Date post: | 16-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | britton-norris |
View: | 219 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Comparative Anatomy Includes:
• Change, adaptation, and mutation of species
• The invasion of new territories
• Species compatibility with surroundings
How Can Comparative Anatomy Help Us?
• Understand our history
• Consider plans for change
• Improve animal genetics
• Preserve endangered species
Why Should We be Aware of Comparative Anatomy?
• Variations in care for animals
• Differences in animal habits
Adaptation
• Genetic and physiological changes that occur due to pressures or changes in an animal’s environment
Adaptation Changes
Examples:
• Forelimb of humans used for manipulating
• Webbed foot of seal used for swimming
• Front feet of a mole used for digging
Analogous Structures
• Body parts similar in use, but different in structure
• E.g. Bird wing and insect wing
Directional Terms
• Used to describe the positions of structures on the body relative to other structures or locations
Cranial – closer to the head of the animal
Caudal – closer to the tail
Medial – closer to the midline of the limb, trunk or head
Lateral – farther away from the midline
Dorsal – close rot the top side (back) of the animal
Ventral – closer to the bottom side (belly) of the animal
Proximal – closer to the attachment of the appendage to the body
Distal – farther away from the attachment of the body
Comparative Anatomy of Typical Farm Animal Species Includes
• Skeletal Structures
• Reproduction
• Digestive Systems
Puberty – age at which reproductive organs become functionally operative
Gestation – time from breeding or conception of a female until she gives birth to her young
Estrus – time for acceptance of the male and normally coincides approximately with ovulation “Heat”
Estrous Cycle – Estrus cycle or the time from one estrus to the next
Monogastric
• Characterized by the inability to digest roughage efficiently
• Enzymes used to break food down
• Includes: humans, swine, rabbits and horses
Ruminant
• Handles the breakdown of large amounts lignified fiber
• Has four different compartments:– Rumen - Omasum– Reticulum - Abomasum
• Includes: sheep, cows, goats
Avian
• Designed for grinding hard or encased food
• Has a gizzard
• Have no teeth
• Includes: all birds
WEB CITATIONS
• BSC Courseware http://tidepool.st.usm.edu/crswr/homologousstructs.html
• Homologous Structures http://www.kent.wednet.edu/staff/rlynch/sci_class/chap06/homologous.html
WEB CITATIONS cont.
• Animal Feeds and Nutrition http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ans012/gi_tract.htm
• Michael's Photo Gallery
http://www.netaxs.com/~mhmyers/image.html