Comparative Study on Strength Properties of Environmentally Sustainable
Precast Concrete Paver Blocks Using Fly Ash and Polypropylene Fibre
Satyavendra Singh Yadav1, Dr. Ramakant Ageawal2, Prof. Deepak Kumar Garg3
1Research Scholar 2Professor, 3Assistant Professor, 1,2,3 Department of Civil Engineering 1,2,3 Oriantal Institute of Science & Technology, Bhopal, India
Abstract - Fly ash is a tremendous waste accessible at nuclear energy stations in the country. Enormous
utilization of fly debris in paver squares will assist the country with making affordable paver hinders and
will address difficulties related with ecological issues and removal of waste In the current concentrate on
M35 level paver blocks with thickness 60mm and 80mm with substitution of OPC by 30% fly debris and
expansion of polypropylene fiber @ 0.0% to 0.5% with addition of 0.1% by weight of concrete have been
made to get to the reasonableness for Indian street surfaces for various applications. The squares have
been tried at the age 7 and 28 days for strength and toughness models. For strength properties
compressive strength and flexural strength test were led, both being significant for applications for street
surfacing. For toughness properties water assimilation has been contemplated. The aftereffect of
compressive strength and flexural strength demonstrates that it is doable to utilize OPC supplanted by
30% fly debris and expansion of 0.3% PPF in assembling of paver blocks. Paver blocks have achieved
target compressive strength and flexural strength at 28 days in every one of the grades.
Key Word- Paver block, water absorption, Polypropylene fibre, Fly ash, Compressive Strength, Flexural
Strength
1. INTRODUCTION
Pavements surface utilizing blocks are made by utilizing individual interlocking paver blocks by
introducing to each other. These are laid on pre-arranged sub grade with sand bed beneath limited by edge
restrictions from the two sides. The squares are laid in legitimate bond with joints in the middle to have
primary dependability. These joints are loaded up with sand of reasonable evaluating. The interlocking
system of substantial square asphalt gives adequate region to stack spreading. Substantial square asphalts
enjoy certain upper hands over black-top and substantial asphalts. The overall benefits are upkeep,
functional, underlying, feel and efficient. An all-around developed interlocking asphalt gives better
execution. The paver blocks are made from substantial composite involving concrete, water, totals and
super plasticizer, which are accessible locally wherever in country. Pavers blocks are pre-created in the
production line utilizing press/vibrating table framework before their real use. These are utilized in
surface layer of asphalts, metropolitan and semi metropolitan streets, town streets, roads, pathways,
gardens, travelers holding up sheds, petroleum siphons transport stops, stages, industry, and so forth
Precast paver blocks are ideal materials for asphalts and trails along side of the road where a great deal of
cosmetic touch up is being offered attributable to simple laying, better look, simple to fix and prepared to
move subsequent to laying. Paver blocks are affordable as they don't break and these have 100% rescue
esteem if there should arise an occurrence of substitution. The term precast implies that the squares are
made and solidified prior to laying and are brought to place of work. The paver blocks are fabricated in
such a design that these interlock with one another during laying to keep up with primary strength.
Concrete cement is solid under compressive loads simultaneously it is innately poor under elastic
anxieties. It is of fragile nature so it isn't fitting to make paver blocks from cement of such nature. The
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material for paver blocks must be flexible. Subsequently to make concrete pliable, polypropylene
filaments are included little extents during assembling of paver squares to experience the effect and
flexural stresses which are inescapable on street surface during running of traffic. The miniature break
arrangement in concrete at beginning phase because of plastic shrinkage may likewise be tended to with
the expansion of fibers.
2. OBJECTIVES
1. To plan configuration blend for zero droop substantial composite for assembling of paver block M35
grade assignment of thickness 60 mm and 80 mm by supplanting OPC with 30% fly debris and
adding PPF @0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% in each grade.
2. To test the strength properties of solidified paver blocks for different plan blends for example
compressive strength and flexural strength at 07 and 28 days old enough.
3. To test the strength properties of solidified paver blocks for different plan blends for example Water
ingestion at 28 days of relieving.
4. To build up ideal measurements of PPF expansion in assembling of paver blocks with 30% fly
debris.
