i
ASSESSMENT OF THE X-LIB AND LIB+ LIBRARY SOFTWARE IN
ACADEMIC AND SPECIAL LIBRARIES IN NIGERIA
HELEN NNEKA EKE
PG/MLS/06/41405
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA.
NOVEMBER, 2009.
ii
ASSESSMENT OF THE X-LIB AND LIB+ LIBRARY SOFTWARE IN
ACADEMIC AND SPECIAL LIBRARIES IN NIGERIA
BY
HELEN NNEKA EKE
PG/MLS/06/41405
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF LIBRARYAND
INFORMATION SCIENCE (MLS).
iii
APPROVAL PAGE
This project has been approved for the award of MLS degree of the Department of Library
and Information Science, Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
By
Prof. V. W. Dike External Examiner
Supervisor
Internal Examiner Prof. V.W. Dike
Head of Department
Prof. G. C. Offorma
Dean of Faculty
iv
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that Eke, Helen Nneka, a postgraduate student in the Department of
Library and Information Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka with registration number
PG/MLS/06/41405 carried out this research in the Department stated herein. The work
presented in this project report is original and has not been previously reported anywhere
else.
Project Supervisor Signature Date
Prof. V.W. Dike
Student‟s Name Signature Date
v
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to God Almighty who has been my source of strength,
wisdom and inspiration throughout the course of this research work.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researcher is highly indebted to Prof. V. W. Dike, her project supervisor, for her
guidance and support throughout the study. Her invaluable suggestions made completion of
this work a dream come true. The researcher also extends her profound gratitude to all her
lecturers in the Department of Library and Information Science who made relevant
corrections and suggestions during the proposal of the study, namely Mr. F. C. Ekere, Dr. V.
N. Nwachukwu, Dr. R. E. Ozioko, Mr. E. O. Omeje, Mr. A. J. C. Mole and Mrs Magareth
Ngwuchukwu.
Her heart felt gratitude goes to her wonderful parents, Professor and Mrs A. N. Eke
for standing as colossuses behind me, and also for their immeasurable financial support. May
God satisfy them with long life. Her immeasurable gratitude also goes to her siblings, Ifeoma
Eke, Engr. Anthony Eke, and Harold Eke for their moral support which helped her actualize
this dream.
The researcher sincerely thanks Professor M. Afolabi and Dr. Charles Omekwu (My
Boss), whose suggestions immensely contributed to the success of this work. The researcher
extends her profound gratitude to her friends, Uche Emmanuel and Ijeoma Orji, for their
encouragement to be steadfast in carrying out the research.
Thank you all.
Eke, H. N
Library and Information Science
University of Nigeria
Nsukka
November, 2009.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………...i
Approval Page……………………………………………………………………………...ii
Certification………………………………………………………………………………..iii
Dedication………………………………………………………………………………….iv
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………v
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………….vi
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………vii
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………….. viii
List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………ix
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….x
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
Background of the Study……………………………………………………………….…..1
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………...9
Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………………………….….10
Significance of the Study…………………………………………………………………...11
Scope of the Study……………………………………………………………………….....11
Research Questions………………………………………………………………………....12
Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………………..12
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
Conceptual framework…………………………………………………………………..…13
Overview of computerization in libraries…………………………………………….……13
Software use in libraries…………………………………………………………………...18
Problems affecting effective utilization of software packages in libraries…………..……….45
Strategies for improving the use of library-oriented software packages……………….….49
viii
Empirical Studies………………………………………………………………………..…50
Summary of Literature Review…………………………………………………………....57
CHAPTER THREE: Research Method
Research design……………………………………………………………………………59
Area of Study………………………………………………………………………….…...59
Population of the study…………………………………………………………………….59
Sample and sampling technique……………………………………………………………60
Instruments for data collection…………………………………………………………….61
Validation of the instrument……………………………………………………………….62
Method of data collection…………………………………………………………………62
Method of data analysis……………………………………………………………………62
CHAPTER FOUR: Presentation and Analysis of Data………………………………...65
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion, Conclusion, Recommendations, and Summary
Discussion of the Findings………………………………………………………………….79
Conclusions………….. …………………………………………………………………….83
Implications of the Study……………………………………………………………………84
Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………...85
Suggestions for Further Research…………………………………………………………...86
Limitations of the Study……………………………………………………………………..87
Summary of the Study…………………………………………………………………….…87
References………………………………………………………………………………..…89
Appendices
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Academic and Special Libraries and their Library Application Software……...60
Table 2: Tabular Representation of the Study Sample…………………………………...62
Table 3: Software Packages used in Libraries……………………………………………65
Table 4: Methods used in Selection of Software…………………………………………66
Table 5: Factors that influence choice of library software……………………………….67
Table 6: Staff involved in software selection…………………………………………….68
Table 7: Staff satisfaction with method of software selection……………………………69
Table 8: Reasons for selecting the previous software…………………………………….70
Table 9: Reasons for selecting the present software………………………………………71
Table 10: Comparison between present and previous software…………………………..72
Table 11: Comparison between X-LIB and LIB+………………………………………...72
Table 12: The Extent of usage each of modules in the library……………………………73
Table 13: Evaluation of the adequacy of the software in each of the modules……………74
Table 14: The nature and quality of the technical features of the software……………….75
Table 15: Problems frequently encountered in the usage of X-LIB software……………..76
Table 16: Problems frequently encountered in the usage of LIB+ software………………77
Table 17: Strategies for enhancing application of library software……………………….78
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 2a: Access Screen of X-LIB…………………………………………………………..26
Fig. 2b: X-LIB Main Menu………………………………………………………………...27
Fig. 2c: X-LIB Acquisition Module………………………………………………………..27
Fig. 2d: X-LIB Catalogue Module…………………………………………………………28
Fig. 2e: X-LIB Circulation Module……………………………………………………......29
Fig. 2f: X-LIB Enquiries Module………………………………………………. . ………..30
Fig. 2g: Lib+ Main Switchboard……………………………………………………………31
Fig. 2h: Lib+ Enquires …………………………………………………………………......32
Fig. 2i: Lib+ Acquisition Module…………………………………………………………..32
Fig. 2j: Lib+ Orders-Books…………………………………………………………………33
Fig. 2k: Lib+ Catalogue Module……………………………………………………………33
Fig. 2l: Lib+ Circulation Module……………………………………………. …………….34
Fig. 2m: Lib+ Library Patronage……………………………………………………………34
Fig. 2n: Lib+ Paper Cutting and Electronic Files…………………………………………...35
Fig. 2o: Lib+ Multimedia Library…………………………………………………………..35
Fig. 2p: Lib+ Backup……………………………………………………………………….36
Fig. 2q: System Administration…………………………………………………………….36
Fig. 2r: Miscellaneous Options……………………………………………………………..37
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CD-ROM Computer Disk Read-Only-Memory
DOS Disk Operating System
GLAS Graphical Library Automation System
ICT Information and Communication Technology
LAN Local Area Network
MARC Machine Readable Catalogue
Micro-CDS/ISIS Micro Computerized Documentation System/Integrated Set of
Information Storage and Software Package.
MIS Management Information System
TINLIB The Information Navigator Library Management Software
X-LIB X-Windows Library Automation System
xii
ABSTRACT
The study compared the use of X-LIB and LIB+ library software in selected academic
and special libraries in Nigeria. Six research questions and one hypothesis guided the
study. A total of nine academic libraries and eleven special libraries in Nigeria were
selected for the study. The selection was based on the libraries that make use of the two
software under study. Data relevant to the study was collected using the questionnaire
method. A total of 73 copies out of 73 of the questionnaire returned were found usable,
signifying 100% response. One hypothesis was tested. Data were analyzed using
percentage and mean scores. The hypothesis was tested with T-test of Independent
Means. The findings reveal that the method used for library software application in
academic and special libraries is mainly by recommendation; most academic and special
libraries select their software based on its compatibility with existing hardware, failure of
the previous software to support library operations, user-friendliness of the software,
persuasions from the company that designed the software and the fact that most libraries
are using the software; all the academic and special libraries that use LIB+ assessed it as
higher than X-LIB in that it has more features than X-LIB, it is more user-friendly, it has
more networking environment support, it is more compatible with the existing library
hardware, it has more modules, it supports library operations more than X-LIB; the major
problems encountered in the usage of library software in academic and special libraries
are hanging of systems, abnormal termination, corruption of data, back-up errors, and
errors in import and export; strategies for enhancing library software utilization in
academic and special libraries include proper training of staff, provision of software
manuals, good working environment, adequate software design, release of funds, sorting
of network problems, and purchase of adequate software. Test of hypothesis showed
there is no statistically significant [p<0.05] difference between the assessment of X-LIB
and LIB+ as software in academic libraries; there is no statistically significant [p<0.05]
difference between the assessment of X-LIB and LIB+ software application in special
libraries. Appropriate recommendations were proffered which include academic and
special libraries should select their software based on its compatibility with existing
hardware, failure of the previous software to support library operations, user-friendliness
of the software, persuasions from the company that designed the software and the fact
that most libraries are using the software; Strategies to enhance effective utilization of
software in academic and special libraries should be devised such as: proper training of
staff, provision of software manuals, good working environment, adequate software
design, release of funds, sorting of network problems, and purchase of adequate software.
xiii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
In higher institutions, there exist libraries where academic resources are housed for
the library clientele. Resources of this kind could come in form of physical materials such as
theses, dissertations, books, inaugural lectures, institution newsletters, ephemeras, grey
literature – which are materials that can hardly be found elsewhere, or electronic materials
such as Compact Disk Read-Only-Memory (CD-ROM), Internet resources – which are
located in databases, but could be thereafter be printed and bounded in hard covers for
perusal. Such higher institution libraries that house the aforementioned kind of materials are
called academic libraries. Edoka (2000) pointed out that academic libraries exist in higher
institutions of higher education such as universities, colleges of education, colleges of
technology polytechnics. Academic libraries are libraries in Universities (public and private),
Colleges of Education, Polytechnics and Monotechnics. Their collection is tailored towards
achievement of the institution goals of teaching, learning and research. They serve the
students, lecturers, administrative members of the academic communities as well as others
(Omekwu and Ugwuanyi, 2009).
On the other hand, special libraries exist in government parastatals, ministries/private
companies, agencies, non-governmental organizations, churches. These kinds of libraries are
often small depending on the size of the organization where they exist. According to Aina
(2004), special libraries are libraries established to meet the highly specialized needs of a
professional or business group. They are libraries meant especially for research on a
xiv
particular field of study and often for a limited group of users. Everything about the library is
special – collections, subjects, users and parent body. Edoka (2000) added that special
libraries go all out to provide every information they can muster to further the activities of
their parent organizations.
Both academic and special libraries exist to aid the actualization of the goal and
visions of the parent body wherein they exist. Such libraries are hearts of their parent bodies.
In other words, the major goal of academic and special libraries is to actualize the dream of
the parent body via the provision of resources required for research. Academic and special
libraries have specific functions which they carry out in a bid to actualize the dreams of the
parent body. Edoka (2000) stated seven functions of academic libraries, the seventh of which
is to provide specialized information service to appropriate segments of the wider
community. He also stated that special libraries provide required information quickly and
precisely.
In order for academic and special libraries to serve their patrons effectively, they need
to keep up with the pace of emerging technologies which is being adopted by many libraries
home and abroad in this digital age. As observed by Campbell (2006), "numerous creative
and useful services have evolved within academic libraries in the digital age: providing
quality learning spaces, creating metadata, offering virtual reference services, teaching
information literacy, choosing resources and managing resource licenses, collecting and
digitizing archival materials, and maintaining digital repositories". Academic libraries
presently are faced with not only the decision on what books and journals to acquire to
satisfy faculty and students but also on how to remain relevant in the digital era, mindful of
xv
low budgets and resentment on the part of institutional administrators (Anunobi and Okoye,
2008).
Information technology systems and telecommunications have revolutionized
library operations and services and become a growing emphasis in library and information
science education (Dike, 2000). This is due to the manner in which computers speed up
activities and increase available information. There is no doubt that the use of computers in
libraries has helped in many ways. Mohammed (1997) added that computers have had
tremendous impact on acquisition, storage, processing, retrieval, access and dissemination
of information. He went further to say that resources are not just confined to the traditional
texts. Rather, new information resources are being produced in combinations of text,
graphics, video and audio sounds, animation and virtual reality. Manual work, involving
the use of hand, paper, biro and human brain in the performance of library duties, can be
cumbersome as well as inadequate. In view of the above, Madu (2004) noted that one of
the reasons for library automation is the apparent and visible improvement in the access to
information for users. According to Bozimo (2006), speaking with reference to Ahmadu
Bello University, the information explosion has made it increasingly obvious that access to,
rather than ownership of resources is the only way to manage and exploit resources.
Especially for electronic resources, access to and sharing of resources are dependent on the
automation of library operations through the use of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) (Garcia, 1996). It has been noted by the Mortenson Centre (2005) that
the key to great libraries is providing access to the resources in a reliable, easy-to- use, and
affordable manner. Access relies on several important factors including the catalogue and
xvi
developing a library website, robust local area network, adequate facilities and sufficient
and reliable infrastructure.
According to Omoniroa (2001), this has been the reason for the interest of the
Ahmadu Bello University libraries in the application of information and communication
technologies to the automation of its operations as long ago as 1972.
The computer systems that perform the various operations in the library exist in two
forms: hardware and software. Hardware refers to the physical components of the system
that can be felt. Alhasaan (2003) defined hardware as referring to all the physical devices
that make up a computer system. On the other hand, software refers to the detailed
instructions that control the operation of a computer system. In the words of Norton (1992),
software refers to the program which instructs the system to carry out the required tasks.
Rowley (1998) defined software as a suite of programs that are packaged together because
they perform a specific function. In her publication on the choice of library application
software, Oketunji (2003) defined software as denoting the program of defined sequences
of instructions that computers execute to accomplish given information processing tasks.
One can refer to computer software as a program. In that sense, Burton and Petrie (1991)
defined a computer program as a set of instructions to the micro-computer designed to
carry out a desired operation. The computer is functionless without a program or software.
This prompted Nwalo (1999) to say that „without software, the computer can neither
understand nor obey instructions; it would be like a mere log of wood‟.
Historically, the computer industry distinguished two classes of software: systems
software and application software. Rowley (1998) listed three different types of software as
xvii
follows: (i) operating system (ii) utility software (iii) application software. The software of
interest in this study is the application software. Application software is a sequence of
instructions that will tell the computer what to do, how to manipulate data and how to relate
to users.
Choice of application software is so crucial to success of any library because if a
library should choose the wrong software, it will affect the entire operations in that library.
Chisenga (1996) noted that in the process of choosing the right system, a number of factors
may play influential roles. Nwalo (1999) added that one of the important decisions to be
made by any library in the process of automation is the choice of software. Research
findings by Chisenga (1996), Rowley (1994, 1998), Oketunji (2003) have it that it is
preferable to use a well-tested package that is established in a market, where several
applications similar to that being considered are available for examination. As Nigerian
research and academic libraries began to computerize their library operations, certain
software packages were tried. Adogbeji (2004) found out that out of seven libraries
considered, software selection and acquisition was imposed by management decision in
three of the libraries. Four libraries based their decision on what was heard about the
software during conferences, workshops or seminars, while none of the libraries based her
decision on systems analysis.
Librarians make use of application software for such tasks as ordering of materials
and registration of students. A number of factors are considered in choosing library
software. Rowley (1998) identified them as other people‟s experiences, cost, originator,
supplier, language, operating system, hardware, ease of use, documentation and advice in
setting up. On his own part, Oketunji (2003) gave some necessary guidelines in selecting
xviii
library application software; these include hardware peripherals, rights in respect of
software, history of the supplier, etc. In choosing library software, the history of the
software should be considered, that is, whether it has been supportive to library operators,
or whether it has been compatible with the library‟s database, or hardware. This led
Howden (2000) to advise that one should be sure the software is compatible with the kind
of printer, scanner, modem, or other peripheral devices one wishes to use it with.
Research and academic libraries are at the forefront in the use of computer and
information technologies in Nigeria. A number of these libraries in Nigeria attempted to
automate their operations in the early 70s and 80s without much success, but Idowu and
Mabawonku (1999) noted that from the early 90s more successful implementation efforts
were recorded. For instance, in 1991, most of the federal universities were to be supplied
with books and journals under the NUC/World Bank Credit facility agreement, and one of
the conditions in the agreement was that the libraries would automate their services.
The most widely used software in academic and research libraries in the early years
were CDS/ISIS and TINLIB.
The Micro Computer Documentation System Integrated Set of Information Systems
(Micro CDS/ISIS) is a package designed by UNESCO to assist libraries in managing their
resources. Madu (2004) remarked that UNESCO released the CDS/ISIS for
microcomputers in 1985. Version 2.0, released in 1989 has addition of Pascal
programming. Idahosa (2001) added that the CDS/ISIS is a non-numerical bibliographic
information storage and retrieval software package designed for small, special and
corporate libraries as well as sections of large academic libraries.
xix
UNESCO‟s intention in developing CDS/ISIS, according to Hopkinson (1998) was
to benefit developing countries in which library and information services had no easy and
affordable access to software. CDS/ISIS is a package that has been developed for
bibliographic information, that is, information about documents such as books, journal
articles or conference proceedings. Mahmood (1998) noted that CDS/ISIS has multilingual
nature and that text on menus and worksheets can be important features of the program.
