of 35
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
1/35
Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on NormalPolyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric
By: Dr. Ruma Chakrabarti
Kumaraguru college of Technology
Coimbatore
Abstract:
Microfibres are well established in the apparel markets. It is used either as a single fibre fabric
or in conjunction with coarser synthetic or natural fibres, providing fabrics of enhanced
drapability, luster, softness, smoothness and in many cases novel tactile and visual aesthetics.
These fibres due to its extreme fineness has some distinguishing properties like higher dye
uptake, lower colour yield etc and hence requires and presents a challenge to the dyer in terms of
shade matching with that of normal polyester fibre[1]. The study aims at understanding the step
by step process occurring in the dye bath with changes in time and temperature during the total
cycle of dyeing by the study of the kinetics involved in the dyeing process, which is determined
in terms of its colour yield and dye uptake in gms/kg of the microfibre fabric as compared to the
normal polyester fabric [2,3].
1. Introduction:
The last two decades have witnessed major innovations in the textile industry, and a prime
example has been the advent of the polyester Microfibres. Microfibres have set new trends in the
textile industry and manmade fibres were upgraded to be superior to natural fibres both in
appearance and also in the other physical and comfort properties.
A microfibre technically denotes a fibre of 1.0 denier or less in linear density. Still finer fibres
of less than 0.3 dpf are referred to as super micro fibres. The advent of these fibres in the apparel
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
2/35
market has put the dyer and processor at a loss in terms of their understanding of the processing,
dyeing and finishing of these Microfibres. These fibres with its extreme fineness has some
distinguishing properties like higher dye uptake, lower colour yield, improved absorbency etc
and present a challenge to the dyer in terms of shade matching with the normal denier polyester
fibre. Our study aims at arriving at an understanding of the kinetics involved in the dyeing
process, which is determined in terms of its colour yield and dye uptake in gms/kg of the
microfibre fabric as compared to the normal polyester fabric[4-8].
2. Materials and Methods:
2.1Fabric:
Normal Polyester X Normal Polyester(NPET) Micro Polyester X Micro Polyester (MPET)
2.2 Chemicals and Auxiliaries:
Dimethyl Formamide GR Chlorobenzene GR Acetic Acid GR Sodium Hydrosulphite Purified Sodium Hydroxide Extra Pure Non-Ionic detergent
(Auxipon NP)
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
3/35
2.3. Disperse Dyes:
Four different categories of disperse dyes were used supplied by Clariant India Pvt. Ltd.
Dye TypeForon Blue SE-2RI Medium Energy
Foron Brown S-3RELI High Energy
Foron Brill. Orange E-RLI Low Energy
Foron Rubine RD-GFLI Rapid
2.4. Experimental Methods:
2.4.1. Scouring: The fabric sample was scoured with 2g/l of non-ionic detergent at 80C for 30
minutes and then rinsed with hot and cold water and subsequently dried in air.
2.4.2. Dyeing:Commercial samples of disperse dyes were used to dye the fabrics with the usual
dyeing procedure.
2.4.3. Studies of Dyeing Kinetics: The dyeing was carried out in HTHP beaker dyeing machine.
The samples of known weight were dyed for 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% shade alone or in combination
(Micro Denier Polyester fabric and Normal Polyester fabric in the same bath) in the dye baths
containing required amount of dye dispersion, and 3 g/l of acetic acid keeping material to liquor
ratio of 1:50. The dyeing was started at 70C followed by heating of this dye bath to 130C with
a heating rate of 2C/min. The samples were removed from the bath at required temperature and
time intervals of dyeing. Dyed samples were given reduction clearing treatment at 2g/l sodium
hydroxide at 60C for 30 minutes, washed with water and then air dried.
2.4.4. Determination of Dye Uptake:The amount of disperse dye on dyed fabric was determined
by extracting dye present in 10 mg of dyed fabrics in 10 ml. of solvent at 115C-120C for one
hour. Optical density of the extract was determined on UV-1201, Shimadzu UV-VIS
spectrophotometer. Calibration curves plotted with commercial dyes were used to calculate the
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
4/35
amount of dye on the fibre from the optical density values and expressed in terms of grams of
dye/kg of fibre. For Foron Blue SE-2RI, and Foron Rubine RD-GFLI, Chlorobenzene and for
Foron Brill. Orange E-RLI and Foron Brown S-3RELI Dimethyl Formamide was used as a dye
extracting solvent.
2.4.5. Evaluation of Colour Depth of Dyed Samples:The dyed samples were evaluated for the
depth of the colour by determining K/S values using a Spectraflash SF 300, Computer Colour
Matching System supplied by Datacolor International, USA.
