Community Led Total Sanitation in Africa
Regional Training Workshop on Community Led Total Sanitation for Northern, Eastern and Southern Africa
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,(12th – 16th February 2007)
Dr. Kamal Kar
Workshop Organised by Plan International Regional East and Southern Africa (RESA)Johannesburg, South Africa
[email protected], [email protected]
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Contents Introduction and Background..............................................................................................3Summary of Dar es Salaam CLTS workshop......................................................................3Workshop Objectives...........................................................................................................8Workshop Schedule.............................................................................................................9Group wise distribution of participants for triggering CLTS in villages...........................12Group Presentation after the Day-one village work..........................................................13Group presentations on New Learning on CLTS Approach, Process Applied and Community Facilitation skills............................................................................................14Malaika Group...................................................................................................................14Tamau Group.....................................................................................................................15Disunyara and Masaki Group............................................................................................15Tamau Group.....................................................................................................................17At times more than five-six groups of people were working on the huge ground map. The size increased gradually as the people went on to indicate places of emergency defecation, areas of defecation when working on Samba (farm land ) or the children on their way to school.............................................................................................................21National Workshop on Community Led Total Sanitation.................................................22Way Forward and Country Plans of Action for Next Six Months....................................24Egypt..................................................................................................................................24Tanzania.............................................................................................................................26Programme Unit: Geita......................................................................................................26Programme Unit Ifakara....................................................................................................27Programme Unit Mwanza..................................................................................................28Kenya.................................................................................................................................29Zimbabwe..........................................................................................................................30Evaluation of the Workshop..............................................................................................31Recommendations..............................................................................................................32Recommendation for RESA..............................................................................................36Sources of global information on CLTS............................................................................37List of Participants of the Workshop.................................................................................39
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Introduction and BackgroundThe Regional East and Southern Africa office of Plan International and Plan Tanzania had jointly organized the five days training workshop on Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania from 12th to 16th February 2007. Dr. Khairul Islam Regional Programme Support Manager of Plan International (RESA) and Mr. Amsalu Negussie, Regional WATSAN Advisor and Global Net Work Leader of Water and Sanitation for Plan countries at Johannesburg, South Africa were the key persons who took initiative and introduced CLTS in Plan countries in Africa. In fact Dr. Khirul Islam and Mr. Mac Abbey (the then C.D. of Plan Bangladesh and now C.D. Plan Dominican Republic) introduced CLTS in Plan for the first time in 2001 in Bangladesh. That was the very first entry of CLTS in any Plan countries in the world after the approach was innovated in 1999. I was involved in training and capacity building of the Plan staff in Bangladesh who did a brilliant job of not only introducing the CLTS approach in their programme areas but in spreading it to different parts of the country. Today Plan Bangladesh is a leader in taking CLTS further and in building capacities of the local NGOs and the government in Bangladesh. Since then the CLTS approach spread in many Plan countries in Asia (Nepal, China, Indonesia, and Cambodia), Africa (Ethiopia,) and Latin America (Bolivia). Plan staff from China, Indonesia and many others countries visited CLTS villages of Plan Bangladesh who stopped open defecation with their own collective local actions. I must say Mr. Shorab Bagri International WATSAN Advisor of Plan International U.K took lead in spreading the approach in many Plan countries all over the world through regional workshops and meetings of WATSAN advisors. Mr. Baghri introduced the theoretical concepts of the CLTS approach in Plan Brazil, Sri Lanka and a few other countries through presentations. However not all Plan countries could adopt the no-subsidy CLTS approach for various reasons1.
Summary of Dar es Salaam CLTS workshopThis five days ‘hands on’ workshop was attended by 42 participants from six Plan Countries of Eastern, Southern, and Northern Africa. The participating Plan countries were Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Malawi and
1 Please see IDS Working Paper 257, Subsidy or Self Respect? Community Led Total Sanitation. An Update on Recent Developments , Kamal Kar and Katherine Pasteur, November 2005. www.livelihoods.org/hot_topics/CLTS.html
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Egypt. Please see the list of participants. All the six Programme Units of Plan Tanzania were represented by the PU Managers and the front line staff responsible for Water and Sanitation. In addition to Plan Tanzania staff, two officers from the health department of government of Tanzania also participated.
During the workshop the participants had at least two opportunities to visit villages and interact with the local communities. In total workshop participants in five sub groups facilitated CLTS in ten villages in two districts of Tanzania in two days field visit. In total roughly 1200 people participated in all the triggering exercises in ten villages. It was heartening to see that in almost all the villages the rural communities decided to stop open defecation with their own initiatives and declare them Open Defecation Free (ODF) within the next four to five months. This was great particularly when all the communities visited were Plan Tanzania’s adopted villages with previous history of subsidy in many sectors of development. In other words the community’s mind-set was framed in receiving external donation and help. This in fact was another acid test for the CLTS approach. Even in such condition the approach could make distinct impact in the minds of the local communities.
On the last day of the five days training a National Workshop was organized in Movinpick hotel in Dar es Salaam where at least three representatives from six communities were invited to present their plans of action of implementing CLTS. Members of donor agencies, Bilateral and Multilateral agencies, the Government of Tanzania and national and international NGOs participated in the National Workshop. Mr. F. Magoma, Assistant Director General of the Ministry of Health inaugurated the workshop and spoke about the need of total sanitation in Tanzania. He also stressed that merely having a open pit for defecation in a few households do not mean open defecation free environment.
I made a power point presentation of the origin, rational and spread of CLTS approach in Asia, Africa and in Latin America. This was followed by a presentation by one of the workshop participants on the new learning and experiences from the five day workshop at Dar es Salaam. After this the most exciting event of the National Workshop took place when the invited village communities presented their experiences of CLTS triggering process and their plans of converting their villages open defecation free within next few months without any external help.
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Six communities made excellent presentations using the big charts and posters which they had prepared earlier during the CLTS triggering process in the respective villages. Large maps showing all houses, roads, major land marks and the areas of open defecation were shown in all the maps. They explained the route how the human excreta moves from land to different water bodies and contaminates their only sources of drinking water. How their animals and pets bring shit from the open field to homes and contaminate food. They vividly explained how the open pit latrines near their homes are sources of breeding flies which bring shit all over the places.
The communities then explained how they were going to mobilize their own communities and initiate village wide action to stop open defecation and improve all the open pit latrines. They answered all the questions asked to them by the visiting members of different agencies. The national workshop provided ample opportunity to all the interested organizations like the Water Aid, Concern World Wide, Water and Sanitation Programme of the World Bank, the Government of Tanzania and other NGOs to discuss and deliberate on the new approach. A good discussion followed and a number of agencies expressed their desire to adopt the CLTS approach and wanted to get their staff trained.