The package is available in many languages including English and French; and it has
features that allow it to function in a multi-access environment.
Some special libraries have used this software, for instance the Lagos Business
School (LBS) library which adopted the CDS/ISIS mainly because of its no-cost nature. As
noted by Idahosa (2001),
the LBS considered that an in-house software should be
developed. Efforts were made using FoxPro, however, its
shortcoming made it impracticable to use. It was at this point
that CDS/ISIS was considered as a necessary option, based on
zero cost availability, and the librarian's working knowledge of
the package. Accepting CDS/ISIS as the software for the library
automation was just the beginning of a long process of
convincing, negotiating, and educating the computer department
and management (p.62).
However, despite the advantages and functions of CDS/ISIS, some libraries
discarded it for some other software due to some reasons. For instance, according to
Bozimo (2006), after examining and testing CDS/ISIS on sample collections, the heads of
six university libraries decided against its use because it was not integrated with library
management software.
xx
On the other hand, TINLIB, widely used systems application software in libraries,
was introduced in 1993 as part of the World Bank Loan Project in Nigeria. The National
Universities Commission (NUC) introduced TINLIB software for Online Public Access
Catalogue (OPAC) for use in Federal University libraries. Some state universities also
followed suit and adopted this software (Faniran, 2001). According to Oyinloye (2004),
TINLIB is a management software package developed by Information Management and
Engineering (IME) ltd. It is considered to be one of the most widely used library software.
This is because it is user-friendly and very easy to understand. The most spectacular of its
features are Browsen and Navigate search facilities, query search techniques, filter technique
and validation facilities.
TINLIB has some excellent features that prompted some libraries to select and
purchase it instead of some other software. Kenneth Dike Library for instance, decide at the
beginning, to use Mini-Micro CDS/ISIS that was donated to the library by UNESCO in 1998,
but because of the inadequacy of CDS/ISIS as mentioned by Ikem (2000), the library
eventually chose the IMES TINLIB software – a network version that was installed in 1993.
Oyinloye (2004) listed some of the features that make TINLIB preferred over other library
software as: (i) the availability of catalogue and retrieval module; (ii) circulation control; (iii)
acquisitions module; (iv) serials management module, etc. However, it was discarded by
some libraries for a locally developed software called X-LIB that was designed to meet the
library‟s immediate needs and was more flexible.
X-LIB was developed at the Raw Materials Research and Development Centre in
Abuja, the capital of Nigeria (Bozimo, 2006) as a local library software developed to meet the
immediate needs of Nigerian libraries. It is commonly used in polytechnics and colleges of
xxi
education, although some universities have started adopting it. The system, according to
Oyinloye (2004), completely automates the management of the library – acquisitions,
catalogue and other allied readers‟ services. X-LIB has been in use in Nigerian libraries since
1996. It is a windows-based package and it is a product of a local effort accepted by Madu and
Adeniran (2004).Anaeme (2006) reveals that the Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, Nsukka started
with a computerized list of Serials Holdings of the library using the university mainframe
computer. The library management later opted for automated cataloguing systems using
TINLIB.
Recently, new library software has been introduced to Nigerian libraries. Library
automation software called LIB+ has been acclaimed by the Nigerian Library Association as
a major breakthrough in library management in Nigeria (F. Akinshola, Personal
Communication. September, 2007). LIB+ is an upgrade of X-LIB. In other words, both
software are somewhat related in the sense that both have the same functionality only that
some features have been added to LIB+ in a bid to make it a better software. X-LIB and
LIB+ have such modules as acquisitions, cataloguing, circulation and enquiries. Little has
been done to compare these two software and to ascertain reasons for changing or not
changing from one to the other.
Statement of the Problem
Software proficiency is a big determinant of effective computer application in
libraries. The poor use of computers in library operations can be caused in part by
inadequacies of the selected software (Adogbeji, 2004). One of the most important decisions
to be made by any library in the process of automation is therefore, the choice of software
that will best meet the needs of the library. Since the introduction of computerization,
xxii
Nigerian academic and special libraries have tried various software without consensus on the
most appropriate and proficient one. After trying other types, a number of libraries adopted
the X-LIB software due to such capabilities as the menu-driven feature, which provides
options like acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, systems administration (Oketunji, 2004).
Some of these libraries have recently upgraded their software from X-LIB to LIB-PLUS,
which purports to be an upgraded version of X-LIB. However, little has been done to
document the reasons for these choices. A few studies (Akinshola, 2007; Odumole, 2005)
have examined software proficiency in individual libraries which amounts to software
migration, such as the change from GLAS to X-LIB in the Petroleum Training Institute
(Adogbeji, 2004) and from CDS/ISIS to TINLIB in Kenneth Dike Library (Ikem, 2000).
However, out of the afore-mentioned studies, none vividly examined the reasons behind the
proficiency of software such as of X-LIB and LIB+. The problem of this study put in the
form of question becomes: what is the comparative assessment of X-LIB and LIB+ software
by academic and special libraries in Nigeria?
Purpose of the Study
The general purpose of this study is to undertake a comparative assessment of X-LIB and
LIB+ software by academic and special libraries in Nigeria.
Specifically, the study is conducted to:
1. Identify the software packages that have been used in the selected academic and
special libraries;
2. Find out the criterion applied in selection of software in academic and special
libraries using X-LIB and LIB+;
xxiii
3. Find out the libraries‟ assessment of X-LIB and LIB+ library software;
4. Ascertain the extent to which the software has met the purpose for the use;
5. Compare problems of library software applications in academic and special libraries;
6. Determine strategies for enhancing effective application of X-LIB and LIB+ in
academic and special libraries in Nigeria.
Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to go a long way in helping librarians to make
decisions and also help them to discover the best ways to integrate choices with their library
operations. It will educate librarians on the necessity of computer application to library
operations. The traditional way of doing things in the library is still the order of the day in
some academic and special libraries. But with this study, a number of people will begin to
appreciate library software applications, especially when they see how computers can be
applied to boost the traditional functions of the library.
Secondly, software designers will gain from the findings of this study, as this study
will reveal how academic and special libraries rate the software employed in their libraries.
This will enable the designers learn from their mistakes and improve on the development of
the library software.
Researchers in Library and Information Studies will gain from this study in that it will
widen their horizon of knowledge in the area of library automation. It will give them insight
xxiv
on the available software used in libraries and how they are utilized. Moreover, this study
will fill the gap in knowledge created by previous researchers in this area.
Scope of the Study
This research was limited to academic and special libraries in Nigeria that make use
of X-LIB and LIB+ software. This is with a view to eliciting information on the reason why
they did or did not upgrade their software.
Research Questions
In line with the set objectives of this study, the following research questions were
formulated to guide the research:
1. What software packages have been used in the selected academic and special libraries?
2. What criterion was applied in selections of software in academic and special libraries
using X-LIB and LIB+?
3. What are the libraries‟ assessments of X-LIB and LIB+ library software?
4. To what extent has the software met the purpose for its use in libraries?
5. What are the problems of software applications in academic and special libraries in
Nigeria?
6. What are the strategies for enhancing effective application of X-LIB and LIB+ library
software in academic and special libraries in Nigeria?
Hypothesis
The following null hypothesis was tested:
xxv
Ho: There is no significant [p<0.05] difference in the assessment of X-LIB and LIB+ library
software by librarians in academic and special libraries.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, literature relevant to the research topic has been organized and
presented. The literature review is organized in the following order:
Conceptual framework
Overview of computerization in libraries
Software use in libraries
Problems affecting effective utilization of software packages in libraries
Strategies for improving the use of library-oriented software packages
Empirical Studies
Summary of Literature Review
Conceptual Framework
xxvi
Overview of Computerization in Libraries
Many works have discussed Information and Communication Technology, especially
in the field of Library and Information Science. The conceptual issues in Information
Communication Technologies (ICTs) are also given much focus (Okore, 2006; Chisenga,
2006; Nwobi, 2006; Gambari and Chike-Okoli, 2007).
ICT in full means Information and Communication Technologies. Information is
simply unprocessed data. Ekpo (2001) defined information as data that have been collected
about events in a given society, processed into messages for the purpose of consumption and
dissemination. Ige ((2001) added that information is that which adds to human knowledge.
Information functions alongside communication. For communication to take place,
information needs to be passed across, as both factors have always formed the basis of
human existence. This fact has made man to relentlessly seek ways of improving the
processing of information and communicating such information to one another irrespective
of distance and on a timely basis (Ndukwe, 2000).
Information and communication technologies are defined by World Bank as “the set
of activities which facilitate by electronic means, the processing, transmission and display of
information” (Rodriguez and Wilson, 2000). Information Communication Technology (ICT)
is the application of communication technologies consisting of hardware, networks and
media for collection, storage, processing, transmission and presentation of information via
voice, data, text or images (Qiang 2003). It is the mechanism of capturing, processing,
storing, transmitting, communicating information (Cochrane, 1992). According to Hamelink
(1997) ICTs “encompass all the technologies that enable the handling of information and
facilitate different forms of communication among human actors, between human beings and
xxvii
electronic systems, and among electronic systems”. He went further to say that this includes
all communication devices or applications such as radio, television, cellular phones,
computer and network, hardware and software, satellite systems as well as the various
services and applications associated with them like video conferencing, teleconferences, etc.
Hamelink (1997) categorized these technologies into five namely, capturing technologies,
storage technologies, processing technologies, communication technologies, communication
technologies, and display technologies. These technologies have some implications in library
operations.
In response to the demand of modern technology, many academic and special
libraries have gone into the business of automating their library operations. Automation in
this respect goes beyond mere data entry operations like input and output of data and records;
rather it encompasses various aspects of Information and Communication Technology like
teleconferencing, videoconferencing, online resource sharing, networking, processing and
management system etc.
According to Anaeme (2006), the emergence and fast growth of Information
Communication Technologies (ICT) and their application in libraries, especially academic
libraries, has continued to revolutionize the pattern and scope of library services. Nigerian
libraries have attempted to computerize or automate their services, having noted the
importance of computerization and the need for the application of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs) to library operations. Not only in Nigeria, but also in
Africa as a whole, have many countries gone for library automation. A number of researches
have been carried out to investigate the state of ICTs in Africa in general and Nigeria in
particular (Alemna et al., 2000; Omoniwa, 2001; Okentunji et al., 2002; Alabi, 1985). Alabi
xxviii
(1985) reported that attempts in the 1970‟s and 1980‟s by some university libraries to
computerize their resources and services failed. For example, experiments by the University
of Ibadan library to automate basic routine library operations flopped. This was the scene
until 1994 when the National Universities Commission (NUC) introduced the US $120
million World Bank Credit facility. This spurred most university libraries to computerize
their services. As of 2005, University of Ibadan library, Obafemi Awolowo university library
of Ife, University of Jos library, among others, had automated their library operations to a
large extent (Anasi, 2005).
The federal university libraries in Nigeria were to be supplied with books and
journals under the NUC/World Bank Credit facility agreement. In this connection, according
to Ogunleye (1997), the National Universities Commission (NUC) Nigeria, directed the
university librarians of federal universities at a meeting in Kaduna, 1990 to get their
operations computerized, adding that it was compulsory for each university library to be
provided with at least a personal computer. University of Ibadan appears to have the lead in
library automation. Others whose full computerization is under-way include University of
Ilorin library, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomosho,
University of Agriculture, Abeokuta; University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Tafawa Balewa
University, Bauchi; Bayero University, Kano; University of Maiduguri, Ahmed Bello
University, Zaria, Federal University of Technology, Minna; and Lagos State University
(LASU), Lagos (Okore, 2006).
Through the development of Management Information System (MIS), libraries can
utilize computing capability. A “Management Information System”, according to Adeoti-
xxix
Adekeye (1997), can be seen as a database management system tailored to the needs of
managers or decision makers in an organization. MIS is
a system using formalized procedures to provide management at
all levels in all functions with appropriate information based on
data from both internal and external sources, to enable them to
make timely and effective decisions for planning, directing and
controlling the activities for which they are responsible (Argyris,
1991).
While the management information system involves planning, control, budgeting,
stocktaking, evaluation, acquisition, etc, many of these functions are routine clerical works
suited for automation. Now, the whole process has been integrated and formulated in
software (Nworu and Enwereuzor, 2006). Library software is being developed to take
advantage of new technology.
Myriad benefits are derivable from library automation. Okore (2006) listed some of
these benefits as enhanced productivity, increased output, more productive tasks in
documentation and information processing, network enhancement and control of record
management and retrieval. Kadiri (2004) in support, listed some of the advantages of library
automation as availability of comprehensive and integrated information, easy retrieval of
related information, personalized assessment of personal productivity. Haneefa (2007) added
that libraries and Information centres have been employing ICT and electronic information
resources and services to satisfy the diverse information needs of their users. He further said
that ICTs have tremendously increased because they provide enhanced user satisfaction, cost
effectiveness, rapid responses and easier operational procedures.
However, while libraries automate their library management activities and procure
expensive electronic resources, these may not be optimally used. This is the main concern of
xxx
libraries around the world (Haneefa 2007). There are many reasons for this state of affairs,
including lack of sufficient funds, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of qualified library
professionals. Okentunji (2000) and Anaeme (2006) cited the following additional major
problems that can face libraries as they become progressively involved with the use of
technologies: general inadequacy in the level of relevant infrastructure, particularly
telecommunication facilities and power supply; a large exploitative local computer market
and unsatisfactory after sales maintenance and support; an inadequate pool of relevant
technical staff and problems of recruitment and retention; the potential of library staff
resistance to the introduction of computer technology; the potential of user resistance to the
introduction of computer technology; staff problems in terms of lack of adequate training;
collaboration and consortium linkage.
Software Use in Libraries
In library automation, one of the most important decisions is the hardware and
software to use. Some packages have been designed specifically to suit library functions and
enable it to perform its operations. Ugah (2005) noted that wide range of library software is
available and that most programmes deal with specific traditional library operations and are
structured in modules.
Today, there are many software packages in the market. Oyinloye (2004) submitted
that these packages are specifically designed for libraries, information and documentation
centres. Ugah (2005) further added that majority of library specific software are culturally
specific and simply replicate what is currently being practiced in libraries. A comprehensive
list of software packages for microcomputers has been compiled by Dyer Gunson (1998).
Among the software packages available for database management in Nigeria are Tinlib, Adio
xxxi
(1998), Ayo (1998), D-Base iv, Fatuyi (1998). GLAS, Madu (2004), Masterlib, etc; Lib+ has
just been introduced in Nigerian libraries in 2007. The most widely used library software in
Nigerian academic and special libraries are GLAS, CDS/ISIS, X-LIB and more recently,
LIB+.
GLAS is a recently developed library package. By assumption, it is a windows
version of TINLIB as it is a registered trademark of Electronic Online Systems (EOS)
International, the company that bought over IME, the manufacturer of TINLIB. Adedeji
(2004) contributed that it is also modular thus allowing for segmented automation or fully
Integrated System. In cataloguing, GLAS enables the library to create multiple databases for
cataloguing separate collections (Madu, 2004). Madu(2004) report in his study that GLAS
software is designed with inputs from librarians and that it has the capacity to meet the needs
of any type of small to mid-size library, with modules which include cataloguing, circulation,
serials, acquisition, data bridge, easy search etc. In addition to enabling the library to create
multiple databases for cataloguing separate collections as earlier stated by Madu (2004),
GLAS conducts online file searches, and browses indices using Boolean logic. In circulation
GLAS supports check in, check out, hold, renewal and fine payments with a host of hopeful
features. Glas serials module include check in, routing, claiming, searching and file
management (Madu 2004).
The Micro Computer Documentation System Integrated Set of Information Systems
(Micro CDS/ISIS) is another software package used in Nigeria. The package was designed
by UNESCO to assist libraries. It was aimed at building and managing of structural and non-
numerical database. Eke (2004) noted that UNESCO developed the software in 1985 for
small special and corporate libraries as well as sections of large academic libraries. CDS/ISIS
xxxii
is a non-numerical bibliographic information storage and retrieval software package. It was
adopted by Del Bigio from the mainframe version developed in late 1960s. Oyinloye (2004)
reported that version 2.0 of CDS/ISIS, released in 1989 has addition of Pascal programming
that enables additional functions to be added to the basic package. Other versions were later
released like 2.3, 1.3 (1998) and 1.4 (2001).
According to Oyinloye (2004) Micro CDS/ISIS is a package that has been developed
for bibliographic information about documents such as books, journal articles and conference
proceedings. CDS/ISIS is self-programmed software which allows the librarian to program
the package to the library‟s specifications. The librarian can define all the parameters and
create all the needed files. CDS/ISIS operates in a multiple access environment and can be
operated as an integrated library automation system comprising all aspects of library
operation. CDS/ISIS is available in many languages including English and French. It has
features that allow it to function in multi-access environment.
