; display emotion = document v. record for evidence, provide with documentary evidence, substantiatedominant adj. controlling, commanding emphasis n. importance that is attached to something ( )

ensure v. make certain; guarantee; make secure excluded v. leave out, keep out; prevent from happening or being; reject ; ;

framework n. frame; support, skeleton; structure; system funds n. monies, capital; cash -

illustrated adj. demonstrated, exemplified; clarified, depicted with pictures or words ;

immigration act of settling in a new country implies v. indirectly suggest, hint, infer ;

initial adj. placed at the beginning, first instance example, illustration;

interaction n. mutual action, reciprocal action; communication (Computers) justification support, defense, explanation, reason; adjustment of words and letters to make them

exactly fill a line of type layer n. thickness of some material that covers a surface; stratum, covering, bed

link v. join; connect; be joined, be connected

location n. place; position; situation; site; spot maximum adj. greatest, most, utmost, highest minorities n. smaller group as opposed to the majority ,negative denying, contrary; of a quantity less than zero

outcomes n. result, effect partnership n. association, collaboration, participation philosophy n. study of the nature of human thought and of the world

physical adj. bodily, corporeal; pertaining to physics proportion n. ratio; part, portion; rate

published adj. (about printed material) produced and distributed; advertised reaction return to a previous state, restoration of a past condition

registered adj. enrolled, entered into the records, recorded reliance n. dependence; trust, confidence

removed get rid of; eject, dismiss, discharge scheme n. plan, design; system; plot, intrigue; diagram, outline

sequence order, arrangement; chain of events sex n. gender, quality of being male or female; sexual intercourse

shift n. scheduled work period; change in position, change in direction; replacement

specified adj. clearly described, indicated; itemized; marked

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sufficient adj. enough, adequate task n. mission, assignment; obligation; role =

technical adj. of or pertaining to technique; relating to technology; specialized; mechanicaltechniques n. method of performance, technical skill, manner in which technical details are treated

technologyn. sciences of the industrial arts, applied sciences; technical methods and processes

validity n. state of being valid, legitimacy; soundness, condition of being well-foundedvolume n. book, book forming one of a series of books; capacity, bulk, displacement; degree of

loudness 4

access n. approach; entry; attack of a disease; permission to enter a computer system and/orretrieve data (Computers) -

adequate adj. sufficient, suitable; barely passable, tolerable annual adj. occurring once a year

apparent adj. obvious; ostensible, pretended approximate

dv. approach, come near ;

; ;

attitudes n. posture, policy; treatment, sentiment , attributed v. ascribe to; credit with ;

civil civiladj. pertaining to citizens, of civilians; polite

code v. write in code, translate a message into code : commitment n. obligation, promise; act of committing communicatio

nn. exchange of information or ideas; transfer, passing along; letter, message

concentration

n. careful attention; strength of a solution; assembly, gathering .

conference n. discussion; meeting; convention contrast v. compare; be different in comparison with something else

cycle n. series (of poems, stories, etc.); recurring period of time; long period of time debate v. argue; discuss; consider despite prep. in spite of, notwithstanding ,

dimensions n. measurements in length width and height of cargo (Transport); domestic adj. pertaining to home, pertaining to family; relating the internal affairs of a country;

loving home and family , , emerged v. appear, come out, be revealed ; ;

error n. mistake, something that is incorrect ethnic adj. of different racial and social groups; of people from different countriesgoals n. target, aim; destination; purpose ;

granted conj. admittedly, acknowledged as true hence adv. therefore, then; from now; from this place ,

hypothesis n. explanation which gives a reason for observed phenomena, theory implementatio

nn. execution, carrying out, performing; putting into effect

implications n. act of implying; something implied, indirect suggestion, connotation, hint

imposed v. require, compel, force upon; enforce, institute; force oneself on others , integration n. merging, joining; unification into a whole; act of bringing people together as equals

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regardless of race or religion internal adj. interior, inner, inside, located within; of a country's domestic affairs

investigation n. probe, examination, inspection job v. do paid work now and then, do odd jobs; work as a middleman, buy and sell ;