On demand a few literature on CLTS was provided to some and the web link to IDS, Sussex website on CLTS was provided to all the participants. WSP and the Water Aid was particularly interested to initiate CLTS through their institutional set ups.
The national workshop ended with the vote of thanks from Mr. Gashaw Dagnew, PSM, Plan Tanzania. This followed by a lunch at the Movinpick hotel. The visiting members of the communities enjoyed the lunch together with all of us and were sent back to their respective villages by Plan vehicles.
Mr. Emanuel Mwachulla, Programme Unit Manager of Kisarawe PU brilliantly facilitated the National workshop with his unique style of mixing Kisoheli and English for the benefit of all present at the workshop. Mr. Mwachulla also facilitated the rotating presentations by the six village communities which was excellent.
Ms. Stella Tungalaza PU Manager of Gaita PU did an excellent job of facilitating the general discussion after the community presentation. It was a
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great event where all the members of the visiting communities and the guests had ample opportunity to speak out their minds frankly and discuss all issues related to CLTS approach. Some of the comments made by the communities and the visiting institutions are as follows:
Comments from the members of the visiting communities: ‘We will impose a general rule in our village where by no one would
be allowed to defecate in the open and the near the water point.” “We will construct general toilets and bathrooms near the water points
which could be used by the ladies” “All the open pit latrines will be covered within one week time.” “We have already covered 23 open pit latrines during the last two
days after triggering was done. “ “Until we analyzed our own sanitation profile, we didn’t know that we
were eating and drinking one another’s shit due to open defecation.” “We thought every one in the village had toilets but our analysis
revealed that open defecation was going on and most latrines were open which allowed flies to move in and out constantly. This was horrible.”
“Children defecate in the open around homes; adults defecate in the open in their sambas, during people defecate behind their homes and in the bushes which are spreading shit everywhere.”
“We will declare our village ODF first then we would spread this idea to our neighboring villages.”
Comments from the Visitors of the National Workshop “This (CLTS) is a very powerful approach of community
empowerment. We will try to introduce this approach in our programme.” Representative of Concern World Wide, Tanzania
“Some of our staff should have been invited to participate in the CLTS training workshop. One good thing about this approach is that the community is free to decide their own toilet design to safely confine the excreta. No external toilet model is imposed on them.” Country Representative Water Aid Tanzania
“We need more information and literature on CLTS. Guidelines on how to trigger CLTS in villages need to be made available and translated in Kiswahili for wider use.” “We will first learn from the pilots and then spread the approach in all the districts of Tanzania” Officer from the Ministry of Health Government of Tanzania.
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After the national workshop at Movenpick hotel all participants returned to main CLTS workshop venue in Blue Pearl hotel in Dar es Salaam and met in an evening session which continued till 9.30 in the evening. In this session all the participating countries presented their back-home plan of action for the next six months. This exercise was given to them the day before on which the groups worked and finalized before hand. This was basically a plan of action on where to go from this workshop? Please see the country wise plans at the end of the report.The five day workshop was evaluated by the participants at the end in the evening session. The participatory evaluation was a non conventional type which all the participants enjoyed. Participants evaluated the workshop as very successful and found quite useful in their work. Please see the details of evaluation at the end of the report.
All the ten villages where CLTS was triggered were located in Kisarawe and Kibaha districts of Coastal Region of Tanzania. There are twenty six Regions in Tanzania of which Plan is working in four regions e.g. Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Coastal and Mwanza Regions.
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Workshop Objectives
The five days workshop has the following objectives;1. To expose the participants on the Community Led Total Sanitation
approach, it’s origin, development, methodology spread and applicability in East Africa
2. To impart knowledge and kills of facilitation of CLTS to the participants
3. Through field exercise, triggering CLTS in villages and sharing experiences of selected communities with all interested institutions working on sanitation
4. Based on the first experience of CLTS triggering, developing a plan of action of introducing and implementing CLTS by the participating organizations for the next six months
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Workshop Schedule
Regional Training Workshop on Community Led Total Sanitation
Plan Region for Eastern and Southern AfricaBlue Pearl Hotel, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
(12th – 16th February 2007)
DayDate
Time Activity Facilitator
DAY-I12th Feb 2007
8.30 – 8.40 Welcome Mr. Gashaw Dagnew, PSM, Plan Tanzania
8.40 – 9.10 Introduction of participants (Seed mixer)
Kamal Kar
9.10- 9.45 Expectations of the participants from the workshop
K.K
9.45-10 Objectives of the workshop Mr. Amsalu, Global Net Work Manager. Plan International
10.00-10.15 Workshop Schedule Mr. Francis MtituWATSAN Advisor, Plan Tanzania
10.15 – 10.35 Tea/Coffee Break Blue Pearl 10.35 – 12.30 Session-I
Sharing experiences and challenges of sanitation in East Africa
Group work and presentation
Introduction to CLTS and sharing global experiences
KK
Attitude and Behaviour changesNon Verbal; Uppers and LowersSSI, Bad and good interviewsRole plays, Group discussions and presentations
KK,AN, FM
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12.30 – 14.00 L U N C H B R E A K Blue Pearl 14 – 15. 30 Session-II
CLTS Triggering and Facilitation skillsCLTS tools learningDry run practice
KK
15.30 - 16 Tea / Coffee Break Blue Pearl staff16.00 - 17 Dry run practice KK, FM, AN17.00- 17.30 Group formation for village work KK, FM, AN17.30- 18.00 Group work on preparation of
village CLTS triggering strategyGroups
18.00 18-15 Evaluation of the day and closing KK, FM, ANDAY-II13th Feb
8.30 – 8.45 Climate setting and recap of Day-I KK
8.45 – 10.00 Presentation of CLTS triggering strategies by five groups
Groups
10.00 – 10.30 Tea / Coffee Break Blue Pearl staff10.30 – 12.00 Learning more about CLTS
triggering including tips and preparation for field visit
KK, AN, FM
12.00 – 13.00 L U N C H B R E A K Blue Pearl13.00 Depart for villages by respective
vehicles allotted to groupsVillages to visited on day-I 1) Disunyara 2) Zogowale 3) Miswe, 4) Kumba 5) Viziwaziwa
Blue Pearl
18.00 Participants return to Blue Pearl hotel
DAY-III14th Feb
8.30- 9.00 Climate setting and quick review of day –II. Participants prepare their short presentation of village work of day-I
9.00- 10.30 Presentation of first day’s experience of triggering CLTS
10.30- 11.00 Tea/Coffee break11.00- 11.30 Review of first day’s work on video
documentationVideo cameraman
11.30- 12.30 Groups to reorganize themselves and fine tune strategies
Groups
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12.30- 13-30 Lunch Break14.00 Groups to depart for new villages Blue Pearl18.00 Groups to return to Blue Pearl hotel
DAY –IV15th Feb
8.30- 9.30 Preparation for field work presentation
All Groups
9.30-10.30 Group presentation on experiences of CLTS triggering in villages
10.30-11.00 Tea /Coffee Break11.00-13.00 Sharing of experiences on field
work by groups continued13.00-14.00 Lunch break14.00-16.00 Sharing experiences and distilling
new learning from the second day’s field work. Do’s and Don’ts of CLTS, Dangers of CLTS, Favourable and unfavourable, websites and CLTS literature.
