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Community Ecology - WordPress.com · Community Ecology Community ecology is the study of _____...

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Community Ecology Community ecology is the study of ______________________ interactions-organism/s interacting with individual/s of ______________ species. Symbiosis (also called a symbiotic relationship) just means that species ______________ / have direct contact with each other. Symbiosis used to be defined as a _________ interaction between 2+ species, where now it is defined as a helpful (+), harmful (-), or neutral (0) interaction. Type of Symbiosis Definition +, -, or 0 Competition Different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival. Predation One species (the predator) kills and eats another species (the prey). E.g. Lion captures and eats a gazelle. Herbivory An organism eats parts of a plant or alga. Parasitism One organism (the parasite) derives nourishment from another organism (the host) which is harmed in the process. Mutualism Both species benefit from the interaction. Commensalism One species benefits, while the other species is neither helped nor harmed from the interaction. Facilitation *not symbiosis One species has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of another species without living in direct contact. Identify the Following Interactions Florida manatee eating aquatic plants Cattle egret birds on water buffalo Ants living on acacia trees __________________________ ________________________ ______________________ Sea lamprey on a fish Two male bucks Nurse log and new seedlings __________________________ ________________________ ______________________
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Community Ecology

Community ecology is the study of ______________________ interactions-organism/s

interacting with individual/s of ______________ species.

Symbiosis (also called a symbiotic relationship) just means that species ______________ / have

direct contact with each other. Symbiosis used to be defined as a _________ interaction between

2+ species, where now it is defined as a helpful (+), harmful (-), or neutral (0) interaction.

Type of Symbiosis Definition +, -, or 0

Competition Different species compete for a resource that limits their

growth and survival.

Predation One species (the predator) kills and eats another species (the

prey). E.g. Lion captures and eats a gazelle.

Herbivory An organism eats parts of a plant or alga.

Parasitism One organism (the parasite) derives nourishment from another

organism (the host) which is harmed in the process.

Mutualism Both species benefit from the interaction.

Commensalism One species benefits, while the other species is neither helped

nor harmed from the interaction.

Facilitation *not symbiosis

One species has a positive effect on the survival and

reproduction of another species without living in direct contact.

Identify the Following Interactions

Florida manatee eating aquatic plants Cattle egret birds on water buffalo Ants living on acacia trees

__________________________ ________________________ ______________________

Sea lamprey on a fish Two male bucks Nurse log and new seedlings

__________________________ ________________________ ______________________

Ecological _________________-is how an organism makes a __________________ / its role in

the environment (where it mates, temperature it tolerates, time of day it is active, size of the

organisms it eats, etc.). A good analogy is that a _______________ is an organism’s “address”,

while the ecological niche is an organism’s “____________________”.

When two species compete for limited resources in the ___________ ecological niche, one will

be more efficient at gaining access to resources and drive the other out or to ________________.

Two species with similar niches can coexist if resource __________________________ occurs-

division of environmental resources to reduce competition.

Most species have both a ________________________ niche (the niche it can potentially use)

and a _____________________ niche (the niche it actually uses).

Q: Two species of paramecium (a type of

protist) are cultured together. What happened?

P. _________________ out competed

P. ___________________.

Q: What is this outcome called?

Competitive ___________________ principle.

Q: Seven similar species of Anolis lizards live

in close proximity in the Dominican Republic.

How do they participate in resource

partitioning?

Live on different __________________/

different niches.

Q: How did these differences come about

between the species?

Q: What class do lizards belong to?

Q: What organisms are pictured in this experiment?

Two species of ______________________.

Q: When together, Chthamalus is usually found on

higher rocks and Balanus is usually found on lower

rocks. What type of niche is this?

Q: When Balanus was removed, what happened?

Chthamalus grew on _________ lower and higher

rocks. This is its ______________________ niche.

Different populations located in the __________ geographic area are called _______________.

Populations located in ____________ geographic areas that do not interact (perhaps separated by

a mountain) are called ________________.

