Company Index

AABB Ltd., Zürich (CH), 484Air Liquide S.A., Paris (France), 484, 486Air Products & Chemicals Inc., Allentown, PA

(USA), 266American Natural Gas LLC (ANG), Saratoga

Springs, NY (USA), 61

BBabcock-Borsig Anlagenservice GmbH,

Oberhausen (Germany), 147BASF S.E., Ludwigshafen (Germany), 202,

343, 354, 356, 359, 362, 372, 394,498

Bayer AG, Leverkusen (Germany), 400Berliner Städtische Elektrizitätswerke AG

(BEWAG) (now Vattenfall Europe),Berlin (Germany), 524

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, New Delhi(India), 143

Robert Bosch, GmbH, Gerlingen (Germany),413

Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Boston, MA(USA), 620

BP p.l.c., London (GB), 465British Gas p.l.c (now BG Group plc (BG)),

Reading (UK), 132, 138, 139, 157

CCarbon Recycling International Inc. (CRI),

Rejkavik (Iceland), 275, 615China Shenhua Coal to Liquide and Chemical

Comp. Ltd., Peking (China), 465Choren GmbH, Freiberg (Germany), 31Clariant International Ltd., Muttenz (CH), 267,

269, 438, 439, 467, 477, 481, 495,496

DDaicel Corp., Osaka, Tokyo (Japan), 362Davy Process Technology Ltd. (now Johnson

& Matthey, London (UK), 102, 236,251, 256, 263

Degussa AG (now part of Evonik Industries AG,Essen (Germany), 376, 380, 382, 391

Deutsches Brennstoff Institut, Freiberg(Germany), 147

Deutsche Gold- und Silberscheideanstalt(‘‘Degussa‘‘), 10, 11

Desertec Foundation, Hamburg (Germany), 44Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI

(USA), 202Dupont Chemical Company, Wilmington, DE

(USA), 282, 341, 394

EEnichem, San Donato Milanese (Italy), 386Erdölchemie, heute BP Köln GmbH, Köln

(Germany), 401Evonik Industries AG, Essen (Germany), 198,

391, 419Exxon Corp., Irvine, TX (USA), 466ExxonMobil, see MobilExxon

FFEV Motorentechnik, Aachen (Germany),

413, 416Freudenberg Fuel Cell Component Technolo-

gies SE & Co. KG (FreudenbergFCCT), Weinheim (Germany), 546

GThe Girdlers Company, London (UK), 267Groupe SNPE, Paris (France), 385

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657

HHaldor Topsoe, Kgs. Lyngby (Denmark), 87,

90, 92, 221, 242, 438, 452, 490,491, 495

Halliburton (now Kellog Brown & RootKBR), see Lyondell

Hino Jidosha K.K., Hino (Japan), 412Honda P.C. Mianto - Tokyo (Japan), 414Huntsman Corp. Salt Lake City, UT (USA),

202Hyundai Motor Comp. Seoul (South Korea),

414

ICWH (Chemische Werke Hüls) now part of

Evonik Industries AG (Germany),401, 419

ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.,London) (now AkzoNobelN.V.Amsterdam (Netherland), 239,254, 261, 404, 572

Industrial Alcohol Comp., New Orleans,LA USA), 345

JJFE Holdings, Inc., Tokyo (Japan), 490, 495Johnson Matthey p.l.c. London (UK), 92, 221,

236, 238, 243Jincheng Anthrazite Mining Group (JAMG),

Taiyang City (China), 446

KKBR, Inc. (ehemals Kellogg Brown & Root,

Inc.), Houston, TX (USA), 467Kemira oyj, Helsinki (Finland), 354Koppers AG (Koppers - Totzek) (now Thyssen

Krupp Uhde GmbH, Dortmund(Germany), 149

Korea Electric Power Corp. Seoul (Korea),274

Korean Pohang Iron and Steel Company(POSCO), Pohang (South Korea),274

K.K.Kuraray, Chiyoda,Tokio, (Japan), 392

LLinde AG, München (Germany), 254, 262, 263Lurgi GmbH, Frankfurt (Germany) (part of Air

Liquide Group), 102, 233, 240, 241,254, 256, 257, 267, 272, 404, 438,

439, 452, 465, 467, 469, 476, 481,485–487, 491–493

Lyondell-Basell Indusries, Wesseling(Germany), 468

MMahler AGS, Stuttgart (Germany), 508Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg SE

(MAN), München (Germany), 499Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company,

Inc., Tokyo (Japan), 221, 244,345, 491

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Minato, Tokyo(Japan), 151, 244

Mitsubishi Rayon, Chiyoda -ku, Tokyo(Japan), 392

Mitsui & Co., Ltd., Shiyoda-ku, Tokyo(Japan), 184, 267, 275, 392, 615

Mobil Oil Corp., now ExxonMobil Corp.,Irvine, TX (USA), 423, 431, 438,446, 459, 462

Monsanto Corp. St. Louis, MO (USA), 334,363

Montedison (now Edison S.p.A.), Milano(Italy), 394

Motorenwerke Mannheim GmbH (MWM,now Caterpillar Energy Solutions),Mannheim (Germany), 498

MTI Micro Co. Albany, NY (USA), 547

NNippon Kokan K.K. (NKK, now part of JFE

Group), Tokyo (Japan), 490Nippon Shokubai & Co., Ltd., Tokyo (Japan),

392Norsk Hydro ASA, Oslo (Norway), 456

PPetroleum, Oil and Gas Corporation of South

Africa (SOC) Ltd, Parow (SouthAfrica), 466

SSasol Ltd., Johannesburg (South Africa), 61,

438, 466Mobil Shanxi Jincheng Anthracite Mining

Plant, Shanxi (China), see JinchengAnthrazite, 449

Shell (Royal Dutch Shell p.l.c., Den Haag (TheNetherlands), 127, 202, 385

658 Company Index

Shenghua Chemical Group, Beijing (China),385

Shengua Ningxia Coal Industry, Ningxia(China), 465, 484, 486

Siemens AG, Power Generation, Erlangen(Germany), 147, 631

Siemens Fuel Gasification TechnologiesGmbH & Co. KG, Freiberg(Germany), 484

Statoil ASA, Stavanger (Norway), 483Südchemie (now Part of Clariant AG, Muttenz

(CH)), 233, 269, 270, 438, 467, 477,481, 495, 496

SVZ Schwarze Pumpe, Spremberg (Germany),140

TTechnip/KIT, Paris (France), 102Thyssen Krupp AG, Essen (Germany), 67Total S.A. La Defense (France)/UOP LLC,

