J. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. PistolaCompact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban forms.

44th ISoCaRP Congress 2008

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban forms

Unidad de Investigación N°6b - Instituto de Estudios del Hábitat (IDEHAB),Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.

Buenos Aires. ARGENTINA.

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Contents

• Hypotheses• Objectives• Study approach• Methodology• Greater La Plata micro-region• Area under study• Features of study cases• Peripheral areas • Central areas • Household consumption• Mobility and transportation means• Mobility-driven Energy consumption • Total energy consumption• Conclusions

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都

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Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola

Hypotheses

• Sustainability/unsustainability does not depend exclusively on urban compact/sprawl condition.

• Sustainability/unsustainability of both compact and sprawl zones depend on urban socioeconomic, spatial and modal mobility features.

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Objectives

General:• Define levels of urban sustainability/unsustainability

resulting from the interaction among Land Use, Mobility and Transport/Energy consumption patterns.

Particular:• Establish degrees of sustainability/unsustainability in

sprawl areas.• Establish sustainability factors in compact areas

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都

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Approach

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola

‘Compact’ and ‘Sprawl’ concepts are not applicable to any city sizes. Unplanned sprawl at great metropolises and mid-sized cities represents a real urban unsustainability problem.

A city’s positioning on the compact/sprawl continuum depends on several factors: spatial morphology, degree of consolidation and mobility system.

Considering the ‘mobility / city model’ relationship, the automobile can be seen at the core of the compact/sprawl city issue. Automobiles are a universally desired object:

they are a means of:• work, • social and family life planning,• social identification.

Its use is promoted by both automotive industry and financial groups – through ease of credit access. These two key actors should be considered when attempting to reduce its incidence.

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Methodology

5 delimited areas – 2 central and 3 peripheral ones – were selected as “transportation areas”.

All include social interest’s housesInformation:

origin/destination trip’s surveyHouse energy audit

Connectivity: Zone 1: railroad, automobileZones 2 and 3: automobile

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都

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Greater La Plata Micro-region

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都

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Areas under study

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola

Fuente: Elaboración Propia mediante SIG

Zona 1

Zona 4

Zona 2

Zona 3

Zona 5

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Features of study cases

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola

Case Pop. Density Inhabitants/ha

Houses Inhab./house

Number of trips

Total Internal % External %

1 11263 Low 20 to 50 3218 3,5 6533 1758 27 4775 73

2 5760 Low 20 1471 3,9 3540 742 21 2798 79

3 8428 Low 40 2050 4,1 4473 649 15 3824 85

4 7555 Middle-high 84,53

2980 2,5 7902 1611 20 6291 80

5 7323 Middle-high 78,58

2847 2,6 8069 3491 43 4578 57

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Peripheral areas

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都

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Central areas

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都

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Household consumption

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola

Case

Pop. Houses Inhabitants/house.

Energy consumption Gas consumption Total consumption

TEP/houses/

year

TEP/inhab/ year

TEP/house/year

TEP/ inhab/year

Total TEP

TEP/Inhab//year

1 11.263,00 3174 3,5 0,206 0,059 1,750 0,50 6307,0 0,56

2 5.760,00 1471 3,9 0,210 0,053 1,760 0,45 2895,4 0,50

3 8.428,00 2050 4,11 0,205 0,050 1,770 0,43 4045,0 0,48

4 7.555,00 2980 2,5 0,210 0,065 1,760 0,59 5868,8 0,78

5 7.323,00 2847 2,6 0,208 0,073 1,770 0,62 5631,4 0,77

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Modal distribution of mobility

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola

1 6.533 2.178 33 2.748 42 1120 17 487 7,62 3540 771 21,7 2.159 75,8 - - 610 173 4.473 954 21 2.901 65 0 0 618 144 7.902 4.403 55,7 3.458 43,8 - - 41 15 8.069 3.491 43 4.524 56 0 0 54 1

Case Total trips ModesCar % Public

Transport% % %Railroad Pedestrian/

bicycle

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Mobility-driven energy consumption

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola

1 6533 1,7 2.178 89.120 0,05 4.456 2748 98.619 0,016 1.578 6.034 0,162 3540 1,6 771 20.586 0,05 1.029 2.159 80.531 0,016 1.288 2.318 0,123 4.473 1,9 954 24.995 0,05 1.250 2.901 71.075 0,016 1.137 2.387 0,094 7.902 1,0 4.403 39.627 0,05 1.981 3.458 34.580 0,016 553 2.535 0,105 8.069 1,1 3.491 31.419 0,05 1.571 4.578 45.780 0,016 732 2.303 0,09

Km travelled/day L/pass/kmKm

travelled/da L/pass/km Total L/day/pass/k

Case Number of trips Viajes/hab

ModeCar Public Transport Total

TEP/ years/hab.

Total L/day/pass/k

L/pass/day/kmUnities Unities

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Total energy consumption

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola

Case Total energy consumption

Residential Mobility Total

1 0,56 0,16 0,72

2 0,50 0,12 0,62

3 0,48 0,09 0,57

4 0,78 0,10 0,88

5 0,77 0,09 0,86

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The study reveals that:• The mobility-related energy consumption of a

consolidated, low-density, train-served settlement, 20 km distant from CBD, is higher than those registered at cases 2 and 3 (peripheral areas).

• Higher residential energy consumption per inhabitant is related to income levels and to the lack of energy-saving policies in building systems

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola

Conclusions

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Modal distribution of mobility

• All peripheral areas register higher energy consumption per inhabitant.

• Energy consumption at area 1 is 26.3% higher than area 3 (the lowest one): longer distance and higher income levels of population.

• Two peripheral areas register highest mobility-related energy consumption: 0.16 and 0.12 TEP/inhabitant/year

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都

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Total Energy ConsumptionCase 1: 18% lower than compact zones.

Cases 2 and 3: relative energy consumption is 30-35% lower than compact zones although two cases present

larger families.

Highest and lowest energy consumption study cases showup to a 54% difference.

Based on the analysis of Land Use /Transportation / Energyconsumption, the Compact / Sprawl dichotomy is notVerified: both “models” show similar consumption patterns

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都

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Considerations1. A sprawl city is not unsustainable, provided that

it is structured as a linear type-city and it’s crossed by a railroad network

2. Compactness must be accompanied by sustainable housing standards

3. Therefore, cities should not be considered as a complex system in which `compactness´and `sprawl´ are part of interacting heterogeneities rather than a polarized dichotomy.

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都

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Residential consumption / Income relationship shows that: energy saving implies lesser comfort

Mobility / Income relationship: less than two trips per person per day implies immobility and turns social

integration impossible

AN INTEGRAL APPROACH IS KEY IN ORDER TO DEFINE SUSTAINABILITY LEVEL AT THE

COMPACT - SPRAWL CITY MODELS

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola

TWO INTERACTING URBAN FORMS

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Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban forms

Thank Youororavella@yahoo.com.ar

Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都

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