The functions of Micro CDS/ISIS as reported by Spink (1992), Eyitayo (1996) and
Idahosa (2000) in separate studies include:
- Definition of new database based on needs
- Editing of database structure
- Handling of variable length records and sub-fields
- Printing of all or partial records
- Data entry component for entering and modifying data through user-created database
worksheet
- A powerful sorting and report generating facility for director, catalogue, indexes etc
xxxiii
- An integrated application, development programming language (CDS/ISIS), this allows
each user to tailor the system to specific needs and functions allowing te user to build
interrelationship between databases.
These factors coupled with its powerful search and indexing capability facilitates or
enhances the potentials of using the package in libraries (Akinyosoye, 2002). The software
requires a minimum of IBM PC with 512KB of RAM, floppy drive, and at least 10MB hard
disk to use. The package has bee made compatible with bibliographic standards like 1502709
and it is capable of supporting any MARC format. The only limitation is that some of the
data sub-fields required by these standards cold become a nuisance if implemented in full.
Version 2.3 has modules to perform different functions. However, the major function of the
KDL supported by the software was the creation, searching and selective printing of the
library‟s computerized bibliographic catalogue (Ajibola and Tiamiyu 2004).
According to Ayo(2003),Greenstone was designed specifically for documenting,
searching and browsing information. The software was produced by the New Zealand Digital
Library project at the University of Waikato, and distributed in co-operation with UNESCO
and the humanities library project. It is an open-source software available from the download
page under the tern of the GNN General Public License. GREENSTONE software is a suite
of software which has been developed primarily to serve digital library collections and build
new collections. It provides a new way of organizing information and publishing it on the
internet or on CD-ROM, DVD, or any other Digital format (Igwesi, 2006).
BASIS software was developed for storing and retrieving large volumes of textual
information such as corporate records, technical reports, patent information, policies and
xxxiv
procedures, manuscripts, correspondence, reference works, depositions, technical bulletins,
bibliographies, newspaper articles,etc(Dyer, 1990).
According to Adedigba and Ezomo (2003), MINISIS is a dynamic toolkit which can
aid any organization in satisfying its text-based information management requirements. The
MINISIS software offers a suite of functionality which includes:
- Multilingual user interface and data processing
- Full screen data entry, batch modification and data validation
- Extensive and powerful retrieval, including thesaurus-based searching
- Powerful report writer
- Multi-platform, multi-user operation
- Exchange of information using internationally recognized standards
- Flexible relational database structure definition and maintenance
- Comprehensive customizable on-line context-sensitive help
- World-wide distribution and support network
- Products and application development environment
TINLIB
TINLIB (The Information Navigator Library Management Software is an application
of the TINMAN relational database management system that was developed by Information
Management and Engineering Limited (IME) London. Ogunrombi and Oladokun (1991,
Nwachukwu (1998), Oyinloye (2004), Adedigba and Ezomo (2003), and many other authors
have given an overview of TINLIB. Tinlib is popular library software in Nigeria. Many
academic and special libraries have used this particular software to carry out their operations.
xxxv
Some have discarded it for other ones while some are still using it. TINLIB was already
being used at the Nigerian Institute of International Affaires (NIIA) library and the
University of Ibadan (Adedigba and Ezomo, 2003).
TINLIB is majorly menu-driven with extensive use of function keys to invoke
particular tasks, such as, to „insert‟ new data or to „validate‟ data in a field. An outstanding
feature of the system is the ability to „window‟ portions of specific and to copy data from the
window into the text of the record (Ogunrobi and Oladokun, 1991).
According to Oyinloye (2004), the Tinlib databases have the following main
modules:
- Catalogue and retrieval
- Circulation control
- Acquisitions
- Serials management
- Inter-Library Loans
- Data formatting and transfer
- Report generator
There is the relational database, at the heart of the Tinlib system called TINMAN.
Below is the Tinlib directory structure and also the schematic diagram of the system
configuration:
TINLIB Directory Structure
TINMAN
xxxvi
TINLIB SYSTEM OLDSYS
TINGEN
1. TINMAN directory contains files which make the database run up. These are called:
TINLIB.BAT and TINLIB.RUN.
2. TINLIB sub directory contains the database and data dictionary files which have the
prefix FIX 1050. Data dictionary files are those from 001-015 (they contain the information
about the structure of TINLIB, such as messages, templates, etc), and database files are from
016 onwards.
3. SYSTEM subdirectory contains the task files that run TINLIB. They have extensions
BIN, NET, COM AND EXE.
4. OLDSYS subdirectory contains the previous generation of task files
5. TINGEN subdirectory contains the file for the IME Report Generator program.
As stated by Rowley (1993), the following are the characteristics of TINLIB software:
a. Application software is written in the fourth generation programming language
b. TINLIB runs under both UNIX and DOS with a simple transition path from one to the
other. It also operates on all standard LAN and network environments.
c. The underlying structure of TINLIB leads to thorough integration of modules. For
example, in the middle of a catalogue search it is possible to access the circulation module
and complete a circulation transaction. All TINLIB modules have a common operating
methodology so that once a module is mastered; the other modules are easy to use.
xxxvii
Nwachukwu (1998) pointed out that TINLIB supports the online public access
catalogue (OPAC) which can be likened to the traditional library card catalogue. The
TINLIB OPAC allows for easy navigation through the database by simply pointing the
selection arrow at an item of information which, on pressing the carriage return, is instantly
displayed (Adeniyi, 2000).
As noted by Igwesi (2006), X-LIB is indigenous library management software
packaged by the Raw Material Research and Development Council, Abuja, in collaboration
with Master Line Automation System, Lagos. This software is local software developed by a
team of experts with several years of experience in library management and software
development in Nigeria.
X-LIB software packages have the capability of capturing graphical and audio
information about each book such as the photograph of the author, the book cover design
and/or recording the abstracting by reading it into the system through a microphone.
Ugoji (2005) pointed out some criteria for selecting software for cataloguing which
includes the following:
- Needs assessment
- Credibility of the manufacturers
- Availability of local technical support
- Availability of user manuals and documentation
- Frequency of upgrading
- Ease of availability locally
- User interface
- Systems analysis
xxxviii
- Flexibility
- integration
From the information gathered from X-LIB Library Automation System manual (nd.)
distributed in West Africa by Beram, X- lib was developed by a team of experts with several
years of varied experience in library management and software development. According to
Adedeji (2004), X-LIB is a Windows-based package which is a product of a local effort.
Oyinloye (2004) added that the software, though relatively new in the market, is becoming
popular, particularly among the polytechnic libraries. X-LIB is amenable to configuration of
library management. Some of the provisions of X-LIB as stated by Oyinloye (2004) include:
i Amount Number Specification
ii Borrower Classification
iii Charge on loan
iv Frequencies
v Library branches
vi Loan duration
vii Overdue charges
viii Request privilege groups
ix Suppliers
There is an indication that the X-LIB has all the activities of the library operations
incorporated. Some of its features as described by Adogbeji and Adomi (2005) include:
Modularity – the X-LIB is designed in modular form. It is menu-driven with about four
modules.
Report-generating facilities - the X-LIB has this feature for generating report.
xxxix
Online public access – this is the enquiry aspect of the software.
Security – library software has some measures of security to guide against unauthorized
users. The X-LIB has such facilities such that only persons defined or granted the right to
access certain module can do that alone.
Flexibility – the X-LIB software is flexible because of the menu-driven nature of it. The
various modules are designed to meet the activities of each of the divisions of the library.
Fig. 2a shows the Access Screen of X-LIB software. It is the X-LIB Login Dialog
Box.
Fig. 2a (X-LIB Login Dialog Box)
Fig. 2b displays the X-LIB Main Menu and the options it provides:
xl
Fig. 2b (Main Menu)
The Modules
The under mentioned are the various modules of the X-LIB library software:
A. Acquisitions Module
In this module, there are four sub-modules viz:
Requests
Selection
Orders
Arrivals
Fig. 2c features the acquisition module:
Fig. 2c (Acquisition Module)
xli
Requests: This option enables you to enter information on publication you wish the library
management to acquire. The publication class-books, periodicals or articles need to be
specified. Selection: From the list of requests, selections are made.
Orders: The orders screen provides access to all selected publications.
Arrivals: The arrival button enables you to keep track of publications when they arrive.
B. Cataloguing Module
The catalogue module provides four options (fig2d):
(i) Books
(ii) Periodicals – titles
(iii) Periodicals - issues
(iv) Articles
Fig. 2d (Catalogue Module)
The periodical – titles button is used to register the periodicals at the initial stage – i.e.
at first subscription; while the periodicals – issues button is used to register every issue of the
periodicals received.
xlii
C. Circulation Module
These sub-modules are featured under the circulation modules as follows (Fig. 2e)
- Library user registration
- Loans user registration
- Financial
- Library user registration
- Loans
Fig. 2e (Circulation Module)
D. Enquires / Reports Module
This enables the user to search for information on publication as catalogued. It also
enables the retrieved of information on publication, on clientele, and on acquisition. The
results are displayed on the screen or sent to the printer.
The enquiries are grouped into three (Fig. 2f)
Enquiries - Catalogue
Enquires - Circulation
Enquiries – Acquisition
xliii
Fig. 2f (Enquiries)
LIB+ (Lib+) Library Management System was developed by a team of experts with
several years of experience in library operations. Lib+ offers the following main modules:
Acquisition
Catalogue
Circulation
Enquiries/reports
Speed search
Virtual library
Web services (optional)
Patronage.
The main switchboard of LIB+ is represented in Fig.2g.
xliv
Fig. 2g (Lib+ Main Switchboard)
1. Enquiries/Reports
The following modules are provided under Enquires/Reports:
Enquiries – Catalogue
Enquiries – Circulation
Enquiries – Acquisition
Enquiries – Patronage
Enquiries – Member Status
Generate Report Cover
(See Fig. 2h)
xlv
Fig. 2h (Enquiries)
2. Acquisition: This is for making requests, selecting materials, ordering materials
and for registering materials on arrival. This module (fig.2g and fig. 2h) enables all
users of the system to make requests for publications of interest to be acquired by
the library management. The selection sub-module presents all the requests to the
acquisition officer. He can thereafter select the publications to be ordered by the
library. There are other sub-modules of the acquisition as represented in fig. 2i.
Fig. 2i (Acquisition module)
xlvi
Fig. 2j (Orders-books)
3. Cataloguing: This module enables the cataloguer to document vital information on
publications in the library. The documented information can later be used for
retrieval. For instance, if the subject group of a publication is documented , one can
later retrieve that publication by typing in the subject group at the enquiries module.
The catalogue module provides four options: books, periodicals-Titles,
periodicals/Issues, Articles. See fig. 2k.
Fig.2k (Catalogue Module)
xlvii
4. Circulation: The sub-modules featured under the Circulation module are:
membership, print ID cards, loans and Financial. (Fig. 2l).Membership provides
options to add new record, modify old record, or delete record.
Fig. 2l (Circulation Module)
5. Patronage: By the help of this module, users of the library and they resources they
use, are documented. (Fig. 2m).
Fig. 2m (Library Patronage)
6. Paper Cutting and Electronic Files: This enables the user to read documents
(including Newspaper cuttings) on-line in the industry-standard Portable Document
Format (PDF). (Fig.2n).
xlviii
Fig. 2n (Paper Cutting and Electronic files)
7. Multimedia Library: This enables user to document, retrieve, and play audio and
video clips. (Fig. 2o).
Fig. 2o (Multimedia Library)
8. Backup: This option provides the options shown in Fig.2p. The back up data only
enables you backup all tables containing information a subdirectory in the directory
/LIB+ bkup/DataBKUP.
xlix
Fig. 2p (Backup)
9. System Administration: The System Administration button on the main
switchboard leads to Fig.2q.
Fig. 2q (System Administration)
10. Miscellaneous Options: This module (fig. 2r) accommodates other options that
cannot be grouped under any of the other modules.
l
Fig. 2r (Miscellaneous options)
Some studies have been carried out on the selection parameters for library-oriented
software packages in libraries. Obviously, before any product is purchased, there has to be
some criteria for purchasing such a product. It is out of many software that one must be
purchased, or even more. Thus, selection parameters have to be considered here as not every
software would be used in a particular library for the purposes meant
As noted by Adogbeji (2004), “almost forty years now when Nigeria University and
Special Libraries have embarked on automation, there are still challenges in software
selection and acquisition. The world is growing in a geometric progression in the area of the
applicator of Information and communication technology, even Nigeria but there are still
some challenges in the University and special libraries in regards to software selection and
acquisition. It is obvious as noted by other scholars that software selection decision in the
libraries is basically based on the report from others through conference on what they feel
and heard that the software could offer. There has not been thorough system analysis to
ascertain what is needed in library software before its selection and acquisition in some
Nigeria University and Special Libraries”.
li
Software selection is an area where so many academic and special libraries are failing
probably because it is requires much expertise in the area of software development.
According to Tiamiyu (2000),
libraries in most developing countries have low or lack the knowledge
and or experience in automation…the greatest obstacles to library
automation is the scarcity of internal library manpower with the
requisite computer knowledge and experience to plan, analyze,
evaluate and implement/operate an automated library system. As a
result the libraries depend solely on vendors of computer systems for
both the hardware and the software selection (p.63)
Howden (2000) pointed out that if the software does not come with a tutorial, it
should be considered for purchase. He went further to state that “less capable software can‟t
grow with you. If cost is crucial, consider a mixed strategy of having a few copies of full-
function software and many copies of a less expensive software or an older version that can
share files with the full-function version. You can then upgrade the less desirable package as
your budget permits, but the staff can find a copy of the best software if they need a specific
function or need to transfer a file to an outside agency in a newer format”.
Howden (2000) listed some of the steps in purchasing software as follows:
- Checking of product reviews to compare specifications and prices
- Discussing software with those who use or train in the software.
- Being careful to note obvious biases and probe enough to know if they are
substantiated by actual software behavior.
- Looking at the software yourself. There is no substitute for spending time with the
software, checking it out. At the very lease, choose a few basic formatting features
and a few advanced features and try them out in each competing software.
lii
- Checklisting the features needed to do the tasks you have in mind, perhaps
using the detailed charts provided in reviews so that you can be sure that
functions that you need are present.
Today, efforts have been made in the area of computerization in academic and special
libraries in Nigeria, in view of different software and problems. The most important decision
in automation is the hardware and the software to be adopted (Oyinloye, 2004). It is often
suggested that an automation process should start with acquisition of software. According to
Cibbarelli:
the rule of the thumb for automation used to be to select the
software first, then hardware selection would be narrowed to
these computers on which the software could operate. It must
be noted that the greatest computers in the world is of little
value if the software you need to run your library is not
available. Libraries as a whole have overcome software
problem to the extent that the problem is that of choice
(Cibbarelli, 1996).
Certain software packages were tried as Nigerian research and academic libraries
began to computerize their library operations. The study of Adogbeji‟s (2004) revealed that
Petroleum Training Institute used GLAS (Graphical Library Automation System), followed
by X-LIB software, and while the Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library of Obafemi Awolowo
University has used TINLIB and the Kwara State Library Board was using X-LIB. The
Kenneth Dike Library of the University of Ibadan, which had already gone beyond the initial
stages of TINLIB installation, was given an updated version of TINLIB capable of driving 20
workstations in a network (Ogunleye, 1997). It installed the TINLIB library software.
Adeniran (1992) reported the use of TINLIB modules for reference service, the catalogue
production and the on-line catalogue at the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Lagos.
liii
Adogbeji and Adeniran (2005) reported that in automating library operations at the
Delta State University, the X-LIB library software was approved and installed out of the two
library software specifications that were submitted. He further contributed that the features of
X-LIB and that of GLAS were analyzed and that the decision for the X-LIB was basically on
the features it has that meet up with library operations, coupled with the fact that if cost less
than GLAS and has its developers/maintenance agents here in Nigeria. Idowu and
Mabawonku (1999) gave an instance of the University of Ilorin library automation procedure
which commenced in 1980. A further statement on the automation Ilorin library reveals that:
the initial approach to computerization was to develop a
customized program for library operations with the…Later, the
NUC supplied the library with a 4-LAN TINLIB version.
Presently, the modules have been installed. Full
computerization of the library is under way (Idowu and
Mabawonku, 1999).
The Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomosho uses
TINLIB software. Other University libraries that use the TINLIB software are University of
Agriculture, Abeokuta, Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Bayero University, Kano, etc.
This is as at 1999. University of Nigeria, Nsukka migrated from TINLIB to X-LIB which
came to limelight in 1996, but presently using LIB+ for its library operations.
At the beginning of the 21st century, when Kashim Ibrahim library was preparing to
truly actualize the computerization of its records under a new leadership, it was faced with
the choice of one among three library management software: (i) a software developed within
Nigeria-X-LIB (ii) a UNESCO open-source software, CDS/ISIS and (iii) a proprietary
software, Alice for windows (AFW) (Bozimo, 2006).
liv
One of the most challenging tasks in life is making choices. This was supported by
Bozimo (2006) who noted that:
At the beginning of the 21st century, when Kashim Ibrahim
Library was preparing to truly actualize the computerization
of its records under a new leadership, it was faced with the
choice of one among three library management software: (i) a
software developed within Nigeria: X-LIB; (ii) a Unesco
open-source software, CDS/ISIS and (iii) a proprietary
software, Alice for Windows (AFW). X-LIB is an integrated,
ease-to-use library management software, developed at the
Raw Materials Research and Development Centre in Abuja,
the capital of Nigeria. Although the Centre adopted an
aggressive marketing strategy to encourage its adoption by
several libraries, only two university libraries, to the
knowledge of the investigator, adopted software (p.4)
Automation librarians and library systems analysts are now faced with the same
challenging task of selecting a library software system wide variety. In the process of
choosing the right system, a number of factors may play influential roles which may
determine the choice of preference of one system to another (Chisenga, 1996). Nwalo (1999)
added that one of the important decisions to be made by any library in the process of
automation is the choice of software.
