Session 23 1
Comparative Emergency Management
Session 23 Slide Deck
Session 23 2
Session Objective
1. Explain the Most Common Categories of Recovery Assistance Provided in the Aftermath of Major Disasters
Session 23 3
Shelter and HousingDifferences in damage and destruction due to:• Construction materials• Construction type and adherence to safety codes• Structure age and maintenance• Soil makeup• Physical and geographic location• Elevation• Proximity to the hazard source• Geological processes (e.g., liquifaction)
Session 23 4
Shelter and Housing
Three Categories of Damage:– Damaged, but requiring only simple repairs– Damaged, but requiring major repairs– Damaged beyond repair or destroyed
Housing ‘Triage’
Session 23 5
Shelter and Housing
Interim Shelter Options– Congregate shelters– Travel trailers / Manufactured homes– Rental Markets– Hotels– Tents
Session 23 6
Shelter and Housing
• Congregate Shelter Problems– Displacement– Loss of the structure’s ‘normal use’ (e.g.,
school used as a shelter)– Environmental impacts of dense unplanned
settlement– Permanence of ‘slums’– Example – Italy / Turkey
Session 23 7
Shelter and Housing
Planning Considerations– Site Selection– Wraparound Services– Building Materials and Design Selection– Owner-Driven vs. Outside Construction– Property Rights and Other Legal Matters
Session 23 8
Site Selection
• Rebuilding on the Same Site– Community integrity maintained– Livelihoods maintained– Motivation to recover– Infrastructure exists
• Relocate– No need to remove rubble before rebuilding– Proximity to hazard can be increased
Session 23 9
Wraparound Services• “Those facets of society that allow an individual,
and likewise, the society as a whole, to survive and to function effectively”
• Examples– Food and commodity markets– Educational facilities– Healthcare facilities– Transportation systems and access– Utilities– Employment– Religious and social communities
Session 23 10
Building Materials / Design• What kinds of structures built• What materials used• Decisions must be more than cost-based• Styles and materials must:
– Be culturally acceptable– Accommodate new risk information
• Sources of materials:– Debris (recycled)– Local– Outside
Session 23 11
Owner-Driven vs. Outside Construction
• Five primary options:– Owner Driven Construction– Government Driven Construction– Donor Driven Construction– Contractor Driven Construction– A combination of the above players
Session 23 12
Property Rights and Other Legal Matters
• Property ownership– Access to title/deed– Destruction of government records– Can be established through community memory– Informal settlements present problems
• Holistic recovery planning is possible through legal control of recovery– Moratorium– Easing of laws or policies
Session 23 13
Infrastructure
“the basic facilities and services needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems and water and power lines”
Session 23 14
Infrastructure Components• Transportation• Energy• Communication• Health• Government• Flood control• Education• Water (treatment, delivery, and waste)• Commerce and banking
Session 23 15
Infrastructure Improvement
• Modernization• Expansion• Increase efficiency• Reduction in risk
Session 23 16
Infrastructure Issues for Consideration
• Component prioritization and rate of recovery
• Ownership• Sources of infrastructure reconstruction
expertise• Reconstruction labor and materials• Access to infrastructure• Hazard risk reduction
Session 23 17
Physical Recovery
• Illnesses and injuries• Physical trauma to victims• Health infrastructure sees increased demand• Coincides with reduced capacity / deficit of
technical skills and expertise• Shortage of equipment, supplies,
prosthetics, medicineand equipment
Session 23 18
Illness and Disease
• Pre-existing diseases become poorly maintained, because of:– Vectors– Reduced physical resilience– Increased transmission– Vaccination gaps
• Epidemiological surveillance is required
Session 23 19
Most Vulnerable Groups (Health)• Children and adolescents• The elderly• Pregnant women or mothers of infants• Single parent households• People with pre-existing diseases
– HIV/AIDS– Kidney disease– Cancer
• People with disabilities• Displaced people• Poor people
Session 23 20
Nutrition
• Reasons for a poor diet:– Financial problems– Severed supply chains– Psychological trauma– Lack of time
• Diet linked to disease
Session 23 21
Psychosocial Care• Trauma experienced by:
– Adults / Parents– Children– Responders
• As a result of:– Experiencing fear of injury/death– Hopelessness– Loss– Lack of control– Victimization of secondary intentional hazard – Witnessing pain or death– Displacement– Cultural losses– Loss of routine– Unemployment
Session 23 22
Psychosocial Options
• Mental health counseling• Strengthening and support of traditional and social
networks • Resumption of religious services and the repair or
reconstruction of religious facilities and institutions
• Resumption of normal routines • Reunification of families • Remembrance (museums, memorials)
Session 23 23
Cultural Recovery
• Disasters can devastate/destroy culture– Historic buildings– Art– Clothing– Landmarks
• Loss of culture is a loss of identity
Session 23 24
Economic Recovery / Livelihoods
• Lost resources, production, jobs, business opportunities, heavy government expenditures
• Economic recovery tied to the resumption of jobs – Local businesses must be quickly returned– Injected cash can help the local economy– Opportunity for increase in capacity post-disaster– Pre-existing problems may be addressed
Session 23 25
Environment
• Two factors:– Damage as a direct result of the hazard– Damage as a result of the destruction of man-
made technologies and systems • Debris• Environmental protections (e.g.,
mangroves, wetlands)• Pollution