Community Education for Community Education for Pesticide Risk Reduction in Pesticide Risk Reduction in

Greater Mekong Subregion: Greater Mekong Subregion: An An OverviewOverview

By: Jan Ketelaar & Alma Linda Abubakar, FAO-IPM Programme in Asia

Presentation for Fruit Fly Inception Workshop, AIT, Bangkok, Thailand,

02 September 2010

Outline PresentationOutline Presentation

1.1. Background: Agricultural Scenario (2010-2050)Background: Agricultural Scenario (2010-2050)

2.2. Overview: FAO-IPM/Pesticide Risk Reduction Overview: FAO-IPM/Pesticide Risk Reduction Programme (goal, scope, components, Programme (goal, scope, components, partners, focus, IPM-FFS, action research)partners, focus, IPM-FFS, action research)

3.3. Pesticide Risk Reduction: Concepts & EquationPesticide Risk Reduction: Concepts & Equation

4.4. Vietnam: Case study Community Education Vietnam: Case study Community Education and Mobilization for Pesticide Risk Reductionand Mobilization for Pesticide Risk Reduction

5.5. Expected outcomes PRR projectExpected outcomes PRR project

Agricultural Scenario (2010-Agricultural Scenario (2010-50)50)By 2050: 9.2 billion people and twice as much By 2050: 9.2 billion people and twice as much

food neededfood needed

Declining water & land per caput (4.3 ha Declining water & land per caput (4.3 ha (1961) to 1.6 ha (2050), lower productivity (1961) to 1.6 ha (2050), lower productivity growth & production stress from climate growth & production stress from climate changechange

Rapid urbanization & new consumer demandsRapid urbanization & new consumer demands

Need to Intensify Production and challenge to Need to Intensify Production and challenge to do so do so sustainably!sustainably!

Crop Intensification RisksCrop Intensification Risks Increased use of agro-chemicals Increased use of agro-chemicals

(fertilizers and pesticides) and (fertilizers and pesticides) and potential environmental pollution potential environmental pollution & food safety concerns& food safety concerns

Agricultural intensification brings Agricultural intensification brings risks from plant pests and from risks from plant pests and from the pesticides often used to the pesticides often used to control them (e.g. rice BPH and control them (e.g. rice BPH and virus outbreaks in GMS). virus outbreaks in GMS).

Rapidly growing human traffic Rapidly growing human traffic and plant trade (for food security and plant trade (for food security and global markets) increases and global markets) increases risks of transboundary movement risks of transboundary movement of pests and diseases (e.g. of pests and diseases (e.g. coconut hispid beetle, coconut hispid beetle, cassava cassava pink mealybugpink mealybug). ).

Rice BPH, “Hopper Burn”, Ecosystem Rice BPH, “Hopper Burn”, Ecosystem Services and IPM Farmer EducationServices and IPM Farmer Education

KASAKAKASAKALIKASANLIKASANThe Philippine National IPM ProgrammeThe Philippine National IPM Programme

Trends in Insecticide Use and Frequency of ApplicationTrends in Insecticide Use and Frequency of Applicationin Major Rice Producing Provinces in Central & Southern Luzon, Philippines, in Major Rice Producing Provinces in Central & Southern Luzon, Philippines,

1996 - 20071996 - 2007

(Rola & Pingali, 1993; Mataia, Jamora, Maya & Dawe, 2009; Warburton, Palis & Pingali, 1995; Dawe, 2006; IRRI, 2007)(Rola & Pingali, 1993; Mataia, Jamora, Maya & Dawe, 2009; Warburton, Palis & Pingali, 1995; Dawe, 2006; IRRI, 2007)

Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production

Sustainable Conservation and Sustainable Conservation and Utilization ofUtilization of Ecosystem Services Ecosystem Services forfor Sustainable Intensification of Crop Sustainable Intensification of Crop ProductionProduction