; ;

label v. affix a label to, affix a tag or sticker to; call, name, give a nickname to; classify mechanism automatic self-protective behavior obvious adj. clear; unmistakable; apparent, evident; plain

occupational relating to a profession, work ,job option n. choice, alternative, possibility, selection, election output n. yield; product, manufacture; information sent out from a computer (Computers) overall adv. in general, generally parallel adj. even, equal; analogous, similar

parameters n. variable which determines the form of a function

phase n. stage; side, angle, aspect; period predicted adj. prophesied, forecast, foretold, announced in advance ) ; )principal adj. chief, head, leading; primary, main, major

prior adj. previous, earlier, preceding, antecedent, former professional n. person who works in a skilled occupation, specialist

project n. plan, scheme, program; task, assignment, activity promote encourage sales; aid, help, assist; obtain through trickery (Slang)

regime n. mode of rule, system of government, form of government resolution n. ruling, decision; solution, answer; analysis, breakdown

retained v. keep in possession; keep in practice, continue to use; hold, keep; employ series n. sequence, succession; television program broadcast in installments

statistics n. branch of mathematics that deals with the collection and interpretation of numericalinformation

status n. individual's social or professional standing, position, rank; state of things stress v. subject to stress or strain; emphasize, accentuate

subsequent adj. succeeding, following, ensuing, happening after sum n. amount that is determined by adding two or more numbers; whole amount

summary brief and comprehensive overview of the main points of a body of material, abstract

undertaken v. take on, receive responsibility for a task; guarantee ; ; 5academic adj. learned, educated; scholastic; theoretical

adjustment n. adjusting, adaptation; state of being adjusted alter v. change, modify; be changed, be modified

amendment n. correction, revision; alteration, change aware adj. attentive; conscious of

capacity n. volume which can be contained or received; function, role challenge test one's ability, dare, invite to engage in a contest; stimulate

clause part of a sentence which contains a subject and predicate (Grammar) compounds n. enclosed area; mixture, substance composed of different elements ,

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conflict v. oppose, disagree, quarrel, fight . consultation n. counseling, advising; conferring ,

contact v. establish communication, connect (with someone or something decline v. refuse; go down, decrease ,

discretionn. caution, wisdom, careful judgment

draft n. rough outline, sketch; check , enable v. make possible, make capable; allow, give power to energy n. power; vigor, liveliness, intensity

enforcement n. execution, putting into force, act of enforcing entities n. being, something that exists; thing ;

equivalent adj. equal in worth or value, equal in importance; corresponding evolution n. development, progression, unfolding, growth ; ; ; ;

expansion n. enlargement, increase, spread; development

exposureplacement, location (in relation to the sun)

external adj. exterior, outer; outsidefacilitate v. make easy

fundamental adj. basic, elemental; essential generated v. create, produce ; ; generation n. group of people born around the same time; production

image v. imagine; draw a likeness; describe, picture; likeness liberal tolerant, open-minded; generous; abundant

n. one who supports a progressive political philosophy licence n. permit, certificate; authority; authorization; freedom (action, belief, etc.); ; ; ;

logic n. reasoning, common-sense; science of inference and reasoning marginal close to the limits; minimal, slight medical adj. of or relating to the science or practice of medicine; curativemental adj. of or relating to the mind, intellectual, cerebral; mentally ill (Slang);

modified adj. adjusted; changed; moderated; attributive (Grammar); adapted monitoring n. supervision; surveillance; scanning; guarding, watching ,

network coordinated system involving a number of things or peoplenotion n. concept; opinion; idea

objective n. aim, purpose, goal; objective case (Grammar) orientation direction, tendency; direction of printing ; perspective n. viewpoint, outlook; vista, view

precise adj. exact, not more and not less prime adj. principal, major, chief; central, main; select, choice

psychology n. study of the mind, study of human behavior pursue v. chase after, follow; aspire to, strive for; continue, carry on; persist in, work at

ratio n. proportional relation, relationship of quantity or size between two thingsrejected v. refuse, decline, deny, turn down ;

revenue n. income, return, gains; government income earned through taxationstability n. solidity, firmness, permanence,