2.4.6. Light Fastness: The dyed samples were exposed to a light fastness test in a Suntest CPS.
Care was taken during exposing of samples to light fastness test in Suntest so that only half
samples were exposed to the light by covering the other half by black card paper. The samples
were exposed for a total period of 24 hours.
2.4.7. Sublimation Fastness:The dyed samples were tested for sublimation fastness test using
sublimation fastness tester machine, supplied by Electronics and Engineering Company. The
specimens were prepared by sandwiching the dyed sample with undyed cotton fabric on one side
and similar undyed polyester fabric on the other side. The specimens were then tested for
sublimation fastness at 210C for 30 secs.
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
5/35
3.0 Results and Discussion:
Table 1: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron blue SE 2RI
Shade : 0.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0.035 0000 0.17 1 1 5 4-5
10 90 0.064 0.089 0.027 0.042 1 1 5 4
15 100 0.7160 0.992 0.291 0.474 1-2 1 5 4
20 110 2.614 2.343 0.984 1.359 2 1 4-5 425 120 3.816 3.271 1.429 2.131 2 1-2 4-5 4
30 130 5.123 4.846 2.083 2.316 3 2-3 4 3-4
50 130 5.741 4.86 2.334 2.383 3-4 3 4 3-4
60 130 5.682 4.984 2.310 2.382 3-4 3-4 3-4 3
90 130 5.682 4.986 2.292 2.382 4 3-4 3-4 3
Table 2: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI
Shade : 0.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibre Light fastnessSublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0.042 0000 0.020 1 1 5 4-5
10 90 0.063 0.091 0.025 0.043 1 1 5 4-5
15 100 0.695 1.020 0.295 0.467 2 1 5 4
20 110 2.620 2.489 0.819 1.381 2-3 2 4-5 4
25 120 3.751 3.505 1.420 2.201 3 3 4-5 4
30 130 4.860 4.902 1.975 2.343 3-4 3-4 4-5 3-4
50 130 5.59 4.994 2.274 2.387 3-4 4 4 3-460 130 5.62 4.998 2.287 2.389 4 4-5 3-4 3
90 130 5.618 4.949 2.284 2.391 4 4-5 3-4 3
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
6/35
Fig.1: Effect Of time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI
Shade : 0.5%
Fig.2: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI
Shade : 0.5%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
7/35
Table3: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron blue SE 2RIShade : 1%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0
C) NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
Mic00roPET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0.0523 0000 0.025 1 1 4-5 4
10 90 0.1207 0.148 0.045 0.069 1 1 4-5 4
15 100 1.793 1.355 0.492 0.791 2-3 2 4-5 3-4
20 110 4.159 3.620 1.691 2.065 3-4 2-3 4 3-4
25 120 6.859 5.432 2.717 3.552 4 3-4 3-4 3
30 130 8.838 8.057 3.471 3.851 4-5 4 3-4 3
50 130 9.569 8.313 3.82 3.973 5 4-5 3 2-3
60 130 9.471 8.307 3.850 3.970 5 4-5 3 2-3
90 130 9.397 8.306 3.85 3.970 5 4-5 3 2-3
Table4: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI
Shade : 1%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0000 0.060 0000 0.029 1 1 4-5 4
10 90 0.095 0.164 0.038 0.071 1 1 4-5 4
15 100 1.692 1.584 0.485 0.805 2-3 2 4-5 3-4
20 110 4.098 3.742 1.665 2.123 3-4 2-3 4 3-4
25 120 6.68 6.859 2.382 3.591 4-5 4 3-4 3
30 130 8.514 8.248 3.462 3.942 4-5 4 3-4 3
50 130 9.052 8.322 3.681 3.977 5 4-5 3 2-3
60 130 9.15 8.321 3.720 3.979 5 4-5 3 2-3
90 130 9.200 8.324 3.740 3.979 5 4-5 3 2-3
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
8/35
Fig.3:Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI
Shade : 1%
Fig4: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI
Shade : 1%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
9/35
Table5: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron blue SE 2RIShade : 1.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0
C) NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
Mic00roPET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0.060 0000 0.037 1-2 1 4-5 4
10 90 0.188 0.197 0.0765 0.1032 2 1-2 4-5 4
15 100 2.175 2.264 0.927 1.035 2-3 2 4-5 4
