Community-Based Corrections Community-Based Corrections GenerallyGenerally

CBC Generally

Offender Selection

The State of Modern CBC

What Is CBC?What Is CBC?

Intermediate Sanctions and Intermediate Sanctions and CBCCBC

Recall:

What are Intermediate What are Intermediate Sanctions?Sanctions?

What are IS?

CBC ObjectivesCBC Objectives

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Community ProtectionCommunity Protection

Offender Selection Criteria

Restrictions (IS) and Level of Control

Rules and Rules Enforcement

Rules and Rules EnforcementRules and Rules Enforcement

Rules and rules enforcement tend to deter criminal activity and identify, before crime, persons at risk for criminality.

Fairness and JusticeFairness and Justice

Fairness and Justice Fairness and Justice AKA: ProportionalityAKA: Proportionality

Punishment should fit the crimeAggravating and mitigation circumstancesApply the right amount of just deserts

Should an offender who works and obeys the law, but continues to have problems with drugs, be sent to prison?

Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation and ReintegrationReintegration

Rebuilding community ties– Family, Job, Friends, Education

Why are these things important?

RehabilitationRehabilitation

Rehabilitation is based on the premise that crime and delinquency are:

““Healthy” Community Healthy” Community Organization ExamplesOrganization Examples

Why are “healthy” community Why are “healthy” community offerings important?offerings important?

Why are “healthy” community Why are “healthy” community offerings important?offerings important?

What happens when offenders What happens when offenders are barred from normal social are barred from normal social

roles?roles?

Labeling TheoryLabeling Theory

Practical ImplicationsPractical Implications

Programs that avoid stigmatizing offenders and enable them to maintain ties to the larger community could be expected to encourage responsible, law-abiding behavior.

ReintegrationReintegration

Reintegration, to be effective, must be:

Restorative and Community Restorative and Community JusticeJustice

Cost EffectivenessCost Effectiveness

Prison: About $18,000 - $25,000 per year

Probation: About $1,400 per year

Effective TX: About $12,000 - $14,000 year

Cost Effectiveness cont’dCost Effectiveness cont’d

28,000 VA inmates X $22,000

= $616,000,000 per year 40,000 P&P Cases X $1,400 = $ 56,000,000 per year 7,000 Selected Inmate Cases X $14,000 = $ 98,000,000 per year Savings: $155,554.000 - $98,000,000 = $57,554,000 per year PLUS Less Crime

Cost Effectiveness cont’dCost Effectiveness cont’d

TX pays for itself.

Fact:

Fact:

Offender SelectionOffender Selection

Offender Selection ToolsOffender Selection Tools

Presentence ReportRisk and Needs AssessmentsSentencing Guidelines

Sentencing Guidelines Sentencing Guidelines

Who Uses Who Uses Sentencing Guidelines?Sentencing Guidelines?

Sentencing Guideline PurposeSentencing Guideline Purpose

History of SG in VirginiaHistory of SG in Virginia

Historical widespread inequities Voluntary sentencing guidelines 75% compliance rate by judges

Truth In SentencingTruth In Sentencing

– 1980-1992 Number f federal prisoners increased 46% to 75%

– Result: 60% increase in corrections spending

Important ConceptsImportant Concepts

Collective Incapacitation:

Selective Incapacitation:

Important ConceptsImportant Concepts

Determinate Sentencing:

Indeterminate Sentencing-

Important ConceptsImportant Concepts

The State of Modern The State of Modern Community CorrectionsCommunity Corrections

Get Tough On CrimeGet Tough On Crime

Result of War On Drugs– National crackdown on drug use– Massive increases in law enforcement and

prosecutions

Get Tough On CrimeGet Tough On Crime

Effect– Increase in drug users in prison– Limited prison space for violent and property

offenders– Huge increases in correctional spending– DOC became largest agency in many states

Get Tough on CrimeGet Tough on Crime

Some Bright SpotsSome Bright Spots

Greater focus on violent offenders Law authorized federal mandatory

minimum for minor drug offenders Federal money to states for prisons tied to

– Evidence of balanced approach Rehabilitation, TX, Education Diversion, Drug Courts, Post Release Assistance

Less Bright SpotsLess Bright Spots

Limited federal court authority to remedy prison overcrowding

Permitted double bunking of maximum security inmates

Most states maximized incarceration– Proliferation of sentencing enhancements for all

Parole abolition

Sentencing EnhancementsSentencing Enhancements

Three strikes and you’re out • For All

Truth in sentencing (Serve 85% of time)• For All

Sentencing Guideline enhancements

Prison AdmissionsPrison Admissions

Implication?

Collective Incapacitation Collective Incapacitation CriticismsCriticisms

If collective incapacitation were effective, crime reduction would have been greater.– Serious offenders were already incarcerated– Longer sentences incapacitate offenders after

criminal career ended or greatly diminished– Drug offenders leave prison with broader

criminal expertise– Middle class assumption prison is equal

deterrent to all groups

Reality of Incapacitation Reality of Incapacitation PolicyPolicy

Cost and Consequences of Cost and Consequences of Incarceration PolicyIncarceration Policy

Cost– Economic, Social, Educational, Health and

Public Safety

Consequences If Trend Continues– Raise taxes or reduce Funding in almost all

other areas

International PerspectiveInternational Perspective

US places disproportionate emphasis on physical punishment in CCJ policy.

US reliance on collective incapacitation is not based on demonstrated success.

What Are The Alternatives?What Are The Alternatives?

Reintroduce Indeterminacy In Sentencing Focus On Alternatives To Incarceration Remove Lesser Offenders From Prison

• Especially Drug Offenders

Solution: Back To CBCSolution: Back To CBC

• CBC can provide protection• Rehabilitation and enforcing restrictions costs $

• Most offenders respond to the right program match

• CBC is the best cost effective alternative

ConclusionConclusion

• Public safety concerns dominate correctional planning.

• Resolution of offender problems and needs may be the best long-term solution to public safety problems and crime prevention.