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Community Based Community Based Projects to Prevent Projects to Prevent Underage DrinkingUnderage Drinking
Kathryn StewartKathryn StewartMADD National BoardMADD National Board
Safety and Policy Analysis International and Safety and Policy Analysis International and Prevention Research CenterPrevention Research Center
Lafayette, CaliforniaLafayette, California
Effects of Age 21 LawsEffects of Age 21 Laws
Reduction in alcohol Reduction in alcohol consumptionconsumption
Reduction in drinking driver Reduction in drinking driver fatal crashes fatal crashes
Reduction in alcohol-related Reduction in alcohol-related homicides, suicides, homicides, suicides, unintentional injuriesunintentional injuries
Evidence of MLDA 21 Law Evidence of MLDA 21 Law EffectivenessEffectiveness
Drinking Drivers Over Age 21 involved in Drinking Drivers Over Age 21 involved in fatal crashes: the decrease between 1982 fatal crashes: the decrease between 1982 and 2004 wasand 2004 was
-33% -33%
Drinking Drivers Under Age 21 involved in Drinking Drivers Under Age 21 involved in fatal crashes: the decrease between 1982 fatal crashes: the decrease between 1982 and 2004and 2004
-62%-62%
MLDA 21 accounted for much of the MLDA 21 accounted for much of the difference (Hedlund, et al., 2001)difference (Hedlund, et al., 2001)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Licensed drivers
FARS - alcohol positive
FARS - sober drivers
Reduction in Impaired Driving since Reduction in Impaired Driving since Drinking Age Raised in U.S.Drinking Age Raised in U.S.
Drivers 20 and YoungerDrivers 20 and Younger
Lowering Drinking Age in New Lowering Drinking Age in New ZealandZealand
New Zealand lowered drinking age New Zealand lowered drinking age from 20 to 18 in 1999 from 20 to 18 in 1999
Traffic crashes have increased as Traffic crashes have increased as have other alcohol related injuries have other alcohol related injuries and problems among youthand problems among youth
Drinking and associated problems Drinking and associated problems have trickled down to 15-17 year have trickled down to 15-17 year olds olds
Examples of Coordinated Examples of Coordinated Community EffortsCommunity Efforts
Preventing alcohol related problems at Preventing alcohol related problems at the US/Mexico Borderthe US/Mexico Border
Controlling alcohol outlet density to Controlling alcohol outlet density to prevent alcohol problemsprevent alcohol problems
Using policy and enforcement to Using policy and enforcement to prevent alcohol problems in college prevent alcohol problems in college communitiescommunities
Using community awareness and Using community awareness and enforcement to reduce sales to minorsenforcement to reduce sales to minors
The Border ProjectThe Border ProjectPreventing alcohol-related Preventing alcohol-related problems at the US/Mexico problems at the US/Mexico
BorderBorder
SitesSites
San Diego -TijuanaSan Diego -Tijuana El Paso – JuarezEl Paso – Juarez Laredo –Nuevo LaredoLaredo –Nuevo Laredo Brownsville - MatamorosBrownsville - Matamoros
The ProblemThe Problem
Mexico’s drinking age is 18Mexico’s drinking age is 18 Some border towns provided Some border towns provided
plentiful, cheap sources of alcoholplentiful, cheap sources of alcohol
The ProblemThe Problem
Mexico’s drinking age is 18Mexico’s drinking age is 18 Some border towns provided Some border towns provided
plentiful, cheap sources of alcoholplentiful, cheap sources of alcohol Young people traveled to Mexico to Young people traveled to Mexico to
drinkdrink Beverage service not always Beverage service not always
“responsible”“responsible”
The ProblemThe Problem
Mexico’s drinking age is 18Mexico’s drinking age is 18 Some border towns provided plentiful, Some border towns provided plentiful,
cheap sources of alcoholcheap sources of alcohol Young people traveled to Mexico to drinkYoung people traveled to Mexico to drink Beverage service not always “responsible”Beverage service not always “responsible” Heavy drinking occurredHeavy drinking occurred Sometimes resulted in problems, including Sometimes resulted in problems, including
impaired driving on the way homeimpaired driving on the way home
The Implementation StrategyThe Implementation Strategy
The nature and scope of the problem The nature and scope of the problem were explained to groups and were explained to groups and agencies on both sides of the borderagencies on both sides of the border
Media advocacy brought the problem Media advocacy brought the problem to the attention of the public through to the attention of the public through compelling news coveragecompelling news coverage
The Change StrategiesThe Change Strategies
Earlier bar closingsEarlier bar closings Stepped up DUI enforcement efforts Stepped up DUI enforcement efforts
on the US side of the border on the US side of the border Highly publicized enforcement of Highly publicized enforcement of
laws against crossing by youth under laws against crossing by youth under 1818
New restrictions on Marines from New restrictions on Marines from Camp PendletonCamp Pendleton
The ResultsThe Results
Dramatic decline in number of Dramatic decline in number of nighttime crossings by young peoplenighttime crossings by young people
Reduction in nighttime crashes Reduction in nighttime crashes involving drivers under 18involving drivers under 18
90% reduction in number of Marines 90% reduction in number of Marines driving back from the borderdriving back from the border
Alcohol Outlet Density Alcohol Outlet Density and Alcohol Problemsand Alcohol Problems
Controlling Alcohol Problems Controlling Alcohol Problems through Controlling the through Controlling the
Alcohol EnvironmentAlcohol Environment
The ProblemThe Problem
Neighborhoods where bars, Neighborhoods where bars, restaurants and liquor and other restaurants and liquor and other stores that sell alcohol are close stores that sell alcohol are close together suffer more frequent together suffer more frequent incidences alcohol-related problems.incidences alcohol-related problems.