Prey animals have evolved adaptations to avoid being eaten.

A. coloration (also called camouflage) enables an organism to

blend into its surroundings.

B. Some organisms with ________________ defenses have _____________ warning

coloration called ____________________ coloration to warn predators they have toxins.

C. ______________________ defenses such as spikes or thorns.

D. ______________________/ harmful chemicals in plants.

___________

Q: These two Galápagos finch species both eat similarly sized

seeds. Describe their beak depths when they live on two different

islands (allopatric).

They have ________________beak depths.

Q: Describe their beak depths when they live on the same island

(sympatric).

They have _______________ their beak depths more to feed on

different-sized seeds and reduce competition.

Q: What is the tendency for characteristics to diverge more in

sympatric than in allopatric populations called?

Q: What are these two organisms?

leaf _________________ and a leafy sea

__________________.

Q: Poison dart frogs come in a variety of colors (e.g. blue,

yellow, red). How do they acquire their toxicity?

Through their _________ of insects (ants, mites, etc).

Q: What do the larvae (caterpillars) of monarch butterflies

eat and store in their tissues that is toxic?

Q: Can porcupines throw their quills at predators?

Q: What does grass contain in its cells that could deter a

small insect from eating it?

_________ (silica/ silicon dioxide) crystals (also found in

sand and used to make glass).

Q: Why are marigolds often planted around gardens?

They contain a pungent __________ that deters many

insects, rabbits, and deer.

Q: What milky substance do opium poppy seeds produce?

Opiates like________________ and codeine (for pain

relief) and ______________ (a narcotic).

E. _______________________ coloration.

F. ____________________ coloration such as stripes or spots create an “optical

illusion” to break up body outlines.

G. ______________________ is a type of camouflage with a dark _______________

side (back) and a lighter __________________ side (abdomen).

H. _____________________ is the similarity of one species to another. There are

several types, here are 3 examples:

#1) ____________________ mimicry- when a ___________________ or

palatable species mimics a ___________________ or unpalatable species.

#2) _____________________ mimicry- when two or more _________________

/ harmful species resemble each other so that predators quickly learn to avoid the

group as a whole.

Q: What does this silk moth have to make it look like a larger

predator (e.g. an owl) that may deter a predator from eating it?

Q: Are zebras black with white stripes or white with

black stripes?

Embyological evidence shows they are _________ in the

womb and the _________ stripes come later in

development.

Q: What is in the second image?

_______________ in the grass.

Q: Why do animals like porpoises, dolphins, and penguins

have countershading (Note: Predators can have this also,

e.g. sharks)?

If viewed from above, they blend better into the darkness

of the _____________. If viewed from below, they blend

better into the ______________ from the surface.

Q: The larva (caterpillar) of the hawkmoth when

disturbed puffs up its head and thorax / middle body

region of an insect (which has false eye spots on it) and

moves back and forth, hisses, and strikes at predators.

What harmful animal is it mimicking?

Small poisonous ______________.

Q: What common color pattern do bees, wasps,

yellow jackets, and hornets who all have stingers

have that is Müllerian mimicry?

Q: What can these bright colored warning patterns

also be considered?

#3) ________________________ mimicry- when a ___________________ uses

mimicry to catch prey.

There are two types of parasitism: _______parasites that live within the body of their host (e.g.

tapeworm) and _______parasites that feed on the external surface of the host (e.g. ticks).

Sometimes the parasites change the _________________ of their host to increase the chances of

being transferred to another ____________ in the cycle (e.g. rabies virus makes the host

__________________ so it bites the next host to continue the cycle).

Q: What natural lure does a female anglerfish use to

draw its prey closer?

______________ dangling above its mouth.

Q: When a smaller male anglerfish is born, it lacks a

digestive system so it must latch onto a female with its

teeth. The male physically fuses with the female’s skin

and bloodstream, loses his eyes and all his internal

organs except the testes. How many males will a female

anglerfish carry on her body?

Q: What is pictured in these images?