5. To review cost viability of paver block with ideal measurements of polypropylene fiber.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Raju and John concentrated on high volume fly debris concrete by supplanting concrete with 60% fly
debris and adding Recron 3s strands @ 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% by weight of concrete and saw that with
fiber option compaction factor diminishes. Singh and Goel concentrated on the impact of supplanting
polypropylene filaments with PET strands in concrete and detailed that with expansion of strands in
substantial functionality decreased. Mohod et al. noticed functionality of M30 and M40 grade concrete by
adding polypropylene fiber @ 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.50% and 2.0% and found that expansion in volume
extents of strands prompted diminished usefulness. Thirumurgan and Sivakumar noticed new substantial
properties of M 40 grade by adding PPF@ 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% by volume portions, utilizing water
concrete proportion 0.3 supplanting OPC with fly debris by 25% and half and reportedthat functionality
diminishes. Ramujee et al. concentrated on functionality of fiber built up concrete by adding PPF @ 0%,
0.5%, 1.0 % 1.5% and 2.0 % by weight of concrete and saw decrease in droop with expansion in fiber
content past 1.5%. Gencel et al. examined paver blocks made with squander marble by supplanting totals
with squander marble@0%,10%, 20%, 30% and 40% for 32.5 and 42.5 concrete sort and tracked down
that compressive strength at higher supplanted level came about into lower compressive strength. Patel
and Modhera tested by supplanting F-type fly debris at levels half, 55%, 60% with expansion of 0.25%
PPF by weight and discovered compressive strength increments for all substitution levels in M25, M30,
M35 and M40 and the ideal degree of fly debris substitution was 55%.
4. Materials Used
I) Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
The Portland concrete has essentially three grades, to be specific OPC33 grade, OPC-43 grade and
OPC53grade. The arrangement of concrete is achieved based on the strength of concrete at 28 days
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according to Aggarwal ei.al. Concrete goes about as a cover underway of paver block. In this exploration,
43 grade OPC secured from nearby market of Patna adjusting to IS: 8112 has been utilized. The outcomes
acquired for the actual properties are given in Table1.
Table 1: Physical properties of OPC 43 grade
b) Coarse Aggregates (CA)
In the current exploration stone reviled totals has been utilized of most extreme ostensible size
10 mm obtained from nearby market, maihar, M.P. The coarse totals tried by IS: 2386. Test
aftereffects of strainer investigation and actual properties of coarse totals
Table 2: Physical properties of coarse aggregates
Properties Results
Bulk density (loose) kg/m3 1440
Specific gravity 2.63
Water absorption (%) 0.48
Impact value (%) 14
Abrasion value (%) 19
c) Fine Aggregate (FA)
The stream sand acquired from child waterway, Satna (M.P.) adjusting to IS: 383 has been
utilized for the current examination. The sand has been tried according to IS: 2386. The test
aftereffects of the sifter investigation and actual properties saw of fine totals.
Physical property Observed results
1. Normal consistency (%) 30
2. Initial setting time (minute) 94
3. Final setting time (minute) 245
4. Fineness (using 90 µm IS sieve) (%) 6
5. Soundness (mm) 2.0
6. Specific gravity 3.15
7. Compressive strength (N/mm2)
03 days
07 days
28 days
25
35.5
44.5
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Table 3: Physical properties of fine aggregates
Properties Observed values
Bulk density (loose) kg/m3 1567
Specific gravity 2.57
Water absorption (%) 0.60
d) Fly Ash (FA)
The fly debris substantial outcomes in poor early strength and long haul great strength. It has low
warmth of hydration. It makes up for the shortfalls of cement bringing about more sturdy
substantial items and hence builds the existence of item. In the current review, the fly debris has
been secured fromVijay tiles, khramseda satna, M.P
Table 4: Physical properties of fly ash
Sr. No. Property Observed value
01. Specific gravity 2.08
02. Class F-type
d) Chemical Admixture (Super Plasticizer)
Utilization of substance admixture further develops usefulness according to Concrete Institute.