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styles v. plan, design; name, call substitution n. replacement; act or instance of substituting sustainable endurable, livable, sufferable, supportable, tolerable , ;

symbolic Figurative

target objective, aim, object, goal; goal or situation one intends to achieve transition n. passage, change, transformation/trend n. tendency, course, bearing; fashion, mode

version n. particular form of something, variant, rendering; translation welfare well-being; happiness, prosperity; support, aid

whereas conj. since, inasmuch as; this being the case; but; while 6

abstract Adj. unconnected to concrete reality; theoretical, not practicalv. v. remove, take away; steal; theorize, conceptualize; summarize

accurateadj. precise, exact

acknowledged

adj. recognized; received

aggregate v. bring together allocation Portion assigned given as a requirement attached adj. bound, fastened

author n. writer, one who writes a bookbond n. link; obligation brief n. abstract, summary, concise report; instructions

capable adj. skilled, able, proficient cited adj. quoted; referenced to ; cooperative adj. willing to work together

discrimination unequal treatment ,ability to choose well (in matters of taste) display v. put out for others to see, show, exhibit

diversity n. variety; difference, unlikeness domain n. field .edition n. total number of copies printed at the same time (of a book, newspaper, etc.); form in

which a book is published =

enhancedadj. improved; increased

;

; estate n. extensive piece of land usually with a large house on it; person's property, wealth

exceed v. go beyond, pass; excel expert adj. skilled, knowledgeable

explicit adj. clear federal adj. of or pertaining to a form of government in which separate states unite under a

central authority while retaining limited powers of government fees payment for services rendered; cost of admission; commission ; ;

flexibility capable of bending easily without breaking. able to change readily to meet new circumstances

furthermore adv. in addition to, moreover gender n. sex of a person or animal ( (

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ignored Rejected , refused ; incentive Stimulating ; ; incidence n. frequency ; ;

incorporated Adj. united , combined into one body ; ;

indexinhibitioninitiatives

inputinstructionsintelligence

intervallecture

migration

minimumministry

motivationneutral

neverthelessoverseas

precedingpresumption

rationalrecoveryrevealed

scopesubsidiary

tapestrace

transformation

transport

underlyingutility

7adaptation n. process of making one thing fit another; modification, adjustment ; ; ;

adults mature person, mature animal ;

advocate n. defense counsel; attorney; supporter, follower, ; V. ; ; ; aid v. help; assistn. help; assistance; accessory ;

channel n. canal; station; television station and its programs; ; ; chemical used in a chemical process

classical adj. excellent; timeless; traditional

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comprehensive adj. extensive, including much, large in scope ; comprise v. include; be composed of ) ; ; )

confirmed adj. shown to be true; habitual ; contrary adj. contradictory, opposed; stubborn, obstinate ; ; ;

convertedv. change religions; exchange money; transform, change

;

adj.

couple n. pair, group of two persons or things

decades n. ten years; group of ten definite adj. clear, decisive; limited; specific

deny v. say that something is not true; refuse; renounce ; differentiation n. act of distinguishing; discrimination; act of changing ; ;

disposal n. getting rid of; arranging; device that grinds up garbage ; ; ; dynamic adj. forceful, energetic, vigorous, spirited ; ;

eliminate v. remove, get rid of ; ;

empirical adj. learned through observation equipment n. supplies, necessary items, tools or other objects for completing a task extract v. remove, take out; squeeze, press ; ;

file n. collection of documents on a subject ; v. ; finite adj. having limitations ;

foundation n. base, substructure; establishing, founding; institution ;global adj. worldwide, universal, of the whole world grade n.mark; level, degree, rank ; ; ;

guarantee v. promise, assure n. security; warranty ; ;

hierarchical adj. belonging to a hierarchy, arranged according to rank ; identical adj. exactly alike, same; equal in every respect, interchangeable ; ideology n. study of the origin and nature of ideas (Philosophy); doctrine, philosophy

= :

inferred v. derive, conclude; guess, surmise; hint ; innovation n. introduction of something new; change, new method or practice ;

insert v. place in, put in; add to intervention n. interference, mediation; interference by one country in the affairs of another ;

isolated adj. solitary, alone; separated from others ;

