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Unit 13 Speech at the Graveside of

Karl Marx

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Background Language PointsText AnalysisDetailed Reading

There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the fatiguing climb of gaining its numinous summits.

— Karl Heinrich Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818–March 14, 1883) was a German philosopher, self-taught political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern communism and socialism. Marx summarized his approach in the first line of Chapter One of The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848: “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.”

Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socio-economic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers’ movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian

October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science.

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Language Points

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envisage vt. imagine sth. that has not happenedI cannot envisage what the circumstance will be in

twenty years’ time.The plan cost a lot more than we had originally

envisaged. Nobody can envisage the consequences of total

nuclear war.

envisage doing something

I don't envisage working with him again.

Synonym: imagine, foresee, envision, predict

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evolve vi. gradually change and develop over a period of time

They are hoping the trade talks might evolve into a practical dialogue.

The school has evolved its own style of teaching.

It has taken us several million years to evolve from the apes.

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grantMy request was granted.

These lands had been granted to the family in perpetuity.

I was granted permission to visit the palace.

He was granted a license to mine in the area.take it for granted (that ...)

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Overthrow:to remove a leader or a government from a position

of power by force:

The president was overthrown in a military coup.

Unknown forces were at work to overthrow the government.  

noun

They were plotting the overthrow of the government.   他们正在策划推翻政府。

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rival: (to sb/sth) (for sth) a person, company, or thing that competes with another in sport, business, etc: The two teams have always been rivals.

The Japanese are our biggest economic rivals. V.t 1. 与 ... 竞争

The stores rival each other in beautiful window displays. 商店在橱窗陈列方面互相比美。

2. 与 ... 匹敌 ; 比得上She lived in many places, but she says nothing can rival the beauty of the Rocky Mountains. 她住过许多地方 , 但是她说落基山的美无与伦比。 He soon rivaled the others in skill. 他在技术上不久便与其他人匹敌。

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sustain: to experience sth bad 经受 Synonym: suffer

to sustain damage / an injury / a defeat

The company sustained losses of millions of dollars.

支持，维持，认可 The court sustained his claim that the contract was illegal.  

法庭确认他的要求正当，宣布该合同不合法。 Hope alone sustained him in his struggle.  

在奋斗中，只有希望支持着他。 The foundations were not strong enough to sustain the weight

of the house.  

这地基不够牢固，无法承受房屋的重量。

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tenacity n. determination to never stop trying to succeed in sth.

The athletes displayed great tenacity throughout the football match.

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theoreticalconcerned with the ideas and principles on which a

particular subject is based, rather than with practice and experiment:

a theoretical analysis / approach / debate / model The first year provides students with a sound

theoretical basis for later study.Antonym: practical

that could possibly exist, happen or be true, although this is unlikely: It's a theoretical possibility.theoretically :

It is theoretically possible for him to overrule their decision, but highly unlikely.

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vie  (vying vied, vied)

~ (with sb) (for sth) to compete strongly with sb in order to obtain or achieve sth:

She was surrounded by men all vying for her attention.

a row of restaurants vying with each other for business

Screaming fans vied to get closer to their idol.

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Text Analysis

悼词的结构

悼词的结构

开头开头

正文正文

结尾结尾

介绍死者逝世的原因、时间、地点、享年及其生前的身份职务

介绍死者逝世的原因、时间、地点、享年及其生前的身份职务

追述死者的经历和一生中的成就贡献，并简要地作出评价

追述死者的经历和一生中的成就贡献，并简要地作出评价

对死者表示哀悼之情，对参加悼念仪式的人提出希望要求等

对死者表示哀悼之情，对参加悼念仪式的人提出希望要求等

在马克思墓前的讲话

在马克思墓前的讲话

在马克思墓前的讲话

在马克思墓前的讲话

沉痛的悼念沉痛的悼念（（ 1~21~2 ））

沉痛的悼念沉痛的悼念（（ 1~21~2 ））

巨大的贡献巨大的贡献（（ 3~73~7 ））

巨大的贡献巨大的贡献（（ 3~73~7 ））

深远的影响深远的影响（（ 8~98~9 ））

深远的影响深远的影响（（ 8~98~9 ））

逝世情况逝世情况 (1)(1)逝世情况逝世情况 (1)(1)