463, 465Toyota, Toyota Aichi (Japan), 414

UUhde (Thyssen Krupp Uhde GmbH, Dortmund

(Germany), 67, 358, 449, 459, 491

Union Carbide Corp. (now part of Dow Chem.Comp.), Danbury, CO, (USA), 341,431, 456

UK Wesseling (now Shell Deutschland OilGmbH, Köln (Deutschland), 449,459

UOP (Part of Honeywell), Des Plaines, IL(USA), 421, 439, 456, 462-464,466, 496

VVolkswagen AG, Wolfsburg (Germany), 410,

411, 415-417Volvo Personvagnar, Goeteborg (Sweden),

413

WWacker Chemie AG, München (Germany),

335, 337Wison (Nanjing) Clean Energy comp.,

Nanjing (China), 439

ZZagros Petrochemical Comp. Isfahan (Iran),

490

Company Index 659

Subject Index

AAbsorption rates, 201Acarapis woodi, 354Acetaldehyde, 11, 349Acetic acid, 2, 11, 13, 306, 335, 348, 360

Synthesis through acetaldehyde oxidation,362

Synthesis through methanol carbonylation,362

Acetic acid anhydride, 333, 335synthesis of, 333

Acetanhydride, see Acetic acid anhydrideAcetone, 2, 11, 13Acetylation reagent, 333Acid cycle, 334Acid gas recovery, 179Acid gas removal, 188Acrolein, 11, 13Acrylonitrile, 390Actinobacteria, 561Activated alumina, 490Activated carbon, 352Active site on Cu/ZnO-based catalysts, 221Acute toxicity, 310Adiabatic pre-reforming, 98Adiabatic reactor designs, 255Adiabatic reactors, 235Adiabatic reformers, 94Advanced gas heat reformer (AGHR), 243Advantaged gas, 610AFI type, 431Air cooler, 77c-Al2O3, 438Alcohol dehydrogenase, 574Alcohol oxidase, 565, 569Alcohol sensor, 412Alkaline direct methanol fuel cell, 536Alkaline electrolysis (AEL), 45, 212, 630Alkaline electrolysers, 616

Alkaline fuel cells, 519Alkanolamines, 177ALPO-5, 431Al +P/Si ratio, 426c-Alumina, 447, 453Amalgam process, 406Amorphous silica-alumina, 438Anaerobic digestion of biomass to biogas, 613Anaerobic fermentation of sludge, 70Andrussow process, 391ANG plant, 61Animal feed, 354, 396Animal feedstuff additive, 396Anoxic microbial decomposition, 68Antibacterial agent, 354Arable land, 29Argauer, 438Artificial flavourings, 354Artificial photosynthesis, 40, 48Associated gas, 54, 75ASTM G59-97e1, 195Atmospheric methanol, 306ATOFINA UOP olefin cracking process

(OCP), 466, 467Autocatalytic hydrolysis to formic acid, 356Autothermal

catalytic reforming, 75reactor, 112reactor design, 114reforming process, 111

Axial-radial converter (ARC), 239Axial-radial gas flow, 261Axial steam-raising converter, 263

BBacillus methanicus, 561Bacillus methanolicus, 568Bagasse, 67

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661

Base load capacity, 623Beekeepers, 354BEL value for methanol, 313Benfield process, 177, 193BGL slagging gasifier, 138Bifunctional catalysts, 494Bikerman index, 195Biocatalyst, 390Biochemical conversion, 30Biodegradable waste, 63Biodiesel, 29, 331, 405, 641Biodiesel production, 614BioDME, 67Bio-energy, 612Bioenergy farming, 613Bioethanol, 29Biofuel cells, 573Biofuels, 29

second generation of, 614Biogas, 26, 63, 65, 68, 633

yield of, 69Biogas-to-electricity plants, 634Biological wastewater treatment, 573Biomass, 29

conversion to synthesis gas, 33input, 63to methanol (BtM), 67

demonstration plants, 613utilisation, 6

BioMCM, 54Biomethane, 31, 634

as feedstock, 69Biorefinery, 31Biorenewable feedstocks, 29Bi-reforming, 184Bis(2-methoxyethoxy)methane, 499BMA process, 391Boiler feed water (BFW), 134Boiling water reactors, 235Boiling water/steam-raising reactor, 254Bottom-fired reformers, 101BP cyclar process, 496BPD, 454British Gas/Lurgi moving bed gasifier, 139Bubble slurry reactor, 266Butylene, 469

CC1-based chemistry, 328C1-chemistry, 8, 31CAES, 634Californian clean air act, 514CAMERE process, 274

Canadian blue fuel energy, 636Candida boidinii, 564, 569Carbamate formation, 179Carbene mechanisms, 435Carbinol, 303, 306Carbocationic mechanisms, 435Carbon

capture and storage (CCS), 187, 619credits, 617cycle, 40, 43dioxide, 32, 182distribution, 2footprint, 615, 636formation/coking, 83loop, 3, 20recycling, 18sieves, 423

Carbonic acid dimethyl ester, 384Carbonic anhydrase, 390Carbonised economy, 20Carbon-monoxide separation from synthesis

gas, 358Carbon recycling international (CRI), 275, 615Carbon-to-methanol conversion, 65Carbonylation

reagent, 384oxidative *, 349

Carburetor engine, 412Casale

ARC, 242gas-cooled reactor, 256IMC converter, 254

Castner-Kellner process, 10Catalyst

Aluminium oxide *, 481Bifunctional *, 494carrier, 87compounding, 94deactivation, 230for high-pressure methanol synthesis, 219for low-pressure methanol synthesis, 219for naphtha reforming, 93for tubular reformers, 92modification, 430synthesis, 429topology, 434

Catalytic distillation, 421, 422Catalytic naphtha cracking, 468Catapal carrier, 438Catch crops, 68Cativa process, 365Cellulose, 42Cellulose acetate, 333Cellulosic ethanol, 30

662 Subject Index

Chabazite (CHA), 424, 429, 456, 470, 477Charcoal, 11Chemical

absorbents, 192energy, 44intermediates, 14scrubbing processes, 177solvent, 191storage, 343storage energy, 19, 624, 645storage for excess power, 7storage options, 19storage systems, 623

Chlorine, 81, 412guard on top of desulphurisation bed, 82removal, 82

Chloromethane, 395Choline chloride, 394Chronic toxicity, 311Circulating fluid bed, 132Claus process, 180Closed-carbon cycle, 185CMG, 438CO

absorption of, 358hydrogenation reactions of, 229reservoir, 350separation using membrane technology, 358