Top = _____________ butterfly and the bottom =

_______________ butterfly.

Q: Recall, that monarch larvae eat milkweed plants filled with a

milky toxic substance that the larvae and adult monarchs store in

their tissues so predators learn to avoid them. What do the adult

monarch butterflies eat?

__________________ and water to drink.

QWe used to think that the top picture of the viceroy was a

palatable species of butterfly that evolved through Batesian

mimicry to resemble the unpalatable monarch. What has

recently been discovered?

Actually the viceroy is ________ unpalatable than the monarch!

So this is actually an example of _____________________

mimicry.

Q: How can a person get tapeworm

(a type of flatworm)?

Eating __________________ meat.

Q: Ticks are vectors of many

diseases (including Lyme disease).

How long after being bitten by a tick

does it take for the bacteria to enter

the host?

In most cases, _____ hours.

There are 2 types of mutualism: ______________ mutualism where one species cannot survive

without its partner (e.g. bees and bee pollinated flowers like the snapdragon) and ____________

mutualism where both species could survive alone (e.g. ants and the acacia tree).

Species _________________________-the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up

a community. Made up of two things:

#1) Species _____________________- The ______ of different species in a community.

(e.g. There are oaks, maples, spruce, and birch trees or ____ different species in the Troy

woodlot).

#2) Relative _____________________- How ____________ of the different species.

(e.g. There are 210 oaks, 53 maples, 22 spruce, and 14 birch trees in the Troy woodlot).

Q: What lives inside the intestines of

termites that digests wood cellulose (a

carbohydrate found in plant cell walls)?

______________ (Trichonympha) and

living inside the protists are __________

that make the enzyme __________ which

breaks down cellulose.

Q: What type of mutualism is this?

Q: How do bees see the world?

Bees only see ___________, blue and _______.

Q: Bees and flowers evolved together. The bee gets nectar (sugar water with minimal proteins) and pollen

(a protein) from the flower, while inadvertently pollinating the flower. What is this called?

Q: Bee populations are decreasing worldwide and the cause is currently unknown. What is this called?

Q: Which community has greater species richness?

Q: Which community has greater relative abundance?

Q: Therefore, which community has greater species

diversity?

Q: Which community is more productive and better able

to recover from environmental stresses (e.g. drought)?

Communities with a _______ species diversity are less prone to ________________ species-

non-_____________________ / non-native species invading a new environment. This is

because communities with high species diversity use more of the resources available in the

system, leaving ________ resources available for the invader / exotic / introduced species.

The ____________________ structure- the ______________ relationships between organisms.

Q: What are some invasive species in Michigan?

______________ mussels and ____________ mussels, round __________, Asian

__________, purple ____________________, sea lampreys, etc.

Q: In the 1890’s the American Acclimatization Society sought to release every bird

mentioned in Shakespeare’s scripts to the US (NY’s Central Park). What invasive

songbird from this project has caused the greatest impact on native bird species

(due to their aggressive competition for nesting sites)?

Q: What climbing vine originally imported from Japan to control erosion is an

invasive species across the Southeastern United States?

Q: What invasive species was brought to Hawaii to control rats in the sugar cane

fields and now is eating ground-nesting Hawaiian birds and their eggs?

Q: Why do invasive species proliferate in new environments?

Since they did not _____________ in the new environment, there are often no

_______________ or local diseases (viral or bacterial) that affect them and they

often outcompete native species for _______________ (nutrients, light, physical

space, water or food).

Q: How does a food chain differ from a

food web?

Food chains are _______________; food

webs show all possible feeding

relationships / are more complex.

Q: What are the 1˚ producers?

_________________ / “self-feeders”

(e.g. plants, algae, phytoplankton).

Q: What are krill in this food web?

Both ___ consumers and ___ consumers.

Q: What is missing from these 2 images?

Arrows pointing towards

__________________ (fungi, bacteria,

etc.) Q: Which way are the arrows pointing?

Towards who is __________ the eating.