This led Ogunrobi and Oladokun (1992) to state that:
…but the task of choosing software package for a library is often
difficult. The package must be sufficiently powerful and versatile
to cope with all library processes, be user-friendly and at the
same time, fit within both the overall objective of the parent
institution and the budget for software and hardware. It was the
process of searching for the desired software that the Ladoke
Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) sent two
librarians and a computer specialist to the seminar on Library
Automation and Records Management in the 90‟s organized by
BUSICON Nigeria Limited, the Marketing arm of IME
(manufacturers of TINlib) in Nigeria. This seminar took place in
Lagos between 4th
and 6th
March, 1991(p.2)
lv
Research findings by Chisenga (1996), Rowley (1994, 1998), Oketunji (2003) have it
that it is preferable to use a well-tested package that is established in a market place, where
several applications similar to that being considered are available for examination. It is taken
that such a package is less likely to have bugs and should have adequate support. Other
people‟s experiences are of paramount importance in indicating the potential and problems of
a software package for example, if particular software has failed two or more libraries, such
software may not be considered for purchase by any other library that wants to buy software.
Cost is a primary consideration in the purchase of any software package. It is crystal
clear that more expensive packages offer a wider range of features and facilities, but the
application under consideration may only merit a more limited expenditure.
The reputation of the systems house responsible for writing a software package is
important to consider. In accessing a new package, experience with other package from the
same originator may be useful.
The history of the supplier in the market, their background and experience of their staff,
particularly in library systems, can give some indication of the quality of the product to
expect. If the supplier is a dedicated one, that is, dealing in library systems only, a library
should expect a better product and services (Akanbi, 1995).
Only vendors that permit a preview of the packages or those that are ready to give a
demonstration should be patronized. Catalogues do not offer preview, therefore such options
of ordering through catalogue should be avoided. User-friendly software should also be
preferred.
lvi
The languages in which the software is written may be a high-level language or
assembler, or often a combination of both. It is important that the language used permits the
application to be run efficiently (in terms of machine time and storage requirements).
Lawani, Azuibuike and Ibekwe (1992) have articulated the consideration necessary
for a successful automation of libraries to include:
Producer/vendor reputation and reliability based on the
performance of previous installations, software functional
flexibility and expansively; indexing and searching
capability; interactiveness of input and output inter-faces;
system security provision; good system documentation and
manuals; cost; scope of customers trainings; and possibility
of system upgrading (p.4)
In the words of Adedigba and Ezomo (2003), given the past experience of The
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), the staff formulated some broad
software selection criteria. These are (i) ability to accommodate smooth conversion of the
existing database with of over 107, 000 records; (ii) user-friendliness, like BASIS; (iii)
residence on a network of micro-computers; (iv) flexibility for staff to perform in-house
changes without having to depend on specialized technical support; (vi) reasonably low
purchase price and maintenance costs.
According to Komoski (1995), there are seven processes for responsible software
selection:
- Analyzing needs, including the differentiation between needs and objectives. In this
case, there is need to analyze what is expected in a software which must be in line
with the library objectives. This is an area that many libraries in Nigeria do not take
time to delve into.
lvii
- Specification of requirement: This implies that the specification of the requirements
for the software must be specified by the library concerned especially before or at the
time of software development.
- Identifying promising software: The library must be able to identify the promising
library software, which must be able to address the various library operations
especially the catalogue, acquisition, circulation and report generating etc.
- Reading relevant review. The intending library that wants to buy the software must
read other relevant literatures and act on the usage by knowing more from the
libraries that have used them, especially the area of prospect and difficulties.
- Previewing the software with intended user group. Any library that wants to select a
software must involve the intending user group, as the users will be acquainted with
the difficulties and how flexible the software is, thereby making useful suggestions
for the improvement of the software.
- Making recommendations on software purchasing: After the previewing of the
software, recommendations can be made for its purchase when the software has been
test run and thoroughly evaluated to meet with the library needs and objectives. The
things needed to be searched for are:
The selector of the software must be able to select the most desirable software
after a systematic evaluation of all alternatives in terms of the library/ the
Institution objectives.
lviii
The selector must also be able to establish a method of rating each alternative
against the selection criterion.
Getting post-use feedback: This is the stage whereby one needs to determine the
compliance or discrepancy between the library objectives and the actual user
performance. The post-user feedback can be significant to a library‟s systematic
process of software selection, purchase and use.
Problems affecting effective utilization of software packages in libraries
Some problems have been noted to hamper the effective utilization of software
packages in libraries. Some of such problems are:
- Complexity of the Software: It is not all software that is easy to master. In such
situations, it could take a long time to study such software, especially without the
assistance of the software developer. This poses a great hinderance to the
effective utilization of such software as the users could make mistakes along the
line while trying to do some applications. Adeniyi (2000) noted that CDS/ISIS
can only be used on a single user system. In other words it does not allow two
people to use it at the same time.
- Erratic power supply: Lack of steady light can seriously affect the utilization of
software. Erratic power supply has been a problem in Nigerian academic and
special libraries. This is can cause serious breakdown of some expensive
machineries. It can also cause crashing of huge databases.
- Lack of staff training: Some libraries purchase software without arranging for the
training of the staff that will be involved in the use of the software by the software
lix
developer. Sometimes, the software developers do not go to the libraries, instead
they send some support staff that will aid them in installing the software in such
libraries. Consequently, the library staff ends up by just studying the manual,
thinking they can operate the software by themselves.
- Inadequate Design of the Software: Some features/modules of the software may
not work properly. This is a big problem.
- Virus Attack: Most times, virus attacks the software. In such situations, the
system may be hanging, or some modules in the software may not work properly.
- Inadequate Software Maintenance: Software maintenance is often neglected by
libraries. This is done by correcting some errors that occur in the software.
- Wrong Choice of software
In his study carried on the use of Micro CDS/ISIS in parkistan, Mahmood (1998)
listed the problems in the utilization of CDS/ISIS as:
- Installation errors
- System hangs
- Abnormal termination
- Data corrupted
- Inverted file removed
- Errors in invented file generation
- Incorrect search results
- Errors in printing/sorting
- Backup errors
lx
- Errors in import/export
Adogbeji (2005) listed some constraints to library automation in Delta State
University, Nigeria as: (i) epileptic power supply (ii)Fear of retrospective conversion of data.
Retrospective conversion is the entering of the old library into the systems. It is a tedious
job.(iii) Finance (iv) Network problem (v) Crashing of systems (vi) Inaccessibility of some of
the workstations to the server (vii)Manpower problem (viii) Maintenance (ix) Working
environment (x) Staff fear of the use of computer. Ogunleye (1997) outlined such problems
as: (i) Absence of Systems Analysis Study (ii) Funding (iii) Personnel (iv) Power supply (v)
Equipment Maintenance.
In a study carried out by Okentunji (2000), he enumerated some general problems
facing the effective utilization of technologies in libraries as follows:
- A large exploitative local computer market and unsatisfactory after sales
maintenance and support
- An inadequate pool of relevant technical staff and problems of recruitment and
retention
- The potential of library staff resistance to the introduction of computer technology
- The potential of users resistance and failure to adapt to use of on-line information
- The database conversion problems
- Frequent changes in technology.
A number of factors militate against software selection in academic and special
libraries such as:
lxi
- Lack of proper insight on the software capabilities: Some libraries may decide to
procure a software that they have little understanding on the features. They may just
read about the software online or the manual and decide to purchase the software.
- Unreliability of the vendor: The vendors are always trusted in the issue of software
procurement. Software vendors are viewed as agencies that come in between the
software manufacturer and the software consumer. Their main role is to supply
consumers with software that meet their needs, and to offer support and maintenance
services. The software consumers (libraries) may trust the vendor involved in the
software purchase instead of trying the software out themselves.
- Lack of fund: A library may decide to choose particular software against their wish
because it is cheap.
- Involvement of wrong staff in making the choice: In choosing software for any
institution, the computer analyst of programmer should be involved. This is because
they have a better insight and experience with software applications. This led
Howden (2000) to advise that:
Purchasing applications actually entails purchasing software
for two different groups of staff members. People who have
been using computers for a number of years have strong
preferences for software. Rather than go through a campaign
to maintain software purity, let me suggest a more
constructive approach to keeping harmony in the family. Let
professional staff and senior para-professionals choose the
software they want to use (p.32).
Howden (2000) went further to state that choosing software for the library may be
affected by a variety of considerations that are imposed by the environment, and
lxii
particularly by the parent agency. Among the considerations that may affect the library are
the following:
- Budget: If you have a flexible budget, you may be able to buy anything you deem
worthwhile. Librarians that have a lot of discretion can often purchase unique
software with justification.
- Standards: Where the parent agency has decided upon standard software, you have
to decide if standard software will do the job or whether it is worth extra effort to
justify purchasing something else.
- Compatibility
- User preference: Some users may have a strong affinity for one software or a real
distaste for another.
Strategies for improving the use of library-oriented software packages
In order to enhance the use of library-oriented software packages, the under
mentioned points should be noted:
- Proper Staff Training: When the library staff is trained on the use of the software, the
use will be maximized.
- Purchase of adequate software: This is when the software serves all the needs of the
library.
- Sorting of Network problem: When network problems are handled, there will be no
crashing of systems.
lxiii
- Working environment: Computers are always placed in an air-conditioned room. Hot
environment can affect the systems and the people operating the systems. In such
situations, the systems will break down, thereby affecting the use of the software.
- Software Design: Adequately designed software, when purchased will improve upon
the use of such software in libraries.
- Provision of software manual (Adedigba and Ezomo, 2003).
- Occasssional maintenance of the systems: Quarantined systems work better, thereby
preserving the records in the library database.
- Release of Funds: Funds should be released by government to libraries for the
purchase of inadequate software.
Review of Empirical Studies
This subsection is concerned with the review of relevant empirical findings on the
topic of this research. A number of studies have been conducted on computer technologies
application in libraries in Africa, especially Nigeria. Among such studies is the one by
Oduwole (2005). In this study on information technology applications to cataloguing in
Nigerian university libraries, the researcher used a four-part questionnaire to seek
information on the state of automation in 33 university libraries, the types of software they
use in library automation, increased retrieval of information by users using the OPAC,
problems associated with automation of the library and comments on ways of improving the
use of library automation differed widely among the libraries studied.
The findings of this study indicated that both Lagos State University (LASU) and
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, have automated their libraries,
though they are state-owned. This finding is in line with the findings of Ogunleye (1997),
lxiv
and Idowu and Mabawonku (1999). They reported that each federal university was given
computers by the National Universities Commission (NUC) in 1991, under the NUC/World
Bank Credit facility agreement to automate their libraries. It was observed also, that the
problems associated with the use of information technology in Nigerian University libraries
are: cost of maintenance of the library software package, lack of computer education,
incessant power, etc. The researcher therefore, opined that there is need for the acquisition of
CD-ROM databases for use in the cataloguing sections, that X-LIB software package be
considered for adoption by less endowed university and college libraries because it is
developed locally and cheap; that there is need to train and retrain librarians in the use of
computer software.
In his survey study on the use of Micro CDS/ISIS in Parkistan, Mahmood(1998)
found out that CDS/ISIS is mostly being used in academic and special libraries. The ratio of
academic libraries is 45% while special libraries (42.5%) are at the second position in the
rank order. Other users include information centres (7.5%), one public library and one
training centre. Regarding the utilization of CDS/ISIS, the study revealed that 80% of users
use CDS/ISIS to provide cataloguing services in their libraries. The second largest use of
CDS/ISIS is in the field of journal articles indexing. Directory of library members is the third
most are of CDS/ISIS use which is in 9 (22.5%) institutions. Other examples of CDS/ISIS
use include acquisition, circulation, serials control, abstracting, selective dissemination of
information (SDI), stock verification, mailing lists, list of courses offered by the instituti8on,
and teaching librarians and library and information science. Averagely 75% users mentioned
the problems they faced in using CDS/ISIS software. 48.3% users faced this problem rarely.
Sometimes during working the system hangs. 53.3% users are suffering from this problem
lxv
rarely. Abnormal termination of the package is rarely faced by 51.7% users. Data corruption
is another problem which is frequently faced by 12.9% users and rarely by 29%. Due to
unknown reasons inverted file occasionally removed. This problem is rarely faced by 41.4%
users. There are errors in inverted file generation. 48.3% users face this problem rarely.
41.4% users mentioned the problems in search results.
On his own part, Nnadozie (2008) carried out a study on current trends in ICT
availability and use in government-owned university libraries in south eastern Nigeria. The
objectives of the study were to ascertain the current status of ICT availability, density and
application in government-sponsored university libraries in south eastern zone of Nigeria. the
purposive sampling technique was adopted in the selection of respondent institutions. To
elicit the necessary date, a questionnaire was distributed to each of the nine (9) federal and
state government-owned universities within the region of Nigeria under focus out of which
there were 8 responses (88.9%). Analysis of the completed copies of the research instrument
showed a sporadic presence of ICT facilities with personal computer (PC), GSM,
photocopier, and CD-ROM as the most visible. Library software packages were almost non-
existent as CDS/ISIS had the highest frequency of 2(or 25%) in the entire region.
In a yet related study, Adeniran (1992) dwelt on the use of microcomputers in
Nigerian libraries and information centres. This study provides information on
microcomputer resources scalar and reveals some of the uses in Nigerian libraries. Data
collection was by structured questionnaire and follow-up interview. The results revealed that
on the average, one out of every two libraries has a microcomputer in Nigeria.
Recommendations emanating from the study include: academic libraries need not wait until
they acquire minis or mainframe computers before they computerize, etc.
lxvi
On the same plane, Adeniran (1998) carried out a study to explore library-oriented
software packages used in the southern African sub-region. The aim of the study was to
provide valuable data for libraries in Africa that may want to select library software for use.
Secondly, the purpose of the study was to enhance effective computer application to African
libraries. Seen hundred copies of questionnaire were sent out in November 1994 to most
libraries involved in the regional interlending scheme in Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique,
Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. The study revealed that 72% of all the
libraries are automated, and identified 29 off-the-shelf library packages as being used in 112
sides in the region. These specialized packages make up 93% of software sides in the region
with magic plus taking the lead with 25% of such sites. Other software I a ranked order are
Erudite (13%), Urica (7.4%), Biblios (7.4%), Micro CDS/ISIS (7.4%), SLS Pus (6.5%), and
Stylis (4.6%). In this study, if could be observed that libraries do not use in-house prepared
library-oriented software. This in turn, indicts libraries on lack of programming skills and
competencies.
On the other hand, Chisenga (1996) studied factors influencing the choice of library
software in the SADC-PTA Region. He noted that library computerization in Sub-Saharan
Africa is gaining ground; that a number of private and academic institutions have introduced
computers in their libraries. Data for the study was collected using a survey questionnaire
which was administered to university libraries in English speaking countries of the SADC-
PTA region.
The findings revealed that two libraries had not yet computerized any of their
functions; therefore the results presented were based on 18 cases, out of 20, representing 72%
of the total questionnaires which were distributed. Data was coded and frequency tables
lxvii
produced using SPSS/PC+ software. Only 16.7% libraries indicated that they had
computerized all the library functions. The rest (83.3%) had partially computerized their
libraries. It was observed also from the study, that many factors influence the choice of
library software such as: vendor support (50%) cost of software (47.1%), modularity
(38.9%), user-friendliness (33.3%) and user acceptance (33.3%). Other factors mentioned
included meeting requirements (27.8%), good back up (11.2%), good response time (11.2%)
and good interface facilities (11.2%).
Adogbeji (2004) studied software selection and acquisition in Nigerian university and
special libraries: the way forward. The researcher used questionnaire to gather data from
seven automated university and special libraries in three geo-political zones of Nigeria.
These include South-South, South-West, and North-North. The study reveals that the
Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan has used the CDS/ISIS and TINLIB software,
Human Rights Commission library has used CDS/ISIS, TINLIB and currently using X-LIB.
Similarly, the Petroleum Training Institute has used GLAS and now using X-LIB software
while the Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library, Obafemi Awolowo University has used TINLIB
and the Kwara State Library board is using X-LIB. The University of Ilorin library used
TINLIB before a change to ALICE software.
The study reveals vividly, that out of the seven libraries considered, three based their
decisions of software selection and acquisition on the management decision of imposing the
software on them. Four of such libraries based their decision on what is heard about the
software during conference, workshop or seminar while none of the libraries based her
decision on systems analysis.
lxviii
The researcher opined that for a library or any organization to have the best output in
software to be used, there must be thorough systems analysis of what is need before selecting
the software in question as this will be able to reduce the limitations that may come up within
a short time, thereby creating room for future expansion even before the purchase of the said
software.