KASAKAKASAKALIKASANLIKASANThe Philippine National IPM ProgrammeThe Philippine National IPM Programme

Increase Yield/ha >12%Increase Yield/ha >12%

Reduction variability of yields across Reduction variability of yields across seasons <15%seasons <15%

National Increase rice production: National Increase rice production: >60% 10.5 MMT (1994) to 16.8 MMT >60% 10.5 MMT (1994) to 16.8 MMT (2007)(2007)

(Rola & Pingali, 1993; Mataia, Jamora, Maya & Dawe, 2009; Warburton, Palis & Pingali, 1995; Dawe, 2006; IRRI, 2007)(Rola & Pingali, 1993; Mataia, Jamora, Maya & Dawe, 2009; Warburton, Palis & Pingali, 1995; Dawe, 2006; IRRI, 2007)

Back to rice, hoppers and Back to rice, hoppers and sustaining vital ecosystem sustaining vital ecosystem services for sustainable rice services for sustainable rice intensification…….intensification…….

Problems Associated with Problems Associated with Distribution & Use of PesticidesDistribution & Use of Pesticides Unregulated trade, Unregulated trade,

distribution, re-packaging distribution, re-packaging and use of toxic –and often and use of toxic –and often adulterated- pesticides adulterated- pesticides negatively impacts on negatively impacts on farmer health and farmer health and environment in Cambodia environment in Cambodia and Laos.and Laos.

Pesticides labels often Pesticides labels often insufficient; frequently in insufficient; frequently in foreign languages (e.g. Thai, foreign languages (e.g. Thai, Vietnamese & Chinese).Vietnamese & Chinese).

Farm produce with high Farm produce with high residue levels=> food residue levels=> food safety concerns and trade safety concerns and trade barriersbarriers

www.ToxicTrail.org

Misuse and overuse of Misuse and overuse of chemical pesticides in chemical pesticides in fresh fruit & vegetable fresh fruit & vegetable productionproduction

Farmers generally lack Farmers generally lack knowledge to identify knowledge to identify pest and disease pest and disease problems and assess risk.problems and assess risk.

Often no Personal Often no Personal Protective Equipment.Protective Equipment.

‘‘Safe useSafe use’’ of pesticides a of pesticides a myth in tropical Asia!myth in tropical Asia!

Problems Associated With Misuse & Problems Associated With Misuse & Overuse of Chemical PesticidesOveruse of Chemical Pesticides

FAO Asia Regional Vegetable FAO Asia Regional Vegetable IPM /Pesticide Risk Reduction IPM /Pesticide Risk Reduction Programme (1996-2013)Programme (1996-2013)www.vegetableipmasia.org

FAO-IPM Asian Member CountriesFAO-IPM Asian Member Countries

Context & FAO Intervention in Context & FAO Intervention in AsiaAsia Sustainable Intensification of Agricultural Sustainable Intensification of Agricultural

Production, Food Safety and Trade Facilitation Production, Food Safety and Trade Facilitation major driving forces for government major driving forces for government commitment towards pesticide risk reduction. commitment towards pesticide risk reduction.

FAO assists member countries to: FAO assists member countries to:

- strengthen pesticide policies and - strengthen pesticide policies and regulatory/enforcement systems;regulatory/enforcement systems;

- step-up National IPM Farmer Field School - step-up National IPM Farmer Field School programmes to enable farmers to adopt IPM, programmes to enable farmers to adopt IPM, reduce pesticide use and grow better yielding, reduce pesticide use and grow better yielding, safer and more profitable rice, fruits & safer and more profitable rice, fruits & vegetables. vegetables.

