CasingGasCompression

CompactCompressionInc.Calgary,Alberta,Canada

CasingGas

•  Oilinforma:onsincludesnaturalgasinsolu:on•  Foroiltoflowintoawell,thepressureatthebo@omofthewellmustbelessthanthatoftheforma:on.Asoilflowsintothewell,gaswillcomeoutofsolu:onandcollectinthecasing

•  Thisgaswastradi:onallydealtwithinoneoftwoways–  Ven:ngthecasingtoatmosphere–  Connec:ngthecasingtotheflowline

CasingPressure

Venttoatmosphere•  Ven:ngmethaneto

atmosphereisbadfortheenvironment,methanehas25xthegreenhouseeffectofCO2(basedon100yearglobalwarmingpoten:al)

•  Was:ngapoten:allyvaluableandfiniteresource

•  Thisprac:ceisnowillegalinmanycountriesfortheabovereasons

Connecttoflowline•  Canreducewell

performanceduetohighbackpressureonforma:on

•  Convenient,only1pipelinerequired,gascanbeseparatedfromstreamandusedatba@ery

Wellconnec:ondiagram

WhyCasingGasCompression?

•  Noven:ng–delivergastoflowline•  Canusegasasfuelorsellit•  Reducecasingpressure,loweringthebackpressureontheforma:on.Thiswill:–  Increaserateofoilproduc:on–  Increaseoveralloilrecovery

TypicalSiteLayout

Whatdoesitdo

•  Reducepressureincasing,loweringbo@omholepressure•  Differen:alpressurebetweentheforma:onandbo@omholeis

whatdrivestheinflowofoiltothewell•  Maximumflowlinepressurescanreachbetween1380-2070kPa/

200-300psi•  Acompressorcantypicallyreducecasingpressureto35-207kPa/

5-30psi,dependingonsizeandgasflow•  Reduc:onofbackpressureagainsttheforma:onresultsinhigher

oilrecoveryrate•  Thiseffectwillbemoresignificantonlowpressureforma:ons

–  Forma:onpressureof20700kPa(3000psi),wellis1380kPa(200psi),dropsto207kPa(30psi),changeis6%

–  Forma:onpressureis6894kPa(1000psi),wellis1380kPa(200psi),dropsto207kPa(30psi),changeis18%

IPRCurves

•  InflowPerformanceRela:onship•  Indicatechangeininflowrateswithchangeofbo@omholepressure

•  Essen:ally,thereservoir’sabilitytoflowtothewellatarangeofbo@omholepressures

•  Dependsonreservoirstructure,permeability,pressure,andotherfactors

•  Canbeusedasafirstindicatorofawellpoten:allysuitedforcasinggascompression

ExampleIPRcurve

Suitabilityofawellforcasinggascompression

WellsPronetoGasLock

•  Gaslockmayoccurduetoavarietyofcondi:ons,suchashighGOR,pumpspacing,andpumplandingloca:on

•  Agaslockedpumpcancausesevereequipmentdamage•  Onwellswherethisisaknownissue,acasinggascompressormay

aggravatetheproblem,asloweringdownholepressurewillincreasetherateofgasbreakout

•  Poten:alsolu:onswouldbe:–  Resefngpumpspacingtomaximizepumpcompressionra:o–  Addingagasanchororothergassepara:ondevicetothepump–  Changetoapumpdesignedtohandlegas–  Re-landingthepumpfurtherbelowtheperfora:ons

•  Ifthesedonotsolvetheproblem,thiswellmaynotbesuitableforcasinggascompression

•  Thesolu:onmaybetoincreaseheadpressureonthepump.Thiswouldinvolvemaintaininggreaterfluidheightinthewell.Essen:ally,givingupsomeamountofproduc:onrateinordertoavoidgaslockissues.