In his study on „the impediments to utilization of the TINLIB software in Nigerian
university libraries: a survey‟, Nwachukwu (2008) identified the factors that impede the
effective of the TINLIB software by Nigerian university libraries and proffered solutions.
Specifically, the research using the survey method was determined to study: the perceived
problems militating against the effective utilization of the TINLIB software in Nigerian
university libraries; ascertaining the training and retraining programmes available to
librarians using the software; determining the extent to which librarians in Nigerian
university libraries effectively utilize the software and to offer suggestions on ways of
promoting the effective use of the software. A total of 110 librarians and computer operators
were selected from the Northern and Southern zones of Nigerian universities to get up-to-
date and relevant information needed for the study. The data collected was analyzed using
the simple percentages and mean (X) statistics to determine the level of acceptability or
disagreement of the items in question.
The findings of the study revealed that: librarians and computer operators lack
qualified and enhanced training and retraining programmes in order to effectively be in line
with their roles, functions, and expectations in using the TINLIB software; library schools in
Nigeria are not effective in giving functional skill to their graduates on computer applications
especially the aspect of library software utilization; there is poor provisions made for the
lxix
financial requirements of the computerization process in Nigerian university libraries; there
is also the influence of the skeptical and conservative disposition of some library workers as
it concerns the perceived job displacement by computers aided by library like the TINLIB;
there is death of support facilities to computerization like efficient power supply, air satellites
and networks. It was recommended in the study that there should be enough provisions for
library worker‟s training and retraining programmes I order to equip them with up-to-date,
effective and efficient enhancements for TINLIB utilization in Nigerian university libraries;
priority attention should be given to funding and the development of the computerization
process than other library needs.
Igwesi (2006) carried a study on „Software procurement practices in Nigerian
Academic Libraries in Enugu and Jos‟. The specific purpose of the study was aimed at:
finding out the various software packages available for library use; finding out the criteria
libraries use in selecting library-oriented software; ascertaining the methods used by
academic libraries in Nigeria in acquiring their software; finding out the facilities offered by
software packages in libraries; inquiring into the factors militating against software
procurement practices in academic libraries in Nigeria; and offering suggestions on the best
method(s) of software procurement in academic libraries in Nigeria. The design of the study
was descriptive survey on the procurement practices of software among academic libraries in
Nigeria. The study was carried out in two academic libraries in Nigeria. The sample of the
research was University of Nigeria, Nsukka library and University of Jos library, Jos. The
findings of the study revealed that TINLIB and X-LIB were the software employed in the
libraries studied; the university librarian is the library staff involved in software selection;
most library software packages were procured through pre-written off-the-shelf software
lxx
packages, acquiring a Turnkey package and participating in a co-operative venture that offers
access to software packages.
Summary of Literature Review
It has been observed that considerable literature exists on library automation.
However, most of this literature has been concerned with ICT and library digitization, with
little focus on library software, or the application issues associated with computers in
Nigerian libraries. Very few authors wrote on X-LIB, and information on LIB+, could be
obtained only from the LIB+ software manual. In making a summary of the literature review,
the following conclusions can be drawn: most of the literature reviewed focused of ICT in
libraries. Some studies dealt specifically with automation of Nigerian libraries, making
reference to the various software in use in such libraries. These pertain to the different kinds
of software used in Nigerian libraries, such as CDS/ISIS, TINLIB, GLAS, and X-LIB.
It must be pointed out however that even Nigerian works consulted on computer
applications in libraries generally have nothing written on LIB+. This is a very serious gap in
the literature of the subject, more so since it is a topic that is capable of extending the
frontiers of librarianship in the country.
Thus, the review pointed out many variables, especially for software choice and their
library application, which stand with each other to indicate the content and design of the two
instruments used in this study. In addition to the above, the review also suggested the
subjects to be used and the method of data analysis.
The review shows a dearth of literature on library software in Nigerian academic and
special libraries. It is pertinent that an investigation into the unique situation of software
lxxi
applications to library operations be made owing to the fact that the findings for the various
studies reviewed relate to university libraries more than to other academic libraries like
colleges of education and polytechnics or to special libraries.
Further researches need to be carried out in this regard. The information so generated
is expected to give useful insight into the extent of application, characteristics, potentials and
utilization of library software for effective library computerization in Nigerian academic and
special libraries. As a result of this, the present study becomes imperative.
lxxii
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter presents the research design of the study. It describes the area of the
study, the population, sample and sampling technique, instrument for data collection,
procedure for data collection and method of data analysis.
Research Design
The research design for this study was a casual-comparative research design. This
design was considered appropriate for the study because two variables were compared.
Area of Study
The area of the study was Nigeria. Here the emphasis was on the Nigerian academic
and special library environment.
Population of the Study
The population of the study comprised all academic and special libraries that use X-
LIB and LIB+ library software for library operations. According to figures derived from this
study, there exist a total of ten (10) academic libraries and fourteen (14) special libraries that
make use of X-LIB and LIB+ software, respectively. (See table 1.).Of these, one (1)
academic and three (3) special libraries use X-LIB, while eight (8) academic and eight (8)
special libraries use LIB+. A total of forty-six (46) respondents from academic libraries and
twenty seven (27) respondents from special libraries formed the population of the study,
making a total of seventy three (73) Librarians.
Table 1: Academic and Special Libraries and their Library Application Software
lxxiii
S/
n
Academic Library Package S/n Special Library Package
1 Federal College of Education
library, Obudu
LIB+ 1 Chief Rotimi William‟s
Chamber library, Lagos
X-LIB
2 Fed. College of Educ library,
Pankshin
LIB+ 2 Court of Appeal library, Abuja LIB+
3 Fed. Polytechnic library, Ado-
Ekiti
LIB+ 3 Federal High Court library,
Abuja
X-LIB
4 Fed. Polytechnic library, Ida X-LIB 4 Federal Min. of Water
Resources library, Abuja
LIB+
5 Kwara State Polytechnic library. LIB+ 5 Federal Min. of Environment
library, Abuja
LIB+
6 Moshood Abiola Polytechnic
library, Abeokuta
LIB+ 6 Inst. of Peace & Conflict
Resolution library, FCT
LIB+
7 Onabisi Onabanjo University
library, Agoiwoye
X-LIB 7 Law Reform Council library,
Abuja
X-LIB
8 Osun State College of Educ.
library, Ila-Orangun
LIB+ 8 Ministry of Defense library,
Abj.
LIB+
9 University of Nigeria, Nsukka
library.
LIB+ 9 Petroleum Training Institute
library, Effurun.
X-LIB
10 Yaba College of Technology
library.
X-LIB 10 Policy Analysis and Research
Project library.
LIB+
11 Raw Materials Research &
Dev. Council library, Abuja.
X-LIB
12 Standard Org. of Nigeria
library, Lagos
X-LIB
13 National Centre for Women
Dev. library, Abuja
LIB+
14. National Communications
Commission library, Abuja.
LIB+
Sample and Sampling Technique
All the academic and special libraries that use X-LIB and LIB+ software were
sampled for this study. Purposive sampling technique was used to make the selection. The
academic and special libraries purposively selected are represented in table 2.
Table 2: Tabular representation of the study sample
S/n Academic Library No. of S/n Special Library No. of
lxxiv
Librarians Librarians
1 Federal College of Education library,
Obudu
5 1 Chief Rotimi William‟s Chamber library,
Lagos
1
2 Fed. College of Educ. library, Pankshin
6 2 Federal High Court library, Abuja 2
3 Fed. Polytechnic library, Ado-Ekiti 3 3 Federal Min. of Environment library,
Abuja
2
4 Fed. Polytechnic library, Ida 4 4 Inst. of Peace &Conflict Resolution library, FCT.
4
5 Kwara State Polytechnic library. 6 5 Law Reform Council library, Abuja. 3
6 Moshood Abiola Polytechnic library,
Abeokuta
3 6 Petroleum Training Institute library,
Effurun.
2
7 Osun State College of Education
library, Ila-Orangun
3 7 Policy Analysis and Research Project
library.
2
8 University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Library.
10 8 Raw Materials Research & Dev. Council
library, Abuja.
4
9 Yaba College of Technology library. 6 9 Standard Org. of Nigeria library, Lagos 2
10 National Centre for Women Development
library., Abuja
2
11 National Communications Commission library, Abuja.
3
Total 46 Total 27
Instrument for Data Collection
Data relevant to this study was collected using questionnaire. The questionnaire was
titled: Library Software Preference Questionnaire (LSPQ), for the purpose of this study.
The questionnaire was designed strictly by the researcher in line with the six (6) research
questions of the study. The questionnaire was divided into two parts, part one and two. Part
one was specifically designed to elicit relevant, background information about the
respondents, while part two dealt with questions raised from the research questions of the
study.
Each respondent was required to answer the questions by selecting appropriate
response(s) from the range of pre-scheduled answers. At some point, respondents were
required to provide appropriate answers by themselves or mark their choices.
lxxv
Validation of the Instrument
Face validity of the instrument was obtained through the judgment of experts in
Library and Information Science department, and professional librarians in University of
Nigeria, Nsukka. These experts were requested to validate the LSPQ items in terms of clarity
of instructions to the subjects, proper wording of the items, appropriateness and adequacy of
the items for the study, and relevance of the items to the purpose and research questions of
the study.
Method of data collection
Data for the study were collected by personal administration of instrument to
respondents, by the researcher and the aid of four research assistants and were collected back
immediately. This was to ensure high return rate of the questionnaire.
Method of Data Analysis
Research questions formed the basis of data analysis. In analyzing the data collected,
the researcher grouped the responses from the academic and special libraries differently. The
result was deduced by compiling percentages and frequencies. Means and Standard
Deviation was also used to answer the research questions for the study. The formula:
Mean X =
Where ∑ = “Sum of”
X= Score
F = Frequency
lxxvi
A four-point Likert –type scale was used to determine mean scores of respondents‟
perception of reasons for selecting library software, both previous and present. The values
assigned to the different scaling statements were as follows:
SA - Strongly Agree 4
A - Agree 3
D - Disagree 2
SD - Strongly Disagree 1
On a 4-point Lickert type scale, the cut-off point was obtained by adding the values in
the scale (1+2+3+4=10) and dividing by 4 to obtain a mean of 2.50 (10/4). Any item ranked
from 2.51 and above was regarded as positive while any one from 2.50 and below was
regarded as negative. The scores given to any item were computed by adding the values of
the ratings by the respondents. The means were computed from the sum of the value points
and divided by the number of the responses. The formula that was used in calculating the
means was X=∑x/n.
Where:
X = Mean
x = Value
n = number of responses
∑x = sum of values.
lxxvii
Hypothesis 1 was tested using t-test of independent means. The analysis was run on
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The results are presented in tables attached as
appendix B.
lxxviii
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter deals with the presentation of data collected. The data collected were
presented and analyzed using mean scores, percentages and frequencies. A total of 76 copies
of the questionnaire were distributed to the respondents and all were returned and found
useable. Data for each research question was analyzed in order to ease comprehension of
respondents‟ responses.
Research Question 1
What software package(s) have been used in the libraries?
The thrust of this research question was to find out the library software packages that
have been used in the selected academic and special libraries. Data in this respect were
collected using questionnaire item 2 of the (LSPQ) and the analyses are shown in table 3:
Table 3: Software Packages Previously Used in Libraries
Academic Libraries Special Libraries
S/N Responses Given F % F % Total
i Bibliophile - - - - -
ii TINLIB 7 15.2% 9 33.3% 16
iii ALICE 3 6.5% - - 3
iv X-LIB 32 69.5% 15 55.5% 47
v GLAS - - - - -
vi CDS/ISIS 4 8.6% 3 11.1% 7
73
F = Frequency, % = Percentage
Data in Table 4 reveal that 15.2% academic libraries have used TINLIB, 69.5% have
used X-LIB, and 6.5% have used ALICE, while 8.6% have used CDS/ISIS. Meanwhile,
lxxix
responses from special libraries reveal that 55.5% have used X-LIB, 33.3% have used
TINLIB, while 11.1% have used CDS/ISIS. No response was given for Bibliophile and
GLAS in both libraries. It should be noted that some libraries indicated more than one library
software, which implies that a particular library may have used up to more than one of the
listed software. The above data presumes therefore, that out of the listed library software
packages, X-LIB, CDS/ISIS and TINLIB are the most widely used library software packages
in academic and special libraries with X-LIB ranking as the most commonly used, followed
by TINLIB, and then, CDS/ISIS.
Research Question 2
What Criteria were applied in Selection of Software?
The data for this research question were collected using research questionnaire items
3b
(Section B), 1a and 1b (Section C) and 3 of Section C. Questionnaire items 2, 4, and 7 of
section c were also analyzed.
Table 4: Methods used in Selection of Software
Academic Libraries Special Libraries
S/N Items Given F % F % Total
i Recommendation 20 43.4% 18 66.6% 38
ii Testing and Trial 12 26.0% 4 14.8% 16
iii Analysis 9 19.5% 3 11.1% 12
iv Checking of product
reviews
5 10.8% 2 7.40% 7
v Direct Government
Directive
- - - - -
73
The result presented in table 4 shows that in academic and special libraries, criterion
applied in software selection is mainly through recommendation, as 43.4% respondents in
lxxx
academic libraries and 66.6% in special libraries noted. For testing and trial, 26.0%
(academic libraries) and 14.8% (special libraries) gave responses. Meanwhile, in checking of
product reviews, 10.8% (academic libraries) and 7.4% (special libraries) gave responses. For
analysis of formatting features, 19.5% (academic libraries) and 11.1% (special libraries) gave
their responses.
Respondents were then asked (Section C, item 2) what factors influenced their choice
of library software. Data for the above questionnaire item was analyzed and presented in
table 5 as shown below:
Table 5: Factors that influence choice of library software
Academic Libraries Special Libraries
S/N Items Given F % F % Total
i Possibility of preview
or demonstration
15 32.60% 11 40.74% 26
ii Hardware peripherals 9 19.56% 7 25.92% 16
iii History of the supplier 10 21.73% 5 18.51% 15
iv Pricing Structure 10 21.73% 4 14.81% 14
v Level of sophistication - - - -
vi Support issues - - -
vii Rights in respects of
the software
2 4.34% - 2
viii Reference sites - -
73
Responses given in table 5 reveal that 19.56% and 25.92% of the librarians in
academic and special libraries respectively, agree that hardware peripherals is a factor that
influences choice of library software in their libraries. Possibility of preview or
demonstration received a high response from both group of libraries, where 32.60%
(academic libraries) and 40.74% (special libraries) responses were received. A minimal
lxxxi
population of the respondents from the academic libraries (4.34%) said that rights in respect
of the software influence the choice of software used in their libraries.
The respondents were asked to indicate the category of personnel that was involved
in choosing the library software in use in their library (Section C, item 4). Data collected
was analyzed and presented in table 6.
Table 6: Staff involved in software selection
Academic Libraries Special Libraries
S/N Items Given F % F % Total
i Overall librarian 46 100% 27 100% 73
ii Computer operator - - - -
iii Systems analyst(s) 46 100% 27 100% 73
iv Programmer 46 100% 27 100% 73
v Cataloguing librarian 37 80.43% 15 55.55% 52
vi Principal librarian - -
73
Responses given regarding the staff involved in software selection (refer to table 6)
reveal that 100% of the respondents from both academic and special libraries agree that the
software in use in their libraries is chosen by the overall librarian, the systems analyst(s),
and the programmer. No response was given for computer operator and principal librarian.
For cataloguing librarian, 80.43% (academic libraries) and 55.55% (special libraries)
responses were received.
Questionnaire item 7 was used to elicit information on the extent of satisfaction felt
by staff regarding the method of selecting software in their library. Data collected was
analyzed and represented in table 7.
Table 7: Staff satisfaction with method of software selection
lxxxii
Academic Libraries Special Libraries
S/N Items Given F % F % Total
i Yes 39 84.78% 25 92.59% 64
ii No 7 15.21% 2 7.40% 9
73
From the responses given as shown in table 7, 84.78% (academic libraries) and
92.59%
(Special libraries) accepted that they are satisfied with the method of software selection in
their libraries. Meanwhile, 15.21% (academic libraries) and 7.40% (special libraries) said
“No”. This entails that the percentage that said “No” are not satisfied with the method of
software selection in their libraries. In the questionnaire, an option was given for reasons
for the “No” option. Accordingly, some of the reasons given by the respondents that said
“No” are: 1). Every staff using the software should be involved; 2) Only the Systems
analysts and programmers should be involved; 3) all sectional heads should be involved; 4)
some heads do not know how to make right choices because they are not the ones to use the
software.
The respondents were asked to state the reasons for selecting the previous software
used in their libraries (Section C, item 1). Data collected was analyzed and presented in
table 8.
lxxxiii
Table 8 was used to represent data received and analyzed on reason for selecting the
previous software used by both academic and special libraries under study. The explanation
is given accordingly.
Table 8: Mean Responses on Reason for Selecting the Previous Software
Acad. Lib. Special Lib.