Background Pesticide Risk Background Pesticide Risk Reduction Reduction

• Pesticide abuse and overuse is still rampant in the Greater Pesticide abuse and overuse is still rampant in the Greater Mekong Sub-regionMekong Sub-region

• Intensive use of extremely and highly hazardous chemicals Intensive use of extremely and highly hazardous chemicals (e.g., WHO Class I agro-pesticides) by small-holder farmers is (e.g., WHO Class I agro-pesticides) by small-holder farmers is causing high incidence of farmer poisoning causing high incidence of farmer poisoning

• Concerns for pesticide risk reduction related to food safety, Concerns for pesticide risk reduction related to food safety, international trade facilitation and the environment international trade facilitation and the environment

• Weak pest and pesticide management policies and associated Weak pest and pesticide management policies and associated regulatory systems and their enforcement regulatory systems and their enforcement

• Need for a multi-sectoral approach and regional cooperation to Need for a multi-sectoral approach and regional cooperation to address problems associated with pesticidesaddress problems associated with pesticides

Initiated by SENSA – the Swedish Environment Secretariat for Asia based on the following findings in the region (Kishi et al, 2004):

The Pesticide Risk Reduction The Pesticide Risk Reduction Programme – and FAO project Programme – and FAO project GCP/RAS/229/SWE- aims to…GCP/RAS/229/SWE- aims to…

… … reduce health and environmental reduce health and environmental risk through capacity building for the risk through capacity building for the sustainable management of sustainable management of agricultural and industrial chemicals.agricultural and industrial chemicals.

Programme Component: Programme Component: AdvocacyAdvocacy

ActivitiesActivities Implementing Implementing AgencyAgency

Broad awareness Broad awareness raising about raising about issues related to issues related to agricultural and agricultural and industrial industrial chemicalschemicals

PANAP, PANAP,

The Field AllianceThe Field Alliance

(in partnership (in partnership with local CSOs)with local CSOs)

Programme Component: IPMProgramme Component: IPM

ActivitiesActivities ImplementinImplementing Agencyg Agency

Stepping-up field Stepping-up field programmes to help programmes to help farmers adopt farmers adopt Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management and Management and eliminate the use of eliminate the use of highly hazardous highly hazardous pesticidespesticides & reduce & reduce exposure riskexposure risk

FAO FAO (through (through National National ProgrammeProgrammes)s)

Programme Component: Programme Component: PolicyPolicy

ActivitiesActivities Implementing Implementing AgencyAgency

Strengthening Strengthening pesticide pesticide regulatory regulatory framework and framework and policy reformpolicy reform

FAO-AGPP, HQ FAO-AGPP, HQ

KemIKemI and and government government partners in Laos partners in Laos and Cambodiaand Cambodia

IPM Component: Project IPM Component: Project ProfileProfile

Project Title: Project Title: Pesticide Risk Reduction in South East AsiaPesticide Risk Reduction in South East Asia

Project Symbol: GCP/RAS/229/SWEProject Symbol: GCP/RAS/229/SWE

Donor: Government of Sweden through Swedish Chemicals Donor: Government of Sweden through Swedish Chemicals Agency (KemI) Agency (KemI)

Geographical Focus: Greater Mekong Sub-region Geographical Focus: Greater Mekong Sub-region (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Yunnan & Guangxi (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Yunnan & Guangxi Provinces, China)Provinces, China)

Implementing Unit: FAO/AGP Regional (Vegetable) IPM Implementing Unit: FAO/AGP Regional (Vegetable) IPM Programme in collaboration with National IPM Programme in collaboration with National IPM ProgrammesProgrammes

Duration of Initial First Phase: 6 years (Jan 2007-June 2013)Duration of Initial First Phase: 6 years (Jan 2007-June 2013)

Overall Budget: USD 6.5 MOverall Budget: USD 6.5 M

Goal: Goal: Community Community education for education for pesticide risk pesticide risk reductionreduction

Project FocusProject Focus

• Community education & mobilization for pesticide risk Community education & mobilization for pesticide risk reductionreduction

• Training farmers and trainers using participatory learning Training farmers and trainers using participatory learning approaches, including FFSapproaches, including FFS

• Intensive pesticide use areasIntensive pesticide use areas

• Initiate new -& building on existing- training networks, Initiate new -& building on existing- training networks, supported by government & CSOssupported by government & CSOs

