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Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given...

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Community Interactions Chapter 53
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Page 1: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Community InteractionsChapter 53

Page 2: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Community Ecology

• Community – all the species in a given location at a given time

• Habitat the physical environment they live in, e.g. Redwood forest

• Niche – how a species uses the resources in its habitat– Builds nest in tree top vs. lower branches

• Similar species coexist by Niche specialization.

Page 3: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Fig. 32.8a

Page 4: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Fig. 32.8b

Page 5: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Energy Transfer in Ecosystems Food / Energy

PyramidPrimary Consumers eat producers,

incorporating the energy into the next level.

• Only 10 % of energy consumed moves to next level– Animals loose 90% of the energy at each level – Why are Big Fierce Animals so Rare??

• Consumers are Heterotrophs

Page 6: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Simple Food Chains

Trophic Levels

Both Marine and Terrestrial

Page 7: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Food Webs

• Energy transfer follows trophic levels

• Many animals eat at several trophic levels

• Omnivores: like most of us– At salad bar you’re a herbivore– Eating a burger makes you a carnivore

Page 8: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

marsh hawk

crow

upland sandpiper

garter snake

frog

spiderweasel badger coyote

ground squirrelpocket gopherprairie vole

sparrow

earthworms, insects

First Trophic Level

Second Trophic Level

Higher Trophic Levels

Sampling of connections in a Tall grass prairie food web

grasses, composites

Page 9: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Plant Community structure

• Individualistic view (Gleason)

• Interactive view (Clements)• Whittaker’s test • Plant communities are loose

associations without discrete boundaries

Page 10: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Competitive Exclusion

• The more similar two species’ niches the more they compete.

• No two species can share the exact same niche- one dies out.

• Species evolve to diverge their niches by Resource Partitioning

Page 11: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Paramecium caudatum

Paramecium aurelia Competitive exclusion

Page 12: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Fig. 32.10

Page 13: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Follow up:

• Gause next added Paramecium aurelia with P. bursaria

• They used the resources differently and both survived at lower levels.

• Resource partitioning species evolve to avoid competition. – why?

Page 14: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Fig. 32.11

Page 15: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Resource Partitioning

Page 16: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Competition for space on the rocks

Weak competitors stuck higher up in the intertidal

Page 17: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Smartweed

Indian mallow

Bristlyfoxtail

Page 19: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Caulerpa taxifolia suffocating a marine ecosystem

• Introduced species often out compete natives

• Lack predators that the natives have coevolved with

Page 20: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

CharacterDisplacement

Two species with same Beak size can notCoexist on same island

One adaptive result of resource partitioning

Page 21: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Types of Interspecific Interactions

Species A Species B

Commensalism + 0

Mutualism + +

Competition - -

Predation + -

Parasitism + -

Page 22: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

• Commensalism

Page 23: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Canadian lynx (dashed line) Snowshoe hares (solid line)

Predator & Preya Mutualism?

Page 24: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Keystone species

• Pisaster (Sea Star) defends tide pool from being taken over by mussels, barnacles.

Page 25: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Sea Otters maintain Kelp forest

• Otters are a Keystone species

• Kelp are the base of the community

• Urchins eat kelp • Otters eat urchins• Otter numbers along

California are dropping.• Alaska- Orcas starting to

eat otters, because seal numbers are dropping

• No fish for seals• Kelp forests disappearing

Page 26: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Species Richness• More energy available (productivity) the

species can exist.• The larger the community size the more

species can be supported.

Page 27: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Number of species of ants Number of species of breeding birds

Page 28: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Species Richness by Latitude

Page 29: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Island Biogeography Ideas:

• Size of island influences survival rate– Larger islands sustain more species

• Nearness to other island influences immigration rate– Near islands have more species than

distant islands

• “Islands” are any isolated habitat

Page 30: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Island Biogeography

Page 31: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

• Larger islands sustain more species

Page 32: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Bio Reserve Model• Core - strict preserve, research. • Inner Buffer - hiking, Some

commercialization. • Outer buffer - (may not even be part of

park) camping, concessions, grazing timber, agriculture.–

Page 33: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Core

Fig. 23.26, p. 618

Core

• Round parks have less edge effect– Higher per cent

of park is in core area

Page 34: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Edge effect

• Natural vs. Artificial edges

Page 35: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Bio Reserve Model

• Corridors connect core areas from park to park forming land bridges

• Our national Forests serve this role in many areas of the west.

• Few Lager rounded parks, better than many smaller isolated parks fpr species richness

Page 36: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Biosphere Reserve

Core area

Inner Buffer

Outer Buffer

Fig. 23.27, p. 620

Page 37: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

One Species

Three Species Overlap

Two Species Overlap

Existing Nature Reserves

Naalehu

Hilo

Kona

Fig. 23.28, p. 621

Page 38: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Succession: How the Community Structure changes over time

• Primary Succession: starts with no soil, just bare exposed rock– Progresses in stages until long term

climax stage

• Secondary Succession starts with the climax vegetation type– Disturbance (fire) resets timeline– Progresses in stages back to climax.

Page 39: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.
Page 40: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Cottonwood and Alders

Spruce moves in

Spruce and HemlockClimax Vegetation

Page 41: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.
Page 42: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Fire is a common disturbance in grasslands

Page 43: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Fire Cycle• Community most likely to burn in many areas.• Many homes now built in these areas.• Early succession after fire, nutrient limited, mostly

annuals and forbs (herbs) wildflowers.• Many species are sprouters-

– Burl survives fire, seeds out new shoots afterwards

• new growth may be very high in protein 14%, deer and other animals rely on this growth.

• some closed cone pines - need fire to release seeds.• Fire follower annual- seeds in soil seed bank

germinate and predominate first few years after fire• Shrub canopy closes in about 6 years

Page 44: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.
Page 46: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Fire poppies in burn area

Page 47: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Madrones sprout from burl

Page 48: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Ceanothus seedlings sprout after fire

Page 49: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

1 month post fire

Schmidts, M.J., D.A. Sims, J.A. Gamon California State University, Los Angeles, CA

http://vcsars.calstatela.edu/eas_00/miriam/miriam_esa_00.html

Page 50: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

First spring 3 years post fire

Page 51: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

20 and 40 years post fire

Page 52: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Aposematic ColorationWarning I’m poisonous!

Page 53: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Batesian MimicryI only look dangerous

Page 54: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

Mullerian MimicryWe both are dangerous

Page 55: Community Interactions Chapter 53. Community Ecology Community – all the species in a given location at a given time Habitat the physical environment.

CamouflageI look like the background


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