CO2

as feedstock, 32, 95emissions of related to power generation,

619excess quantity, 42for methanol, 181from flue gas, 616hydrogenation to methanol, 272methanol based on *, 267per-pass conversions, 271pollution, 29renewable energy sources, 42separation, 186sources, 187

CO2-to-methanol, 279Coal, 26, 61

gasification, 615production, 26reserves, 61to propylene, 484methanol based on *, 614

Coal and gas-based syngas production cost formethanol production, 608

Coal bed methane, 25, 55, 60Coal gasification-based methanol production,

609

COD-9 catalyst, 438COD catalyst, 439COD process, 439Co-electrolysis of CO2, 53Coke formation, 443Coking, 432Coking limits, 84Cold and hot starting abilities, 415Cold starting ability, 414Collect-mix-distribute (CMD), 242Combined reforming, 75, 114, 236Combustion engines, 410, 417Compact reformer, 107, 108Compact reforming, 236Comparison

of AEL and PEMEL technology, 631of gasification processes, 156of methane and hydrogen for long-time

storage of energy, 635of methane versus methanol production

processes, 637of process chain efficiencies of power-to-

power processes, 644of the energy densities of different chemi-

cal energy carriers, 629Compressed air energy storage (CAES), 625Compression-ignition (CI) engine, 412Condensable aromatic compounds, 63Conditioning of gaseous feedstocks, 78Controlled ageing, 220Convective heat transfer, 108Conversion

efficiencies, 642, 644efficiency of different engines, 641from hydrogen to methane (SNG), 19from hydrogen to methanol, 19of carbon dioxide, 615of carbon dioxide to methanol, 615of CO2, 47

into useful organic matter, 32of methanol, 438of olefins, 439of paraffins to aromatics (CPA), 496rates, 77

Copolymerisation of trioxane, 382Copper and zinc oxide, 494Copper-based methanol catalyst, 494Copper oxide-zinc oxide, 219Coprecipitation, 281, 282Corn straw, 67Corrosion, 414, 419Corrosion behaviour, 194Corrosion of engine parts, 414Corynebacterium glutamicum, 568

Subject Index 663

COS, 81Cosorb process, 358Cost breakdown

for conventional storage capacities, 627for different storage options, 628for methanol production from biomass, 614for methanol synthesis from coal in China,

610for methanol synthesis from natural gas,

608Covalent triazine framework, 52CPA-1 catalyst, 496Cracking reactions, 83Creosote, 11CRI Iceland demonstration plant, 276Crops, 612Crude glycerine, 614Crude oil, 4Crude oil qualities, 327Crystallinity, 434Cu/Zn/Al-catalyst, 269Cu/ZnO/Al2O3, 453CuO/ZnO/Al2O3, 494Cu-to-Zn ratio, 221Current-voltage/potential curves, 518Cyclic ribulose monophosphate pathway, 562Cyclopentenylcarbenium, 435Cytochrome P-450, 575CZA, 494

DDaimlerChrysler OM646 DE 22La engine, 499Dalian process, 470Davy process design, 251Davy process technology (DPT), 102, 236, 251Davy process technology TCC, 256Davy process technology tube converter

cooler, 263Deactivation, 430, 443Dealumination, 430, 432Decarbonisation, 20Decentralised solution, 49Dehydrogenation, 353

oxidative *, 370, 372Denitrificationm, 573Depletion point, 25Desertec Project, 44Dessau mechanism, 437Deutsches Brennstoff Institut in Freiberg, 147Development

of acute methanol intoxication, 310of fuel prices at power plants according to

different scenario options, 647

of fuel prices until 2050, 646of gross power consumption through 2050,

647of installed wind and PV power, 620of surplus power generation, 624

DICP methanol-to-olefins (DMTO), 465Diesel, 465Dieselalcohol fuel blends, 411Diesel-engine, 412Differential cost of power generation, 649Diisocyanates, 384DI methanol engine, 416Dimethyl amine, 394Dimethyl carbonate, 67, 349, 384, 385, 389Dimethyl carbonate carbonylation, 336Dimethyl carbonate from methyl formate, 389Dimethyl dichlorosilane, 395Dimethyl ether, 229Dimethyl ether process (LPDME), 490Dimethyl ether-to-gasoline process, 453Dimethyl formamide (DMF), 349N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), 394, 395Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 398, 399Dimethyl sulphide (DMS), 383, 397, 398Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), 401, 402Dimethyl terephthalic acid, 401Diphosgene, 352Direct catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to

methanol, 46Direct chemical conversion of methane (e.g.,

biogas) into methanol, 34Direct conversion of CO2 to methanol, 34Direct DME synthesis, 491Direct-injection methanol engine, 416Direct methanol fuel cell, 7, 513, 526

Applications of, 550for light traction, 547battery hybrid system, 549

Direct oxidation esterification process, 392Direct oxidation process, 392Direct photocatalytic cleavage of water into

hydrogen and oxygen, 44Direct storage of sun energy, 28Direct water splitting, 28Dissolved fuel cells, 535Distillation of crude methanol, 607Distillation of wood, 46Distributor fuel injection pump, 412DK-500 (Haldor Topsøe), 438DKRW’s, 446DMC, 384DME, 336, 402, 434, 436, 438–442, 447, 452,

465, 489, 493, 639catalysts, 440

664 Subject Index

direct from syngas, 494in diesel engines, 403MeOH mixture, 479process, 487reactor, 479

DME-1 (Süd-Chemie), 438DMSO, 398DMTO methanol-to-olefins technology, 465DMTO technology, 465Downflow, 77DPT tube-cooled converter, 263Dry biomass, 63

Dry hard coal, brown coal, peat and wood,66

Dual-fuel applications, 416Dual fuel system, 414, 419Durene, 442, 444Dying, 354

EEconomic aspects, 630Economic boundary conditions and estimated

hydrogen production cost for elec-trolysis, 616

EEG compensation to, 19Efficiency

Electrical, 613of fuel cell, 515of water-power (PHES), 627power-gas-power, 627

EF-slagging gasifiers, 62EGR, 416Electrical efficiencies, 613Electricity

costs, 614generation of, 23prices for customers from industry, 626

Electric power research institute, 453Electric vehicles, 514Electrocatalyst, 515Electrochemical double-layer capacitor