16.00- 16.30 Tea/Coffee break16.30- 18.30 Preparation for the National
Workshop in Dar es Salaam the next day.Country wise group work on next six months plan of action on introduction and scaling up of CLTS Closing of the day
All country groups e.g. Kenya, Tanzania, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Uganda
Day- V 16th Feb
9.00- 13.00 National Workshop at Movin Pick Hotel in Dar es Salaam
Please see details bellow.
19.00- 22.00 Presentation of back-home plan by each country groups followed by discussionsEvaluation of the workshopClosing of the CLTS workshop
All participants and facilitators
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Group wise distribution of participants for triggering CLTS in villages
Name of the group
Names of members Village visited on day-II and Day-III
Result of triggering exercise
TAMAU(Tanzania, Malawi and Uganda)
Masozi NyirendaJuma HigiloStella TungarazaStanslaus BulubaSamwel OworJohn Nyaika
Day-II Miswe Day-III Kazimzumbwi
The group reached village very late when all the members of the community dispersed. No exercise could be done in day-II. In day III the group did a brilliant work and initiated a great enthusiasm amongst the community members and the children
Kal Katherine KundyBoniface MbuwyEmmanuel MwachulleYolanaDr. Losia MasayanyikaGashawSamuel
Day-II ViziwaziwaDay-III Kisarawe town
All triggered well. Day III triggering was much better that the previous day’s triggering experience.
Kumba WonderEmad,Hurdson Mwakiaribiki,Rocki MailaMariam Faraji Emma Kigosi
Day-II KumbaDay-III Sungwi
Triggered and local action initiated
Malaika Day-II ZogowaleDay-III Kisanga
All triggered well.
Disunyara Day-II DisunyaraDay-III Masaki
All triggered except in one in the urban location. It was difficult for the group to trigger CLTS in the urban slum area where Plan has been providing hard ware subsidy for long time.
Monitoring Dr. Kamal Kar Visited all Could visit only three villages in
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facilitators Mr. AmsaluMr. Isaya Makassy
groups day II and three villages in day –III
Group Presentation after the Day-one village workMalaika GroupGroup visited Zogowale village Most homes had pit latrines but they were not properly covered. Flies and maggots were multiplying in each pit.
CLTS vs Partnership with community (Plan seniors arguing for partnership and providing dole)Participants arguing on the need for CLTS approach said:
Don’t mix up a public good commodity with individual house hold latrine. These are two different things
Plan’s mind set is that the people are poor in villages and give them money. That has been proved wrong. In sanitation approach we must not commit that mistake again
Defecation area mapping exercise is in progress in village. Small heaps of yellow powder close to homes indicates places of open defecation during emergencies
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Group presentations on New Learning on CLTS Approach, Process Applied and Community Facilitation skillsThe day three began with a brief recap of the day –II and a quick snap shot on the experiences of the first day’s village triggering of CLTS by different groups. The five groups were then given an hour time to prepare presentation of first day’s field experience by their respective groups. A rough outline was given to the groups to construct their group presentations. It was intended to identify the difficulties encountered in facilitation and changes required to overcome them. The five groups made the following presentations after distilling their new learning from the day-I field work.
Malaika Group (Day one at Zogowale sub-village Kibaha PU)
PART ONE- Triggering CLTS1. New learning What worked well 2. What did not work
well Sanitation (shit
disposal) is not done openly exceipt in emergiencies.
Most of the families have pits with no proper superstructure.
Community aware about the impact of open defecation e.g diarrhea diseases.
Unsuitable soil structure
Team work was good
Organised facilitation as per planned strategy
Active participation by community members.
Community agreed to act, committee formed
We were late, Attendance was
affected by late arrival.No children participation
Only 5 men out of 24 attended the meetingPeople were hungry so this limited participation of some members.
3.4. Team work:
Was good, everybody participated as per our plan of action.
5. All stages of the process were followed, energizers were done.
6. Triggering moment During demonstration of water. During use mapping and shit computation (after knowing they eat each other
shit).7. Changes:
More energizers
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More time for discussion. Arrival time Use of locally available materials.
8. Role changes: None.
Tamau Group (Day one at Miswe sub-village Mlandizi Town Kibaha PU)
PART ONENew Learning Our new Strategy:
We should not change appointments to suite out interests.
Any changes in appointments should be communicated.
The community is always patient and willing to learn
We could have saved a lot of time if each group had its own means of transport.
The community /location guides should be knowledgeable of where we are going.
Roles changed between co-facilitator and Lead facilitators.
Disunyara and Masaki Group
Day1 Disunyara 13 Feb 2007
New Learning Most people in the village have latrines but some of the toilets are in bad shape or
do not have covers so could pass for open defecation Most people do not have toilets in their farms and there is seasonal open
defecation particularly during the rain season when people are busy in their farms People do have high levels of awareness of sanitation issues -this comes from
reinforcement of TZ government by-laws on the need for each household to have a latrine
Seasonal floods pose a big challenge of maintaining the toilets. This is aggravated by poor soil structure that causes the toilets to collapse.
If the communities are well informed or aware of their sanitation environment they are receptive to change
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While doing CLTS we should not always assume that communities have no toilet and are defecating in the open. We may need to carry out an assessment prior to the exercise.
The rate of toilet coverage in the village was higher than we had imagined The choice of village did not provide the ideal/ favourable conditions for CLTS. We should try as much as possible to allow the language of shit come from their
side rather than us forcing it on them-need for sensitivity but without compromising the opportunity for bringing disgust, shame and fear into the discussion
We need to appreciate good efforts made my some households to address the sanitation problem. We feel like we went too far to scope shit from a latrine that was well kept just to use it to achieve our objective of disgusting people. We should have looked for other ways.
