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Communication
The process of the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver through a medium (channel) which results in shared feedback.
Channels of Communication
FORMAL CHANNELS
• Downward Communication
• Upward Communication
INFORMAL CHANNELS
• Horizontal Communication
• “Management by Walking Around”
• Grapevine
Communication Management
• Conceptual Skill--Ability to solve problems and demonstrate decision-making skills
• Technical Skill--Ability to demonstrate knowledge through tactile techniques
• Human Skill--Ability to interact with people
Corporate Culture Myths
• Myth One: Corporate Culture is a homogeneous organizational characteristic
• Myth Two: All members of the organization share the same values, beliefs, and traditions
• Myth Three: The leaders of the organization have the ability to shape the corporate culture
• Myth Four: All organizations should strive for one culture
Culture vs. Climate
• Culture is defined as the values and beliefs shared by the members of a society; a set of shared assumptions and understandings about organizational functionings (the ‘why do things happen the way they do’)
• Climate refers to the ways organizations operationalize the themes that pervade everyday behavior--the routines of organizations and the behaviors that get rewarded, supported, and expected by organizations (the ‘what happens around here’)
Communication Networks
• Chain Network--Traditional organizational structure (Layered)
• Wheel Network--Very centralized, autocratic
• Circle Network--Participative organization
• Star Network--Laissez-faire “free rein” organization
Ethics
• Guidelines which help to identify what is right and what is wrong behavior.
• Acting responsibly for the common good
• Telling the truth
• Avoiding misleading others
• Sharing vital information
Five Steps in the Communication Process
• The sender has an idea (encoding)
• The message is planned, organized, and sent
• The message (type) is sent through a channel (medium)
• The receiver reacts to the message (decoding)
• Effective communication results in shared feedback
Communication Signals
• Sign language: All symbols
• Action Language: Kinesics, gestures
• Object Language: Intentional and unintentional displays
The meaning may be construed in many ways by the sender and receiver.
Ex: the sign of victory, the “ok” sign, the words “sorry, torch, buns,” the biggest rock.
Words, Words, Words
• Idioms: Pet expressions, jargon
• Euphemisms
• Offensive, sexist language
• Biased language
• Stereotyped language
• Illiterate language
• Formal language
• Colloquial language
• “Ese, Ize” language
• Redundant language
• Cliche’
The written message
• Writing style
• Format
• Message (Purpose--Why)
• Audience (Who)
• Content (What)
• Timeliness (When)
• Medium (How)
• Tone
A Brave New World of Words
• Twenty-five percent of words added to the dictionary in 1998 were computer -generated
• A normal adult uses 20,000 words regularly
• The English language contains a million words--give or take.
• The ten most looked up words on Webster web site were (in order): paradigm, love, thesaurus, ubiquitous, HTML, effect, gry, affect, home, dog
Sample of 100 Words Added in 1998
• Action figure day job
• adrenalized euro
• apoptosis F/X
• bloviate gazillion
• bottom-feeder newbie
• buffalo wing ramen
• cellaphone noodle trash talk
• chat room yuppie flu
• comfort food netiquette
And the infamous word in 1998
• Is--– The Starr Report: “salacious”
– “Censure” was the most looked up word on 12/10/98
And if you were afraid to ask:
• Gry is a measure equal to one-tenth of a line.
• Only two words in the English language end in “gry”--hungry and angry
• And to be honest, the word gry is outdated/obsolete and no longer used by ordinary people!
And more on words...
• The word with the most definitions is “set”
• The 50 most frequently used words in English account for 45 percent of the total volume of words used.
• In a recent study conducted OC Register (12/22/98) college students were asked the meaning of a few words added to Webster’s dictionary such as:
Let’s see how you fared!
• Bloviate:– to speak or write verbosely or windily
• Frisee:– curly chicory leaves, used in a salad, also called frisee lettuce
• Gopik:– a kind of money, from Russia and Azerbaijan
• Kroon:– a kind of money, Estonia
• Meme:– an idea or behavior, style, or usage that spreads from person to person
within a culture
• Stotin:– A money, from Slovenia
And Today our Language is...
• Less Formal and Eloquent
• More Comprehensible and Concise
• A communication revolution has taken place in the last 100 years.– Language is more technical and specialized; therefore,
the English common core language has increased from 65,000 words to over 160,000 words
The C’s of Writing
• Completeness--Providing all the info needed to promote effective communication
• Conciseness--Providing all the info in a clear, brief manner
• Courteousness--The tone of the message (empathy with the reader)
• Clarity--Delivering the message in the manner intended.
• Considerately--Using language the reader will understand
• Correctness--The facts, spelling, grammar, and essential details add to the sender’s credibility.
Stereotyping vs. Ethnocentrism
• Stereotyping: Classifying a particular group of people in a like manner
• Ethnocentrism: The belief that one’s culture is superior to other cultures
The rule of 12
• People are judged when they are 12 feet away based on overall appearance
• People are judged when they are 12 inches away based on body grooming and scent
• People are judged by the first 12 words they speak
Nonverbal Communication
• Eye contact
• Proxemics
• Greetings
• Colors and dress
• Status
• Gender Differences
• Time attitudes
• Decision-making
• Food and eating habits
• Grooming