(EDLC), 625Electrochemical

energy conversion, 515reactions, 514

Electrolysis, 5, 45to hydrogen, 19

Electrolytic synthesis of hydrogen, 49Embrittlement, 632Emerging economies, 327Emissions, 412, 416

of CO2, 32Energy

chemicals from coal, 26conservation, 24crops, 612densities and heat values of several energy

storage media and fuels, 628density, 624, 634

of CH4, 627of H2, 627, 633

loss for the methanation reaction, 635mix, 25of the sun, 28policy, 627problem in Central Europe, 48required for compression, 623storage costs, 627supply, 18system change, 622

Energy-saving distillation, 265Engine control unit (ECU), 412Engines of the MPI and DI type, 415Enhanced oil recovery technologies, 25Entrained flow, 62Entrained flow gasifiers, 132Entrained-flow reactor are Bioliq, 67Environmental

criteria, 630impacts, 26toxicology of methanol, 316compatible primary bioenergy potential in

the European Union, 613Enzymatic

biofuel cells, 573DMC synthesis, 389oxidation of methanol, 308routes from biomass to methanol, 34

Equilibrated gas, 97Equilibrium constant, 80, 224, 225Ethanol economy, 33Ethene, see EthyleneEthermax process, 421Ethylene, 15, 454, 463–468, 471

acetoxylation of, 337oxypalladation of, 337purification section, 480

carbonate, 386glycol, 339, 347, 386oxide, 339, 405

Ethylidene diacetate, 338Ethyltrimethylbenzenes, 432European grid integration, 646Evonik catalytic distillation methyl tert-butyl

ether (MTBE) process, 199, 392,422

Evonik CD process, 421

Subject Index 665

Exxon fluid-bed MTO Process, 461ExxonMobil MOI, 468ExxonMobil MTG, 446ExxonMobil PCCSM Process, 468

FFame, 331, 405, 416FAO, 65Feed-effluent heat exchanger, 76Feedstock distribution, 127Feedstock preparation, 54Finishing of textiles, 354Fired heaters, 102Firmicutes, 561Fischer-Tropsch

process, 6, 31, 438, 451products, 149reactions, 230synthesis, 332

Fixed beddry bottom gasifier, 132H-ZSM-5, 470methanol-to-gasoline process, 447MTG Process, 444MTO, 463process, 154, 457, 465reactors, 443, 485

Flexible fossil power plants, 623Flexible fuel engine, 413Fluctuating operating conditions, 651Fluid catalytic cracking, 15Fluid-bed

MTG Process, 444, 446, 449MTO, 453

Fluidised bed, 67gasifier, 132MTO, 457process, 456, 468reactor, 462

Foaming, 197Foaming tendency, 198Forestry biomass, 612Formaldehyde, 11, 13, 306, 369, 412–414,

561, 563, 568hydrating carbonylation of, 347metabolism of, 308production from methanol, 370

Formaldehyde dehydrogenase, 565, 574Formamide, 349, 356

Dehydration of, 390Saponification of, 356

Formate, 565, 569Formate dehydrogenase, 565, 569, 574

Formationof hydrocarbons, 434of hydrocarbons from methanol, 423of propene, 434

Formic acid, 184, 345, 347, 354esters, 569from carbon monoxide, 357

Formox process, 377S-formyl-glutathione, 565Formylglutathione-hydrolase, 565Fossil hydrogen, 46Fossil raw materials, 4, 23, 55

Availability of, 24Fossil/nuclear-based energy supply, 18

Fossil-fuelled power plants for coveringpeak loads, 635

Fueladditive, 306, 419, 603blending, 603filter, 412oxidation of, 515sector, 14, 410–412

Fuel cells, 25, 35, 640application of, 511performance of, 518phosphoric acid *, 522proton electrolyte membrane *, 521Solid oxide fuel cell, 524, 634SOFC, see Solid oxide fuel cellstack with bipolar design, 521vehicles, 640

Future energy, 147Future supply of raw materials, 6

GGa-free HZSM-5, 496Gallia (Ga2O3) supported Pd catalysts, 277Ga-modified zeolite, 496Gas-cooled reactors, 235Gas fracturing, 59Gas reserves, 24Gas space velocities, 98Gases-to-chemical resources (GTR), 275Gas-heated reformer (HTER), 110Gas-heated reforming, 236Gasification of biomass, 67, 613Gasification/pyrolysis, 31Gasoline, 411, 465Gasoline-alcohol-fuel blends, 411Gasoline/distillate ratio, 462Ga/ZSM-5, 496General selection criteria, 124Geology of natural gas resources, 57

666 Subject Index

Geometric surface area, 88George Olah Renewable Methanol Plant, 276Geothermal power, 635–636German Ministry for Research and Technol-

ogy (BMFT), 449German storage capacity, 626

Gibbs free energy of formation for hydro-gen, 204

Girdler T126 catalyst, 438GL-104, 267Global methanol demand, 15Glow plugs, 412Glow plug control, 412Glutamate, 567Glutathione, 562Glycolic acid, 342, 347

acid methyl ester, 347Government regulations, 54Green

algae for hydrogen, 217electricity from water power, 636

Green methane, 19Green methanol, 19, 20

potential of technically replace ethanol, 652production costs, 638polymers, 29revolution, 31

Greenhouse effect, 6of carbon dioxide, 615gas emissions, 612potential, 634

Grid, 19development, 622simulations, 620

Grindavik, Iceland, 185GSP gasifier, 145GTP, 488Guaiacol, 11

HHaber-Bosch process, 41Halcon/Arco process, 420Halogenation, 52, 351HCN synthesis, 390H2/CO ratio, 74, 451, 492H2/CO ratio of syngas, 492Heat exchange reformers (HER), 94, 108Heat shield catalysts, 113Heat transfer, 96

coefficient, 96Heating purposes, 23Heavier aromatics, 49Heavy gasoline treating (HGT), 448