巨大损失 (2)巨大损失 (2)

不可估量 空 白 不可估量

空 白

时 地 情况 心情时 地 情况 心情时 地 情况 心情时 地 情况 心情

对象

程度

两个“对于”

总纲：革命实践和科学理论贡献总纲：革命实践和科学理论贡献

His death (1)His death (1)His death (1)His death (1)

Immeasurable loss(2)

Immeasurable loss(2)

speech

speech

speech

speech

griefgrief（（ 1~21~2 ））

griefgrief（（ 1~21~2 ））

accomplishments （（ 3~73~7 ））

accomplishments （（ 3~73~7 ））

influence（（ 8~98~9 ））influence（（ 8~98~9 ））

speech

speech

speech

speech

griefgrief（（ 1~21~2 ））

griefgrief（（ 1~21~2 ））

accomplishmentsaccomplishments（（ 3~73~7 ））

accomplishmentsaccomplishments（（ 3~73~7 ））

influenceinfluence（（ 8~98~9 ））influenceinfluence（（ 8~98~9 ））

创立第一国际

theoretical

practical

创办革命刊物

剩 余 价 值 规 律人类历史发展规律

许多领域独到发现

revolutionist (7)revolutionist (7)

scientist(3~5)scientist(3~5)scientist(3~5)scientist(3~5)

speech

speech

speech

speech

griefgrief（（ 1~21~2 ））

griefgrief（（ 1~21~2 ））

accomplishments（（ 3~73~7 ））

accomplishments（（ 3~73~7 ））

influenceinfluence（（ 8~98~9 ））influenceinfluence（（ 8~98~9 ））

1. Describe the language features of the speech.

A notable feature of this formal speech is its variation in sentence length. The longest sentence, which constitutes Paragraph 3, contains 126 words, while the shortest sentence, which begins Paragraph 4, has only 5 words. Another prominent feature of the text is the apt use of some cohesive items that contribute to the coherence of the text. Notice the following italicized words:

a. But that is not all. (Paragraph 4)b. Such was the man of science. (Paragraph

6)c. For Marx was before all else a

revolutionist. (Paragraph 7)d. And, consequently, Marx was the best

hated and most calumniated man of his time. (Paragraph 8)

In his speech Friederich Engels first expressed his profound over the of a great man — Karl Marx. Then he went on to pay great tribute to the unparalleled and of Marx. His accomplishments included discovery of the law of and discovery of the law of the mode of production and the society. As a revolutionist Marx devoted himself to the of capitalist society and to the of the modern proletariat. Engels concluded his speech with certainty that Karl Marx and his work would .

grief_____ death _______

accomplishments ___________________ contributions_______________

the development of human history ______________________________________

capitalist___________

bourgeois___________

overthrow___________

liberation___________

remain immortal___________________

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Detailed Reading

translation

Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history …

Explanation:

“Just as …, so …” is a formal way of saying “in the way that.”

e.g. Just as the Americans enjoy their coffee, so the Chinese enjoy their tea.

Darwin (1809–1882) was a British naturalist. His theory of evolution on natural selection revolutionized much of the world’s thought during the latter part of the 19th century.

… in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.

Explanation:… so they must be explained from the standpoint of the above, not the other way round, which had so far been the way they were explained.

But that is not all. Mark also discovered the special law of motion governing the present day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created.

Translation:

不但如此，马克思也发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。

The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark.

Translation:

由于剩余价值的发现，这个问题就豁然开朗了，而先前无论资产阶级经济学家或者社会主义批评家所做的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。

Happy is the man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery.

Explanation: The main clause of this sentence is in the inverted order; the normal order is: The man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery is happy. What the sentence means is that if a man can make only one such discovery, he would feel happy.

Translation:

即使只能做出一个这样的发现，也已经是幸福的了。

But this was not even half the man.

Explanation: But this was only part of the man. The sentence means Marx was far more than a man of science.

Translation:

但是这在他身上远不是主要的。

And, consequently, Mark was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time.

Translation:

正因为这样，所以马克思是当代最遭嫉恨和最受诬蔑的人。

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