20 110 5.036 3.500 2.647 2.796 3 2 4-5 3-4
25 120 8.789 7.102 3.620 3.697 3-4 3 4 3-4
30 130 12.806 11.188 5.206 5.328 4 3 4 3
50 130 13.616 11.853 5.535 5.676 5 4-5 3-4 3
60 130 14.200 12.430 5.775 5.955 5-6 4-5 3-4 2-3
90 130 14.090 12.450 5.730 5.955 5-6 5 3-4 2-3
Table6: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Blue SE 2RIShade : 1.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0.091 0000 0.043 1-2 1 4-5 410 90 0.167 0.233 0.0682 0.1065 2 1-2 4-5 4
15 100 1.965 2.525 0.879 1.207 2-3 2 4-5 4
20 110 4.784 3.563 2.626 3.184 3 2 4-5 3-4
25 120 8.630 8.069 3.573 4.286 3-4 3 4 3-4
30 130 12.769 12.372 5.191 5.613 4 3 4 3
50 130 13.573 12.481 5.52 5.965 5 4-5 3-4 3
60 130 13.726 12.484 5.58 5.968 5-6 4-5 3-4 2-3
90 130 13.774 12.487 5.60 5.968 5-6 5 3-4 2-3
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
10/35
Fig.5: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI
Shade : 1.5%
Fig.6: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Blue SE 2RI
Shade : 1.5%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
11/35
Table7: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Brown S3 - RELIShade : 0.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0
C) NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
Mic00roPET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0000 0000 0.037 3-2 2 4-5 4
10 90 0000 0.041 0000 0.050 3-2 2 4-5 4
15 100 0.230 0.218 0.081 0.242 3-2 2 4-5 4
20 110 0.421 0.398 0.262 0.449 3-4 3 4-5 4
25 120 0.889 0.761 0.491 0.961 4 3-4 4-5 3-4
30 130 1.268 1.126 0.759 1.254 5 4 4 3-4
50 130 3.071 1.51 1.752 1.846 6 5-6 4 3-4
60 130 3.189 1.60 1.986 2.166 6 5-6 3-4 3
90 130 3.402 1.61 2.120 2.172 6 5-6 3-4 3
Table8: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI
Shade : 0.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0000 0000 0000 0000 3-2 2 4-5 4
10 90 0000 0.045 0000 0.050 3-2 2 4-5 4
15 100 0.229 0.224 0.069 0.258 3-2 2 4-5 4
20 110 0.415 0.405 0.244 0.466 3-4 3 4-5 4
25 120 0.794 0.778 0.482 0.962 4 3-4 4-5 3-4
30 130 1.219 1.065 0.725 1.317 5 4 4 3-4
50 130 2.665 1.599 1.655 1.977 6 5-6 4 3-4
60 130 3.047 1.707 1.892 2.713 6 5-6 3-4 3
90 130 3.229 1.710 2.005 2.113 6 5-6 3-4 3
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
12/35
Fig.7: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELIShade : 0.5%
Fig.8: Effect of time on K/SDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI
Shade : 0.5%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
13/35
Table9: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Brown S3 - RELIShade : 1%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0
C) NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
Mic00roPET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0000 0000 0000 2-3 2 4-5 4
10 90 0000 0.0680 0000 0.083 2-3 2 4-5 4
15 100 0.217 0.361 0.135 0.431 3-4 3 4-5 4
20 110 0.701 0.658 0.437 0.799 3-4 3 4-5 4
25 120 1.480 1.332 0.919 1.602 4 3-4 4 3
30 130 2.032 1.853 1.266 2.256 4 3-4 4 3
50 130 4.688 2.732 2.921 3.44 5-6 5 3-4 3
60 130 5.314 2.969 3.311 3.610 6-7 6 3-4 3
90 130 5.691 2.969 3.533 3.621 6-7 6 3 2-3
Table10: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI
Shade : 1%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0000 0000 0000 0000 2-3 2 4-5 4
10 90 0000 0.070 0000 0.087 2-3 2 4-5 4
15 100 0.195 0.363 0.121 0.448 3-4 3 4-5 4
20 110 0.679 0.664 0.422 0.810 3-4 3 4-5 4
25 120 1.315 1.357 0.895 1.673 4 3-4 4 3
30 130 2.020 1.875 1.254 2.291 4 3-4 4 3
50 130 4.612 2.830 2.863 3.469 5-6 5 3-4 3
60 130 5.274 3.01 3.274 3.670 6-7 6 3-4 3
90 130 5.589 3.01 3.470 3.675 6-7 6 3 2-3
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
14/35
Fig.9: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI
Shade : 1%
Fig10: Effect of time on K/SDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI
Shade : 1%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
15/35
Table11: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Brown S3 - RELIShade : 1.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0
C) NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
Mic00roPET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0000 0000 0000 2-3 2 4 3-4
10 90 0000 0.103 0000 0.124 2-3 2 5 3-4
15 100 0.325 0.544 0.202 0.6 2-3 2 5 3-4
20 110 1.052 0.878 0.655 1.086 3 2-3 4 3
25 120 2.216 1.997 1.428 2.403 4-5 4 4 3
30 130 3.048 2.813 2.893 3.384 5 4-5 3-4 2-3
50 130 7.035 4.252 4.381 5.115 6-7 5 3-4 2-3
60 130 7.971 4.500 4.966 5.415 7 6 3-4 2
90 130 8.796 4.515 5.199 5.431 7 6 3-4 2
Table12: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI
Shade : 1.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0000 0000 0000 0000 2-3 2 4 3-4
10 90 0000 0.105 0000 0.130 2-3 2 5 3-4
15 100 0.289 0.565 0.180 0.674 2-3 2-3 4 3-4
20 110 1.019 0.996 0.633 1.178 3 2-3 4 3
25 120 2.216 2.038 1.376 2.520 4-5 4 4 3
30 130 2.988 2.820 2.799 3.485 5 4-5 3-4 2-3
50 130 7.010 4.326 4.352 5.224 6-7 5 3-4 2-3
60 130 7.790 4.563 4.967 5.453 7 6 3-4 2
90 130 8.796 4.583 5.178 5.544 7 6 3-4 2
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
16/35
Fig11: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELI
Shade : 1.5%
Fig.12: Effect of time on K/SDye : : Foron Brown S3 - RELIShade : 1.5%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
17/35
Table13: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Brill. Orange E RLI
Shade : 0.5%
K/S
Dye uptake
gms/kg.of fibre Light fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime(min)
Temp(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0.048 0000 0.012 1 1 3 2-3
10 90 0.221 0.172 0.047 0.097 1 1 2-3 2
15 100 0.670 0.274 0.190 0.331 1-2 1 2-3 2
20 110 3.741 2.970 0.961 1.361 3-4 2 2 2
25 120 5.281 3.771 2.080 2.999 4 3 2 1-2
30 130 6.163 4.466 2.834 3.034 4-5 3-4 1-2 1-2
50 130 6.481 4.726 2.909 3.194 5 4 1-2 1-2
60 130 6.543 4.832 3.141 3.220 5 4 1 1
90 130 6.545 4.932 2.945 3.271 5 4 1 1
Table14: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Brill. Orange E RLI
Shade : 0.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0.051 0000 0.015 1 1 3 2-3
10 90 0.205 0.129 0.041 0.106 1 1 2-3 2
15 100 0.619 0.297 0.179 0.342 1-2 1 2-3 2
20 110 3.394 3.082 0.972 1.407 3-4 2 2 2
25 120 4.842 3.986 2.045 2.971 4 3 2 1-2
30 130 5.955 5.163 2.731 3.097 4-5 3-4 1-2 1-2
50 130 6.429 5.293 2.934 3.116 5 4 1-2 1-2
60 130 6.521 5.325 3.150 3.167 5 4 1 1
90 130 6.534 5.326 3.122 3.230 5 4 1 1
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
18/35
Fig.13: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLIShade : 0.5%
Fig.14: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLI
Shade : 0.5%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
19/35
Table15: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Brill. Orange E RLI
Shade : 1%
K/S
Dye uptake
gms/kg.of fibre Light fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime(min)
Temp(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0.060 0000 0.021 1 1 3-4 3
10 90 0.379 0.250 0.099 0.120 2 1-2 3-4 3
15 100 1.290 0.998 0.432 0.896 3 2 3-4 3
20 110 5.458 4.677 2.086 2.350 4 3 3 3
25 120 6.865 5.462 3.170 3.557 4 3-4 3 2-3
30 130 7.823 7.258 3.650 4.671 4-5 4 3 2-3
50 130 8.942 7.505 4.445 4.733 5-6 4 2-3 2
60 130 8.865 7.507 4.68 4.739 5-6 4-3 2-3 2
90 130 8.871 7.590 4.689 4.735 5-6 4-5 2-3 2
Table16: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Brill. Orange E RLI
Shade : 1%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0.079 0000 0.024 1 1 3-4 3
10 90 0.322 0.268 0.084 0.135 2 1-2 3-4 3
15 100 1.215 1.059 0.420 0.951 3 2 3-4 3
20 110 5.322 4.895 1.818 2.457 4 3 3 3
25 120 6.720 5.577 3.130 3.634 4 3-4 3 2-3
30 130 7.621 7.582 3.496 4.784 4-5 3-4 3 2-3
50 130 8.545 7.871 4.394 4.795 5-6 4 2-3 2
60 130 8.560 7.891 4.432 4.798 5-6 3-4 2-3 2
90 130 8.571 7.905 4.444 4.806 5-6 4-5 2-3 1
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
20/35
Fig.15: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLIShade : 1%