What went Well What did not go so well
The attendance was good and the community response was positive
They were patient even after we came five hours late
They appreciated their was sanitation problem –open defecation near the farms and river banks and toilets without covers
Mapping exercise by the two groups was excellent
The discussions and the analysis that followed after the mapping was very good
Commitments and action planning towards ODF was great
We went too far to carry irrelevant demonstration of passing a stick with shit for people to smell-some people were really disgusted and had to jump over the desks to run away from the smelly stick
We were not able to do a proper transect walk to see many latrines and OD areas
The villagers tried to hide the truth from us but this came out later
Triggering Moments When we started mapping and discussing the flow of shit -where it goes and how
it comes back to homes When the stick with shit was passed round for people to smell-even some
members of the facilitation team were disgusted During the calculation of shit which resulted to the shaming of the chairman of
the village who emerged to be the highest generator of shit. His reactions and the counter response from another leader from him confirmed that people were disgusted with eating each other’s shit
Shit Quantities Generated
Action Plans by the community (ask Pendo and Matilda to include)
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The village has 278 households and only 32 represented They generate 145 tones of shit Ithin 3 days the community will make sure those latrines with no lid are covered Within 3 days, the rest of the community members not represented will be
informed the dangers of open defecation and the resolutions we have reached We will also construct toilets in our farms (check time frame for the action with
the Kibaha team)
Teamwork We worked well as a team –people played different roles assigned to them We were a bit timid to get in to the devil’s advocate role-found the shit language a
bit difficult but confidence developed with time.
Tamau Group (Day two at Kazimzumbwi village Kisarwer PU)
PART ONE
Arrival time 1.:15pm Brief between the lead facilitator and the community leaders. Introductions by the facilitators and community/participants. Brief on the purpose of our visit Group formation (children and adults).
PART TWO
Calling on volunteers for sketering the village map Labeling/identification of H/H and main features using local materials and the
cards. (locating shitting areas, gardens/farms and school)
Discussion: Calculation of amounts of shits How the shit gets back to families How many H/H in the village How many have pit latrines How many don’t have pits. Defecation areas when at the farms
Triggering Moment:
Getting to know that insects bring back feaces to their food Washing away the feaces back into the open well during the rain season. The shit in the farms goes back to their homes. Knowing that children while playing easily eat shit on the ground, brought back
by rains, insects, humans and animals
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Discussion on the high cost of treating children. Death reported due to the infections
Strategies of Combating this situations:
What they are doing about it.
CHILDREN GROUP:
1. Introductions2. Song by all3. Mapping4. Labeling of shitting areas:
Bushes Paths Around the school Around the houses
5. Discussion about diseases.6. Energizers (taking shit)7. Actions/what they can do as children8. Game9. There is a health Committee10. House hold visit/monitoring11. Records of those with/without pit latrines12. Set deadline of 30/03/2007.
Action Points Agreed
Have latrines in the farm area. Improve all latrines by putting superstructures. Have garbage pits. Village H/Committee to meet on 15th of every month to talk about sanitation. Deadline for above is 30/03/2007. Making declaring the village free from open defecation is 15/12/2007. Celebration on 20/12/2007. 2 representative shall be here tomorrow to present their action plans.
Day2 Masaki Village-14th Feb 2007-02-17
What we did differently
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Early arrival gave us the time for Walking around and familiarising with the surrounding and observing the sanitation facilities;Talking to people and inviting them to the meeting;Making appropriate choice of where to hold the meeting;We were more relaxed and confident as we started;We introduced ourselves differently in Kiswahili emphasising we were from different countries;There was more emphasis of our mission as true learners –this facilitated more openness and engaging with the session facilitators;Mapping was done in one large group and the open space under the large tree gave participants an opportunity to participate without much inhibitions.The large space provided of facilitated ease of movement Enhanced interaction and cohesion among neighbours in the space
What went well What did not go very wellTime management-arrival in time timely start and finishThe map kept growing and people did not want to stop late comers were explained to by colleagues;Stepping out of the map and letting people do it themselves;Lively and active participation-by all particularly women and one man with blindness;More openness on stating that there was open D in many areas;There was more probing questions in different ways of getting people to indicate where they defecate; People even came and volunteered to indicate OD areas they go;The discussing and calculation of shitting We encouraged people to come forth and participateSingings and calling people’s attention to continue-WANAMASAKI Oyeee….Cracking jokes-livelyPicking people who had something to say to say it loudThe attendance was very good more than 200 people
A man drunk shitWe had only one package of powder-overcrowdingSome facilitators walking or staying inside the map-it was not automatic for them to step out –the urge to control the process or restore orderDishing out cards as opposed to letting people pick themselves
Triggering MomentsDuring the shit calculation During the demonstration of water and shit
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When the lady said they are eating their own shit During mapping process they actually realised that the shit in the open and all the shit flows to the water points
Plenary Discussions and Recommendations Empowering communities is critical for CLTS to succeed. The community should
take a lead role in the process as this creates the foundation for sustainability CLTS has to take stock ongoing or planned sanitation interventions before
implementing it Customise CLTS –looking at such issues as the level of coverage per community
–should carry out a needs assessment before implementation Communities should be made aware that there are several projects that can be
fully implemented by themselves e.g. putting a lid or covering their toilets to ensure no flies transporting shit
Need for proper community organising and clarity on roles of opinion leaders, local authorities and supporting agencies in CLTS
CLTS should not be limited to shitting behaviour only-should include other sanitation aspects
It should be inclusive of every one in the community and other stakeholders The context, social-l cultural should be clearly understood and considered before
introducing CLTS CLTS facilitators should be members of the community CLT Approach should be for all programs NOT sanitation only Common understanding and mode of implementation in all Pus Plan needs to partner with communities to achieve total sanitation CLTS not about toilets There is need to be clear on government policy with regards to designs vis-à-vis
CLTS We should adapt the approach in line with the local Egyptian culture Customise CLTS according to type of settlement (rural/urban) Inclusiveness – don’t leave out anyone in the community
General appreciations of CLTS CLTS is a very inclusive process-everybody is invited It is more applicable in rural areas as compared to urban areas CLTS ensures the ownership and leadership of the process and the outcomes by
the community If communities are well provoked on OD they make a strategic spontaneous
reaction to stop it within their own efforts The approach gives room to community initiatives-it appreciates community
potential i.e. experience, skills and competency.