Photosynthetic autotrophs are not always the 1˚ producers. Deep-sea communities exist around

___________________________ vents in the ocean where light does not penetrate. Therefore,

the 1˚ producers are _____________synthetic organisms that live off of _____________

chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide (_____________).

Most food webs consist of ____ or fewer trophic levels. This is because:

A) ___________________ hypothesis- inefficiency of energy transferred between levels.

B) Dynamic ___________ hypothesis- long food chains are less stable than short chains.

E.g. If an environmental shock occurs (such as an extreme ____________), food supplies

will be reduced all the way up the food chain. The longer the food chain, the more

the __________ predators will be affected.

C) Carnivores tend to be ____________________ at successive trophic levels and most

cannot live on very small food items because it will not meet their metabolic needs.

species- the most abundant species in a community

(e.g. ______ trees used to be a dominant tree species before a disease called

___________ elm disease killed them. This is caused by a _____________

carried by beetles).

Q: Name some organisms

living amongst the

geothermally heated waters

around the black smoker sea

vents?

Q: What percent of energy is transferred from the 1˚

producers to the 1˚ consumers?

Q: What percent of energy is lost between trophic

levels?

Q: In what form is the energy lost/ dissipated as?

Q: What is the rule that explains this concept?

The “__________ rule”.

Q: What animal is the largest to ever live

and an exception to a large animal who

does eat much smaller prey?

__________ whales (type of baleen whale

that has bristles and not teeth) which are

suspension feeders that feed on shrimp-like

___________ and plankton.

Pyramid of

energy / net

production

________________ species- not dominant in a community, but they exert a strong impact on

community structure.

(e.g. Lake Victoria in Africa (the world’s 2nd

largest freshwater lake) once contained ~400

species of _____________ fish found nowhere else in the world) / ______________ to Lake

Victoria. To help the fishing industry, the 200 lb.______ perch were introduced and this has

caused ~50% of the cichlid populations to go extinct.)

Ecosystem _____________________- species that alter their environment (e.g. beavers build

dams and transform forests into _____________________).

_________________________ such as a flood, overgrazing, or human activity change a

community by ____________________ organisms or altering resource availbility. These

disturbances keep a community from reaching _____________________ so that communitites

are constantly changing (the ______equilibrium model).

Q: Which fish is the keystone species?

Q: Look at the food chain and graphs. When

sea otters are abundant, there are few

________________ and an increase in

_____________.

Q: When sea otter populations plummet, there

is an _____ in sea otters, but a _____ in kelp.

Q: What is the keystone species in this

example?

Q: Why do beavers build dams?

To create still, deep waters to ____________ their

family from predators (like bears), wood and bark is

their __________ source, and to have a lodge for their

beaver family.

Q: Moderate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity than high

or low levels of disturbance because some niches become available for new

species to enter, while keeping some of the original species intact. What is

this called?

___________________________ disturbance hypothesis.

Q: Would you expect to have greater species diversity near a path in a

forest or deeper in the forest?

Ecological _________________________-transition in the species composition following a

disturbance. There are two types of ecological succession:

A) ______ succession- No fertile _________ present initially.

B) ______ succession- Existing community is cleared

by some disturbance that leaves the soil ___________.

Q: Yellowstone National Park is dominated by

lodgepole pine (low species diversity), a tree that

requires periodic fires. What type of disturbance is

fire considered?

Q: Describe the community in the pictures of

Yellowstone one year after a fire.

Covered with ______ vegetation (the species are

adapted to rapid recovery after a fire).

Q: What biome is this?

Q: What situations lead to 1˚ succession?

New ____________ island forms, on the rubble

left behind from a retreating _______________, on

a ____________ dune, or when a ______________

bottom lake undergoes weathering.

Q: What are the pioneer species in 1˚ succession?

_______________, mosses, and bacteria.

Q: When the pioneer community dies and decays,

they facilitate the appearance of later successional

species by creating fertile soil for herbs, grasses,

and small plants. What is this fertile soil called?