Fig.16; Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLIShade : 1%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
21/35
Table17: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Brill. Orange E RLI
Shade : 1.5%
K/S
Dye uptake
gms/kg.of fibre Light fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime(min)
Temp(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0.083 0000 0.038 2 1-2 3 2
10 90 0.612 0.382 0.168 0.352 2-3 1-2 3 2
15 100 2.028 1.434 0.995 1.271 2-3 2 3 2
20 110 7.707 6.607 2.912 3.234 4 3 2-3 1
25 120 10.938 7.757 4.570 4.790 5 4 2 1
30 130 11.972 9.623 5.339 5.466 5-6 5 2 1
50 130 12.049 9.619 5.370 5.490 5-6 4-5 1-2 1
60 130 12.194 9.722 5.449 5.560 6 5 1-2 1
90 130 12.200 9.759 5.510 5.560 6 5 1-2 1
Table18: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Brill. Orange E RLI
Shade : 1.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0000 0.086 0000 0.041 2 1-2 3 2
10 90 0.532 0.405 0.148 0.381 2-3 1-2 3 2
15 100 2.022 1.511 0.942 1.327 2-3 2 3 2
20 110 7.548 6.630 2.791 3.550 4 3 2-3 1
25 120 10.239 8.019 4.465 4.968 5 4 2 1
30 130 11.451 9.751 5.144 5.471 5-6 5 2 1
50 130 11.519 10.282 5.172 5.558 5-6 4-5 1-2 1
60 130 11.680 10.287 5.203 5.561 6 5 1-2 1
90 130 11.789 10.289 5.220 5.567 6 5 1-2 1
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
22/35
Fig.17: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLIShade : 1.5%
Fig.18: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Brill. Orange E-RLI
Shade : 1.5%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
23/35
Table19: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLIShade : 0.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0
C) NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
Mic00roPET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0.062 0.203 0.024 0.112 1-2 1 4-5 4
10 90 0.311 0.506 0.245 0.278 2 1 4-5 4
15 100 0.880 1.571 0.423 0.464 2-3 2 4 4
20 110 2.766 2.524 0.961 1.554 3-4 2-3 4 3-4
25 120 4.450 3.587 1.727 1.974 4-5 4 4 3-4
30 130 5.553 4.149 2.132 2.183 5 4 4 3
50 130 5.820 4.407 2.268 2.325 5-6 4-5 3-4 2-3
60 130 5.823 4.269 2.268 2.349 5-6 5 3-4 2-3
90 130 5.825 4.271 2.269 2.350 5-6 5 3-4 2-3
Table20: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLI
Shade : 0.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0.054 0.213 0.022 0.117 1-2 1 4-5 4
10 90 0.295 0.512 0.241 0.282 2 1 4-5 4
15 100 0.805 1.597 0.352 0.879 2-3 2 4 4
20 110 2.682 2.587 0.958 1.597 3-4 2-3 4 3-4
25 120 4.440 3.689 1.733 2.032 4-5 4 4 3-4
30 130 5.474 4.205 2.112 2.204 5 4 4 3
50 130 5.808 4.390 2.259 2.471 5-6 4-5 3-4 2-3
60 130 5.810 4.405 2.260 2.479 4-6 5 3-4 2-3
90 130 5.810 4.414 2.260 2.484 5-6 5 3-4 2-3
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
24/35
Fig.19: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLIShade : 0.5%
Fig.20: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLI
Shade : 0.5%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
25/35
Table21: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLIShade : 1%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0
C) NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
MicroPET
NormalPET
Mic00roPET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0.105 0.338 0.041 0.186 2-3 2 4-5 4
10 90 0.516 0.843 0.201 0.464 3 2 4-5 4
15 100 1.768 2.618 1.172 1.314 3-4 3 4-5 4
20 110 4.910 4.589 1.601 2.580 4 3-4 4-5 3-4
25 120 7.417 5.979 2.889 3.290 5 4 4 4
30 130 9.125 6.523 3.554 3.639 5-6 4-5 4 3-4
50 130 9.700 7.037 3.781 3.911 6 5 3-4 2-3
60 130 9.700 7.039 3.781 3.791 6 5 3-4 2-3
90 130 9.720 7.039 3.782 3.793 6 5 3-4 2-3
Table22: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLI
Shade : 1%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -5 80 0.090 0.353 0.035 0.195 2-3 2 4-5 4
10 90 .493 0.857 0.192 0.466 3 2 4-5 4
15 100 1.622 2.646 1.655 1.456 3-4 3 4-5 4
20 110 4.703 4.645 1.596 2.644 4 3-4 4-5 3-4
25 120 7.384 6.116 2.872 3.365 5 4 4 4
30 130 9.074 6.613 3.343 3.659 5-6 4-5 4 3-4