Midrand. BASF Master Glenium SKY 8233 super-plasticizer dependent on Polycarboxylic Ether
(PCE) synthetic admixture has been utilized for assembling of concrete substantial interlocking
paver blocks. It follows IS: 9103 BASF Master Glenium SKY 8233 acquired from neighborhood
market Govindpura J.K Road, Bhopal
e) Water
Consumable faucet water was utilized for projecting and relieving of paver blocks. The water
affirms to the necessities of IS: 456.
f) Polypropylene (PP)
The polypropylene has been utilized as polypropylene fiber (PPF) of Suppliers Real entryway
and Frame, Supplier Company is situated in Industrial region Govinpura J.K Road, Bhopal. The
brand name of PPF is Recron 3s. Standard measurements of 125gm/50 kg pack of concrete is
suggested by the producer. The necessary amount of PPF is absorbed water briefly and afterward
this water added to substantial cluster and blend, to get incredible scattering. The details of
Recron 3s provided by the supplie
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Table 5: Specifications of Recron 3s
Property Value
Cut length 12 mm
Shape of fiber Triangular
Specific gravity 0.91
Effective diameter 25-40 micron
Tensile strength 4000-6000 kg/cm2
Melting point 165o C
Dosage rate 125gm/50 kg cement
Source: Real door & Frame
Figure 2: Polypropylene fibre
Table 6: Mix design of M35 grade concrete with 30% fly ash and varying % of PPF
6. Compressive Strength Test
The compressive testing machine of limit 200 tons utilized for test. The example will be covered with
4mm thick pressed wood sheets of size bigger than the example and set between the bearing plates of the
CTM and fixed manually. The heap will be applied with no jerk and increment persistently @15±3
Mix ID
Cementitious
material
Water
Fine
aggregate
Coarse
aggregate
SP
PPF
Cement Fly
ash
kg/m3
M35F30P0.0% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 0
M35F30P0.1% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 0.39
M35F30P0.2% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 0.78
M35F30P0.3% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 1.17
M35F30P0.4% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 1.56
M35F30P0.5% 273 117 152 951 877 2.11 1.950
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N/mm2 each moment until the example fizzles. The disappointment load is recorded in N. The clear
compressive strength of the paver block is determined by utilizing equation, compressive strength =
disappointment load/plan region in N/mm2, for the singular example.
Figure 3: Compressive strength test setup
7. Flexural Strength Test
The flexural property of the paver block is vital to be seen when utilized on streets where traffic is
running. The test example will be checked for length, width, thickness and angle proportion. The
contraption utilized for the test will be same according to IS: 15658 and IS: 516. The supporting rollers of
the machine ought to have breadth in the scope of 25mm to 40mm. The separation from one focus to
another of rollers will be changed in accordance with fix the example - 50mm. Four paver block
haphazardly chose for the test and kept with covering material according to IS: 15658. The heap will be
applied with no shock and expanded ceaselessly @ 6kN/minute and will be expanded until
disappointment of the example.
Figure 4: Flexural strength test setup
8. Water Absorption Test
The water assimilation of paver not really settled to survey its solidness. The test was directed according
to IS: 15658. For perception of water retention, three examples were taken subsequent to relieving of 28
days, arbitrarily chose. Drench the examples in water totally for 24+2 hours. Eliminate the examples from
water and permitted to be dry briefly at room temperature. Eliminate the noticeable water with fabric, and
gauge the example quickly in kg to closest 0.001kg (WS), the weight estimation arrangement is displayed
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1. Remedied Compressive Strength of 60 mm Thick Paver Blocks with OPC Replaced by 30% Fly
Ash and fluctuating extents of PPF for M35grade of paver blocks
The amended compressive strength aftereffects of 60 mm thick paver blocks with OPC supplanted by
30% FA and expansion of 0.0% to 0.5% PPF at various ages are arranged in Table 7. The paver blocks
have been named by their grade assignment, FA substitution extent and PPF expansion. The variety of
remedied compressive strength with age for M35 grades of paver blocks has been shown graphically.