S/N Item Description Mean (X) Mean (X)
i Its compatibility with the existing hardware 3.06 2.88
ii It is a cheaper software 1.36 1.62
iii Failure of the previous software to support the
library operations
2.95 3.25
iv Most libraries are acquiring it 2.58 2.03
v It is user-friendly 2.30 1.62
vi Persuasions from the company that designed it 2.84 3.07
The result presented in table 8 indicates that in academic and special libraries, four
items were rated positive. This is based on the attainment of mean scores 3.06 (its
compatibility with the existing library hardware), 2.95 (the failure of the previous software to
support the library operations), 2.58 (most libraries are acquiring it), and 2.84 (persuasions
from the company that designed the software). On the other hand, (3) three items were rated
positive in special libraries viz: its compatibility with the existing hardware (2.88), the failure
of the previous software to support the library operations (3.25), and persuasions from the
company that designed the software (3.07). In both libraries, items (ii) and (v) were rated
negative. This reveals that the academic and special libraries under study selected their
previous software mainly due to its compatibility with the existing library hardware, the
failure of the software used before the previous one to support the library operations, its user-
lxxxiv
friendliness and persuasions from the company that designed the software. See Appendix B
for details of responses.
The respondents were asked to state the reasons for selecting the previous software
used in their libraries (Section C, item 2). Data collected was analyzed and presented in
table 9.
Table 9 was used to represent data received and analyzed on reason for selecting
present software.
Table 9: Mean Responses on Reason for Selecting the Present Software
Acad. Lib. Special
Lib.
S/N Item Description Mean (X) Mean (X)
i Its compatibility with the existing hardware 2.93 3.48
ii It is a cheaper software 2.50 2.77
iii Failure of the previous software to support the
library operations
3.45 3.37
iv Most libraries are acquiring it 2.93 3.11
v It is user-friendly 3.52 3.55
vi Persuasions from the company that designed it 3.54 3.40
The result presented in table 9 indicates that all the items in the table on reason for
selection the present software were rated positive. The ratings are above the criterion mean of
2.50. in academic and special libraries as represented in table 5c, the choice for the current
software is based on factors such as user-friendliness, persuasions form the company that
designed the software, the failure of the previous software to support the library operations,
the software‟s compatibility with the existing hardware and the fact that most libraries are
acquiring it. See Appendix B for details of responses.
Research Question 3
lxxxv
What is the librarians’ assessment of X-LIB and LIB+ software?
Data for research question 3 was collected using questionnaire items 1c and 1d
(Section C) of the (LSPQ). Librarians were asked their assessment of software employed.
Table 10: Comparison between present and previous software
Acad. Lib. Special Lib.
S/N Item Description Mean (X) Mean (X)
i Present software has more features 3.23 2.96
ii Present software is more user-friendly 3.23 3.33
iii It has more networking support 3.32 3.11
iv It is more compatible with existing hardware 3.10 3.40
v It possesses more software modules 2.86 3.59
vi It supports library operations more 3.34 3.04
The result presented in table 10 indicates that all the items in the table on comparison
between present and previous software were rated positive. The ratings are above the
criterion mean of 2.50. This shows that most academic and special libraries, especially the
libraries under assess the present software they are using as better than the previous one due
to the fact that if has more features, it is more user-friendly, it has more networking support,
it is more compatible with the hardware, it consists of more modules, and it supports the
library‟s operations more than the previous one. See Appendix B for details of responses.
Table 11: Comparison between X-LIB and LIB+ (For Libraries that have used/ are
using either of the two software).
Acad. Lib. Special Lib.
S/N LIB+ Mean (X) Mean (X)
i It has more features than X-LIB 3.19 3.28
ii It is more user-friendly 3.19 3.57
iii It has more networking support 3.23 3.28
iv It is more compatible with existing
hardware
3.38 3.47
v It possesses more software modules 3.59 3.61
vi It supports library operations more 3.57 3.71
lxxxvi
In table 11, all the items were rated positive, indicating that all the academic and
special libraries that use LIB+ assessed it as higher than X-LIB. It should however, be noted
that the total number of respondents for table 6b reduced from 46 to 42 in academic libraries
and from 27 to 21 in special libraries. This is because the table represents only libraries that
are in current use of LIB+, to enable them make an assessment of LIB+ and X-LIB.
Research Question 4
To what extent has the software met the purpose for its use?
In answering this research question, questionnaire items 9a, 9b and 10 of the (LSPQ)
were used to collect the data for analysis.
Table 12: The extent of usage of each of the modules in the library
ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
S/N Module To a Large
Extent
To a Small
Extent
Not in Use Total
Items Given F % F % F %
i Abstracting Module - - - - 46 100%
ii Acquisition Module 30 65.2% 10 21.7% 6 13.0%
iii Cat. & Class Module 40 86.9% 4 8.6% 2 4.3%
iv Circulation Module 38 82.6% 6 13.0% 2 4.3%
v Indexing Module - - 6 13.0% 40 86.9%
vi Reference Module - - - - 46 100%
vii Serials Module - - - - 46 100%
46
SPECIAL LIBRARIES
S/N Module To a Large
Extent
To a Small
Extent
Not in Use Total
Items Given F % F % F %
i Abstracting Module - - - - 27 100%
ii Acquisition Module 8 29.6% 10 37.0% 9 33.3%
iii Cat. & Class Module 27 100% - - - -
iv Circulation Module 19 70.3% 5 18.5% 3 11.1%
v Indexing Module - - - - 27 100%
vi Reference Module - - - - 27 100%
vii Serials Module 10 37.0% 7 - 10 37.0%
27
lxxxvii
Table 12 shows that all the respondents in academic and special libraries indicated
that abstracting module and serials module is not in use in their libraries. Reference module
was indicated as not in use in special libraries. Majority of the respondents in academic
libraries (86.9%) and special libraries (100%) indicated that cataloguing and classification
module is in use to a large extent in their libraries. The data also shows that circulation
module is used to large extent in academic and special libraries. This was indicated by 82.6%
of respondents in academic libraries and 70.3% of respondents in special libraries.
Table 13: Evaluation of the adequacy of the software in each of the modules
ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
S/N Module 1-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Total
Items Given F % F % F % F %
i Abstracting Module 46 100% - - - - - -
ii Acquisition Module 1 2.1% 45 97.8% - - - -
iii Cat. & Class Module - - - - 6 13.0% 40 86.9%
iv Circulation Module - - 20 43.4% 20 43.4% 6 13.0%
v Indexing Module 46 100% - - - - - -
vi Reference Module 46 100% - - - - - -
vii Serials Module 46 100% - - - - - -
46
SPECIAL LIBRARIES
S/N Module 1-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% Total
Items Given F % F % F % F %
i Abstracting Module 27 100% - - - - - -
ii Acquisition Module - - - - 20 74.9% 7 25.9%
iii Cat. & Class Module - - - - - - 27 100%
iv Circulation Module 8 29.6% 10 37.0% 9 33.3% - -
v Indexing Module 27 100% - - - - - -
vi Reference Module 27 100% - - - - - -
vii Serials Module 27 100% - - - - - -
27
Responses in table 13 indicate that in academic and special libraries, cataloguing and
classification module is used adequately as 86.9% (academic libraries) and 100% (special
lxxxviii
libraries) respondents indicated. From the table, 100% of respondents indicated that
Abstracting, Indexing, Reference and serials modules are 1-25% adequate. For circulation
module, 43.4% academic libraries respondents indicated that Circulation module is adequate
by 25-50% and 50-70%, while 13.0% respondents indicated its adequacy as 75-100%.
Acquisition module was rated as 25-50% adequate by 97.8% respondents in academic
libraries. In special libraries, 74.0% rated the adequacy of Acquisition module as 50-75%.
Table 14: The Nature and Quality of the Technical Features of the Software
ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
S/N Feature Very Good Good Satisfactory Poor Very Poor
Items Given F % F % F % F % F %
i Field definition capacity - - 20 43.4 26 56.5 - - - -
ii Data entry facilities 10 21.7 18 39.1 18 39.1 - - - -
iii Indexing features - - - - 20 43.4 15 32.6 10 21.7
iv Searching facilities - - 19 4.3 18 39.1 9 19.5 - -
v Display/point features - - 15 32.6 20 43.4 10 21.7 - -
vi Printing features - - 40 86.9 6 13.0 - - - -
vii Data exchange facility - - - - - - - - - -
viii Back-up facility 46 100% - - - - - - - -
ix Menus 40 86.9 6 13.0 - - - - - -
x Networking support 45 97.8 1 2.1 - - - - - -
xi Advanced Prog. Features - - - - 19 41.3 - - - -
SPECIAL LIBRARIES
S/N Feature Very Good Good Satisfactory Poor Very Poor
Items Given F % F % F % F % F %
i Field definition capacity 13 48.1 8 29.6 6 22.2 - - - -
ii Data entry facilities - - 7 25.9 20 74.0 - - - -
iii Indexing features - - - - - - 25 92.5 2 7.4
iv Searching facilities - - 9 33.3 18 66.6 - - - -
v Display/point features 6 22.2 10 37.0 11 40.7 - - - -
vi Printing features 20 74.0 5 18.5 1 3.70
vii Data exchange facility - - - - - - 15 55.5 12 44.4
viii Back-up facility 18 66.6 9 33.3 - - - - - -
ix Menus 27 100 - - - - - -
x Networking support 21 77.7 6 22.2
xi Advanced Prog. features - - 10 37.0
lxxxix
Table 14 reveals that in academic and special libraries, the printing feature of the
software in use is ranked as very good (74.0%, special libraries), good (86.9%, academic
libraries).majority of the respondents in both libraries rated the menu feature as very good
(86.9%, academic libraries; 100% special libraries). Features indicated as Poor and Very
Poor in both libraries include: Indexing feature of the software, Data exchange facility.
Research Question 5
What are the problems of software applications in academic and special libraries in
Nigeria?
Data for research question 5 was collected using research questionnaire item
1(Section D) in the (LSPQ). Data gathered was analyzed using percentages and frequencies.
Table 15: Problems frequently encountered in the usage of X-LIB library software
Acad. Lib. Special Lib.
S/N Problem Frequently Frequently Total
Items Given F % F %
i Installation Errors 46 100% 15 100% 73
ii System hangs 40 86.9% 11 40.7% 51
iii Data corrupted 30 65.2% 21 77.7% 51
iv Abnormal termination 18 39.1% 19 70.3% 37
v Errors in import/export 15 32.6% 10 37.0% 25
vi Back up errors 10 21.7% 12 44.4% 22
vii Inverted file removal - - - - -
viii Errors in inverted file generation - - - - -
ix Incorrect search results - - - - -
x Errors in printing/sorting - - - - -
The results presented in table 15 indicate that the major problems encountered in the
usage of X-LIB library software in academic and special libraries are system hanging,
abnormal termination, corruption of data, back-up error, errors in import and export. In both
libraries, 100% responded that installation errors do not occur frequently.
Table 16: Problems frequently encountered in the usage of LIB+ library software
xc
Acad. Lib. Special Lib.
S/N Problem Frequently Frequently
Items Given F % F %
i Installation Errors 25 54.34% 15 100%
ii System hangs 15 32.6% 11 40.7%
iii Abnormal termination 18 39.1% 19 70.3%
iv Data corrupted 30 65.2% 21 77.7%
v Inverted file removal - - - -
vi Errors in inverted file generation - - - -
vii Incorrect search results 16 34.78% 24 88.88%
viii Errors in printing/sorting - - - -
ix Back up errors 10 21.7% 12 44.4%
x Errors in import/export 15 32.6% 10 37.0%
The results presented in table 16 indicate that the major problems encountered in the
usage of the Lib+ library software in academic and special libraries are system hanging,
abnormal termination, incorrect search results, corruption of data, back-up error, errors in
import and export. In both libraries, 100% responded that installation errors do not occur
frequently. In academic and libraries, no response was given on the problem or removal of
inverted file.
Research Question 6
What are the strategies for enhancing effective application of X-LIB and LIB+ in
academic and special libraries?
To answer the research question, mean scores of the respondents under study were
computed and analyzed. The mean score of 2.50 was used as the criterion mean.
Table 17: Mean responses on the strategies for enhancing effective application of
library software in academic and special libraries.
xci
Acad. Lib. Special Lib.
S/N Item Description Mean (X) Mean (X)
i Proper training of staff 2.96 3.21
ii Purchase of adequate software 3.33 3.08
iii Adequate software design 3.59 2.93
iv Provision of Software manual 3.59 2.93
v Sorting of Network Problem 3.62 3.71
vi Good working environment 3.22 2.97
From table 17, it can be seen that all items were rated positive in academic and
special libraries. This explains that in order to enhance the use of library software, there has
to be proper training of staff, purchase of adequate software, adequate software design,
provision of software manual, sorting of network problems, and good working environment.
Test of Hypothesis
Ho: There is no statistically significant [p<0.05] difference in the assessment of X-LIB and
LIB+ software by librarians in academic and special libraries.
The result of the analysis of the hypothesis as shown in appendix B reveals that there
is no statistically significant [p<0.05] difference in the assessment of X-LIB and LIB+
software by librarians in academic and special librarians. This shows that in academic and
special libraries, the views of the librarians is that LIB+ is more functional than X-LIB in
terms of module functionality, and also the problems encountered in the usage of X-LIB
rates higher than LIB+. From the analysis, it could be seen that the values tested were less
than 0.05.
CHAPTER FIVE
xcii
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND SUMMARY
This chapter is a presentation of the discussion of the findings of this study,
the conclusion, implications of the findings, recommendation, limitations of the study,
suggestions for further research and a summary of the study.
Discussion of Findings
The discussion of the findings of this study has been organized under the following
sub-headings:
Software packages that have been used
Criterion applied in software selection
Libraries‟ assessments of X-LIB and LIB+
Extent to which the software has met the purpose for its use
Problems of software applications
Strategies for enhancing effective software application
Software packages that have been used
As indicated on the responses relating to library application software used in libraries
in table 3, the selected academic and special libraries have previously used TINLIB,
CDS/ISIS, and some are using X-LIB or LIB+. Seven academic libraries use LIB+ while
three use X-LIB. Meanwhile, in special libraries, eight libraries use LIB+, while six libraries
use X-LIB. Many of these libraries had used TINLIB. The popularity of TINLIB in
academic and special libraries was supported by Idowu and Mabawonku (1999) that other
university libraries that use the TINLIB software (i.e. as at 1999) are the Ladoke Akintola
University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ognomoso; University of Agriculture, Abeokuta;
xciii
University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi; Bayero University,
Kano; University of Maiduguri; Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; Federal University of
Technology, Minna and Lagos State University (LASU), Lagos. In summary of his work,
Idowu and Mabawonku (1999) stated that TINLIB software package was used by all the
federal university libraries in order to facilitate and ensure uniformity in database
management networking and resource sharing.
Oduwole (2005), in his study on information technology application to cataloguing in
Nigera noted that majority of the university libraries use TINLIB. In his study on software
packages for libraries in Nigeria, Oyinloye (2004) listed software packages in Nigerian
libraries as Tinlib, the Micro CDS/ISIS and X-LIB.
Criterion applied in software selection
With regards to methods used in selection of library software, majority of the
respondents in academic and special libraries indicated recommendation by library/people
that designed the software as against checking of product reviews, direct government
directive, analysis of the formatting feature, testing and trial which received low responses.
Howden (2000) in his study on Buying and Maintaining Personal Computers, supported the
above response when he listed some steps to go through in purchasing software as discussing
the software with those who use or train in the software, checking of product reviews,
personal examination of the software, check-listing the features needed to do the tasks.
Komoski (1995) listed seven processes for responsible software selection as analyzing needs,
specification and requirement, identifying promising software, reading relevant review,
previewing the software with intended user group, making recommendations on software
xciv
purchase. In academic and special libraries in Nigeria, software designers and other libraries
that use given software usually make recommendations to other libraries concerning
particular software after they must have reviewed, tested and tried it.
Based on the criteria for software selection, most of the respondents in academic and
special libraries select their software due to its compatibility with existing software to
support the library operations, its user-friendliness, persuasions from the company that
designed the software and the fact that most libraries are using the software. Ezomo (2003)
noted that given the past experience of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
(IITA), the staff formulated some broad software selection criteria which are: user-
friendliness; ability to accommodate smooth conversion of the existing database with over
107, 000 records; residence on a network micro-computers; flexibility of staff to perform in-
house changes without having to depend on specialized technical support; reasonably low
purchase price and maintenance costs.
Libraries’ assessments of X-LIB and LIB+
As indicated in table 10 and 11, all the items on assessment of X-LIB, LIB+ and other
software employed were rated positive. In comparing LIB+ and X-LIB, all the items were
rated high. The respondents stated that LIB+ has more features than X-LIB; is more user-
friendly; has more networking support; is more compatible with the existing library
hardware; possesses more modules; and it supports the library operations more than X-LIB.
In chapter two of this study, the X-LIB and LIB+ Manual was used to show the features
offered by X-LIB and LIB+ and it was observed that LIB+ has more modules than X-LIB. X-
LIB features modules such as Acquisition, cataloguing, circulation, enquiries/reports.
xcv
Meanwhile LIB+ offers the following modules: acquisition, catalogue, circulation,
enquiries/reports, speed search, virtual library, web services, and patronage.