50 130 9.680 7.100 3.765 4.092 6 5 3-4 2-3
60 130 9.685 7.160 3.767 4.105 6 5 3-4 2-3
90 130 9.690 7.206 3.769 4.113 6 5 3-4 2-3
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
26/35
Fig.21: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLIShade : 1%
Fig.22: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLI
Shade : 1%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
27/35
Table23: Comparative Kinetics Study In Individual BathDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLI
Shade : 1.5%
K/S
Dye uptake
gms/kg.of fibre Light fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime(min)
Temp(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET
0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0.156 0.505 0.161 0.278 2-3 2 4 3-4
10 90 0.781 1.260 0.034 0.693 2-3 2 4 3-4
15 100 2.772 3.910 1.946 2.152 3 2 3-4 3-4
20 110 6.682 5.802 2.426 3.853 4-5 3-4 4 3
25 120 11.587 8.931 4.507 4.914 5 4 4 3
30 130 14.511 9.881 5.644 5.431 6-7 4-5 3-4 3
50 130 14.816 10.626 5.763 5.747 6-7 5 3 2-3
60 130 14.850 10.660 5.776 5.84 6-7 5 3 2-3
90 130 14.893 10.690 5.797 5.880 6-7 6 3 2-3
Table24: Comparative Kinetics Study In Simultaneous DyeingDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLI
Shade : 1.5%
K/SDye uptake
gms/kg.of fibreLight fastness
Sublimation
fastnessTime
(min)
Temp
(0C) Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Micro
PET
Normal
PET
Mic00ro
PET0 70 0000 0000 0000 0000 - - - -
5 80 0.136 0.528 0.053 0.291 2-3 2 4 3-4
10 90 0.781 1.270 0.284 0.699 2-3 2 4 3-4
15 100 2.759 3.969 0.840 2.184 3 2 3-4 3-4
20 110 6.437 6.108 2.369 3.966 4-5 3-4 4 3
25 120 10.965 9.296 4.275 5.115 5 4 4 3
30 130 13.500 9.979 5.260 5.546 6-7 4-5 3-4 3
50 130 14.274 10.645 5.596 6.187 6-7 5 3 2-3
60 130 14.360 10.991 5.595 6.327 6-7 5 3 2-3
90 130 14.369 11.010 5.597 6.332 6-7 6 3 2-3
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
28/35
Fig.23: Effect of Time on Dye UptakeDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLIShade : 1.5%
Fig.24: Effect of time on K/SDye : Foron Rubine RD-GFLI
Shade : 1.5%
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
29/35
Polyester micro fibre fabric (0.8) dpf and normal polyester fabric (2.47dpf) were subjected for dyeing
with Foron Blue SE-2RI in HTHP m/c and their dyeing kinetics were studied using 0.5 % shade. The
results in terms of K/S values and dye uptake are given in TABLE 1-6 AND FIGURES. 1-6. These
results indicate that about 100C temperature, the dye uptake was very negligible. This temperature
was achieved in 15 mins., however, between 100-130C temperature range the rate of dyeing in case
of micro polyester fabric was distinctly higher than that in the case of normal polyester fabric. The
equilibrium dye uptake values in case of micro polyester fabric seemed to have been achieved after 30
mins. of dyeing, whereas in case of normal polyester fabric it was achieved at around 60 mins. It is to
be noted that out of this time, the first fifteen was spent to raise the temperature to 1000C and the dye
uptake values during this period were quite negligible. The increase in the dye uptake observed from
1000
to 130 C temperature range per unit time was found to be 0.0597/C for normal polyester and
0.0614/C for micro-fibre denier polyester fabric. This clearly indicates that the micro polyester is dyed
at a much higher rate and equilibrium dyeing is achieved faster compared to normal polyester fabric[9-
14]. This behavior could be attributed to the increased surface area of the fibre in the fabric which is of
microfilament nature. As far as equilibrium dye uptake values are concerned, the microfilament fabric
gave slightly more values than observed in the case of normal fabric. It could be possible that in the
case of micro filament fabric the filament being finer the penetration is up to the core and thus when
the dye uptake is measured in terms of gms/kg of the fibre, higher values are likely to result.