•  Tes:ngiscri:cal,theonlywaytoensurethatawellissuitableforcasinggascompressionistotestinadvance

Tes:ngforsuitability

•  Trailermountedcompressorsaresimpletomovearound,savinglaborand:meovertes:ngwithaskidmountedunit

•  Screwcompressorsarequiteflexibleinperformancecanbeadaptedtoawiderangeofopera:ngcondi:ons

•  Gasdriven,willrunoffcompressedgas,noneedforanelectriciantohookuppower

•  Atestcompressorwilldetermineexactlyhowawellwillrespondtocasinggascompression,makingtheeconomicsoftheapplica:onacertaintyratherthanspecula:on

•  Canbeequippedwithaflowmetertopreciselydeterminerequiredsizeofcompressor

Howdowedoit

•  Varietyofcompressionelements,chosenbasedonopera:ngcondi:ons–  HydraulicReciproca:ng

•  Lowflow(0.1-2e3m3/dayor0.3-70mcfd)•  Highpressure(upto3450kPa/500psi)

–  SmallFrameReciproca:ng•  Mediumflow(0.5-6e3m3/dayor17-200mscfd)•  Highpressure(upto2750kPa/400psi)

–  Screw•  Highflow(6-37e3m3/dayor200-1300mscfd)•  Mediumpressure(upto2070kPa/300psi)

HydraulicCasingGasCompressor•  Purposedesignforlowvolumecasinggasapplica:ons•  Idealforsinglewellapplica:on•  Compressorisdesignedforsweetorsourservice•  Nooperatorsetuporadjustmentisrequired•  Eliminatesissuescommonwithconven:onalcasinggascompressors

–  Noprocessvalvesorcoolerstobecomecontaminated•  Noinletvalve•  Norecyclevalve•  Nointercooler

–  Noliquidhandlingsystem(compressorcanpumpliquidorgas)•  Noseparator•  Nolevelshutoff•  Nolevelswitch•  Noliquidpump

•  Ultrareliablegearpumpandelectricmotorpowersupply•  Minimummovingparts•  Satellitecalloutsystemno:fiesoperatorsifunitshutsdown•  Noexternalleakpointsforoilorgasseals•  Automa:crestartifgridpowerislost•  Capacitycontrol

–  Compressorwilladjustcycleratetomatchflow–  Upto100%turndown

HCGPerformance(USunits)HC613CompressorwithHPP-13EPowerpack

MaximumΔP:225psiDISCHARGEPRESSURE

SUCT

IONPRE

SSURE

75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275

5 38 37 35 34 33 32 31 10 49 48 47 45 44 43 42 15 61 59 58 56 55 54 53 20 72 70 69 68 66 65 64 30 95 93 91 90 88 87 86 84 40 118 116 114 112 111 109 108 106 50 140 139 137 135 133 132 130 129 127

*ProjectedPerformancebasedon2500k,gasdensity.665,temp68ºFPressuresinPSIFlowRatesinMSCFD

HC616CompressorwithHPP-13EPowerpackMaximumΔP:350psi DISCHARGEPRESSURE

SUCT

IONPRE

SSURE

200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400

5 20 19 19 18 17 16 16 10 27 26 26 25 24 23 23 15 34 33 32 32 31 30 29 20 41 40 39 39 38 37 36 30 55 54 54 53 52 51 50 49 40 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 50 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76

HCGPerformance(metric)HC613CompressorwithHPP-13EPowerpack

MaximumΔP:1550kPaDISCHARGEPRESSURE

SUCT

IONPRE

SSURE

510 690 860 1035 1200 1380 1550 1720 1900 35 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 70 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 100 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 140 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 200 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 275 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 345 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6

*ProjectedPerformancebasedon760m,gasdensity.665,temp20ºCPressuresinkPaFlowRatesin1000m3/day

HC616CompressorwithHPP-13EPowerpackMaximumΔP:2400kPa DISCHARGEPRESSURE

SUCT

IONPRE

SSURE

1380 1550 1720 1900 2070 2240 2400 2585 2760

35 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.570 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7100 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8140 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0200 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4275 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8345 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2

Typicalprocessdiagram

Shutdownsandwarnings

•  ThePLCmanagesallaspectsofcompressoropera:on.Itwillprovidethefollowingalarms:–  Lowsuc:onpressure–  Highdischargepressure–  Highdischargetemperature–  Highoiltemperature–  Lowoillevel–  Capacityloss

•  Aswellasshutdownsforthesecondi:ons:–  Oillevellow–  Oilleakdetected–  Motoroverload–  Failuretocycle