Questions for further discussions
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Dependency syndrome could creep in to CLTS very easily if not handled or checked properly. Plan staff need to be on guard otherwise will revert to business as usual
Poorest of the poor –shouldn’t they be supported in terms of partnership by donors. The view of subsidy vs partnership
We need to think and be innovative with CLTS application in urban areas most of the examples used during the training are rural. Challenges for CLTS in urban areas are quite different
How do we harmonise CLTS with other WATSAN approaches already being used in Plan
What strategy do we take in Plan-PU manager’s discussions on way forward Thought CLTS should give chance for external ideas-technologies for sake of
durable improvements There is need do deepen our understanding of the key pillars (fear, disgust and
shame), principles or philosophy of CLTS-this will help facilitators always to reach triggering moment
Is CLTS only about shit disposal what about other garbage disposal?Action Plan for Masaki
Every one to have a latrine in their householdIt is illegal for any one to bath near the well or the water pan ‘bwawa’Any one caught shitting near the water sources will be arrested as per the village by-lawsAnyone caught bathing by the water sources will be arrested and fined heavilyDefecating near water sources or even in the open is illegalEvery armlet of the village is supposed to have 100% toilet coverage in the next three weeks starting from 14th Feb 2007We will set aside a place for putting up a bathroom and a toilet about 400-700 meters from the water sourcesThis work is already started in some armlets of the villageWill also do regular clean-ups in every armlet near the water sources
At times more than five-six groups of people were working on the huge ground map. The size increased gradually as the people went on to indicate places of emergency defecation, areas of defecation when working on Samba (farm land ) or the children on their way to school.
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National Workshop on Community Led Total SanitationMoven Pick Hotel, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (16th February 2007)
DayDate
Time National CLTS Workshop Facilitator
16th Feb 2007
9.00 – 9.10 Welcome Mr. Gashaw Dagnew, PSM, Plan Tanzania
9.10 – 9.30 Official opening Guest of Honour – F. Magoma, Ministry of Health Government of Tanzania
9.30- 9.50 Introduction of Participants Dr. K. Kar9.50- 10.30 Introduction of CLTS and sharing
the international experienceDr. K. Kar
10.30-10.50 Tea Break ALL10.50 – 11.30 Sharing Training experience Wonder – Plan Zimbabwe11.30 – 12.30 Community presentations 7 rotating presentations by
communities at a time 12.30- 13.00 Question & answer followed by
plenary discussion.Thanks giving and closing
Stella
13.00 – 14.00 L U N C H B R E A K Moven Pick
Dignified guests and Water and Sanitation experts from different national and international agencies listening to community’s presentation and learning CLTS approach from them
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Way Forward and Country Plans of Action for Next Six MonthsThe following plans of actions have been developed by the six Plan country groups for introduction of CLTS in their respective countries in the next six months. These plans were presented to the WATSAN Advisors of all these countries who participated in the Plan Advisors workshop held in Ethiopia.
EgyptCLTS TRAINING IN TANZANIA FROM 12-17 FEB2007-02-16BY DR. KAR EGYPT SUGGESTED ACTION PLAN FOR CLTS
Preparation stage:1- The presentations and other CLTS educational Materials provided by Dr.car and
sharing that with our Egyptian colleagues.2- Summarizing and reporting the training course attended in dar es –slam.3- Networking between the CLTS group.
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIESTO BE DONE IN EGYPT:-1- Addressing the issue to the CD and CMT to gain their support.FEB2007 BY SAMY AND EMAD2- Having a discussion with Dr .M ISMAIL the water and sanitation advisor and
change views and opinions about Egypt sanitation problems.FEB2007 BY SAMY AND EMAD3- FORMING the CLTS group “ M.ISMAIL, SAMY and EMADFEB2007 BY SAMY AND EMAD4- Conducting a meeting for all the rural PU’S to address the issues.MAR2007 PUM5- Forming a TASK FORCE and it will include members as follows:-
A- DR MOHAMED ISMAIL W&S ADVISOR “TEAMLEADER”B- EMAD TAHA “FACILITATOR”C- SAMY HANAFYD- CDF FROM EACH UNIT E- HEALTH ADVISORF- MICRO FINANCE ADVISOR
MAR2007 PUM6- SITE VISITS to all rural PU’s which is “ kal 6 villages giza6 villages BAH5 villagesto discuss the sanitation problems , the size of the problem and Some statisticsMAR2007 BY THE TASK FORCE7- FORMING VSC” village sanitation committee” which will include :-
A- HEALTH PROMOTER
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B- COMMUNITY LEADERS.C- CDA MEMBERSD- HOUSE HOLDERSE- CHILDREN.F- GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES.G- CDF AS A FACILITATOR TO THE WHOLE PROCESS.
MAR2007 BY THE VSCVSC RESPONSABILITIES:-
1 – DOING A VESABILITY STUDY TO UPDATE THE AREA INFORMATION ABOUT SANITATION.
APR 2007 BY THE TASK FORCE&VSC 2 - REVIEWING THE COMMUNITY PLANS WHICH ALREADY DONE.
APR2007 BY THE TASK FORCE&VSC 3- SPACIFIYING THE ROLES OF EACH MEMBER, THE TARGET, TIME TABLE, THE ACTIVITY, MONITORING AND EVALUATION.
MAR2007 BY THE VSC
ACTIVITIES WILL BE DONE IN THE FIELD:-Ω conducting awareness’ sessions about the sanitation issue and finishing the visibility study.Ω reviewing the community plans and discuss deeply the sanitation problems which included “reasons of problem, priorities, target group, how to solve it, alternatives”.Ω triggering the issue after the awareness’ sessions and big meeting with huge umbers of villagers and householders.Ω reporting the activities implemented at the community to the officials.
INDICATORS OF SUCCSESS:-
® Number of people attending the awareness sessions.® Reporting material every month, quarter, final report. “Showing how much progress achieved through the sessions, campaigns to the Community and photos and what the village people say about the changing issue.® Reviewing of the community plans.® Number of children attended the awareness sessions and what activities the implemented.® The number of the VSC increased and all members taking part of the implementation.
What’s MORE FOR THE CLTS APPROACH:- In EGYPT, there were a lot of Grants that could help addressing the sanitation issues to the communities that we work for as follows:
@ CHILD MEDIA To address the whole issue to the children through media type of work” Moppet shows, small plays and cartons”.@ CHILD CLUBS Children clubs and groups in Egypt have got many technological equipments
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That could influence the other children in the communities.@ Hygiene sessions and campaigns in school There will be very good opportunity to address it to the learner students and getting their feedback and support so they can act like a school movement to end the sanitation problems at their communities. SUMMARY:-This will be the pilot CLTS in Egypt to see beyond the sanitation problems and look deeply to challenges that we have had and apply new techniques to deal with it as total under the leadership of the community and through the awareness sessions we believe that it will be doing great in Egypt. SUGGESTED BY SAMY HANAFY EMAD TAHA
17th February 2007, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tanzania
Programme Unit: Geita
ACTION PLAN FOR GEITA PU
March to Augost 2007General objective; To introduce CLTS in the district and village communities and create conducive environment to promote sanitation in Geita district
S ACTIVITIES IMP. PERIOD
RESPONSIBLE EXPECTED RESULTS
1 To establish CLTS team at district level.
4th week of February 07
CLTS Facilitator District team developed
2 Training district CLTS team
1st week of March
CLTS Facilitator The team empowered
3 Selection of 10 village pilot area for CLTS exercise.
1st week of March
District team 10 pilot villages identified
4 Training community resource person in CLTS methods
March to April 07
District team Increased knowledge and techniques to practice CLTS at community level.