• No strict commodity focus; Rice, Vegetables but also other No strict commodity focus; Rice, Vegetables but also other crops (e.g., fruits) where pesticides are used heavily, crops (e.g., fruits) where pesticides are used heavily, negatively affecting farmers, consumers and the negatively affecting farmers, consumers and the environmentenvironment

China National IPM ProgramChina National IPM Program Lowland and highland rice, Lowland and highland rice,

vegetable & fruit vegetable & fruit production; intensive production; intensive production for domestic and production for domestic and increasingly export marketsincreasingly export markets

High use of pesticides, food High use of pesticides, food safety concerns & trade safety concerns & trade barriersbarriers

Training of extension Training of extension workers and farmers in IPM workers and farmers in IPM and pesticide risk reduction and pesticide risk reduction in Yunnan and Guangxi in Yunnan and Guangxi ProvincesProvinces

What is a Farmers Field What is a Farmers Field School ? School ?

The primary learning approach used in educating farmers about IPM.

“School without walls”, farmers learn about crop ecology and pest management in the field.

Season-long, from seed to harvest, 25-30 farmers.

Aim to help farmers adopt IPM and produce safe food with less inputs of pesticides.

Principles of IPM FFSPrinciples of IPM FFS Grow a healthy cropGrow a healthy crop

Regular field Regular field monitoringmonitoring

Optimal use and Optimal use and conservation of conservation of natural biocontrolnatural biocontrol

Farmers as IPM Farmers as IPM expertsexperts

FFS-training is:FFS-training is:

Discovery-based, Discovery-based, learning by doinglearning by doing

Farmer EmpowermentFarmer Empowerment

Action ResearchAction Research Conducted within Conducted within

context of field study context of field study work by networks of work by networks of IPM-FFS graduatesIPM-FFS graduates

Farmers participate Farmers participate in design, in design, implementation, implementation, analysis and analysis and application of field application of field study resultsstudy results

Examples: Exploring Examples: Exploring area-wide fruit fly area-wide fruit fly managementmanagement

Outcome of FFS Outcome of FFS =>Empowerment=>Empowerment

FFS graduates:FFS graduates:

Learn & Apply ecological principals to Learn & Apply ecological principals to manage biodiversity crops & agro-manage biodiversity crops & agro-ecosystems;ecosystems;

Master & Apply critical thinking skills at Master & Apply critical thinking skills at farm and community levels;farm and community levels;

Master applied discovery approaches for Master applied discovery approaches for continued knowledge development;continued knowledge development;

Acquire leadership skills for community Acquire leadership skills for community mobilization.mobilization.

Food Safety & Trade Food Safety & Trade FacilitationFacilitation

IPM-FFS integration IPM-FFS integration in GAP/Safe in GAP/Safe Vegetable Vegetable ProgrammesProgrammes

Better market Better market access and trade access and trade facilitationfacilitation

Pesticide Risk ReductionPesticide Risk Reduction

No Hazard = No Risk No Hazard = No Risk

No Exposure = No RiskNo Exposure = No Risk

Risk = Hazard x ExposureRisk = Hazard x ExposureProbability to cause harm as determined Probability to cause harm as determined

by hazard (chemical property) and by hazard (chemical property) and exposure (environmental conditions and exposure (environmental conditions and

preventive action) equationpreventive action) equation

Hazard ReductionHazard Reduction

Elimination of Elimination of use of WHO use of WHO Class I Class I pesticides pesticides and and adoption of adoption of novel novel options for options for pest pest managemenmanagementt

Novel options for Pest Novel options for Pest ManagementManagement

Novel seeds, lures, Novel seeds, lures, pheromones, pheromones, entomopathogens, entomopathogens, classical biocontrol, classical biocontrol, biopesticides (e.g. Bt)biopesticides (e.g. Bt)

