Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006 1 PROMOTING HEALTH & DIGNITY THRU SAFE...

Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

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PROMOTING HEALTH & DIGNITY THRU SAFE WATER, SANITATION

AND HYGIENE –

HOW CAN COMMUNITY RADIO HELP?

AMARC, AMMAN, NOVEMBER 2006


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WORKSHOP OVERVIEW

1. Aspirations - 52. Overview of the WSH sector - 103. Challenges and Problems - 154. Grounds for Optimism - 105. Some tough issues - 106. Questions & Discussion – 207. Small group Discussion & Plenary 30+20

total 120


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Aspirations (5 mins)

• What would you like to learn about WSH?

• Ask your questions / identify topics

– Now – in the workshop– After this session– After the conference


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AIMS OF WORKSHOP

• 1. to encourage participants to consider how your radio station could increase the coverage of WSH issues and messages in your broadcasting;

• 2. to provide a background briefing on some of the main issues of the WSH sector to help inform your programming


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The global picture

• 1,100,000,000 (18%) without safe water• 2,600,000,000 (42%) without safe,

hygienic latrine• 1,700,000 deaths a year / 4,700 per day• 90% are children / 4,200 die every day


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Millennium Development Goals

• To halve the proportion without safe water by 2015

• To halve the proportion without safe sanitation by 2015

• To improve the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2015


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MDG calculation example

• Nation or city or district• Baseline: 1990 population 10 million, 40%

with water (= 4 million served)• By 2015 population (2% pa) 16.4 million,

target 70% coverage (= 11.5 million)• Average Annual target = 7.5 million / 15

years = 500,000 / year = 1370 people / every day (250 households)

• And 4.9 million still unserved !


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Water & Sanitation 8 major diseases

• Diarrhoeal – cholera, dysentery, typhoid

• Worms- bilharzia, guinea worm, hookworms

• Water washed – trachoma, scabies


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diarrhoea

• Diarrhoeal diseases – 88% attributed to drinking unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene

• Severe diarrhoea causes death by dehydration


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Hygiene 1


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Hygiene 2


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Estimated Impacts of different WSH strategies - % reduction in child diarrhoeal disease

• Excreta disposal - 25%• Personal and domestic cleanliness – 18%• Water availability – 18%• Food hygiene – 17%• Excreta treatment – 15%• Water quality – 11%• Drainage and sullage disposal – 6%

• (Source: Feacham et al, Sanitation & Disease, 1983)


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Combining W,S & H

Water quantity +

water quality +

safe sanitation +

effective hygiene

reduce diarrhoeal disease incidence by two-thirds


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Impacts of safe water & basic sanitation• Better health• More time• Increased schooling attendance• Cleaner environment• Less spend on medicines• Better family life, less fatigue• Kitchen gardens, water based enterprises• Less risk for girls and women• Dignity and privacy


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Challenges & Problems

• Investment requirements: more resources, better targeting

• Annual spend on water & sanitation needs to double from $14 billion to $30 billion;

• Only 40% of aid for water goes to 30 most needy countries with 90% of unserved

• (source: Getting to the boiling point, WaterAid, 2005)


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Challenges & Problems • Sustainability: Many new WatSan systems do

not deliver benefits for their design life;• Inadequate operations & maintenance (O&M)

resources• Low sense of community ownership and

responsibility• Questionable technology choices• Poor workmanship• Weak quality control


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• Social Inclusion: poor and vulnerable groups do not obtain full benefits of new investments

• Excluded on basis of income, health status, location etc

• Widows, disabled, HIV+, ‘low’ caste, orphans, remote residence, migration etc


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• Gender• Women and girl children responsible for

the bulk of water, sanitation management and domestic cleanliness

• Typically excluded from project management, scheme operations

• Women consistently demonstrate higher standards of honesty in financial management and system operations


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• Water Resource Availability: since 1950 water use has increased six fold while the population has doubled

• Groundwater levels (aquifers) dropping in many areas e.g. South Asia 1 – 4 m / yr

• 1 billion threatened by drought & deserts

• Rainfall disrupted by climate change


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• Water Quality:

• Pollution from agriculture: phosphates, nitrates

• From industry: in developing countries 70% of waste is dumped untreated

• From households: human & animal faecal waste are the major source of bacteriological pollution