5 Declare the first open defecation free - ODF
End of June 07
Community resource team and District team
Absence of open defecation.
6 Starting scaling up the rest Early July Community resource Expansion of the
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of the village 07 team and District team ODF7 Monitoring and
Evaluation of the CLTS activities
On going Community resource team and District team
Positive changes on sanitation realized by them.
Programme Unit Ifakara
Responsible ResourcesMay June July August
PU Manager Stationeries, meals and venue CDF – WatSan Point Person Baseline information
CDF - WatSan Point Person & DWE Department
CDF, Distrit Water Dept&Health,VHC.
Community & VHC
VHC,Community,Water& Health department.
Plan, Community, Stakeholders. Stationeries, meals and venue
Activity Where Resources Time Frame
Sharing CLTS experience/approach with Plan staffs and other stakeholders. E.g. Government department staffs, NGOs and CBOs
Mwanza CLTS Trained team Stationeries Soft drinks and bites
1st week of March.
Sharing with ward, village leaders and influential leaders on CLTS.
Sangabuye ward.
CLTS trained team Transport Stationary
2nd week of march.
Workshop to train community CLTS Facilitators.-To collect data on
Sangabuye ward.
Meals Stationeries Transport CLTS trained PU
3rd week of march.
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sanitation level in the community.
Setting the way forward.
Developing the monitoring tools.
team
Community dialogue on CLTS process. I.e.-hygiene, water treatment and sanitation.
Process implementation strategy.
Up-date M&E tool.
Sub-villages within Sangabuye ward.
CLTS-PU team and Community CLTS facilitators.
CLTS process materials like ash.
Stationary
1st & 2 week of April. (2 Weeks)
Monitoring All sub-villages Transport Facilitators and ward
and sub-village leaders.
1st April to 30th may.
Evaluation All Su-villages PU-CLTS team, Community CLTS facilitators, community leader’s communities/house households.
Transport Stationeries.
2nd week of June.
Community discussion on evaluation results and way forward if any.
All Su-villages Facilitators, community leaders and Community
2nd week of June.
Programme Unit Mwanza
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Kenya
Plan Inernational - Kenya Team Proposed Action Plan - CLTS
ACTIVITY WHEN WHERE RESOURCESSharing of workshop report
By 5th of March 2007
Homabay Development Area
Facilitators:- Dr. Kamal Kar, Amsalu, Eng. Njoroge, Martin Hinga, Philip Otieno- workshop materials, literature, stationary, accommodation, transport, allowances etc
Holding of national workshop on CLTS
By end of April 2007
Homabay Development Area
Community members, community leaders, Plan International staff, GOK staff
Launch of CLTS in 10 villages
By end of April 2007
Homabay Development Area
Community members, community leaders, Plan International staff, GOK staff
Practical application of CLTS
By end of June 2007
Homabay Development Area
Community members, community leaders, Plan International staff, GOK staff
Monitoring & evaluation of CLTS
By end of June
Homabay Development Area
Community members, community leaders, Plan International staff, GOK staff
Confirmation of open defecation free(ODF)
First week of July 2007
Homabay Development Area
Community members, community leaders, Plan International staff, GOK staff
Replication of CLTS in other villages
Beginning of August 2007
Homabay Development Area & other DAs in Plan Kenya
Community members, community leaders, Plan International staff, GOK staff
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Zimbabwe
Plan Zimbabwe Draft Action Plan
National Level Activity Who With whom When
Introducing CLTS to CMT
CLTS trainees WATSAN Advisor 2nd week March
Introducing CLTS to All Pus & Partners (National training workshop 5 day)
CLTS trainees WATSAN AdvisorVillage teachers
Rep from Plan, Gvt, CBOs, FBOs, INGOs)
4th week -March
District LevelTraining of district (PU) teams in CLTS
Community Trainers Plan staff Local agencies End of March
Community Level
Effective implementation, M & E of CLTS
Community teachers Supporting agencies April - Aug
National reflection workshop
Pilot villages Supporting agencies 2nd week Aug
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Evaluation of the WorkshopThe five day CLTS workshop was evaluated by the workshop participants on the last day (in the evening of 16th February 07, from 19 to 22 hours). The evaluation was carried out in a non conventional manner. On five corners of the training hall five posters were posted which read “bellow 20%”, “20- 40”, “40-60%”, “60- 80%” and “80% and above”. All the participants were asked to stand in the middle of the training hall and the following questions were asked in a sequence. After each question they were asked to move to the respective poster of their choice on the wall in response to each question. After each question small groups were formed around a few posters. Number of persons stood under each poster were counted and posted in the following evaluation table. The small groups under each poster reflected their scoring on a particular question asked to them.The questions and the scoring done by the participants are as follows:Evaluation Question Less
than 20%
20-40 %
40-60%
60-80%
80% and above
To what extent your expectations from the workshop have been fulfilled?
- - 2 5 20
To what extent do you think the learning from the workshop is going to be useful in your work?
- - 2 3 22
To what extent do you feel confident in triggering CLTS in villages in your area?
- - 1 2 24
Overall how do you rate the success and effectiveness of the workshop?
- - 2 8 17
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Recommendations
In view of the outcome of the five days CLTS workshop including the powerful presentations made by the local communities on the last day of the workshop at Movenpick hotel in Dar es Salaam, the meetings and discussions I had with the participants of the workshop, members of the village communities and Plan officials the following major recommendations are made:
1. I have every reason to believe that CLTS approach would be successful in Tanzania. The CLTS triggering exercises carried out in nine villages and the enthusiasm demonstrated by the rural communities clearly proved that, CLTS would be successful in Tanzania if an enabling environment is ensured and no subsidy approach is followed by Plan Tanzania. It was really great to see that the communities who have been receiving subsidies and free inputs from Plan in different forms over many years were also charged up with a spark and decided to clean up their villages as a result of CLTS triggering. This proved the great potential of the approach for spreading in Tanzania. It would be much easier for the CLTS facilitators to trigger CLTS in non Plan/ no subsidy in villages and in places without any history of receiving subsidy in sanitation.