;

media n. channels of mass communication (radio, newspaper, television, etc.), medium mode n. style, way, manner; fashion; situation ; ;

paradigm n. model, ideal; mold, form; example, pattern phenomenon n. event or circumstance that can be observed; something unusual; something detected by the

senses priority n. preference, precedence; higher rank ; ;

prohibited adj. outlawed, forbidden by law; banned, enjoined ; ; publication act of publicizing, act of advertising ( ; ; )

quotation n. act of repeating the words of another person ;

release n. freedom, liberation; newly distributed film ; ; ; reverse cause to move in the opposite direction; revoke, cancel, annul; change, alter ;

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;

simulation n.act of pretending; imitation, imitation of the operation or features of one system using anothersystem

solely adv. only, exclusively; merely , ,somewhat adv. slightly; to a certain extent; quite ; ;

submitted v. give in, surrender, yield; subject oneself to a process or condition; present, propose ; successive adj. continuous, sequential, following one after another ;

survivethesis n. hypothesis, proposition to be proven; dissertation ; ; ; topic v. continue to live after another has died, outlive; remain in use, continue in existence ;

; transmission n. sending; broadcast; transmittal, conveyance ; ; ; ;

ultimately adv. in the end, eventually; in an ultimate manner unique adj. singular, matchless, unequaled, rare

visible adj. can be clearly seen; in view, observable; obvious, apparent , voluntary adj. done by free choice; unpaid; having free will ; ; 8

abandon v. forsake, leave behind, desert . . accompanie

dadj : having accompaniment or companions or escort

accumulation

n. gathering; collection; agglomeration, pile . .

ambiguous obscure, vague . appendix n. small sac attached to the intestines

appreciation n. esteem, high regard; increase in value . . arbitrary adj. wanton, reckless; uncontrolled, unrestricted . . .

automatically

adv. unintentionally, in an automatic manner .

bias n. prejudice; tendency, leaning chart n. graph, diagram .

clarity n. clearness conformity correspondence in form or character, agreement, compliance . . commodity n. merchandise, goods

complement n. that which makes perfect; something added to complete . . contemporary adj. modern, current . . . contradiction n. denial; opposition; inconsistency .

crucial adj. critical, decisive, very important . currency n. money; circulation; custom

denote v. symbolize; mark . . . detected v. discern, discover . deviation n. act of deviating; aberration, abnormality

displacemen

t

n. act of moving something from its usual place

dramatic having the base of drama; emotional, surprising ,

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eventually adv. finally, in the end . exhibit v. show, demonstrate . . .

exploitation n. selfish use, imposition, utilization fluctuations n. vacillation, instability, wavering, inconstancy, change

guidelinesn. outline or indication of acceptable conduct or procedure

highlighted adj. stressed, emphasized, accented ; ; implicit adj. implied, indirectly suggested induced adj. caused, brought about, produced

inevitably adv. unavoidably, inescapably, certainly infrastructur

en. foundation, basis, substructure ;

inspection n. act of looking over carefully and critically intensity n. quality of being intense; strength, energy . . .

manipulation n. act of manipulating; minimised v. make small, reduce; reduce as much as possible ;

nuclear adj. of or pertaining to a nucleus offset v. compensate; balance .

paragraph n. passage, distinct portion of text plus n. sign for addition; advantage, benefit . . .

practitioners n. professional, one who works in a profession or career predominantl

yadv. generally, prevalently, usually; mainly ;

prospect hope, promise; view, vista, scene; outlook, perspective . .

radical adj. having extreme political views; fundamental, pertaining to a root random adv. accidentally, by chance, fortuitously .

reinforced adj. strengthened, fortified restore v. return, bring back . .

revision n. act of changing, alteration; act of reviewing schedule n. timetable, agenda . .

tension n. tautness, strain, nervousness termination n. end, conclusion, completion

theme n. subject, topic, main idea . . thereby adv. by means of that, in that connection uniform n. distinctive and identifying dress of a particular group vehicle n. means of transport

via prep. by way of, by means of . virtually adv. in essence, in effect, almost, practically . .

widespread adj. common, popular, extensive, prevalent . . visual adj. relating to or used in vision; seen; .

9accommodatio

n

n. housing; residence; lodging; adjustment; arrangement

analogous adj. parallel; similar, comparable .

