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COMN 2111COMN 2111
GENDER AND COMMUNICATION
LECTURE 19a
CULTURE: A REVIEWCULTURE: A REVIEW
CULTURE IS: A WAY OF LIFE REPRESENTS THE “TAKEN-FOR-
GRANTED” VIEWS SHARED BY GROUP
CULTURE CONSISTS OF: KNOWLEDGE VALUES SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION
KEY “TAKEN-FOR-GRANTED” CULTURAL ASSUMPTION
KEY “TAKEN-FOR-GRANTED” CULTURAL ASSUMPTION
ABOUT GENDER AND COMMMUNICATION WOMEN AND MEN IN CONVERSATION SPEAK THE
SAME “LANGUAGE” WITH THE SAME INTENTIONS AND SAME MEANINGS
RESEARCH BY SOCIO-LINGUISTS SUGGESTS THAT THIS GENERAL ASSUMPTION OF SAMENESS IS WRONG.
GENERALLY, MEN AND WOMEN OPERATE IN TWO DIFFERENT SUB-CULTURES OR COMMUNICATION GROUPS
CULTURE AND WORDSCULTURE AND WORDS
Every society has a lexicon or list of agreed-upon names for objects, ideas
Unanalyzable, simple words that name categories of things with easily observed differences
A name is a symbol because of arbitrarily attached meaning
Not concrete or tied naturally to things Names we apply emphasize particular aspects
of reality and neglect others
LANGUAGE AND GENDERLANGUAGE AND GENDER Defines Gender
Symbols define phenomena. We use symbols to name objects, people, feelings,
experiences, and other phenomena.
LANGUAGE DEFINES GENDERLANGUAGE DEFINES GENDER
MAN STILL USED TO MEAN PEOPLE OR HUMANITY UNTIL THE 90’S
“MALE GENERICS” EXCLUDED WOMEN RESEARCH QUITE CLEAR ON “MAN” EVOKING THE IMAGE
OF MALE NOT HUMAN IN STUDENTS OF ALL AGES
“MALE GENERICS” SEEMED TO MAKE MEN MORE PROMINENT
NATURE OF “PUBLIC TALK” (MEDIA) ABOUT WOMEN AND MEN DIFFERENT
APPEARANCE AND RELATIONSHIPS - WOMEN ACTIVITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS - MEN
LANGUAGE AND GENDERLANGUAGE AND GENDER
Organizes Perceptions of Gender We can classify phenomena and think in terms of
generalizations. Often either-or StereotypesOften either-or Stereotypes
Strong vs. Weak, Emotional vs. RationalStrong vs. Weak, Emotional vs. Rational
Defines Gender Symbols define phenomena.
We use symbols to name objects, people, feelings, experiences, and other phenomena.
Language and GenderLanguage and Gender Evaluates Gender
Language is not neutral. It reflects cultural values and is a powerful influence on our perceptions.
Women are often trivialized by language. Demeaned by metaphors that equate them with food,
animals, possessions, children 220 words for sexually permissive women - 22 for men
Language and GenderLanguage and Gender Enables Hypothetical Thought
Symbols are abstract - allow us to think about not just what is, but also what will or might be and what has been.
How to improve situations
Language Allows Self‑Reflection As symbol users, we can name ourselves - self‑reflect. If we don't like the self we see, we are able to change, to alter
how we act and how we define our identity
GENDER AND COMMUNICATION
LECTURE 19b
COMN 2111COMN 2111
GENDERED TALKGENDERED TALKIN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES WE DISCUSS CENTRAL TENDENCIES
IN DATA
GENDER AND KID’S PLAY
Girls Boys
GENDER AND KID’S PLAY
Girls Boys
Early separate worlds More emotions info Parents use more emotion
and words The nature of emotions Early language skills -
explore and articulate feelings
Smaller, coop. games By puberty - girls learn
indirect aggression Connected relationships
By 7 no friends are girls Less info except anger Narrower display range -
fewer emotion words Causes - consequences Use of more physical action
to display - less aware of internal states
Larger, competitive play Boys learn direct & ritual
aggression Tough minded autonomy
TWO VIEWS OF THE WORLDTWO VIEWS OF THE WORLD MEN SPEAK TO DISCOVER WHO IS IN CHARGE -
HIGH VS. LOWS - COMPETITION WOMEN SPEAK TO DISCOVER WHO IS
CONNECTED - CLOSE VS. FAR - CONNECTION
WOMENWOMEN
MENMEN
GENDER AND EMOTIONAL COMMUNICATIONGENDER AND EMOTIONAL COMMUNICATION
GENDER AND EMOTIONAL COMMUNICATIONGENDER AND EMOTIONAL COMMUNICATION
GENDERED TALKGENDERED TALK
WORD USAGE AND GENDER WOMEN TEND TO USE
MORE WORDS INTENSIFIERS TAG QUESTIONS (ISN’T IT) AND “UP-INFLECTIONS” “ENCOURAGERS” WHEN LISTENING MORE AFFECT (FEELING) WORDS THAN MALES
BUT MEN USE MORE AFFECT WORDS WHEN TALKING TO WOMEN THAN MEN
WOMEN DON’T CHANGE THEIR RATE OF USE