Extent to which the software has met the purpose for its use
In academic and special libraries, library software is used mainly in cataloguing and
classification and it is used more adequately than other modules. The result in tables 12 and
13 show this. Most respondents in academic and special libraries stated that cataloging and
classification modules are used to a large extent, followed by acquisition and circulation
modules. In both libraries, 100% of the respondents stated that abstracting module, indexing
and reference modules are not in use.
Problems of software applications
The analysis done on the problems of software applications in academic and special
libraries in Nigeria reveal that the major problems encountered in the usage of the library
software in academic and special libraries are system hanging, abnormal termination,
corruption of data, back-up errors, errors in import and export. In both types of libraries,
installation errors do occur. In academic libraries, no response was given on the problem of
removal of inverted file. Errors in printing/ sorting occur rarely, and sometimes it does not
occur. This finding was supported by the findings of Mahmood (1998) in his research on the
use of Micro CDS/ISIS in Pakistan. He listed out problems in the utilization of CDS/ISIS as:
installation errors, abnormal termination, data corrupted, inverted file removed, errors in
Inverted file generation, incorrect search results, errors in printing/sorting, backup errors,
errors in import/export.
xcvi
Strategies for enhancing effective software application
Research question 6 sought to find out the strategies for enhancing effective
application of library software in academic and special libraries. From table 9, it was
observed that all the items as strategies for enhancing effective software application in
academic and special libraries were rated positive. The ratings were above the criterion mean
of 2.50. Such strategies are: Proper training of staff, purchase of adequate software, adequate
software design, release of funds, sorting of network problem, good working environment. If
every staff is trained properly on the use of library software with a good working
environment, its use will be maximized. Part of training of staff is provision of software
manual. When the manual of software employed in libraries are made available to librarians
who make use of the software, there is likely to be less problem in troubleshooting because
the features and utilization hints will be provided in the manual. Adedigna and Ezomo (2003)
supported this as cited in chapter two of this study.
Conclusion
The major findings of this study were:
1. The method used for library software application in academic and special libraries is
mainly by recommendation.
2. Most academic and special libraries select their software based on its compatibility
with existing hardware, failure of the previous software to support library operations,
user-friendliness of the software, persuasions from the company that designed the
software and the fact that most libraries are using the software.
xcvii
3. All the academic and special libraries that use LIB+ assessed it as higher than X-LIB
in that it has more features than X-LIB, it is more user-friendly, it has more
networking environment support, it is more compatible with the existing library
hardware, it has more modules, it supports library operations more than X-LIB.
4. In most academic and special libraries, Abstracting module and serials module are not
in use.
5. The major problems encountered in the usage of library software in academic and
special libraries are hanging of systems, abnormal termination, corruption of data,
back-up errors, and errors in import and export.
6. Strategies for enhancing library software utilization in academic and special libraries
include proper training of staff, provision of software manuals, good working
environment, adequate software design, release of funds, sorting of network
problems, and purchase of adequate software.
Implications of the Study
This sub-section deals with the implications of the study based on the findings and
discussions. Specifically, the following implications have been identified which can be of
immense benefit to university authorities, academic and special library management,
librarians, software designers and government.
This study revealed that most academic and special libraries have previously used
TINLIB, CDS/ISIS and some are using X-LIB and LIB+. It indicates that these are the most
widely used software in academic and special libraries. Oduwole (2005) noted that majority
of the university libraries use TILIB. This implies that most academic and special libraries in
xcviii
Nigeria use the same kind of software for their library operations and are yet to make serious
efforts toward upgrading their software to more recent and proficient ones.
The finding that in academic and special libraries in Nigeria, software designers and
other libraries that use given software usually make recommendations to other libraries
concerning particular software after they must have reviewed, tested and tried it has some
implications. It implies that academic and special libraries do not acquire or purchase their
software based on experience in usage. Their judgment on a particular software therefore, is
based on the testimony and recommendations of other libraries that have used it.
The finding that major problems of software applications in academic and software
applications in academic and special libraries in Nigeria are system hanging, abnormal
termination, corruption of data, back-up errors, errors in import and export has some
implications. This implies that problems of software applications in academic and special
libraries are technical in nature and such problems if not properly addressed, could hamper
the productivity of the libraries involved, thereby causing much problems for the libraries.
The finding that strategies for enhancing effective application of library software in
academic and special libraries are proper training of staff, purchase of adequate software,
adequate software design, release of funds, sorting of network problem, good working
environment has some implications. This implies that there is an urgent need to implement
these strategies in order to address the issue of software proficiency in academic and special
libraries in Nigeria.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made:
xcix
1. Academic and special libraries that have not yet computerized their operations should
endeavour to do so by purchasing any of the software under study as many libraries
are using it.
2. Libraries should allow those that have tested and tried as well as approved of
particular software to recommend such software to them before they go into software
purchase.
3. Academic and special libraries should select their software based on its compatibility
with existing hardware, failure of the previous software to support library operations,
user-friendliness of the software, persuasions from the company that designed the
software and the fact that most libraries are using the software.
4. Apart from cataloguing and classification module of software in use in academic and
special libraries, the use of other modules such as acquisition, circulation, reference,
serials should be maximized.
5. Efforts should be made by software designers to ameliorate problems encountered in
library software utilization such as hanging of systems, abnormal termination,
corruption of data, back-up errors, and errors in import and export.
6. Strategies to enhance effective utilization of software in academic and special
libraries should be devised such as: proper training of staff, provision of software
manuals, good working environment, adequate software design, release of funds,
sorting of network problems, and purchase of adequate software.
Suggestions for Further Research
The following study could further be undertaken in this area:
c
1. Application of X-LIB to library operations in Nigerian Academic Libraries.
2. Attitude of Librarians to the use of X-LIB for library operations.
3. Special Libraries and the use of LIB+ software for library operations.
4. Extent of application of LIB+ to library operations in Academic and Special
libraries in Nigeria.
5. Software Selection in Academic and Special libraries: Issues and Challenges.
6. Strategies for enhancing the application of LIB+ software in University Libraries.
7. Factors hindering the effective utilization of library software in Nigerian libraries.
Limitations of the Study
The researcher did not find it easy visiting all the libraries under study. Therefore, the
help of four research assistants were sought in issuing of some copies of
questionnaire to respondents in different libraries.
The respondents complained of the questionnaire containing so many items for them
to complete the responses in a short time. The researcher took time therefore, to
persuade and encourage the respondents to fill the questionnaire items same day.
There was dearth of literature in this area of study, especially in the area of LIB+
software, because nothing had been written on the topic. The researcher therefore,
consulted the LIB+ manual for information on same topic.
Summary of the Study
The study was designed to ascertain the comparison between X-LIB and LIB+ in
academic and special libraries in Nigeria. The study was guided by six specific objectives
ci
which include to identify the software packages used in the libraries, find out the criteria
applied in selection of software, find out the library‟s assessment of X-LIB, LIB+ and other
software employed, ascertain the extent to which the software has met the purpose for the
use, compare problems of library software applications in libraries, determine strategies for
enhancing effective application of library software in libraries in Nigeria.
The instrument for the study was a questionnaire. The research design was a casual-
comparative research design and the population comprised all academic and special libraries
that use X-LIB and LIB+ software for library operations. Data for the study was generated
using SPSS. Frequencies and percentages and Mean Scores were employed in the analysis.
The findings of the study revealed that the popular software used in academic and
special libraries in Nigeria are TINLIB, CDS/ISIS and X-LIB. The study also shows there is
no statistically significant difference in the assessment of X-LIB and LIB+ by librarians in
academic and special libraries, among other findings.
cii
REFERENCES
Adams, J.A. and Bonk, S.C. (1995). Electronic Information technologies and resources: use
by University faculty and faculty preference for related library services. College and
Research Libraries, 56, 119-31.
Adedeji, O.O. (2004). Challenges of new technologies for library acquisition (Inc.)
Adedigba, Y.A. and Ezimo, E.O. (2003). ) The management of systems migration in an
African setting. African Journal of Library, Archives and Information Science 13(1),
33-42.
Adeniran, O.R and Adigu, T.A and Okon, M.I. (1992). The use of microcomputers in
Nigerian libraries. Journal of Information Science. 19(1993), 239-246. Elsevier.
Adeniyi, O. (2000). Use of Library Automation Software Packages at the Kenneth Dike main
library, University of Ibadan. In Ajibola, B. and Tiamiyu, M. (eds.), Library
Automation for the Information Age, 89-97
Adeoti-Adekeye, W.B (1997). The importance of management information systems. Library
Review, 46(5), 318-327.
Adio, G. (1998). TINLIB: an introduction. A paper presented at the 1998 cataloguing and
classification section of NLA Annual seminar/workshop at Ilorin, 25-31.
Adogbeji, O. B and Adomi, E.E (2005) Automating Library operations at the Delta State
University Library, Nigeria. LIBRARY HI TECH News, 1(13-18). (c)Emerald Group.
Retrieved April, 2008, from
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/insight/viewPDF.jsp.?Filename=htm/Output/Publish
ed/EmeraldFullText Article/pdf/2390220504.pdf
Adogbeji, O. B and Onobwakpor, J. E and Ame, O.S (2004). Software selection and
acquisition in Nigerian universities and special libraries: the way forward. Retrieved
from http://cis.paisley.ac.uk/research/journal/VII/softwareselection.pdf
ciii
Agboola, A.T and Salaam, M.O. (2002). Automation in agricultural libraries in Nigeria: an
overview. INTER-WORLD Journal of Management and Development Studies.
1(1)167-175.
Aina L. O. (2004) Library and Information Science Text for Africa. Ibadan: Third World
Information Services.
Ajibola, B. and Tiamiyu, M (eds) (2000). Library automation for the information age
(Concepts, Technologies and Strategies)) Nigeria: Centre for leveraging Information
for productivity.
Akinyosoye, H.I.T (2002). Some guidelines and common problems in using UNESCO‟s
CDS/ISIS software in a research library. African journal of library, Archives and
Information Science, 12(1), 91-99.
Alabi, G.A. (1985). Computerization of library services in Nigerian University Libraries: the
state of art. Nigerian Library and Information Science Review: Journal of Oyo State
Division of the Nigerian Library Association, 3(1), 1-8.
Alemna, A.A.and Chifwepa, B. and Rosenberg, D. (2000). African journals: and evaluation
of their use in African Universities. African Journal of Library, Archives and
Information Science, 1(2), 93-111.
Alibi, (1985). Computerisation of libraries in Nigerian Universities: the state of the art.
Nigerian Library and Information Science Review, 3(1, 2)3-8.
Anaeme, F.O.(2006). Information Communication Technology (ICT) intervention in library
and information services. Nigerian Library and Information Science trend. Nigerian
Library Association.:Imo. 4(1&2), 27-36.
Anasi, Stella N.I (2005). The potentials of ICT application to increased relevance and
sustainability of University library services in Nigeria. The Information Technologist.
An International Journal of Information and Communication Tech.2 (2)56-70.
Anunobi, C. V. and Okoye, I. B. (2008). The role of academic in universal access to print and
electronic resources in the developing countries. Library Philosophy and Practice.
Argyris, C. (1991). Management Information Systems: the challenge to nationality and
emotionality management science, 291.
Asamoah-Hassan, H.R. (2002). The state of information and communication technology
(ICT) in university libraries in West African sub-region. In international Network for
the availability of scientific publications (INASP) and the standing conference of
African University libraries West Area (SCAULWA), 3-126.
Awogbami, P. A. (1992). The Diffusion of CD-ROM into Nigerian Libraries. CD-ROM
Librarian. 7 (5). May 30-33.
civ
Ayo, D.B. (1998). An overview of X-LIB: library automation software. A paper presented at
the academic and research libraries annual training workshop at the University of
Illorin, 16-17.
Ayo, T. A (2003). Organizing Information. The GREENSTONE Concept. A paper presented
at a seminar on UNESCO Virtual Library, held in NITDA, Abuja May 26-28, 2003.
Bozimo, D.O. (2006). ICT and the Ahmadu Bello University Libraries. Nigerian Libraries.
Vol. 39,2005/2006.
Burton, P. and Petrie, J.H. (1991). Information management technology: a librarian’s guide.
London: Chapman and Hall, 82-85, 88-102.
Campbell, J.D. (2006). Changing a cultural icon: The academic library as a virtual
destination. Educause Review 41(1), 16-31.
Chisenga, J. (1996). Factors influencing the choice of library software in the SADC-PTA
region. African Journal of Library Archives and Information Science. 6 (52-56).
Cibbarelli, P.(1996). Library automation alternatives in 1996 and user satisfaction ratings of
library users of operating systems. Computers in Libraries, 16(2), 26-35.
Cockrane, P.A. (1992). Information Technology in Libraries and Ranganathan‟s five law of
Library Science. 1, Libri 42 (3), 235-241.
Daniel, J.O. and Oketunji,N.O and Abdulsalam, R. (2003). Forty years of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT). In forty years of libraries services in Nigeria.
Lagos: Ikofa commercial Press ltd.
Dike, V.W. (2000). More than computers: information technology in Library and
Information Science Education. In Information Technology in Library and
Information Science education in Nigeria: Papers presented at the 10th
biennial
conference of the National Associaiton of Library and Information Science Educators
(50-59). Ibadan: NALISE.
Dyer, H. and Gunson, A.(1988). A directory of Library and Information Retrieval software for
microcomputers, 3rd
ed. Harts, Gower.
Dyer, H. and Gunson, A.(1988). A directory of Library and Information Retrieval software for
microcomputers, 4th ed. Harts, Gower.
Edoka, B.E (2000). Introduction to library science. Onitsha: Palma Publishing and Links
Company.
Eke, H.N. (2004). Software choice and their library application among federal university
libraries in South-Eastern Nigeria. Unpublished undergraduate thesis, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka.
Ekpo, A. H. (2001). Developing the knowledge and skills on the new Information
Technologies: a futuristic approach. Paper presented at the Opportunities in
cv
Communication Industry, organized by National Manpower Board (NMB) Abuja.
May 14, 16, 2001.
Eyitayo, S. (1998). Relevance of the New Information Technologies in Cataloguing. Paper
presented at the annual cataloguing and classification workshop at Kwara State
library services, 20-30.
Eyitayo, S.A. (1996).Micro CDS/ISIS: an automation option for libraries and information
centres in developing countries. Nigerian library and Information Science Review.
14(182),71-76.
Faniran, A. (2001). The adequacy of TINLIB Bibliographic display of OPAC in Nigerian
academic libraries: a case study of Kenneth Dike Library. Journal of the Nigerian
Library Association (NLA), 35(1),63-67.
Fatuyi, E.O.A (1998). D-Base iv application to libraries: a paper presented at academic and
research libraries workshop at the university of illorin, 17-19.
Gambari, A.I. and Chike-Okoli A. (2007). Avialability and Utilization of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT) facilities in higher Institutions in Niger State,
Nigeria. In The Information Technolgist. An International journal of Information and
communication Technology (ICT), 4(1).
Garcha, R and Bultlar, L.J.(1996). Profiling African Libraries: Automaiton in Ghana, Kenya
and Nigeria. Library Review, 45(6), 25-35.
Hamelink, C.J. (1999). New Information Communication Technologies, social development
and cultural change. General United Nations Research Institute for social
development.
Haneefa, M. (2007). Application of Information and Communication Technologies in Special
Libraries in Kerala (India). Library Review, 56(7), 603-620 (c) Emerald Group
Pub.Ltd. Retrieved December 7, 2007, from http://www.emeraldinsight.com
Howden, N. (2000). Buying and maintaining personal computers: a how-to-do-it-manual for
librarians. New York: Neal-Schuman pub.
Idahosa, P.O. (2000). CDS/ISIS: The Lagos Business School experience. Paper presented for
the GLOBAL 2000 worldwide conference on special librarianship, 16-19 Oct. 2000
in Brighton, UK.INSPEL 35(2002)1, 56-66. Retrieved October 12, 2008, from
http://www.fh.postham.de/~IFLA/INSPEL/vi-lidpa.pdf.
Idowu, A.O. and Iyabo, M.C. (1999). Information Technology Facilities and Applications in
some Nigerian Research and University Libraries. African Journal of Archives and
Information Science. 9(1), 28-35.
Ige, Olawale (2001). The Policy, legal and Institutional Framework for Rapid Expansion of
ICT Dividends in Nigeria. A paper presented at the International Conference on
Human Capital Development and Global Opportunities in Communication Industry,
organized by the National Manpower Board (NMB) Abuja. May 14,16,2001.
cvi
Igwesi, U (2006). Software procurement practices in Nigerian Academic Libraries in Enugu
and Jos. Unpublished B.Sc project submitted to the department of Library and
Information Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Ikem, J.E and Ajala, E.B, (2006). Some developments in Information Technology at the
Kenneth Dike Library,University of Ibadan. In Information technology in Library and
Information Science education in Nigeria: Papers presented at the 10th
biennial
conference of the National Association of Library and Information Science
Educators. Ibadan: NALISE.
