COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF KINETICS OF SAPONIFICATION OF MELON SEED OIL AND PALM KERNEL OIL USING CAUSTICS IN A
BATCH REACTOR
BY
OGUNDIRAN OLUFEMI LANRE MA TRIC NO: 200S/21779EH
SUBMITTED TO·
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA,
NIGER STATE.
NOVEMBER 2010
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF KINETICS oF. SAPONIFICATION OF MELON SEED OIL AND PALM KERNEL OIL USING CAUSTICS IN A
BATCH REACTOR
BY
OGUNDIRAN OLUFEMI\LANRE MATRIC NO: 2005/21779EH
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICA.L ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, NIGER STATE IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING.
NOVEMBER 2010
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DECLARATION
I declare that the work in the project report entitled comparative studies of kinetics of
saponification of melon seed oil and palm kernel oil using caustics in a batch reactor has been
performed and carried out by me under the supervision of Engr J.O Okafor. No part of this
project was presented for another degree or diploma elsewhere at any institution to the best of
my knowledge.
Name of Student Signature Date
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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project report entitled: COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF
KINETICS OF SAPONIFIA TION OF MELON SEED OIL AND PALM KERNEL OIL USING
CAUSTICS IN A BATCH REACTOR thereby meets the requirements for the partial fulfillment
of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) degree in chemical Engineering, Federal
University Of Technology, Minna.
Project Supervisor Name and Signature
Head Of Department Name and Signature
External Examiner Name and Signature
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'?-/lIlm Date
Date
Date
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This' project would not have been a success without immense contribution by certain
personalities who contributed financially and morally for this project to see the light of day. My
gratitude goes to my parents, my brothers and sisters who contributed to my studying in the
university.
Secondly, 'my sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Eng 1.0 Okafor of the department
of chemical engineering, Federal University Of Technology, Minna Niger State for his advise
and coordination despite his official responsibilities. He is the major factor in making this project
meaningful.
In the light of this, 1 am greatly indebted to many for his ideas and assistance in one way
or the other. My special thanks goes to the following people My Late Mother Mrs Eunice
Ogundiran, Opeyemi Ogundiran, Bidemi Ogundiran, Gbemisola Ogundiran, Segun Odewale,
Tobi Fakayode, Ajim Elukpo, Sheila Oyaide and host of others too numerous to mention.
Above all my greatest thanks goes to God Almighty for giving me the instruction to
actualize this project
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ABSTRACT ,
The objective of this research work is to comparatively study t4e kinetics of saponification of
melon and palm kemel oil with caustic soda at 70°C and 80 Dc. During saponification reaction,
25 cm 3 of the sample was withdrawn at every interval of 5 mins and was titrated with 0.5 m
hydrochloric acid using phenolphthalein to determine the amount of caustic soda consumed
during the reaction. The rate of reaction (-rA) and the rate constant (K) were calculated for both
oil and at both temperatures:The results of the experiment shows that the rate of reaction (-rA)
and the rate constant {K} for melon oil at 70°C and 80 DC were 8.0XlO- 2 moles/mins, 0.13
min-1 and 6.1X10- 2 moles/mins, 0.4 min-1 respectively; while that of palm kernel oil at the
same temperature were 2.4X10-2 moles/mins, 0.03 min -1 and '1.6X10- 2 moles/mins, 0.08 min-1
respectively. The results also showed that the saponification reaction followed a second order
reversible reaction.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page ............................................................................ , ................. i
[)eclaration ........................................................................................... .ii
Certi fication ........................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgment ., .................................................................................... iv
Abstract ................................................................................................ v
Table of Content ...................................................................................... vi '
List of Tables ............................................................................... ' .......... ix
List of Figures ................................................................ ' ....... ' ........... '" ... x
List of Appendixes ................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
1.1 Justification of research ................................................................ .1
1.2 Scope of study ............................................................................ 2
1.3 Objective of the kinetic study ........................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERA TURE REVIEW ............................................................. 3
2.1 History of soap ........................................................................... 3
2.2 Raw Materials ............................................................................ 4
2.2.1 Climate and soil requirement .......................................................... .4
2.2.2 Cultural requirement ..................................................................... 5
2.3 Varieties of melon and palm kernel .................................................... 5
2.3.1 Harvesting .............................................................. , ................... 6
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2.3.2 Nutrition value and chemical composition ............................................. 6
2.3.3 Extraction of melon oil and palm kernel oil ............................................ 7
2.4 Saponification ................................................ : ............................. 9
2.4.1 Iodine value ................................................................................. 1 0
2.4.2 Saponification process ................................................................... .1 0
2.5 Additives and improper additives ......................................................... 12
2.5.1 Functions of additives limp roper ......................................................... 13
2.5.2 Caustic ....................................................................................... 13
2.5.1.2 Physical properties .......................................................................... 14
2.5.2.2 Chemical properties .......................................... ; ............................. 14
2.5.3 Types of soap .......... ,. ..................................................................... 14
2.5.3.1 Super fatted soap ........................................................................... 14
2.5.3.2 Liquid soap .................................................................................. 14
2.5.3.3 Scouring soap ............................................................................... 14
2.6 Method of producing soap ................................................................ 15
2.6.1 Traditional method .....................................................................•... 15
2.6.2 Laboratory Preparation .................................... '" ............................. 15
2.6.3 Method of processing soap ......... '" ................................................... 16
2.6.3.1 Semi boiled Inethod ........................................................................ .16
2.6.3.2 Full boiled soap process ................................................................... 17
2.6.3.3 Cold process ................................................................................. 1'7
2.7 Analysis of soap .............................................................................. 18
2.7.1 Colour ......................................................................................... 18
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I
2.7.2 Free alkalinity., ............................................................................. 18
2.7.3 Salt .......................................................... ·.····························· ... 18
2.8 Cleaning action of Soap ................................................................... .18
2.9 Uses of soap ................................................... ·.··························· .18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGy .......................................................... ·············· .20
3.1 Sample preparation .......................................................................... 21
3.1.1 Preparation 0[0.5 Msolution of sodium hydroxide ..................................... 21
3.1.2 Preparation of 0.5 M solution of Hydrochloric acid .................................... 22
3.1.3 Preparation of 1 % phenolphthalein indicator ............................................ 22
3.2 Experimental procedure ..................................................................... 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........................................ 23
4.3 Discussion of results ............................................... : .......................... 29
" CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 31
5.2 Recommendation ............................................................................... .31
Appendixes ............................................................................................... 35
Reference ................................................................................................. 36
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