Heavy oil, 25, 62Hemicellulose, 655-Hexenoic acid, 568H-gallosilicate (H-GaMFI) zeolite, 495H-GaMFI, 495Hibonite, 90High direct blends (M15, M60, M85), 641High temperature electrolysis (HTEL), 211High-alkali catalysts, 91High-energy-density lithium-ion battery, 514High-molecular polyoxymethylene, 381High-temperature electrolysis, 45, 214High-temperature polymer electrolyte mem-

brane fuel cells, 523High-temperature pyrolysis, 52H2 infrastructure, 632History of the methanol fuel cell, 556Hoechst-Celanese process, 365Hoechst/Uhde process, 572Hot start problems, 412HSAPO-34, 428, 458, 459H-SSZ-13, 428HTAS, 255Hüls process, 399Hydration of carbon dioxide, 40Hydraulic fracturing, 26, 57Hydrocarbon

compression section, 480pool mechanism, 435, 458purification section, 480

Hydrocarbonylation, 338of methyl acetate, 336

Hydrodesulphurisation, 72, 79, 80Hydroform-M plant, 508Hydrogasification, 130Hydrogen, 203

applications, 207compression, 630, 632conversion to methane and/or methanol,

632cyanide, 390economy, 25, 33from renewable energy, 617generation from renewable energies, 615grid, 210membrane compressor, 76peroxide, 570pipeline networks, 211pipeline supply, 210plants and markets, 209production, 209production costs, 613storage, 19, 630

on a large scale, 633

Subject Index 667

on an energy-carrying material, 632Hydrogenation

of carbon dioxide, 46, 267to methane, 33to methanol, 32to synthesis gas, 32

Hydrogen fuel cell with proton conductingelectrolyte, 516

Hydrogenolysis, 351Hydrogen plants, Investment costs for by

capacity, 209Hydroisomerisation, 349Hydrolases, 390Hydroperoxides, 400Hydropyrolysis, 52Hydrosol-3D, 216Hydrotreating and hydrocracking, 72Hydrotreating catalyst, 79(R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate, 568Hydroxymethane, 303Hydrozincite, 220Hynol, 52H-ZSM-22, 437H-ZSM-5, 430, 438, 440, 441, 454, 459, 476,

477, 489, 495H-ZSM-X, 454

IIceland, 615, 635ICI low-pressure methanol process,

237, 447ICI process, 239, 254, 404, 447, 572Improved low-pressure methanol (ILPM)

technology, 252Indirect methanol fuel cell systems, 538International Energy Agency (IEA), 60IRR, 488Isoamylene, 422Isobutane dehydrogenation, 420Isobutene, see IsobutyleneIsobutylene, 392, 399, 400, 420

direct oxidation process, 392regeneration, 399

Isocyanates, 384

JJAMG, 449Jatropha seeds, 31JFE, 490

Johnson Matthey/Davy process technology,236

Jumbomethanol, 253

KKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, 453Ketene, 335Kloeckera sp, 568Koppers-Totzek EF Process, 150Koppers-Totzek process, 149Korea Electric Power Research Institute, 274Kremser method, 199

LLactic acid, 354Land use, 634Large pore zeolites, 424Leaching, 91Leather, 354Leonard process, 350Lifetimes of fossil raw materials, 4Light olefins, 464, 465Lignin, 65Lignite, 4Lignocellulose, 29

biomass, 67plant cells, 65

Linde isothermal reactor, 263Linde reactor system, 262Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 77, 402, 404,

494Liquid-fuel fuel cells, 523Liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), 444Lithosphere, 182Livestock feed, 354Loewenstein rule, 425Long-term storage, 627Low differential pressure (LDP), 88Low direct blends (3 %), 641Low-pressure methanol process, 236, 252, 492LP methanol, see Low-pressure methanol

processLPM process, see Low-pressure methanol

processLPMEOH, see Low-pressure methanol processLummus technology, 465Lurgi

combined reactor system, 257combined reforming process, 233

668 Subject Index

conventional methanol synthesis, 240DME process, 492, 493gas-cooled reactor, 256MegaDME process, 404MegaMethanol, 241, 485, 490methanol-to-synfuel process, 439MTP process, 465, 470, 476, 479, 483–486MtSynfuel process, 465olefin conversion process, 467process, 272, 475Propylur process, 466reformer, 105water-cooled reactor, 256

Lyondell superflex process, 440, 468Lysine production, 568

MM15, 330M85, 330M100, 330MAC for methanol, 313Makeup gas (MUG), 224, 233, 235Malachite, 220Management, 620Manure, 68, 611Marcellin Berthelot method, 355Maritime carbon cycle, 42Maritime transport emissions, 330MCM-41, 421MDEA, 195Mechanism,

carbine, 433carbocationic, 433Dessau, 435hydrocarbon pool, 435, 456oxonium ylide, 433pairing mechanism, 434water-gas shift reaction, 162

Medium pore, 422MegaDME process, 403MEGAMAX-800, 221Megamethanol, 241, 485, 488MegaMethanol plant, 54, 450, 631, 635, 647Membrane reactors, 283Membrane separation, 540Mercury, 169Merox treatment, 420Metabolism, 308Metabolism of methanol in humans, 308Metal component, 86Metal dusting, 105Metathesis, 15Methanation reaction, 230, 632

Methaneconversion to chemicals, 20generation from renewables, 20hydrates, 25in NG vehicles, 638production in lignite gasification plant, 632steam reformer, 77storage and transport, 637surplus energy storage, 643utilisation concepts, 632

Methane-monooxygenase (MMO), 52, 562Methanethiol (methyl mercaptane), 396Methanex, 67, 446Methanisation, 503Methanol, 11, 13, 44, 47, 435, 439, 452, 464,

494against gasoline, 617from biomass, 54as fuel for fuel cells, 511as hydrogen carrier, 641average production costs, 608biofuel cell, 573blended fuels, 617blends, 418

with ethanol, 417carbonylation processes, 343, 368chemicals derived from, 332CI engines, 414conversion, 423conversion of into DME in diesel engines,

640crossover, 534decomposition, 506dehydrogenation, 345, 370demand and end use in 2016, 18demand by end use for 2011, 17demand by industry 2011, 17derivatives, 14, 489distillation, 234, 263economy, 25, 33, 51, 635equilibrium, 607engines, 411facility in Iceland, 652fires, 315first technical synthesis of, 11flammability of, 303from biomass, 64, 612from carbon dioxide, 615, 616from manures or wastes, 614from natural gas and coal, 603fuel, 410, 416fuel blend, 415generation cost from different renewable

power scenarios, 616

Subject Index 669

Methanol (cont.)homologation to ethanol, 359hydrochlorination, 395in direct methanol fuel cells

(DMFC) with an electric motor, 640in energy storage, 18in gasoline engines, 640intoxication, 307, 308, 313loop, 232metabolism of, 308mixtures with gasoline, 413occurrence of, 305oxidation, 372oxidative carbonylation of, 386oxycarbonylation, 386, 388physical properties of, 304poisoning, treatment of, 312price, 15, 16, 638producing regions, 16production costs, 610

correlation of to natural gas feed price,608

production from biogas, 71purity, 264reformer, 511safety characteristic data of, 320splitting, 500, 506steam reforming, 501, 508storage and transport, 639supply by industry in 2011, 17surplus energy storage by *, 645synthesis, 234, 351use of as gasoline/fuel, 16