Thailand: 350 Thailand: 350 Community Bio-Agent Community Bio-Agent production Labs in 25 production Labs in 25 provinces, with stock provinces, with stock and quality control and quality control provided by 9 DoAE Pest provided by 9 DoAE Pest Management CentersManagement Centers

Exposure Reduction:Exposure Reduction:

Limiting Limiting exposure exposure through better through better handling, use, handling, use, storage, storage, disposal of disposal of pesticidespesticides

Pesticide Risk ReductionPesticide Risk Reduction Community Community

education and education and mobilizationmobilization

Policy development Policy development and strengthening and strengthening legislation and legislation and enforcement enforcement systemssystems

Vietnam: Vietnam: Pilot Community Education Programmes on Pesticide Risk Pilot Community Education Programmes on Pesticide Risk ReductionReduction

Objective:Objective: to strengthen to strengthen community ownership in pilot community ownership in pilot rural communities for rural communities for planning, management and planning, management and implementation of the implementation of the pesticide risk reduction pesticide risk reduction activities activities

Scope:Scope: training and advocacy training and advocacy (leading to policy (leading to policy development) development)

Stakeholders:Stakeholders: local leaders, local leaders, farmers, pesticide sellers, farmers, pesticide sellers, representatives from the representatives from the public agriculture and health public agriculture and health sector and social organizations sector and social organizations

Pilot Community Education Programmes Pilot Community Education Programmes on Pesticide Risk Reductionon Pesticide Risk Reduction

Baseline surveys (inventory and flow of pesticides in the

communities as well as health and environment related information)

Training activities for local leaders, pesticide sellers, health

workers and farmers

Community action: Closure of pesticide shops that do

not conform to local pesticide policies (e.g.

selling banned pesticides)

Community action: Posters on pesticide risk

reduction have been developed and displayed

in public places

Community action: Cement tanks have been established by the local government for disposal of pesticide containers

Developing core groups IPM FFS alumni who

can coach other farmers in the

community particularly on improved production

practices and alternative pest

management strategies Example: Pilot activity on

producing potato seed tubers on rice straw using

minimum tillage and reduce pesticides in

potato seed production

Community action: Development of local policies on pesticide

management

Summary of Country StrategiesSummary of Country Strategies

• Curriculum review and development particularly on Curriculum review and development particularly on pesticide risk reduction pesticide risk reduction

• Development of curricula and training materials Development of curricula and training materials especially on new crops prone to pesticide misuse, especially on new crops prone to pesticide misuse, e.g., fresh fruits & vegetablese.g., fresh fruits & vegetables

• Implementation of quality community education Implementation of quality community education activities, e.g., farmer field schools and activities, e.g., farmer field schools and

• Community mobilization for implementation of Community mobilization for implementation of pesticide risk reduction action planspesticide risk reduction action plans

• Development of M&E systems and impact Development of M&E systems and impact assessment assessment

End of project situationEnd of project situation

• Demonstrated effective models on community Demonstrated effective models on community education for pesticide risk reduction for up-scaling education for pesticide risk reduction for up-scaling by national IPM programmes by national IPM programmes

• Curricula developed for field training on pesticide Curricula developed for field training on pesticide risk reduction & IPM for new cropsrisk reduction & IPM for new crops

• Reduced use of pesticides and elimination of WHO Reduced use of pesticides and elimination of WHO Class I products in pilot project areasClass I products in pilot project areas

• Farmers making use of novel options for pest Farmers making use of novel options for pest management management

• Improved incomes and better livelihoods for Improved incomes and better livelihoods for farmers and communities involved in the projectfarmers and communities involved in the project

For more Information on For more Information on FAO’s Involvement in FAO’s Involvement in IPM/Pesticide Risk Redution IPM/Pesticide Risk Redution Farmer Training in South and Farmer Training in South and Southeast Asia: Southeast Asia: Email: Email: vegetable-IPM@fao.org Website: Website: http://www.vegetableipmasia.org/