•  Compressorwillsendamessageviasatellitetoindicateanalarmorshutdowncondi:on

CG25Sweet-StandardCCICompressorPackage

•  2stagereciproca:ng•  25hpelectric•  0-205kPa/0-30psiinlet•  690-2760kPa/100-400psi

discharge•  Op:onalInletscrubberand

autodrainpump•  Sweetnaturalgas

Compact Compression Inc. CG 25 Quincy QRNG 370 2 Stage Sweet

DISCHARGE PRESSURE

Su

cti

on

150 200 250 300 3505 85 83 81 79 77

10 108 106 104 102 10020 155 153 151 149 14730 199 197 195 193

*Performance based on Sea Level, gas density .65, temp 68 ºF Pressures in PSI

Flow Rates in MSCFD High Efficiency Intercooler required for flows in grey

Typicalprocessdiagram

Reciproca:ngcompressor

•  Suc:onpressurefrom0-205kPa(0-30psi)•  Dischargepressurefrom690-2760kPa(100-400psi)•  Flowsupto5.5e3m3/day(200mscfd)•  Sourcompa:blecompressorsavailable

Inletregulator

•  Whenwellisshutin,casingpressurewillincreasetoshut-inpressure(canbe2060kPa/300+psi)

•  Compressorcannotprocessgasabove206kPa/30psi•  Inletregulatorreducesincominggaspressuretoatolerablelevelforthecompressor

LowPressureRecycleRegulator

•  Compressorspeedcanneverbeperfectlymatchedtogasflow

•  Recycleregulatorprovidessimpleandeffec:vecapacitycontrol,upto100%turndown(noflowintocompressor)

•  Maintainsspecifiedminimumpressureoncasing(35-70kPa/5-10psi)

ShutdownSwitches

•  Suc:onpressurelow–  Ifrecycleregulatorfails,compressorwillpullvacuum,soitwillbeshutdownatspecifiedlowpressureoninlet

•  Dischargepressurehigh–  Ifcompressordischargeisblocked,itwillshutdownatspecifiedpressuretoprotectinternalcomponents

•  Dischargetemperaturehigh–  Compressorvalvessuscep:bletodamagefromoverhea:ng.Compressorwillshutdownbeforetemperaturesthatmaydamagevalvesarereached

•  Compressoroilpressurelow–  Ifcompressoroilpressureislow,compressorwillshutdowntoavoidrunningwithoutlubrica:on

InletScrubber

•  Removesliquidsthathavecondensedoutofthegasstreamcomingintothecompressor

•  Protectsthecompressorfrompossibleliquidslugsduetodepressionsortrapsintheplumbing

•  Notalwaysnecessary–Inhotclimatestheremaybeveryli@lecondensa:onintheline,andiftherearenoliquidtrapstherewillbenobuildupofslugs

•  Thecasingdoesmostofthejobofremovingliquidsentrainedinthegasstream

Exampleofliquidtrap

AutodrainPump

•  Removesopera:onalrequirementofdailydrainingofinletscrubber,simplifiesdisposalofcondensate

•  Pneuma:corelectricdriven•  Pumpsliquidsoutofscrubberandintodischarge,willbecarriedintoflowlinewithgasdischarge

Intercooler

•  Coolingisrequiredbetweenstagesofamul:-stagecompressor

•  Coolingiscri:caltomaintainacceptablecylindertemperaturesinsecondstage

•  Highperformanceintercoolerrecommendedforhotclimatesandhighpressurera:os

AkerCooler

•  Coolsgasbeforeitleavesthecompressor•  Onlyrequiredifthereareconcernswithelevatedtemperaturesatthesurface-176°C(350°F)max

•  Hightempofgasdischargewillotherwisebeabsorbedbytheoiloftheflowline–  2e3m3ofnaturalgas@176°C(350°F)flowinginto400bbl/dayof30°C(86°F)crudeoil,willraisethetemperatureby0.37°C(0.67°F)

ShutdownInterlock

•  Whencompressorshutsdowncasingpressurewillrise•  Thisleadstoadropoffininflowtothewell•  Itispossiblethatwhilethecompressorisshutoffthe

pumpjackcouldpumpitselfoff,damagingequipment•  Usinganinterlocksothatbothcompressorandpumpjack

shutofftogetherwillpreventthis•  Oncertainwellsthismaynotbeneeded,asimpleauto

bypassmaybesufficienttomaintainproduc:onun:lthecompressorcanberestarted