Methanol-coal slurry pipelines, 34Methanol dehydrogenase, 562Methanol-derived poly(oxymethylene) dialkyl

ethers, 496Methanol-driven economy, 7Methanol-gasoline engines, 413Methanol oxidase, 569Methanol-to-aromatics (MTA), 423, 438, 440,

495Methanol-to-DME, 492Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process, 306,

423, 426, 433, 440, 444, 447, 489,637

Methanol-to-hydrocarbon (MTHC), 427, 429,431, 476

Methanol-to-hydrocarbon reactions, 427, 430,455

Methanol-to-olefins/gasoline plant, 460Methanol-to-olefins processes, 454, 460

Methanol to propylene (MTP), 6, 15, 438, 457,470, 475

Methanolysis, 396Methanotrophs, 562Methionine, 396Methyl acetate, 333, 349, 367

catalytic carbonylation of, 333hydrocarbonylation of, 338process, 335

Methyl amines, 393Methyl benzenes, 427Methyl bisulphate, 52Methyl chloride, 395Methyl chloroformate, 351Methyl diethanolamine, 179Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 348Methyl formate, 343

ammonolysis, 349decarbonylation, 349, 350glycolate, 347halides, 385halogenide Production, 395hydrolysis, 355methacrylate, 11methacrylic acid (MMA), 391nitrite, 341

carbonylation of, 386propionate, 347reduction, 185taurine, 394tert-amyl ether (TAME), 401, 422tert-butyl ether (MTBE), 35, 392, 394, 399,

400, 419, 421, 640urea, 394

Methylobacterium extorquens, 562, 567Methylobacterium organophilum, 567Methylobacterium rhodesianum, 568Methylobacterium sp., 567Methylococcus capsulatus, 562Methylomonas clara, 572Methylomonas methanica, 561Methylomonas methanolica, 567Methylomonas sp., 567Methylophilales bacterium, 561Methylophilus methylotrophus, 572Methylosinus trichosporium, 562Methylotrophic bacteria, 561, 566Methylotrophic yeasts, 563, 568Methylotrophy, 561, 563Methyl-substituted aromatics, 4422-Methyl tetrahydrofurane, 30MFI, 426, 441MFI structure, 423

670 Subject Index

MFI topology, 477MHI Reactor, 260Microalgae, 30Microbial biofuel cell, 573Miticide, 354Mitsubishi Heavy Industries EF process, 151Mitsubishi process, 345Mitsubishi Rayon, 392Mitsui process, 275MK-121, 221Mobil olefins-to-gasoline and distillate process

(MOGD), 438, 439, 452, 455, 460,489

Mobil olefin interconversion (MOI), 440MOI process, 440Molecular sieves, 423Molten carbonate fuel cells, 523Monomethyl amine, 394, 395Mono-oxygenases, 575Monsanto process, 363Montedison, 394Mossgas, 465Motor octane number (MON), 415, 444, 449,

451, 452MTBE

decomposition, 392, 393environmental concerns, 400production, 420synthesis, 421

MT-DME two-step technology, 492MTG

catalyst, 438catalyst CMG-1, 439plant, 446

MTHCcatalysts, 431, 437processes, 430, 437, 438, 441, 455, 489technology, 476

MTO, 14, 423, 438, 440, 453–455, 489catalyst CMO-12, 439catalysts, 439MOGD processes, 462MTP market, 470process, 439, 453, 457, 459, 462technology, 476

MTPcatalyst MTPROP-1, 438gasoline, 478plant, 485process, 438, 481, 485reactor, 478, 480reactor section, 478

Mt-synfuel process, 439, 452MUG compressor, 239Müller-Rochow process, 395

NNafion membrane, 282National Institute for Resources and Environ-

ment (NIRE, Japan), 267Natural carbon cycle, 47Natural gas, 25, 55, 72, 77

cost, 607low-cost, 16

methanol based on *, 608, 614pipeline, 19prices, 16, 60storage capacity in Germany, 631

Natural photosynthesis, 47, 48Nickel content, 88Nippon Oil process, 399Nitrogen cycle, 40, 41Nitto process, 395NKK, 490NMP, 394Noncatalytic POX, 75Nonconventional gas, 55Non-food-biomass, 26, 29NOx, 412, 413, 416Nuclear power, 5, 32, 622Nuclear thermal water

splitting, 5

OOctamix process, 331Octane booster, 399Octane number, 444, 448Odouriser, 396Offshore wind parks, 44Offshore wind power capacity, 614Oil

reserves, 24residues, 62sand, 25shale, 25, 55

Olah, 51Olefin

cracking, 15cracking process, 439formation, 430interconversion processes, 466oxidative carbonylation of, 350

Subject Index 671

Olefin (cont.)splitting catalysts, 439synthesis, 462

Oleflex process, 466Oligomers POMDME, 497Oligooxymethylene, 369On-board alcohol-to-ether process (OBATE),

330Oral absorption, 307Ostwald ripening, 88Oxalate gel coprecipitation, 281Oxidation of fuel, 515Oxidative

carbonylation, 349carbonylation of methanol, 386carbonylation of olefins, 350dehydrogenation, 370, 372

Oxidic carrier, 87Oxirane, 386Oxonium ylide mechanism, 435Oxycarbonylation, 387Oxygen-blown ATR, 233Oxygenate gasoline additive, 399Oxygenate to gasoline, 400, 401Oxygenated fuel additive, 403Oxygenates, 454Oxymethylene, 379

PPairing mechanism, 436Palm oil, 331Paracoccus denitrificans, 562Paraformaldehyde, 369Partial hydrogenation to methanol, 46Partial oxidation, 74Particle migration, 88Particulate emissions, 416Particulate matter, 412, 416Particulate matter emissions, 416Passenger cars with IMFC drive train, 551Peak load, 623Peak oil discussion, 327Pearl GTL, 127Pebble-bed reactor, 5PEM technology, 651Pentaerythritol, 13Percutaneous absorption promoter, 398Peroxisomes, 564, 570PERP Report, 243Petrochemical off gas, 77PHES, 621, 623, 625Phillips/Provesta-process, 572Phosgene, 352, 384

