Communication methodologies for hard-of-hearing children

The Oral vs. Manual debate

By: Kaylin Carswell

Manual education- Teaches children to communicate using sign language.

Oral education- Teaching the deaf or hard-of-hearing to rely on speech reading, body language/expressions, gestures and their residual hearing for receptive language. Individuals using this method learn to speak to express themselves.

History of Sign Langauge & Oralism Ponce De Leon

Abb de L’Epe “father of sign language”Sign language “natural language of the

deaf”

Samuel Heinicke “father of oralism”

History of Sign Language in America1817

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerc

First school for the deaf in Hartford in 1817

History of Sign Language in AmericaFor the next 63 years sign language was the

primary method used to educate the deaf

1864 National Deaf Mute College Gallaudet University

-DPN Movement (1988)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKnF9CCYQPQ

Conference of Milan 1880

Sign Education vs Oral Education

End to the trend….Oral method is superior

Within 10 years only ¼ of teachers educating the deaf were deaf themselves

Within the next 20 years only 1/5 of total teachers educating the deaf were deaf

Sign forbidden

Oralism in America1867New York Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf-Mutes

-Lexington School for the Deaf

Northampton, MassachusettsClarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes

-Clarke School for the Deaf/Center for Oral Education

Oralism1872School started in Boston by Alexander Graham Bell

1890American Assoc. to Promote the Teaching of Speech to

the Deaf, Inc.-Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf

1960sCivil rights movement American Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975

Sign Language Structure by William Stokoe

Proclaimed American Sign Langauge was: -real langauge

-unique from English -own grammar and syntax

Babbidge Report “oral education was a “dismal failure””

Oralism Sign Language*Academics *Human rights*Assimilation *Social emotional benefits

*Deaf Culture

Oralism and EducationQualified teachers

ADA & IDEA

New Technology

Higher education

Common goals among oral programsEarly detection of hearing loss

Amplification & intervention

Parent involvement in child’s education

The use of residual hearing

Emphasizing speech without sign language for communication

http://www.oraldeafed.org/movies/index.html

Oralism and AssimilationAvoidance of rejection, segregation, and pain

Included and accepted by the hearing population

Ease of communication

Sign Language and social-emotional benefitsAccepting who they are

Whole

Complete not “broken”

Strong sense of identity

Deaf culture

Sign Language and exercising human rightsFree to practice the natural law to preserve

their nature

ADA and IDEA laws

Users don’t have to jeopardize their self-respect or fear discrimination

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hb26YF6Bw9U&feature=related

Medical Model of DeafnessVs.

Cultural Model of Deafness

Medical Model Cultural ModelFunctional disorder that

needs to be fixed

Handicapped

Called deaf

Use of Oral methods

Linguistic minority with distinct language & culture

Difference

Considered deaf

Use of ASL

Total CommunicationBlending several methods together to educate the

deaf

Can include:-fingerspelling-sign language-speech-speech reading-writing -facial expressions-hearing devices

“NO One has one right way to raise a deaf child, any more than anyone has one right way to raise a hearing child.  The politics involved in deaf education are nauseating and who suffers the most in the end are the children themselves.” ~Sherri Kowertz

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Questions

1. Oral education includes all but which of the following?

a. speech reading b. sign languagec. residual hearingd. speech

b. sign language

2. Who is known as “the father of sign language?”

a. Ponce De leonb. Samuel heinickec. Abb de L’Eped. Laurent Clerc

c. Abb de L’epe

3. When was sign language brought to America?

a. 1825b. 1817c. 1901d. 2010

b. 1817

4. Who brought sign language to America?

a. Samuel Heinicke b. Dr. Elangovanc. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet &

Laurent Clercd. Alexander Graham Bell

c. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerc

5. Users of ASL typically______

a. Accept they are handicapb. Look at themselves as

needing to be fixedc. Accept themselves for who

they are, not what others want them to be

d. Have low self-esteem

c. Accept themselves for who they are, not what others want them to be

6. The Milan Conference of 1880 decided _____________

a. To abolish deaf educationb. Sign language should be the

primary method of educationc. Deaf individuals had the right to

choose what method of education they wanted

d. The oral method was superior to the manual method of deaf educationd. The oral method was superior to

the manual method of deaf education

7. ASL started to emerge as an accepted method of education in the 1960s due to which of the following?

a. The Milan Conferenceb. The Civil Rights Movementc. William Stokoe’s Sign

Language Structure d. Both b and c

d. Both b and c

8. Those who support sign language highly value______

a. Academics b. Social-emotional benefitsc. Integration into socieyd. New Technology

b. Social-emotional benefits

9. The cultural model views deafness as ____________

a. A functional disorder that needs to be fixed

b. A linguistic minority with a distinct language

c. A handicapd. Both b & c

b. A linguistic minority with a distinct language

10. Total communication involves_____

a. Speech readingb. Sign languagec. Hearing devicesd. All of the above

d. All of the above

Through deaf eyes video

GREAT JOB

ReferencesHunt, N. & Marshall, K. Exceptional Children and

Youth. (2006). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.Baker, K. “Oral Communication versus American

Sign Language.” Accessed on 20 April 2010.http://www.drury.edu/multinl/story.cfm?

ID=9901&NLID=166http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/The-Condense

d-History-Of-Sign-Language/403854http://www.listen-up.org/edu/options1.htmhttp://my.gallaudet.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/Dea

f%2520Eyes%2520Exhibit/Language-06oralschool.htm

http://www.pbs.org/weta/throughdeafeyes-http://www.aslinfo.com/gallaudet.cfm