GENDER AND COMMUNICATION
LECTURE 19c
COMN 2111COMN 2111
GENDER-RELATED BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION GENDER-RELATED BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
MEN SPEAK: TO ESTABLISH AUTONOMY RELATIVE TO EACH
OTHER (COMPETE TO MAINTAIN IT) TO NEGOTIATE STATUS USING ‘REPORT TALK’ TALK SHOULD ACCOMPLISH SOMETHING -
SOLVE A PROBLEM, GIVE ADVICE, TAKE A STAND
THEIR “TAKEN FOR GRANTED” WORLD IS ONE OF HIERARCHY AND CONTROL
CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
MEN RESIST BEING “ONE DOWN”: LESS LIKELY TO ASK QUESTIONS WHEN THEY DON’T
KNOW SOMETHING
COMPETE IN CONVERSATIONS GIVE ANSWERS RATHER THAN LISTEN WAIT TO RE-DIRECT CONVERSATION DEBATE RATHER THAN DISCUSS INTERRUPT TO GAIN FLOOR EXPECT TO BE ATTACKED AND ATTACK OTHERS
“FIGHT IT OUT” THEN “DROP IT” AND MOVE ON
RITUAL COMBAT IS SEEN AS NATURAL
GENDER-RELATED BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION GENDER-RELATED BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
WOMEN SPEAK: TO ESTABLISH THEIR CONNECTION TO EACH
OTHER (COOPERATE TO MAINTAIN IT) TO NEGOTIATE INTIMACY USING ‘RAPPORT TALK’ (CONNECT TALK) TALK SHOULD DEAL WITH FEELINGS,
PERSONAL IDEAS, BUILD RELATIONSHIPS THEIR “TAKEN-FOR-GRANTED” WORLD IS
BASED ON CLOSENESS AND DISTANCE
CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS
WOMEN ARE TAUGHT TO: TAKE TURNS IN SPEAKING TO ASK QUESTIONS AND LISTEN
WHEN THEY DON’T KNOW OVERLAP ONLY TO SUPPORT NOT TO
GRAB THE FLOOR TO USE RITUALS OF SPEECH TO
SHOW CONNECTION TO OTHERS NOT TO COMPETE RITUALLY
GENDER BASED COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS: REMINDERSGENDER BASED COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS: REMINDERS
THUS, WHEN MEN AND WOMEN SPEAK TOGETHER THEY MAY SPEAK AT CROSS-PURPOSES
THEY HOLD DIFFERENT VIEWS OF RELATIONSHIPS
WOMEN: A RELATIONSHIP IS WORKING WHEN YOU CAN DISCUSS IT
MEN: IF IT’S WORKING YOU DON’T DISCUSS IT - TALK IS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS
THEY HAVE DIFFERENT MODES OF RITUAL SPEECH
CHARACTERISTIC COMMUNICATION RITUALSCHARACTERISTIC COMMUNICATION RITUALS
NEGOTIATIONS: WOMEN OPEN NEGOTIATIONS BY ASKING HOW OTHERS SEE
A PROBLEM MEN OPEN NEGOTIATIONS BY CLAIMING WHAT THEY WANT
DOWNPLAY: WOMEN DOWNPLAY CERTAINTY TO BE CONNECTIVE MEN DOWNPLAY DOUBTS TO AVOID ‘ONE-DOWN’
POSITION
CHARACTERISTIC COMMUNICATION RITUALSCHARACTERISTIC COMMUNICATION RITUALS
IDEAS: GIRLS LEARN TO PHRASE THEIR IDEAS AS
SUGGESTIONS BOYS LEARN TO GIVE ORDERS WITHOUT REASONS
RITUALS: WOMEN USE PHRASE “I’M SORRY’ AS CONNECTIVE
RITUAL, MEN INTERPRET AS APOLOGY “SOCIAL LYING”
GENDER DIFFERFENCES APPEAR HERE TOO.
CHARACTERISTIC COMMUNICATION RITUALS: SOCIAL LYING AND GENDER CHARACTERISTIC COMMUNICATION RITUALS: SOCIAL LYING AND GENDER
SOCIAL LYING RESEARCH Strangers in a lab talk together. At the end of the discussion, asked "Did you lie?"...all said "No".
A review of the tapes with them afterwards 60% admitted they were lying to others, about 3 lies per 10 minute session.
They didn't even realize they were lying Adaptive Unconcscious response We lie more to friends than strangers in order to enhanced our self esteem.
We lie in conversations all the time to make things go well Self reports: Both Men and Women lie once or twice a day - in 20% of all
exchanges over 10 minutes Those who do it best are those who do it unconsciously and think they are telling
the truth at the time. They don’t give themselves away. In general, men tended to lie to make themselves look better while women
lied to make others feel better.
WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION AND GENDERWORKPLACE COMMUNICATION AND GENDER
EXAMPLE :
MALE INTERN RISKS THE LIFE OF A PATIENT IN ORDER TO AVOID ASKING SUPERIOR QUESTION ABOUT TREATMENT
FEMALE INTERNIST IS RECOGNIZED BY HER PEERS AS
BEST BUT RECEIVES A POOR EVALUATION FROM MALE SUPERIOR BECAUSE SHE ASKS ‘MORE QUESTIONS’
Slides 16 and 17 Based on Book by D. Tannen called “Talking From 9 to 5”
IMPROVING CROSS-GENDER COMMUNICATIONIMPROVING CROSS-GENDER COMMUNICATION
BE CONSCIOUS (MINDFUL) USE DUAL PERSPECTIVE OWN YOUR OWN FEELINGS AND
THOUGHTS . USE I-LANGUAGE. RESPECT WHAT OTHERS SAY ABOUT
THEIR FEELINGS AND IDEAS USE METACOMMUNICATION