Phosphoric acid fuel cells, 522Photocatalyst, 283Photocatalytic/electrocatalytic reduction, 33Photochemical hydrogen production, 215Photosynthesis, 2, 40, 47, 48Photovoltaics, 28, 43, 42, 48Physical scrubbing, 173Physical solvents and hybrid solvents, 190Pichia angusta, 564Pichia guilliermondii, 564Pichia pastoris, 564, 568PISI engines, 415Plantrose process, 31Platform chemicals, 30Plexiglas, 11, 391Poly(oxymethylene) dimethyl ethers (POMD-

MEs), 496Polyacetal, 379Polycarbonate, 384Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 412Polyethylene, 14, 454, 489, 498

glycol, 340, 406oxide, 406terephthalate (PET), 340, 401

Polyethyleneglycol dialkyl ethers, 496Polyformaldehyde, 379Polyglycolate, 347Polyhydroxyalkanoates, 567Polymer electrolysis (PEMEL), 45Polymerisation, 379

of trioxane, 381Polymers, 489Polymethylbenzenium ions, 436Polymethylmethacrylic acid, 391Polymethylnaphthalenes, 435Polyoxymethylene (POM), 379–382,

406, 498Polypropylene, 14, 485, 487Polysaccharides, 567Polyvinyl acetate (PVA), 336Population growth, 24Portable DMFC devices, 546Port-injection spark-ignition (PISI) methanol

flex-fuel engine, 412Potassium methylate, 346Power

consumption and production by PVs andwind, 623

consumption in Germany, 620generation, 642production and consumption Forecasts for,

620production in Germany, 620storage capacities, 18

672 Subject Index

to gas, 5to liquid, 49

Power-methane-power, 643Pre-ignition, 415Prenfo, 150Pre-reformer, 76Pre-reforming catalysts, 98Pre-reforming of heavier feedstocks, 97Pressure drop, 89Presulphidation, 167Primary energy supply of the European Union,

612Process chain for the power storage systems

methane and methanol, 643Production

methods for hydrogen, 205of catalysts for the low-pressure synthesis

of methanol, 220of coal, 61of methanol from waste biomass, 614of polymers, 454

Production costfor renewable hydrogen and methane, 648of methanol, 604for SNG and methanol for different power

costs and operating times, 650of ‘green’ methanol, 638

Propane dehydrogenation, 15Propane/propene ratio, 462Properties of methanol (physical data, toxi-

cology), 6Propylene, 454, 462, 465, 467, 468, 472, 483,

485Propylene carbonate, 385

demand for, 15Propylene glycol, 386Propylene-to-ethylene ratio, 463, 464, 467Propylur plant, 467Prosernat, 202Proteobacteria, 561Proton electrolyte membrane fuel cells, 521Proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PE-

MEL), 212, 213, 630Proven natural gas reserves and production, 58Puertollano IGCC plant in Spain, 151Pyroligneous acid, 360Pyrolysis, 30, 353Pyrolysis based fuels, 30

QQatar, 127Quench reactors, 235

RR-67-7H, 87Radial-flow steam-raising converter, 263Raising converter (SRC), 252Range fuels, 67Rape seed, 331Raw materials

for the synthesis of methanol, 6future supply of, 6

Reaction conditions, 440Reactive distillation, 421Recovery

methods, 25of CO2, 187rate, 25

Rectisol process, 175, 202, 268Recycle CO2, 20Recycling of CO2, 619Reduction

of CO2, 574of formaldehyde, 574of formate, 574of oxygen, 515

Reductive carbonylation, 349Refinery off gases, 72, 77ReforMax 210, 87ReforMax 210 LDP, 91–93ReforMax 250, 93ReforMax 330 LDP, 93Reforming, 74, 500

with methane, 33Refrigerant R723, 403Refuse-derived fuel, 139Regeneration energy, 194Reliable overall energy system, 622Renewable

electricity, 25energy, 40, 617methane production, 633methanol production, 635primary recourses, 2raw materials, 63

Research Institute of Innovative Technologyfor the Earth (RITE, Japan), 267

Research octane number (RON), 420, 444,482

Reserves and resources, 55, 56Revamps of adiabatic ICI reactors, 242Reverse synthesis, 504Reversible deactivation, 430RITEa, 270RK-202, 91RK-211/RK-201, 92RK-212, 91

Subject Index 673

RK-212/RK-202, 92Rosasite, 220Rotating grate, 135Rubber, 354Ruthenium triphos complexes, 283

SSaccharomyces cerevisiae, 570Safe handling in industrial processes, 319Safety characteristic data of methanol, 320Salt cycle, 334Salt dome storage caverns, 627SAPO, 426, 439SAPO catalysts, 430SAPO-5, 431SAPO-11, 456SAPO-18, 456SAPO-34, 423, 424, 428, 431, 439, 456, 459

catalyst, 470structure of, 428

Sasol Technology’s synfuels catalytic crackerproject, 468

SBUs, 424SCOT process, 180SCP production systems, 573SECA, 330Se catalysts, 349Second generation of biomass, 29Secondary reformer, 113Selective methanisation, 542Selective oxidation, 542Selective oxidation of methane, 52Sensor, 412Shale gas, 16, 53, 55, 56, 627

prices, 16Shell EF process, 149Shift conversion options, 163Shift reaction, 542Si/(Ga+Al) ratio, 496Si/Al ratio, 426, 430–432, 440Si/Ga ratios, 495Side-fired (Terrace), 106Side-fired reformers, 101Siemens GSP EF process, 147Siemens GSP EF technology, 485Silage, 354Silica/alumina-membrane, 283Silicates, 423Silicon aluminium phosphates (SAPO), 423Silicone, 395Single-cell protein, 35, 568, 572Single-train reformer capacities, 122Sintering, 88, 231

Slag hopper, 119Slagging gasifier, 132Small pore, 424Smart grid, 25Smart grid development, 622Smart grid technologies, 646SNG plant, 649

comparison production cost against meth-anol, 645

Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK), 225Sodium amalgam, 406Sodium methanolate, see Sodium methylateSodium methoxide, see Sodium methylateSodium methylate, 405Solar

energy, 5, 185, 624power plants, 28thermal energy, 43thermal plants, 43, 44

Solid-oxide electrolysis cells, 214Solid oxide fuel cell, 524Space-time yield, 228Spark plugs, 414Spark ignition engine, 412Special applications of IMFCs, 554Special emission control areas, 330Specific selection criteria, 123Specification of different feed gases, 75SPIRETH, 330SSZ-13, 428SSZ-13 (chabasite), 423, 424Stability, 19Starch, 42STD direct synthesis route, 494Steam

carbon ratio, 74, 95cracking, 15methane reformer (SMR), 76methane reforming, 615reforming, 74, 75

catalysts, 78temperature dependence of, 74

Steaming, 231Steam-to-carbon (S/C) ratio, 78, 95, 500Sterically hindered and tertiary amines, 191Stochiometry for methanol, 159Stoichiometric number (SN), 95, 224Stoichiometric numbers (SN) for reforming

technologies, 122Storage, 309, 319

and transport of the quantities of electric-ity, 44

capacities and discharge time of differenttechnologies, 628

674 Subject Index

capacity, 622, 623, 625, 640in Germany, 633of the NG pipeline network, 631

of electric energy, 28of oxo gas, 353of renewably produced electricity as

methanol, 617power for grid, 19routes, 29systems, 620, 623time in salt caverns, 632