2. At this stage it is very important to ensure all necessary follow up support to develop at least ten/fifteen villages which would be the show cases and live demonstrations of Community Led Total Sanitation. In other words the villages where triggering has been done need to be cleaned up by the respective communities through their collective local action. These villages would serve as learning ground for the communities from the neighboring and distant villages. Once a few ODF villages are created by the local communities, it would be much easier to understand and explain what CLTS means.
3. It is important to develop live demonstration villages of CLTS in all the six Programme Units (PUs) of Plan Tanzania. All the ten villages selected for CLTS triggering were from two districts e.g. Kisarawe and Kibaha. It is suggested to trigger CLTS in a few villages of the four Programme Units as well to start dissemination of the approach from there. It was really a good decision of Plan Tanzania to invite all
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the six Programme Unit Managers in the CLTS workshop. As a result the front line staff who participated in the workshop could arrive at a realistic plan of action with their respective PU Managers. All the programme areas decided to trigger CLTS in their respective areas. All necessary help and support need to be ensured to them. Samuel, the WATSAN Advisor of Plan Tanzania may ensure documentation of the processes of CLTS and emergence of ODF villages which would be different in the six PU. The changes and variations of emergence Natural Leaders, time taken for different villages to achieve ODF status and community innovations in latrine designs, community cooperation, reward and penalty should also be documented in selected villages. All these new learning would be immensely helpful in future scaling up of the CLTS approach in Tanzania and in the region.
4. One PU of Plan Tanzania is working in the urban slums where the situation is different from the rural areas. During the workshop one team tried to trigger CLTS in that area and encountered difficulties. In fact it was not possible to address the issues related to urban CLTS in the workshop due to limitation of time. However they could still try to trigger CLTS in semi-urban towns and slums. Although the principles are the same, the urban CLTS differ from rural CLTS in many ways and has other dimensions to it. Basically the urban CLTS training should and must involve the Municipal ward councilors/ elected local representatives, Municipal Chairman and other city corporation officials. Plan staffs working in urban programme were not very happy as the workshop mostly focused on rural CLTS. I would therefore recommend a study visit for the urban staff to Kalyani Municipality (near Calcutta in India) which is the only town in the country which has been able to nearly eradicate open defecation from all the fifty two slums in the town using CLTS approach.
5. In this context, I would request RESA to explore the possibilities of sending a team of urban sanitation professionals from Plan countries of eastern, southern, central and northern Africa region to India (Kalyani, Mumbai and a few other cities) for a study visit. I could convene a special urban CLTS training workshop for urban professionals from India and a few other countries coinciding with the time of Plan Africa visit. In fact there is a growing demand for training on Urban CLTS. Let’s discuss more on this possibility and it would be good if Plan could take lead in such an initiative.
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6. I would strongly recommend developing a core team of CLTS trainers at the national and PU levels of Plan Tanzania as early as possible. I have already recommended a few names from amongst the workshop participants who could be inducted in the national level core team. In the near future the members of this core team of trainer’s could be utilized in conducting training of CLTS facilitators within and out side of Tanzania.
7. As was discussed extensively during the workshop, I would like to again underline the issue of identification, recognition, capacity building and use of the emerging Natural Leaders from the CLTS villages. The participants in Dar es Salaam and Addis Ababa workshops have seen the power of the Natural Leaders already emerging from the few villages where CLTS had been triggered during the workshop. The force and conviction with which the NLs including a few children leaders spoke and presented their plans of village clean up was fascinating. I would strongly recommend all the PUs to keep a watch on the process of emergence of NLs and make a compendium for them with detail information and their availability as community consultants. These NLs should be used extensively in triggering and follow up of CLTS in other Plan villages in the area and elsewhere. Reasonable remuneration/ honorarium should be paid to them for triggering CLTS in villages other than their own. Availability of their services should also be advertised to other agencies interested in community led total sanitation. In other words the CLTS should as far as possible have a community led extension strategy.
8. The number of participants from Plan Tanzania was highest. I would suggest Plan Tanzania to develop small teams of CLTS trainers/ resource persons for all the six PUs in Tanzania. The Plan trainers should develop example ODF (Open Defecation Free) villages in all programme Units as soon possible. I would expect emergence of trainer teams from within Plan Tanzania who could render training and support for scaling up of CLTS in neighboring countries with trainers from other countries. The demand for CLTS is likely to grow in Kenya, Sudan, Egypt, Uganda, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Zambia and Mozambique. Once the strength of Community Led Total Sanitation is demonstrated in a few villages, it is likely to attract interest of many other agencies when the demand for trainers would be high.
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9. I would recommend inviting all the participants of the workshop in a refresher training and experience sharing workshop some time in August or September 2007. By the time it is expected that at least 30-40 villages would be declared ODF. Selected Natural Leaders from the ODF villages would also be invited in that sharing meeting. New learning generating from within Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Uganda and Egypt would be distilled and documented for wider dissemination in Eastern and Southern African countries.
10.A user’s manual/guideline on CLTS would then be developed by incorporating the unique learning and location specific experiences. In this way the user’s manual will contain example of CLTS with strong local flavor from Tanzania.
11.I would suggest that a separate workshop be arranged to develop facilitator’s guideline/manual on CLTS based totally on Tanzanian experience. Such guideline cum manual would also be useful in Kenya and other Kiswahili speaking countries for scaling up of CLTS. I would recommend a three days workshop later in the year for developing the guideline based on the new experience emerging in the region. Potential trainers and expert facilitators of CLTS from the regional Plan countries should be invited in that workshop.
12. A video film of about 15-20 minutes may be developed from the footage taken during the five days workshop here in Tanzania. Mr. Isaya Makassy have taken a good footage of different activities during the CLTS triggering sessions in the villages. He has also documented the discussions and debates in the class room sessions and in the national workshop. All these could be edited and proper subtitles be incorporated in English. At the same time the villagers voice and a background commentary may be added to the film as narration. This film could be used as training material for future CLTS training workshops.
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Recommendation for RESA1. I would strongly recommend engaging a full time Coordinator for
CLTS in East Africa Region. CLTS has been introduced in all the Plan countries of East Africa (Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Zambia) through the two training workshops held in Dar es Salaam and Addis Ababa. WATSAN Advisors and front line staff of these countries have prepared plans of action for the next six months (please see annex) where they have mentioned introduction of CLTS in good number of villages through their sanitation programmes. Implementation of these plans needs to be supported very seriously. The chances of quality deterioration of CLTS need to be minimized. Unless a full time person is put in place urgently, it will not be possible to compare the changes those are taking place in different countries differently. It is also important to monitor the deviations and quality deterioration and suggest corrective measures based on the emerging local experiences from the region.