Table 7: Corrected compressive strength results of 60 mm thick M35 grade of paver blocks
with varying proportions of PPF
Figure 5: Line graph for Variation of corrected compressive strength with age for M30 grade with
varying proportions PPF for 60mm thick paver block
M35F30P0.0 M35F30P0.1 M35F30P0.2 M35F30P0.3 M35F30P0.4 M35F30P0.5
07 Days 27.34 27.55 27.66 28.1 26.69 26.4
28 Days 40.6 41.5 42.1 42.9 42.1 41.8
20222426283032343638404244464850
Co
mp
ress
ive
Str
en
gth
(M
Pa
)
Corrected compressive strength of 60 mm thick M30 grade of paver blocks
Grade WCR SP PPF Thick Corrected compressive
strength (N/mm2)
07 Days 28 Days
M30F30P0.0 0.43 2.11 0.000 60 27.34 40.60
M30F30P0.1 0.43 2.11 0.390 60 27.55 41.50
M30F30P0.2 0.43 2.11 0.780 60 27.66 42.10
M30F30P0.3 0.43 2.11 1.170 60 28.10 42.90
M30F30P0.4 0.43 2.11 1.560 60 26.69 42.10
M30F30P0.5 0.43 2.11 1.950 60 26.40 41.80
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2) Corrected Compressive Strength of 80 mm Thick Paver Blocks with OPC Replaced by 30% Fly
Ash and changing extents of PPF for M35 grade of paver blocks
The amended compressive strength consequences of 80 mm thick paver blocks with OPC supplanted by
30% FA and expansion of 0.0% to 0.5% PPF at various ages are organized in Table 8. The paver blocks
have been named by their grade assignment, FA substitution extent and PPF expansion. The variety of
adjusted compressive strength with age for M35 grades of paver blocks has been shown graphically in
Figure 7.
Table 8: Corrected compressive strength results of 80 mm thick M30 grade of paver blocks
with varying proportions of PPF
Figure 6: Line graph for Variation of corrected compressive strength with age for M35 grade with
varying proportions PPF for 80mm thick paver block
M35F30P0.0 M35F30P0.1 M35F30P0.2 M35F30P0.3 M35F30P0.4 M35F30P0.5
07 Days 26.84 27.15 27.6 27.9 26.5 26.18
28 Days 40.19 41.15 41.9 42.6 41.7 41.52
1820222426283032343638404244464850
Co
mp
ress
ive
Str
en
gth
(M
Pa
)
Grade WCR SP PPF Thick
Corrected compressive
strength (N/mm2)
07 Days 28 Days
M30F30P0.0 0.43 2.11 0.000 80 26.84 40.19
M30F30P0.1 0.43 2.11 0.390 80 27.15 41.15
M30F30P0.2 0.43 2.11 0.780 80 27.60 41.90
M30F30P0.3 0.43 2.11 1.170 80 27.90 42.60
M30F30P0.4 0.43 2.11 1.560 80 26.50 41.70
M30F30P0.5 0.43 2.11 1.950 80 26.18 41.52
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B) Flexural Strength
1) Flexural Strength of 60 mm Thick Paver Blocks with OPC Replaced by 30% Fly Ash and
fluctuating %age of PPF for M35 grade of paver blocks
Flexural strength of M35 grade paver squares of 60 mm thickness with substitution of OPC by 30% fly
debris and expansion of polypropylene fiber at the pace of 0.0% to 0.5% for 7 and 28 days was noticed
and classified in Table 9, shown graphically in Figure 8.
Table 9: Flexural Strength results of 60 mm thick M35 grade of paver blocks with varying
proportions of PPF
Figure 7: Line graph for Variation of Flexural Strength with age for M35 grade with varying
proportions PPF for 60mm thick paver block
2) Flexural Strength of 80 mm Thick Paver Blocks with OPC Replaced by 30% Fly Ash and
fluctuating %age of PPF for M30 grade of paver blocks
M35F30P0.0 M35F30P0.1 M35F30P0.2 M35F30P0.3 M35F30P0.4 M35F30P0.5
07 Days 3.96 4.1 4.31 4.56 4.66 4.4
28 Days 4.84 5.1 5.68 6.24 6.18 5.9
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
Fle
xura
l str
en
gth
(M
Pa)
Grade WCR SP PPF Thick Flexural strength
(N/mm2)
07 Days 28 Days
M30F30P0.0 0.43 2.11 0.000 60 3.96 4.84
M30F30P0.1 0.43 2.11 0.390 60 4.10 5.10
M30F30P0.2 0.43 2.11 0.780 60 4.31 5.68
M30F30P0.3 0.43 2.11 1.170 60 4.56 6.24
M30F30P0.4 0.43 2.11 1.560 60 4.66 6.18
M30F30P0.5 0.43 2.11 1.950 60 4.40 5.90
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Flexural strength of M35 grade paver squares of 80 mm thickness with substitution of OPC by 30% fly
debris and expansion of polypropylene fiber at the pace of 0.0% to 0.5% for 7 and 28 days was noticed
and classified in Table 10, shown graphically in Figure 8. The paver blocks have been named according
to their extents in the blends.