Imeremba, D. U (1995). Library Automation as one major impact of New Technology on
Libraries and on the Information Profession. Paper presented to the National
Association of Library and Information Science Students at Abia State University,
Uturu.
Kadiri, J.A. (2004). Automation of an Academic Library: the case of Federal College of
Education (Special), Oyo, Nigeria. NLISR, 22(2), 57-62.
Komoski, P. K. (1995). Seven steps to responsible software selection. ERIC Digest.p.4
Kumar, B. (2003). Automation in University libraries of Haryana. ILA Bulletin, 39(3), 15-21.
Lawani, S.M., Azubuike, A.A. and Ibekwe, G.O (1992). Large scale library automation.
African Journal of Library, archival and information science. 2 (1).
Mahmood, K. (1998). The use of micro-CDS/ISIS in Parkistan: a survey, .23-29. Retrieved
December 16, 2008 from http://www.fh=postdam.de/~/IFLA/INSPEL 198-mahk.pdf
Mohammed H. K. (2005). Electronic Information resources in the special libraries of Kerala.
Kelpro Bulletin. 9(1-2), 53-8.
Mohammed, Zakari (2000). Information Technical Education in Nigerian Library and
Information Science schools and the challenges of the digital age. In Information
technology in Library and Information Science education in Nigeria: Papers
presented at the 10th
biennial conference of the National Association of Library and
Information Science Educators.Ibadan: NALISE, 30-39.
Moorthy, A.L and Karisiddapa, C.R (2001). Information Infrastructue and use of electronic
media in Indian Libraries. Proceedings of the first south Indian Library Conference
on Role of University and College Libraries in the changing information scenario,
Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University Hyderabad, 148-62.
Mortenson Centre. University of Illinois (2005). Developing strong university libraries in
Nigeria: a report for the MacArthur Foundation.Submitted by the Mortenson Centre
for International Library Programmes at the University of Illinois, Urbana-
Champaign, 10.
Muhammed, Z. (1995). Automation in Nigerian University Libraries; systems expectations:
A paper presented at the NUC workshop on the use and application of CD-
cvii
ROM/TINLIB Automation Software for University Librarians held at the University of
Ibadan Library, Conference Centre. 22-27.
Ndukwe, E. C. (2000). Telecommunications Challenges for Nigeria in the 21st Century. In
proceedings of Workshop on National Information and Communication
Infrastructures, Policy, plans and strategies. Abuja, Nigeria, March 28-30. (89-93).
Nkanu, W.O.(2008). Availability and utilization of information communication technology
(ICT) facilities in Nigerian University libraries. The Information Technologist.
Nnadozie, C.O. (2008). Current trends in ICT availability and use in government-owned
university libraries in south eastern Nigeria. The Information Technologist.
Nwachukwu, V. N. (1998). The impediments to the utilization of the TINLIB software in
Nigerian University libraries: A survey. Unpublished Masters thesis submitted to the
department of Library and Information Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Nwalo, K.I (1999). Database design and management in a democratic culture. Paper
presented at NLA Annual National Conference and AGRONOMIC, Port Harcourt,
May 8-4.
Nwalo, K.I (1999). Database Design and Management in Libraries in a democratic Culture.
Paper presented at NLA Annual National Conference and AGRONOMIC, Port
Harcourt, May 8-4, 1999.
Nwobi, A.U. (2006). ICT facilities in the service of libraries and Information Science:
administrative and planning aspects. In Information Communication Technology in
the Service of Education. Enugu: TIMCX.
Nworu, C. and Enwereuzor V. (2006). Automation of Academic Libraries. In Ekere, F.C (ed.)
Administration of Academic libraries. Nsukka:UCO.
Oduwole, A.A (2005). Information Technology application to cataloguing in Nigerian
University Libraries. The Electronic Library, 23(3), 289-294.(c)Emerald Group.
0204-0473. Retrieved July 2, 2008, from http://www.emeraldinsight.com
Ogunleye, G.O. (1997). Automating the Federal University Libraries in Nigeria: a state of the
Art. African Journal of Library, Archival and Information Science, 17(1),71-79.
Ogunrombi, S.A and Oladokun, S.O.(1991). TINLIB: application to library automation in a
Nigerian libraries. Journal libraries. Journal of the Nigerian Library Association.
25&26(1-4), 1991-92.
Ogunrombi, S.A. and Oladokun, S.O (1991).TINLIB: application to library automation in a
Nigerian University of Technology. Nigerian Libraries. Journal of the Nigerian
library Association.Vol.25 (1-4)1-8.
Okentunji, S.F (2003). Choice of Library Application Software. Nigerian Library and
Information Science Trends. 2(1&2).
cviii
Oketunji, I. (2000) Application of Information Technologies in Nigerian libraries: problems
and prospects. In Information Technology in Library and Information Science
Education in Nigeria: papers presented at the 10th
biennal conference of the National
Association of Library and Informtation Science Educators. (pp.7-20). Ibadan:
NALISE
Oketunji, I.and Daniel, J.O and Okojie, V.O and Abdusalam, R. (2002). 4o years of library
and information service to the nation. A compendium of papers presented at the 40th
National Annual Conference and AGM of Nigerian Library Associaiton.
Oketunji, Ibidapo (1995). Introduction to TINLIB- A Library Application Software. A paper
read at the NUC workshop on CD-ROM technology and TINLIB software application
in Nigerian University libraries held at the University of Ibadan conference centre,
Ibadan. Oct. 22-27.
Okore, A.M. (2005). The challenges of information communication technologies for
Nigerian academic libraries. Global Review of Library and Information Science.1 (1),
84-93.
Okoye, M.O.(1998). Selecting suitable software in Nigerian university libraries. Gateway
library Journal 1(2), 54-9.
Omekwu, C. O. and Ugwuanyi, C. F. (2009) Introduction to the use of library. In Omekwu,
C.O, Okoye, M.O and Ezeani, C.N. (eds.) Introduction to the Use of Library and
Study Skills. Nsukka: Awemark Publishers, 1-16.
Omoniwa, M.A (2001). The computerization library. of Kashim Ibrahim Library of Ahmadu
Bello University, Zaria, 1972-2001. Nigerian Libraries: journal of the Nigerian
Library Association. 35(1), 15-22.
Omotosho, R.O (1998). Application of X-LIB in the RMRDC A paper presented at NLA Cat.
And Class. Section annual seminar workshop held at Kwara State library, 25th-30th.
Omotosho, R.O. (1998).CDS/ISIS software: techniques in Database creation. A paper
presented at the academic and research libraries annual training workshop at the
university of Illorin, Kwara State.
Oyinloye, A. M. (2004) Software Packages for Libraries in Nigeria. In Technology for
Information Management and Service. Edited by Madu, E. C.Ibadan:Evi-Coleman.
Qiang, C. Pit, A. and Ayes, S. (2003). Contribution of Information and Communication
Technologies to growth World Bank Working paper, No. 24, 1.
Rehman, S. and Ramay, V. (2004). Awareness and use of electronic information resources at
the health sciences centre of Kuwait University; Library Review, 53(3),150-6.
Rodriguez, F. and Wilson E. (2000). Are poor countries losing the information revolution?
Info. Dev. Working Paper. Washington DC: World Bank.
cix
Rowley, J. (1993). Guidelines on the evaluation and selection of library software packages.
ASLIB Proceedings, 42(9), 225-235.
Rowley, J. (1994). Computers for Libraries (3rd
ed.). London: Library Association
Publishing.
Rowley, J. (1998). The electronic library (4th
ed. Of Computers for Libraries). London:
Library Association Publishing.
Spinak, E.(1992). Utilities for Micro CDS/ISIS,2nd
ed. Washington DC, Paho hq.library.67-
68.
Tiamiyu, M.A. (2000) Developing Automated Library Systems in Developing Countries:
issues and strategies. In Bisi Ajibola and Tiamiyu (ed) Library Automation for the
Information age (concepts, technologies and strategies).63
TINLIB OPAC user Manual (Version 270).
Ugah, A.D. (2005). Library Automation: policy and implementation guidelines. International
journal of Research in Educaiton 2(1), 1&2.
Ugoji, P.O. (2005). Software choice parameters and procedure for Cataloguing. In
Computerisation of Library operations in the Information Age. Proceedings of
selected papers of the Cataloguing, Classification and Indexing Sections of the
Nigerian Library Association.
X-LIB Library Automation System User Guide. Distributed in West Africa by Beram
limited.
cx
APPENDIX A
QUESITONNAIRE
Department of Library and Information
Science,
Faculty of Education,
University of Nigeria,
Nsukka.
October, 2009.
Dear sir/madam,
I am a postgraduate student of Library and Information Science, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka. I am presently conducting a research on “A comparative study of X-LIB
and LIB+ library software in selected academic and special libraries in Nigeria”.
cxi
The questionnaire is part of the study, and therefore designed to collect relevant
information that will help the researcher carry out the study successfully.
Kindly provide objective responses to the questions as your responses will be used
purely for academic purposes.
Thanks for your co-operation.
Helen Nneka Eke
PG/MLS/06/4140
5
LIBRARY SOFTWARE PREFERENCE QUESTIONNAIRE (LSPQ)
Introduction
The questionnaire is divided into section A-E (16 questions). Please tick the
appropriate box (√)
Section A:
1. Name of Library……………………………………………
2. Designation
(i) Librarian [ ]
(ii) Systems Analyst [ ]
(iii) Network Administrator [ ]
Section B:
1. What library application software is in use in your library and for how long have
you used it? (i) X-LIB [ ]
(ii) LIB+ [ ]
2. Please indicate any previously used library application software in your library?
S/N Software Period of Years Used
i Bibliophile
ii TINLIB
cxii
iii ALICE
iv X-LIB
v GLAS
vi CDS/ISIS
Others
(specify)…………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………...
3. (a) How did you acquire the previous software (if any) / your present software?
(i) Through gifts [ ]
(ii) Gifts and exchanges [ ]
(iii) Exchanges [ ]
(iv) Purchases [ ]
(v) Others (specify)
………………………………………………………………………….......
3 (b) What Selection Criterion did you employ in Selection of the Software?
(i) Checking of product reviews [ ]
(ii) Recommendation [ ]
(iii)Analysis of the formatting features [ ]
(iv) Testing and Trial [ ]
(v) Direct Government Directive [ ]
Section C:
1. (a) What are your reasons for selecting the previous software?
S/N REASON SA A D SD
cxiii
i Its compatibility with the existing library hardware
ii It is a cheaper software
iii The failure of the previous software to support the library
operations
iv Most libraries are acquiring it
v It is user- friendly
vi Persuasions from the company that designed the software
1. b What are your reasons for selecting the present software?
S/N REASON SA A D SD
i Its compatibility with the existing library hardware
ii It is a cheaper software
iii The failure of the previous software to support the library
operations
iv Most libraries are acquiring it
v It is user- friendly
vi Persuasions from the company that designed the software
Others (specify)
…………………………………………………………………………………..
1c. How would you compare the present software with the previous software?
S/N Item Description SA A D SD
i It has more features
ii It is more user-friendly
iii It has more networking support
iv It is more compatible with the existing
library hardware
v It possesses more modules
vi It supports library operations more that the
previous one
1(d) How would you compare X-LIB with LIB+? (For Libraries that have used both
software)
S/N Item Description SA A D SD
i It has more features
ii It is more user-friendly
iii It has more networking support
cxiv
iv It is more compatible with the existing
library hardware
v It possesses more modules
vi It supports library operations more that the
previous one
2. What factors influence your choice of library software?
(i) Hardware peripherals [ ]
(ii) History of the supplier [ ]
(iii) Possibility of preview or demonstration [ ]
(iv) Pricing structure [ ]
(v) Level of sophistication [ ]
(vi) Support issues [ ]
(vii) Rights in respects of the software [ ]
(viii) Reference sites [ ]
Others
(specify)………………………………………………………………………………….
3. How did you arrive at your choice of software?
(i) Recommendation [ ]
(ii) Advertisement [ ]
(iii) Suggestion [ ]
(iv) Systems analysis [ ]
(v) Direct government directive [ ]
(vi) Others
(specify)………………………………………………………………………………
4 .Who among your staff members were involved in choosing this software?
(i)the overall librarian [ ]
(ii) Computer operator [ ]
cxv
(iii) Systems analyst(s) [ ]
(iv) Programmer [ ]
(v)cataloguing librarian [ ]
(vi) Principal librarian [ ]
(vii) Others
(specify)……………………………………………………………………………
5. Do you think they qualify for this function of software choice?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
6. If yes, state your reasons.
(i) Academic qualifications [ ]
(ii) Experience [ ]
(iii)Others
(specify)……………………………………………………………………………
7. Are you satisfied with the method for selecting library software in your library?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
If yes, state reasons
……………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………….
If No, why?
…………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………….....................
8 .What special features (Modules?) are offered by the software in terms of library
use?
(i) Abstracting module [ ]
(ii) Acquisition module [ ]
(iii) Cataloguing and classification module [ ]
cxvi
(iv) Circulation module [ ]
(v) Indexing module [ ]
(vi) Reference module [ ]
(vii) Serials module [ ]
9.a Indicate the extent of using each of these modules in your library.
Module To a Large Extent To a Small Extent Not in Use
Abstracting module
Acquisition module
Cat.& Class
module
Circulation module
Indexing module
Reference module
Serials module
9.b Evaluate the adequacy of the software in each of these modules
Module 1-25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%
Abstracting module
Acquisition module
Cat.& Class module
Circulation module
Indexing module
Reference module
Serials module
10. Indicate the nature and quality of the technical features of your software.
Feature
Very
Good
Good Satisfactory Poor Very
Poor
Field definition capacity
Data entry facilities
Indexing features
Searching facilities
Display/point formats
Printing features
Data exchange facility
cxvii
Back-up facility
Menus
Networking support
Advance programming support
11. Do you think the software satisfies all your needs?
Yes [ ] No [ ]
If yes, state examples
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Section D:
1. What problems do you encounter in the usage of your library software?
Problem Frequently Rarely Never
Installation errors
System hangs
Abnormal termination
Data corrupted
Inverted file removed
Errors in inverted file generation
Incorrect search results
Errors in printing/sorting
Back up errors
Errors in import/export
Section E:
What are the strategies for improving the software application in your library?
S/N Item Description SA A D SD
i Proper Training of Staff
ii Purchase of Adequate Software
iii Adequate Software Design
iv Provision of Software manual
cxviii
v Sorting of network problem
vi Good working environment
cxix
APPENDIX B
T-Test Academic Libraries
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
SA 6 24.1667 5.49242 2.24227
A 6 11.5000 5.00999 2.04532
D 6 3.6667 1.50555 .61464
SD 6 2.6667 1.21106 .49441
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0.05
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
Lower Upper
SA 10.755 5 .000 24.11667 18.3527 29.8806
A 5.598 5 .003 11.45000 6.1923 16.7077
D 5.884 5 .002 3.61667 2.0367 5.1966
SD 5.292 5 .003 2.61667 1.3457 3.8876
T-Test Problems frequently encountered in the usage of lib+
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Pair 1 ACAD_LIB 18.4286 7 6.80336 2.57143
SPECIAL_LIB 16.0000 7 5.41603 2.04707
cxx
Paired Samples Correlations
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 ACAD_LIB &
SPECIAL_LIB 7 .461 .297
Paired Samples Test
2.42857 6.45128 2.43836 -3.53787 8.39501 .996 6 .358ACAD_LIB - SPECIAL_LIBPair 1
Mean Std. Dev iat ion
Std. Error
Mean Lower Upper
95% Conf idence
Interv al of the
Dif f erence
Paired Dif f erences
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
T-Test Special Libraries
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
SA 6 14.1667 2.85774 1.16667
A 6 4.1667 2.31661 .94575
D 6 1.5000 .54772 .22361
SD 6 1.1667 .40825 .16667
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0.05
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Mean
Difference
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
Lower Upper
SA 12.100 5 .000 14.11667 11.1177 17.1157
A 4.353 5 .007 4.11667 1.6855 6.5478
D 6.485 5 .001 1.45000 .8752 2.0248
SD 6.700 5 .001 1.11667 .6882 1.5451
cxxi
T-Test problems frequently encountered in the usage of x-lib
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Pair 1 ACAD_LIB 26.5000 6 14.50172 5.92030
SPECIAL_LIB 14.6667 6 4.50185 1.83787
Paired Samples Correlations
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 ACAD_LIB &
SPECIAL_LIB 6 .123 .817
Paired Samples Test
11.83333 14.64809 5.98006 -3.53890 27.20557 1.979 5 .105ACAD_LIB - SPECIAL_LIBPair 1
Mean Std. Dev iat ion
Std. Error
Mean Lower Upper
95% Conf idence
Interv al of the
Dif f erence
Paired Dif f erences
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
![1974 21. Computer Lib /Dream Machines 21. [Introduction]...21. Computer Lib /Dream Machines 1974 301; 21. [Introduction] From Computer Lib / Dream Machines Computer Lib / Dream Machinesis](https://static.documents.pub/doc/80x56/5e96a5959dc81529600878b0/1974-21-computer-lib-dream-machines-21-introduction-21-computer-lib-dream.jpg)