Stranded gas, 16Sugar-based hydrocarbons, 30Sugar beet, 67Sugar cane, 67Sulfreen, 180Sulphur, 78Sulphur removal, 79Sulphur slip, 81Sun chemical technology, 114Superconverter, 260Superflex process, 440Superheated steam, 76Support, 19Suppression of carbon formation, 91Supraregional compensation capacity, 622Surplus

hydrogen, 182power, 19, 621–623, 652power from renewable resources, 633power production, 621, 645residual power in winter and summer, 622

Sustainability, 29SVZ Schwarze Pumpe, 140SYN energy technology, 465Syngas, see Synthesis gasSyngas-to-fuel (STF) process, 453Synthesis gas, 72, 77, 494

compositions, 123cooling, 120from coal, 609generation, 75, 234parameters for methanol production, 158production from methanol, 541routes to, 72

Syngas route, 31

TT-4021 (Süd-Chemie), 438TAF-X, 253TAME, 422Target product gas, 95

TBA, 392, 399Technical photosynthesis, 47, 48Terephthalic acid monoester, 402Terraced-wall reformers, 101Terrestrial carbon cycle (TCC), 42, 263Tert-amyl methyl ether, 641Tert-butanol, 392, 399, 400Tert-butanol fission, 399Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), see Tert-butanolTert-butyl chloride, 399Tertiary amyl methyl ether, 422Tert-L-leucine, 569Tetrahydromethanopterine pathway, 562Tetra-oxymethylendimethylether, 498Thermal

cracking, 83shield, 114shock resistance, 96water splitting, 215

Thermo- and biochemical conversion of non-food-biomass, 30

Thermo-chemical-conversion, 31Thermodynamic and electrochemical data of

fuel reactions, 524Thermodynamic equilibria for methanol syn-

thesis, 227Thiele modulus approach, 228Tight gas, 55Thiourea, 398TIGAS process, 67, 438, 451, 452Tight gas, 58Titanium-doped zirconium oxide, 438TNO, 413p-toluic acid, 402

acid monoester, 402methyl ester, 402

Top-fired heater, 104Top-fired reformers, 104Topsøe dimethyl ether (DME) Plant, 495Topsøe DME from synthesis gas, 495Topsøe’s integrated gasoline synthesis, 451Torula yeast, 573Total petrochemicals/UOP olefin cracking

process, 467Total/UOP, 464Town gas and synthetic natural gas (SNG), 98Toxicodynamics, 309Toxicokinetics, 307Toyo JFE pilot plant, 495Toyo jumbo DME, 495TOYO MRF-Z, 254Toyo process, 253Toyo reactor system, 262

Subject Index 675

Tracheal mite, 354Transesterification, 384, 390

of dimethyl carbonate, 343Transition from fossil to renewable infra-

structure, 634Transport, 317

capacity, 631Transportation, 23

fuels, 330Treatment of methanol poisoning, 312Trichloromethyl chloroformate, 352Trimethyl amine, 394, 395Trioxane, 369, 382

polymerisation of, 382Tri-reforming, 184Tube (gas)-cooled reactor, 256Tube

diameter, 95nipping, 105wall temperature, 96, 104

Tubular reformers, 94Turbocharged direct-injection engine, 415Two-column distillation, 264Two-step reforming, 242

UU.S. Department of Energy, 125Ube process, 341Ube/UCC process, 341Uhde process, 358Unconventional

gas, 25, 53hydrocarbons, 53oils, 25routes to methanol, 51

University of Akron, 453UOP catalyst, 462UOP/Hydro Fluidised Bed, 462UOP/Hydro methanol-to-olefins process, 463UOP/Hydro MTO process, 439, 462, 466UOP SAPO-34, 439Upflow, 77Urea, 386

use of as carbonyl source, 386

VVapour-Fed DMFC, 536Varroa mite, 355Verrucomicrobia, 561Vertical grid load, 620Vinyl acetate, 338

Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), 336, 338Volatile power generation, 622Volatility of the vertical grid load, 621

WWabash River plant, 153Wacker process, 335, 337Waste and sludge, 71Waste CO2 from power plants, 617Waste heat boiler (WHB), 93Wastes, 612Water

cooler, 77electrolysis, 45, 72, 615hydrocarbon separation section, 480power, 42power based methanol, 637splitting, 211

technologies, 53technologies with renewable energy,

211Water-gas reaction, 129Water-gas shift reaction (WGS), 83, 101, 130,

223, 226, 500mechanism of, 162

Wear, 412Weight hourly space velocity, 444Weight-specific storage densities, 624Weight-time yield, 228Wet biomass, 63White biotechnology, 29Wind

energy, 5, 28, 42hydrogen, 44parks, 44power utilisation, 620

Winkler process, 140Wood, 65

alcohol, 2, 11, 33, 303, 306carbonisation industry, 11charcoal based chemistry, 12charcoal chemistry, 12distillation of, 46gas, 11gasification, 67gasification of organic residues, 67pulping, 397tar, 11vinegar, 11

Worldelectricity consumption, 28primary energy consumption, 29

676 Subject Index

primary energy market, 26Worldwide gasification capacity, 125

Xp-xylene, 401

oxidation of, 402Xylenes, 496Xylulose monophosphate cycle, 565

YYearly production of biomass, 2

ZZeolite, 352, 423, 424, 494Zeolite socony mobil 5 (ZSM-5), 423, 440Zeotypes, 423, 424Zinc oxide, 79, 80Zinc oxide/chromium oxide catalyst, 219Zinc sulphide, 80b-ZnS-sphalerite, 80ZSM-5, 423, 426, 429, 432, 438, 439, 443,

447, 467ZSM-5 catalyst, 429, 467, 477, 479ZSM-11, 425, 432, 439, 440

Subject Index 677