When similar studies were carried out with the normal polyester fabric and the micro polyester fabric
in the same bath with same percent shade and then the dye uptake on the individual fabric was
determined the results indicate (TABLE 2 AND FIGURES 1&2) that there was a slight increase in
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
30/35
the rate of dyeing of the micro-polyester fabric. This could be attributed to the fact that individual
component fabric having higher amount of dye in the bath, since that was taken on the total weight of
both the fabric keeping the percent shade same. However, the equilibrium dye uptake values of micro
filament fabric were distinctly higher in the case of simultaneous dyeing bath than that in the
individual bath. In the case of normal polyester filament however, since the total dye present in the dye
bath was the same as the percent shade, the equilibrium dye uptake was found to be slightly lower. In
other words the faster dyeing microfilament fabric not only picked up the dye at a faster rate in the
simultaneous dyeing bath but also showed an increase in the relatively, slower dyeing normal
polyester fabric ended up with slight decrease in dye uptake which could be due to the lesser amount
of dye available for the same in the simultaneous dyeing bath. When the same dyeing was studied in
terms of K/S values, it is clear that the normal polyester fabric showed slightly higher K/S values as
compared to micro denier polyester. Its rate of dyeing studied in terms of increase in the K/S value in
the temperature range of 100-130C are more or less the same and the curves cross each other. The
lower equilibrium K/S value in the case of micro filament fabric may be thus due to higher surface
area of the individual filament fibres present in the fabric, resulting in lower depth of shade. A better
penetration of the dye to the core could also be another reason. However, since we know that the dye
uptake in terms of gms/kg of the fibre was found to be more in the case off micro-filament fabric than
the normal filament fabric, it can be inferred that in the case of micro-filament fabric it is the role of
the increased surface area making the fabric look lighter giving a lower value of K/S. Similar, were the
results obtained in the case of simultaneous dyeing, when both the fabric was dyed together in a single
bath. However, it has to be noted that the K/S values of the dyeing from the simultaneous bath were
found to be lower in the case of normal polyester fabric, where they were slightly higher in the case of
micro polyester fabric as compared to that obtained in the case of dyeing in individual bath and this
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
31/35
phenomenon can be attributed to the distribution of the dye among fibres in the two process, and
micro-filament fabric having higher rate of dyeing will show a comparatively higher K/s value than
that compared to that of Normal Polyester.
The following set of experiments with 1.0% and 1.5% shade also gave a similar trend i.e.:
Micro-filament fabric have higher rate of dyeing. The micro-filament fabric took shorter time to reach equilibrium dye uptake as
compared to normal polyester fabric.
Micro-filament fabric gave higher equilibrium dye uptake as compared to normalfilament fabric.
In simultaneous dyeing in both the fabric at the same percent shade increase in theequilibrium dye uptake of micro-filament fabric was observed whereas in the case
of normal polyester fabric the equilibrium dye uptake showed slight decrease in its
value. It is also to be noted that in simultaneous dyeing, in the span of 100-130C
temperature range the dyeing rate appear to be slightly increased for the micro-
denier fabric and slightly decreased in case of normal polyester fabric.
Dye uptake values in the case of 1.5% shade was found to be maximum, so also theK/S values when compared with the corresponding values of 1.0% and 0.5 % shade.
Similar experiments as stated above was also carried out with medium energy dye namely Foron
Brown S3RELI for 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% shade. Results with respect to the above are given in
TABLES7- 12 & FIGURES 7-12. It is clear from this data that the micro-filament fabric in this
case too gave a higher rate of dyeing as compared to the normal polyester fabric keeping a
similar trend as that of the earlier cases.
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
32/35
The K/S values at 0.5% shade also gave a similar trend, where the normal polyester fibre
depicted a distinctly higher K/S values as compared to that of micro filament fabric. In other
words even with the high energy dyes, although the actual K/S values and dye uptake values
were much lower than the Foron Blue SE-2RI(the medium energy dye), the general trend
remained the same. The variation in the K/S values was quite apparent in this dye with respect to
the variation in substrate. It is well known that the high energy dyes have very low diffusion
coefficient and are more sensitive to the variation in substrate and thus the above trend is
understandable. The very low value of increase of dye uptake per unit time i.e, 0.0226gms/kg of
the fibre/C for normal polyester and .0337gms/kg of fibre/C as compared for micro denier
polyester fabric is indicative of their lower diffusion coefficient and also thus the overall values
of dye uptake were quite low. As far as the time required to reach the equilibrium dye uptake
was concerned, they were found to be almost the same for both the fabrics.
In the case of 1.0% shade the trend was similar as observed in 0.5% shade; the difference was
only with respect to the dye uptake and the K/S values which were more than that of the earlier
cases. It was also found that as the shade % increased from 0.5% to 1.5% the difference between
the equilibrium dye uptake of micro-filament fabric and normal filament fabric became distinctly
apparent and much higher although, the general trend remained the same.