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• Loss of wetlands:• purify water, absorb silt, regulate river flows, add

moisture to the atmosphere; • Without them: rivers flow too fast, lakes are

overburdened and coastlines erode; fish and wildlife extinction and loss of livelihoods;

• Half of all wetlands lost in 20th century• ‘waste land’ – drain and provide land for

development• Malaria prevention – another rationale


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• Political will?– Easy to promise - hard to deliver– ‘free water’ populism– Lack of Transparency & informed public

scrutiny– Allocations not transferred– Transfers not spent


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• Poverty

• All rich people have water and sanitation

• Poor people usually pay more per litre than richer neighbours in cash or coping costs or both


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GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM

• WATSAN POLICY REFORMS• Rural: VLOM hand pumps; community

management; WatSan committees; grant financing; community contracting, federations of user groups;

• Urban: utility autonomy; connection charges subsidised; cost-recovery tariffs; incentives for utility staff to reduce water losses; innovative investment financing


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• CIVIL SOCIETY ENGAGEMENT

• Sector pluralism: Governments / Private Sector / NGOs / users

• Utility score cards / citizen’s voice

• Community mobilization by NGOs, CBOs for self-help; for community contributions


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• COMMUNITY LED TOTAL SANITATION• Increase community awareness re the volume,

distribution and implications of open defecation• Community plans for total latrines, community

waste management etc• Non- subsidised latrines – extended choice of

options, • ‘no one defecates in the open in this village’• ‘daughters from our village do not marry into

villages where open defecation is practiced’


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• SANITATION MARKETING

• Most latrines are private investments

• Strengthen both demand and supply for private sector delivery of private latrines

• Informed choice, more options, improved quality, lower costs;

• Privacy, safety, convenience, status, modernism


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Alternative Technologies• Eco san / composting sanitation

– Separates urine from faeces– Dilutes urine to become fertilizer– Produces compost from faeces

• Small bore / settled sewerage– interceptor boxes– narrow pipes, – Condominial layouts,


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• RAIN WATER HARVESTING

• For storage

• For ground water re-charge


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• COMMUNITY BASED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

• No groundwater extraction for irrigation within a community or within 500 m of a drinking water source

• Catchment management – fencing, vegetation, cleaning, check dams, - rural & urban


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GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM Hygiene 3 key messages• safe disposal of human excreta

• effective handwashing at critical times

• protect drinking water from contamination

• + food management and preparation

• + wear ‘chappels’, flip flops, sandals


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GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM Water quality

• Point of use chlorination – a few cents per HH per month

• solar disinfection (SODIS) – minimal cost

• CCS (ceramic colloidal silver) filter - $3 per HH per year

• Arsenic removal e.g. Al2 O3 filter – cost $4 per family / year


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TOUGH ISSUES

• WATER PRICING & PAYMENTS

• Is water a social service or commodity?

• Low cost vs. sustainable reliable service

• Recurrent budgets required for operations, maintenance and repairs

• tariff structure with social safety net

• First 6,000 litres per HH / month free in SA where cross subsidy possible


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TOUGH ISSUES

• CITIZEN BEHAVIOURS THAT UNDERMINE GOOD W&S SERVICES

• Illegal connections

• Meter resistance / tampering

• Payment avoidance

• Solid waste disposal blocks drains

• Water wastage / tariff levels too low to discourage


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TOUGH ISSUES

• LOW AWARENESS OF WATER AVAILABILITY

• Increasing extractions by agriculture and industry

• pollution of drains and sewers

• Ground water ‘mining’

• Water resource crisis looms


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QUESTIONS

&

DISCUSSION


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SMALL GROUP DISCUSSIONS

• What is your radio station doing now to address water, sanitation issues?

• What ( more) could you do?• Audiences?• Messages?• Formats?• Partners?


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Presenter: Alan Etherington

Contact: [email protected]


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Broadcasting ideas

• Start with your own lives – where do you obtain water? Defecate? Urinate? Dispose of waste? Cost – in cash and time and other?

• Site visits, features, communication strategy for WatSan project; testimonies;

• Phone in – water staff, health officials• PSA, jingles, vox pop, Soap opera; Talk shows;

link radio – water networks; use local languages;

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Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006 1 PROMOTING HEALTH & DIGNITY THRU SAFE...

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