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anticipated adj. expected, foreseen, predicted, envisioned . assurance n. promise, pledge; confidence, security

attained adj. achieved, fulfilled . . behalf n. representing; support

bulkn. volume, mass; main part, most . .

ceases v. stop, halt . . n. stop, halt, break .

coherence n. sticking together; consistency ; ; coincide v. be compatible; happen at the same time; agree; take up the same place .

commenced v. begin, start . incompatible adj. incongruous, unsuitable; discordant; opposed, irreconcilable . .

concurrent adj. unanimous, in agreement; convergent . . confined adj. constricted, restrained; limited ; ; ) . )

controversy n. disagreement, debate, argument .

conversely adv. in an opposite manner, in a contrary manner . . device n. apparatus; scheme; hardware component which can send or receive data (Computers)

, devoted adj. faithful, dedicated, loyal .

diminished adj. lessened, reduced, decreased, made smaller ; ; distortion n. deformity, twisting out of shape duration n. period of time that something continues erosion n. gradual wearing away of the Earth by wind or water; disintegration; deterioration

ethical adj. moral, pertaining to values and principles ; ;

format n. structure, pattern, design founded adj. established, set up, instituted inherent adj. intrinsic, existing as a natural and integral part, natural, inborn ; ; ;

;

insights n. perception, discernment, understanding, astuteness, intuition . integral adj. pertaining to or part of a whole ; ;

intermediate adj. mediatory, acting between persons or parties; existing between two stages manual adj. of or pertaining to the hands; hand-operated mature adj. ripe; full-grown, adult; fully developed ;

mediation n. act of mediating between two parties medium adj. intermediate in size or degree

military adj. of or pertaining to the military n. army, armed forces -minimal adj. least possible, very small, smallest ; mutual adj. shared by each of a pair, reciprocal norms n. standard; quota; rule

overlap v. extend over, cover a part ofn. something that is superimposed . - passive adj. submissive, unresisting portion n. part, piece ; ;

preliminary adj. early, advance; introductory

;

;

protocol n. method of dealing with a certain subject ; rules of behavior

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qualitative adj. pertaining to quality, pertaining to characteristics ; refine v. purify, filter . .

relaxed adj. informal, not strict; at ease, calm restraints n. control of one's own emotions, constraint, reserve

revolutionn. overthrow of the government

rigid adj. hard, stiff, inflexible . . route n. track, path

scenario n. script, storyline, synopsis of a plot sphere n. domain, realm, area

subordinate adj. inferior, of secondary importance supplementar

yadj. serving as a supplement; additional, extra

suspended adj. hung; stopped for a period of time; postponed team n. group, crew

temporary adj. impermanent trigger v. start, precipitate, initiate; activate ) ..)unified adj. combined, integrated

violation n. transgression; desecration -) )vision n. act or power of seeing with the eye

10adjacent adj. near; next; adjoining . .

albeit conj. although, even though . assembly n. meeting, conference; gathering . . .

collapse n. breakdown, crash; falling in; compression . colleagues fellow worker

compiled v. collect, gather together in one place; . . conceived v. understand; think of an idea; become pregnant . . . . convinced adj. persuaded, certain, sure ; ; ; ;

depression n. sadness, low spirits; lowering, sinking . . . . encountered v. meet by chance; face, meet with (difficulties, hardship, etc . . .

enormous adj. very large, immense, huge . forthcoming adj. coming, approaching; outgoing

inclination n. tendency; liking, preference; slope . . . integrity n. honesty, uprightness, morality . . . intrinsic adj. inherent, innate, essential, fundamental . invoked v. requests help or protection (from a deity) request, make an appeal .

levy n. act or process of collecting or conscripting (money, property, etc.) by a government orother authority

likewise adv. in addition, also, too, as well; in the same manner, ; ; ;nonetheless adv. however, nevertheless . notwithstandin

gadv. however, nevertheless .

odd adj. strange; irregular; random . .

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ongoing adj. continuous; existing; in progress panel n. group of judges; board, flat piece of wood

persistent adj. tenacious, stubborn; persevering; constant ; ) ; ) ; ; ;posed adj : arranged for pictorial purposes

reluctantadj. hesitant, unwilling, disinclined

so-called adjective commonly designated by the name or term specified . straightforward adj. frank, candid; sincere; honest . .

undergo v. endure, experience, go through, suffer . . whereby adv. in accordance with, by, through, by means of

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