Q: What are oak trees in this example?

Q: How long can it take for 1˚ succession to occur?

_____________ to _______________ of years

(but sometimes quicker).

Q: What two things make up lichens?

_____________ + a photosynthetic partner

(e.g. green ___________ or __________bacteria.

Q: What type of symbiotic relationship do most lichen have?

_______________ (the fungus provides water, nutrients and a

place to live; the photosynthetic partner provides sugar / food).

Q: If you see lichens growing on trees or rocks, what is this an

indicator of?

_____________ air quality.

________________________ gradients- lower latitudes have _________ species than higher

latitudes (E.g. Michigan deciduous forests have ~____ species of trees, tropical Malaysia has

~_____ tree species on the same size plot).

Species-____________ curve- the larger a geographic area of a community, the ________

species it has.

Q: What situations lead to 2˚ succession?

After a forest ________, abandoned

__________land, deforestation, or a

_____________/ soil bottom lake dries up or

undergoes erosion.

Q: What are the pioneer species in 2˚

succession?

First ____________ then perennial plants,

_______________, and weeds.

Q: Which is faster paced, 1˚ or 2˚ succession

and why?

______ succession is faster since soil is

already present and _________ are in the soil.

Q: How many ant species are there in Alaska?

Q: How many ant species are there in Brazil?

Q: Why do leafcutter ants collect leaves?

To farm a ___________ that grows on the leaves

that they then eat (mutualistic relationship).

Q: The famous ecologist E.O. Wilson and a colleague developed these models for island species

diversity (called the island equilibrium model). The “equilibrium number” (the balance between new

species immigrating to the island and those on the island going extinct) is what to focus on in

interpreting these. Based on these graphs, which type of island will have the greatest species diversity?

________________ islands that are _____________ to the mainland.

Q: Why is this the case?

Large islands are easier for colonizers to land on, have more __________________, a larger gene

_________ (more variety amongst organisms, so more resistant to _________________), and closer

islands are easier to access than distant ones.

_________________________ (e.g. disease-causing microorganisms) can alter community

structure quickly and extensively.

___________________ pathogens- those pathogens transferred from ____________ to humans.

This can be through direct contact with an infected animal or through an intermediate species

called a _____________.

Q: The Irish potato famine (period of mass starvation, disease, and

emigration from 1845-1852) caused ~1 million people to die.

What disease was affecting the staple food crop/ the potatoes?

Q: What does the term “blight” mean?

______________ infected by pathogens.

Q: What organism causes potato blight?

A ______________-like protist called a water mold (also called

an oomycota).

Q: Potato tubers (the enlarged portion you eat / the potato) can

grow leafy branches from the “eyes”. Is it safe to eat these

potatoes sprouting shoots?

Q: What about green potatoes (resulting from exposure to sunlight

and making chlorophyll)?

_____, they contain a bitter chemical called __________ (a nerve

toxin that has effects only in large doses, 4.5 lbs eaten).

Q: Corals have photosynthetic golden-brown algae (called zooxanthellae) living within them. Under stress,

the corals expel their algae and this causes them to turn white. What is this called?

Q: What are some causes of stress to coral reefs?

Multiple factors: ____ water temperatures is the #1 stress (global climate change), also ____ water

temperatures, ____ pathogen infections, ____ pH (more acidic), ____ UV radiation, ____ food availability

(zooplankton), ____ salinity, etc.

Q: What human fishing practice is also killing the reefs?

Ocean _______________-boats dragging weighted nets on the seafloor to capture seafood.

Q: What zoonotic disease transmits the pathogen Plasmodium and uses

mosquitoes as its vector?

________________ (believed to have originated in gorillas).

Q: Which gender of mosquito is seeking mammalian blood?

_______ (need proteins and iron to produce eggs).

Q: How do mosquitoes find mammals?

They detect organic (carbon containing) substances such as ______ and another

chemical in human breath and sweat with a “meaty” odor called octenol.


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