In the next set of experiments the low energy disperse dyes i.e. Foron Brill Orange E-RLI was
similarly studied. Results of these experiments are depicted in TABLES 13-18 & FIGURES 13-
18. The general trend with respect to dyeing rate equilibrium dye uptake and the equilibrium
dyeing time remained the same except for the fact that the actual values of K/S and also for the
dye uptake varied as they are a function of the chemical structure of the dye. Rate of dyeing in
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
33/35
this case, in the temperature range of 100-130Cwere found to be 0.088grams/kg of fibre/C and
0.0901grams /kg of fibre/C for normal and micro-denier polyester fabric respectively at 0.5%
shade.
Finally, the last dye studied was Foron Rubine RD-GFLI rapid dye and the results with respect to
this dye are given in TABLES 19-24 AND FIGURES 19-24respectively. It is clear fro the data
this data that at 0.5% shade although micro-denier fabric gave a higher rate of dyeing as
compared to normal filament fabrics, the equilibrium dyeing values almost matched each other.
However, as shade increased to1.0% and 1.5% shade, the equilibrium dye uptake values showed
distinct difference and the general trend of microfilament giving higher equilibrium dye uptake
was re established. For the K/S values it was the normal polyester which gave a higher K/S
values as compared to micro-filament fabric as expected. When both the fabric were dyed
simultaneously in a single bath, with the rapid dye once again, the dye uptake was found to be
almost unaltered in 0.5% and 1.0% shade, although at 1.5% shade it did exhibit the general trend.
The actual rate of dyeing in the temperature range of 100-130C was found to be 0.0569 gms/kg
of fibre/C and 0.0573 gms/kg of fibre/C for normal and micro denier polyester at 0.5% shade
respectively.
The light fastness and sublimation fastness for the dyes obtained within the whole cycle of
dyeing for normal and micro-fabric, it is quite clear that as far as light fastness properties of the
fibres were concerned it was found that the values were slightly lower for micro denier polyester
as compared to normal polyester. The sublimation fastness however, almost remained the same
for both the fibres. It was also seen that before the equilibrium dye uptake was established, the
light fastness was of very low order and they improved only when the dye uptake curves leveled
off. The reverse trend was observed in the case of sublimation fastness, where in the initial
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
34/35
period of 5-25 minutes, the sublimation fastness properties were much higher as compared to
that obtained for 30-90 minutes of the dyeing time. This may be due to the fact that during the
initial phase when the amount of dye on the fabric is very less, the penetration of the dye is
uniform and much better and thus, sublimation at 210 degree C will not stain the adjacent fabric.
However in the case of equilibrium dyeing there is always sufficient dye molecules all around
the fibre right from the periphery to the core and in such a situation irrespective of type of dye, it
is likely to stain the adjacent fabric at 210 degree C giving lower sublimation fastness rating.
Conclusion
The rate of dyeing in the temperature range of100-130C, which is an important step in dyeing
was found to be more for micro filament fabric than for normal polyester filament when it was
studied in terms of gms/kg. Of fibre/rise in temperature. Similarly when it was calculated in
terms of K/S values however, reverse was the case. This was found to be true in cases of all the
dyes and all the different shades studied. In case of dyeing of both the fabric simultaneously in
the single bath the general trend of the dyeing rate remain the same. However the actual value
corresponding to the individual dyeing seems to have slightly decreased for the normal filament
fabric and the micro denier fabric they were found to be slightly increased. This variation also
depended upon the type of the dye too. The light fastness was slightly better incase of normal
Polyester fabrics as compared to the micro filament fabric and the sublimation fastness were
more or less the same in both the cases.
References:
1. Partin Richard A., Amer.Dyest.Reptr.,80(11) 1991(45).2. Ajgaonkar DB ., Man made Textiles in India, 35(9) 1992 (327).
8/7/2019 Comparative Study of Dyeing Kinetics on Normal Polyester and Microfibre Polyester Fabric--01-03-2010
35/35
3. Gupta S.,Textile Asia, 24(1) 1993 (53).4. Magarero S., International Fibre Journal, 7(2) 1992(26).5. Anon, Colour Chronicle, Sandoz, Oct/Dec., 1992(1).6. Teli M D., and Rao R., Synthetic Fibres, 22(1) 1993(10).7. Jacques M L., Textile Asia, 23(11) 1992(50).8. Becker W R., International Fibre journal, 7(2) 1992(10)9. Anon., Japan Textile News, 450, 1992(81).10.Anon., Japan Textile News, 457, 1992(58).11.Wada,O., Journal of Textile Institute, 83, 1992(322)