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COMMUNISM IN THE SOVIET UNION AND CHINA
• StateWho controls the government?
• RevolutionHow is government put into power?
• Work for the state’s benefit
What roles do the people have?
• StateWho controls production of goods?
• StateWho controls distribution of goods?
What is Communism?
Major Works
Republic by Plato
Utopia (1516) by Thomas More
The Communis
t Manifesto (1848) by Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels
Animal Farm
(1945) by George Orwell
Major Figures
COMMUNISM IN CHINA
May Fourth Movement, 1919 => Birth of Chinese Communism
Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick “The Birth of Communist China” “ it was clear that
the Western way was not the
solution, and tacitly it was
abandoned , even by the
revolutionary element ”
CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY
July, 1921 =>
The First Chinese Communist Party
was formed by Chinese Marxists aided by Russian
Gregor Voitinsky
CHIANG KAI-SHEK
• Leader of Kuomintang, Nationalist Party
• Came to power in 1925
• Lacked ideological attraction to communism
• Led the Northern Expedition
• Purge of Nanking
Northern Expedition , 1926 - 28aimed at uniting the country by force
The Purge of Nankingmajor effort by Chiang Kai-Shek to destroy the Communists as his main rivals for power in China
MAO AND THE LONG MARCH
The Long March(to Shensi) in October,1934 was a massive retreat to remove the CCP and its Red Army from the blows of Chiang’s extermination campaign
UNITED FRONT IDEA AGNST JAPAN
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
1949
Mao Zedong used Marxism-Leninism to build a communist China that today embraces capitalism. Mao’s portrait was ubiquitous.
CHINA UNDER THE MAO
FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN
Industrialization
Collectivization of agriculture
Political centraliza
tion
1953 - 57
Main focus: development of heavy industry on the Soviet model
HUNDRED FLOWERS CAMPAIGN
“Let a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought to contend”
A period of debate in 1956 – 57, when citizens were invited to voice their opinions of the communist regime
GREAT LEAP FORWARD
• Slow growth of agriculture and quick industrial growthProblem
• Collectives• Promotion of equality Solution
• Loss of Stalin’s economic aid
• Decrease in economyResult
Communes
CULTURAL REVOLUTION
Aim
Restoration of power with the help of Red Guards
Outcome
Attacks on intellectuals
A large-scale purge at party posts
Appearance of a personality cult
1966 - 68
Chinese accused of being “capitalist roaders” being paraded through Beijing in 1967 during the Cultural Revolution
DENG XIAOPING AND HIS FOUR MODERNIZATIONS
• Industry
• Agriculture
• National defense
• Science and
technology
June 4, 1989 => Brutal attack on the democracy demonstrators in Tiananmen Squire
COMMUNISM IN SOVIET UNION
The October Revolution, 1917 => Birth of The Soviet Communism
COMMUNISM UNDER LENIN• Totalitarian
System• Single Party • Control
over the Means of Production and Distribution
BOLSHEVIKS
Members of the majority faction of the Russian Communist Party led by Lenin
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALISTIC REPUBLICS
RSFSR
BSFSR
USFSRUSS
R
1922
15 REPUBLICS
Subsequent years
March 4, 1919 => Comintern (The Third International ) was formed by Russian Marxists
COMINTERN (Third International)
Attempt of Marxian movements to get organized at the international level
Aim: Dominate and control over communist parties around the world
Founder: Vladimir Lenin
Active dates: 1919-1924
First conference held in Moscow, 1919, with 52 delegates
LENIN’S DEVIATION FROM MARXIST THEORY
Silencing the opposition and eliminating the threats
Closing not pro-Bolshevik newspapers
Getting rid of the Constituent Assembly
Confiscation of goods and products from the peasants
Redistribution of the materials to his troops
He felt that this was the 1st step to socialism
NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)
• Limited private property• Compensation for goods taken from
the peasants• Profit and efficiency incentives
JOSEPH STALIN
Strong ideology of communism-loyalty towards State
Five-Year Plans(1929-1933), industry and agriculture became communal
Had created second military and industry superpower after USA
FIVE-YEAR PLANS
1929-33 => Collectivization of agriculture and development of heavy industry.
1933-37 => Triple steel and oil production; electricity and coal production
1938-42 => Focus on military base, effective productivity per capita
The Soviet Gulags (Concentration Camps) => resource for the construction of industries, esp railways and roads, mining operations, and timber industry
WWII, 1941-45
NIKITA KHRUSCHEV
Housing program; Improvement of foreign relations;
Destalinization;
“ Capitalism and Communism could coexist ”
Attempts to end the Cold War
COLD WAR
• 1949 => Creation of NATO against the communist expansion
• Invention of Atomic Bomb
• 1962 => Caribbean Crisis
• From 1945 => Spread of Communism among Yugoslavia, Southern Asia, Eastern Europe, China, North Korea
MIKHAIL GORBACHEV
Restructuring
Collapse of USSR
Supported Social-Democracy
Allowed private bussiness
SIMILARITIES
Soviet Union
Overthrow of Romanov Dynasty
Five-Year Plan under Stalin (1929-33)
Personality cult of Lenin, StalinSlow growth of agriculture and quick growth of heavy industry
REFERENCES
• Political Theories for Students, Jaime E. Noce and Matthew Miskelly, 2002
• The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, volume II: the Right, Rodney P. Carlisle , 2005
• An Introduction to Politics, third edition, Trevor Munroe, 2002
• A Short history of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence , Martin Stuart-Fox, 2003
• The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III, The Twentieth Century, Ronald Grigor Suny, 2006
• A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End, second edition, Peter Kenez, 2006
• Gowealthy.com• ForeignAffairs.com
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Why do you think communism failed?• What are the similarities between
Stalin’s and Mao Tse-tung’s dictatorship under communism?
• Which political system in your opinion is more beneficial for current society?