Problems includeProblems include
Underage drinkingUnderage drinking Impaired drivingImpaired driving Property crimeProperty crime Violent crimeViolent crime Child abuse and neglectChild abuse and neglect
The Implementation StrategyThe Implementation Strategy
Make communities aware of the Make communities aware of the problems created by alcohol outletsproblems created by alcohol outlets
Make communities aware of the Make communities aware of the policy strategies that can control policy strategies that can control outlet location and densityoutlet location and density• Licensing policiesLicensing policies• Land use policiesLand use policies
The ResultsThe ResultsCommunities can:Communities can:
Set minimum distances between Set minimum distances between alcohol outletsalcohol outlets
Limit new licenses for areas that Limit new licenses for areas that already have outlets too close already have outlets too close together;together;
Not issue a new license when an Not issue a new license when an outlet goes out of businessoutlet goes out of business
Permanently close outlets that Permanently close outlets that repeatedly violate liquor lawsrepeatedly violate liquor laws
The Follow-upThe Follow-up
Policy changes can permanently Policy changes can permanently change the environmentchange the environment
Reductions in alcohol problems can Reductions in alcohol problems can be sustainedbe sustained
Communities are empowered to take Communities are empowered to take control of the alcohol environmentcontrol of the alcohol environment
Safer California UniversitiesSafer California UniversitiesProject GoalProject Goal
To evaluate the efficacy of To evaluate the efficacy of aa
“Risk Management” “Risk Management” approach to alcohol approach to alcohol problem preventionproblem prevention
NIAAA grant #R01 AA12516NIAAA grant #R01 AA12516with support from CSAP/SAMHSAwith support from CSAP/SAMHSA..
Why Care About College Student Why Care About College Student Drinking?Drinking?
Over 1,700 deaths among 18-24 year old college Over 1,700 deaths among 18-24 year old college studentsstudents
590,000 unintentionally injured under the 590,000 unintentionally injured under the influence of alcoholinfluence of alcohol
More than 690,000 assaulted by another student More than 690,000 assaulted by another student who has been drinkingwho has been drinking
More than 97,000 are victims of alcohol-related More than 97,000 are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or date rapesexual assault or date rape
About 25 percent of college students report About 25 percent of college students report academic consequences of their drinkingacademic consequences of their drinking
What are we trying to What are we trying to prevent?prevent?
IntoxicationIntoxication
Harm related to intoxicationHarm related to intoxication
Integrated Intervention Strategies for Integrated Intervention Strategies for Off-Campus Parties Off-Campus Parties
A Social Host Safe Party CampaignA Social Host Safe Party Campaign
Compliance ChecksCompliance Checks
DUI Check PointsDUI Check Points
Party PatrolsParty Patrols
Pass Social Host “Response Cost” Pass Social Host “Response Cost” OrdinanceOrdinance
OutcomesOutcomes
Likelihood of getting drunk at bars or Likelihood of getting drunk at bars or restaurants much less.restaurants much less.
Likelihood of getting drunk at off Likelihood of getting drunk at off campus parties much less.campus parties much less.
Overall likelihood of getting drunk at Overall likelihood of getting drunk at any location much less.any location much less.
Reducing Youth Access to Alcohol: Reducing Youth Access to Alcohol: Integrated Environmental Integrated Environmental
ApproachesApproaches
Reward and Reminder ProgramReward and Reminder Program Minor Decoy Operations Minor Decoy Operations Shoulder Tap Operations Shoulder Tap Operations Party Patrols Party Patrols Traffic SurveillanceTraffic Surveillance Media AdvocacyMedia Advocacy
Community OutcomesCommunity Outcomes
Reduce sales of alcohol to minorsReduce sales of alcohol to minors Reduce impaired driving and other Reduce impaired driving and other
alcohol-related problemsalcohol-related problems Involve the Involve the wholewhole community in community in
changing the environmentchanging the environment Change community attitudes and Change community attitudes and
cultureculture
ConclusionsConclusions
Communities can create environments that Communities can create environments that reduce alcohol related problems through: reduce alcohol related problems through:
Understanding the nature of the problemsUnderstanding the nature of the problems Development of appropriate policiesDevelopment of appropriate policies Strategic use of law enforcement Strategic use of law enforcement
resourcesresources Strategic use of community awarenessStrategic use of community awareness