Table 10: Flexural Strength results of 80 mm thick M35 grade of paver blocks with varying
proportions of PPF
Figure 8: Line graph for Variation of Flexural Strength with age for M35 grade with varying
proportions PPF for 80mm thick paver block
C) Water Absorption Test Results for M35 Grade 60 and 80 mm Thick Paver Blocks
Table 11: Water absorption results for M35 grade 60 mm thick paver blocks
M35F30P0.0 M35F30P0.1 M35F30P0.2 M35F30P0.3 M35F30P0.4 M35F30P0.5
07 Days 3.7 4 4.16 4.56 4.2 4.28
28 Days 4.74 5 5.56 6.12 5.8 5.72
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
Flex
ura
l str
engt
h (
MP
a)
Grade WCR SP PPF Thick Flexural strength
(N/mm2)
07 Days 28 Days
M30F30P0.0 0.43 2.11 0.000 80 3.70 4.74
M30F30P0.1 0.43 2.11 0.390 80 4.00 5.00
M30F30P0.2 0.43 2.11 0.780 80 4.16 5.56
M30F30P0.3 0.43 2.11 1.170 80 4.56 6.12
M30F30P0.4 0.43 2.11 1.560 80 4.20 5.80
M30F30P0.5 0.43 2.11 1.950 80 4.28 5.72
Mix ID Average saturated
weight (WS)
(kg)
Average dry
weight (Wd) (kg) WPercent = (
𝑊𝑠−𝑊𝑑
𝑊𝑑) × 100
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Figure 9: Water absorption for M35 grade 60mm thick paver blocks
Table 12: Water absorption results for M35 grade 80 mm thick paver blocks
M35F30P0.0 M35F30P0.1 M35F30P0.2 M35F30P0.3 M35F30P0.4 M35F30P0.5
M35 3.72 2.9 2.74 2.69 2.16 2.65
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.005.506.00
Wate
r ab
sorp
tion
%
Water absorption for 60 mm thick paver block with varied percentages of PPF
M35F30P0.0 3.674 3.542 3.72
M35F30P0.1 3.678 3.575 2.90
M35F30P0.2 3.696 3.597 2.74
M35F30P0.3 3.743 3.645 2.69
M35F30P0.4 3.762 3.683 2.16
M35F30P0.5 3.786 3.688 2.65
Mix ID
Average saturated
weight (Ws)
(kg)
Average dry
weight (Wd)
(kg)
WPercent = (𝑊𝑠−𝑊𝑑
𝑊𝑑) × 100
M35F30P0.0 4.795 4.621 3.77
M35F30P0.1 4.845 4.675 3.65
M35F30P0.2 4.736 4.577 3.47
M35F30P0.3 4.864 4.723 2.98
M35F30P0.4 5.016 4.930 1.76
M35F30P0.5 4.796 4.683 2.41
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Figure 10: Water absorption for M35 grade 80mm thick paver blocks
9. CONCLUSIONS
1. Corrected compressive strength for reference blends increments in with age in M35 grade in
60 mm and 80 mm thick paver blocks. At 28 days of relieving the strength has expanded
marginally from target strength.
2. With expansion of PPF in shifting extents by weight of cementitious materials the strength
increments with age in all grades with both the thickness.
3. Maximum increase in strength for every one of the grades at 28 days was seen with 0.3%
PPF expansion which might be taken as ideal portion.
4. All the blends in with expansion of PPF in differing extents in every one of the grades at 28
days have achieved the objective strength.
5. Effect of fly debris on solidified paver blocks will in general diminish the strength and with
expansion of PPF strength imperceptibly expanded.
6. Flexural strength for the reference blends increments in with age in, M35 grade in 60 mm
and 80 mm thick paver blocks. At 28 days reference blend accomplished objective strength.
7. With expansion of PPF in shifting extents by weight of cementitious materials the strength
increments with age in every one of the grades with both the thickness.
8. Maximum increase in flexural strength for every one of the grades at 28 days was seen with
0.3% PPF expansion which might be taken as ideal portion
9. The water retention diminishes on expansion of PPF up to 0.4% and there after increments.
10. In every one of the grades including reference blend the water ingestion was considerably
less when contrasted with the codal arrangement of 6% according to IS: 15658.
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M35 3.77 3.65 3.47 2.98 1.76 2.41
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.00
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ter
ab
sorp
tio
n %
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