2. Periodic national and regional workshops; I would recommend Plan RESA to arrange a regional workshop with the participants who participated in the two recent workshops and a few others within next six months. The emerging experiences, difficulties encountered and successes need to be shared with a wider audience, especially the politicians. Field visits should be organized for the senior government officers and others to successful CLTS villages.
3. Institutional linkage; Ministry of Health Government of Tanzania, Plan, WSP and Water Aid; Nathanial Painter of WSP Tanzania was invited in the CLTS training workshop by Plan who attended one day of the training and the National Workshop in Dar es Salaam. The possibilities of tie-up and developing functional linkages with the Bill Gates Foundation funding for sanitation were discussed with him by Plan Tanzania Managers and WATSAN Advisor. I suggested him to explore possible ways of WSP interventions and co-funding for capacity building of the government line department staff on CLTS and institutionalization of the community led total sanitation approach. It has also been suggested to WSP to arrange a study and exposure visit for a few selected Managers of Plan Tanzania and senior government officials to Maharashtra state in India. I have offered to help and liaison with WSP India and the state in Government of Maharashtra in arranging the trip. I have already
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discussed this with Ms. Soma Ghosh Moulik of WSP New Delhi who has agreed to extend all required support for arranging the study tour.
4. The Country Representative of Water Aid, Tanzania along with one senior staff member attended the National Workshop and participated in the discussion. She was keen to develop functional linkages with Plan and other agencies interested in implementing CLTS in Tanzania. WSP may develop these institutional linkages and in consultation with the government ministry can identify pilot areas in specific locations of the country where different agencies are active. In the capacity building drive of WSP, I would also like to suggest forming an Inter Institutional CLTS facilitators group in Tanzania and all efforts should be made to develop their capacity and knowledge on the approach. This might later on take the shape of a collective national CLTS promotion body called ‘Dishari’ in Bangladesh. Dishari is formed by the contribution from Plan, BD, Water Aid, WSP, Ahashinia Mission and the World Vision where these institutions are involved directly in scaling up of CLTS approach.
5. Involving Media in popularizing CLTS in Africa; As in Bangladesh and in Pakistan where media played a major role in popularizing CLTS, I would suggest involving both print and electronic media of Tanzania and other east African countries in exposing this community led sanitation approach. Once a few villages are converted ODF by the local communities, the representatives from selected media may be taken to those villages for face to face interaction with villagers. At a later stage selected media people from Asia and Africa may be invited to national and regional workshops and meetings. I hope WSP can contribute in arranging such meetings for the media and the private sector agencies manufacturing sanitary hardware.
Sources of global information on CLTS
19. I would also like to suggest that the following web-links for further information on CLTS may please be forwarded to all the participants of Dar es Salaam and Awassa workshops.
CLTS website: http://www.livelihoods.org/hot_topics/CLTS.html which contains the following types of resources:
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Introduction to CLTS: Summary introduction plus links to key background documents and “how to” guides
CLTS lessons from around the world: Highlights, challenges and reports of CLTS in practice organised by country or region.
Other papers on CLTS: Further general reading on CLTS in theory and in practice.
News and events: Highlighting conferences, meetings, funding opportunities, and other news relating to CLTS
Organisations: Links to relevant organisations that are documenting their experiences with CLTS
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List of Participants of the WorkshopSL. No.
Name of the Participant Designation
Working Area/ PU/Country E-mail address
1 Dr. Kamal Kar Training facilitator [email protected], [email protected]
2 Negussie Amsalu Regional WATSAN Advisor South [email protected]
3 Samuel Musoyoki Co – Facilitator UK [email protected] Gashaw Dagnew PSM/SGSM Tanzania [email protected] Francis Mtitu Country WATSAN Advisor Tanzania [email protected] Masozi Nyirenda Country Learning Advisor Tanzania [email protected]
7Dr. Louisa Masayanyika Country Health Advisor Tanzania
8 Wonder Mufundi Programme Unit Manager Zimbabwe [email protected] Derrick Ncube Community development facilitator Kwekwe PU - Zimbabwe [email protected]
10 James Kabugo Programme Unit Manager Uganda [email protected] Samwel Anghala Community development facilitator Tororo PU – Uganda [email protected] Samy Hanafy Programme Unit Manager Egypt [email protected] Emad Ebdelnaby Taha Community development facilitator Egypt [email protected] Philip Otieno CDF Kenya [email protected] Martin Hinga TA Kenya [email protected] John Nyaika Community development facilitator Malawi [email protected] Noah Katanta Community development facilitator Malawi [email protected]
18Emmanuel Mwachullah Programme Unit Manager Kisarawe PU – Tanzania
19 Emma Kigosi Community development facilitator Kisarawe PU – Tanzania [email protected] Juma Higilo Community development facilitator Kisarawe PU - Tanzania [email protected]
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21 Catherine Kundy Programme Unit Manager Ifakara PU – Tanzania [email protected] Upendo Putika Community development facilitator Ifakara PU – Tanzania [email protected] Daniel Kirumbi Community development officer Ifakara district council
24 Hudson Mwakyambiki Programme Unit Manager Dar PU – [email protected]
25 Paul Lusato Community development facilitator Dar PU – Tanzania [email protected] Stella Msami PEVODE Dar PU – Tanzania Attended only 1 day27 Stella Tungaraza Ag.Programme Unit Manager Geita PU – Tanzania [email protected]
28 Yohana Sekimweri Community development facilitator Geita PU – [email protected]
29 Rock Maila Community development officer Geita district council 30 Boniface Mbunju Programme Unit Manager Mwanza PU - Tanzania [email protected] Matirda Simfukwe Community development facilitator Mwanza PU - Tanzania [email protected] Stanislaus Buluba Community development officer Mwanza council [email protected] Selesitine Mwesiga Programme Unit Manager Kibaha PU – Tanzania [email protected] Gratian Kweyamba Community development facilitator Kibaha PU – Tanzania [email protected] Apaa I.N.Swai Community development officer Kibaha district council [email protected]
36 Makassy IsayaTechnician and Video Documentation Specialist Plan Tanzania [email protected]
37 Kulthum Seleman HR Assistant Tanzania [email protected] Mariam Faraji Community development facilitator Kisarawe PU - Tanzania [email protected]
39Christopher Andendekisye WatSan accountant Kisarawe PU - Tanzania
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