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“The Effectiveness of Neem Tree (Azadirachta Indica) Leave
Extract in the Mortality Rate of Cockroach”
An Investigatory Project Presented to
The Faculty of Don Felix Serra National High School
San Joaquin, Iloilo
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
Research II
Angelie Santolaja
And
Mary Rose Siva
SSC - IV
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the
insecticidal effect of the Neem tree (Azaradichta indica)leaf
extract against cockroaches. The study was conducted at Don Felix
Serra National High School from November 15, 2008 to January 15,
2009. Cultured cockroahes were used as the subjects of the study.
They were treated with different levels of concentration of Neem
tree leaf extract to find out if this substance has any
insecticidal effect on them. Three trials for each level of
concentration were made to determine the consistency of the
effect of the Neem tree leaf extract at different levels of
concentrations. It was found out that Neem tree leaf extract was
effective in killing cockroaches at all levels of concentration
It was concluded that Neem tree leaf has a very high insecticidal
effect against cockroaches.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their sincere and deepest
gratitude to all who generously offered their valuable assistance
and supervision at the beginning and the end of the writing and
making of this research study.
To our Almighty God for the enlightenment, for giving the
authors the good health and disposition they badly need to
accomplish this requirement.
To Dr. Aurora N. Saquibal, school principal, for approving
the conduct of this study;
To Mrs. Mae Setubal, research paper adviser, for sharing her
time, untiring support, guidance, encouragement and patience in
the completion of this study;
To the computer teachers of DFSNHS for allowing us to use
the computer in researching and editing this paper.
To the family of the authors, for their financial and moral
support for the realization of the study
In addition, to those people who the investigators fail to
mention who contributed a lot for the completion of this study.
Again, a million thanks to all!
Angelie and Mary Rose
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Abstract i-ii
Acknowledgement ii-iii
CHAPTER I
Background of the Study 1-2
Statement of the Problem 3
Hypotheses 6
Significance of the Study
5-6
Definition of Terms 7
Scope and Delimitations 4
Conceptual Framework 2
CHAPTER II – RELATED LITERATURE 8-25
CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY
Research Materials and Equipments
Procedure/Experimental Design
Gathering Data
Treatment of Data
CHAPTER IV – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Findings
Analysis of Data
CHAPTER V – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendation
APPENDIXES
A
B
C
D
Schematic Diagram
Pictures
Introduction
Background of the study
In recent years, the study of herbal plants has become a
great interest among scientist and researchers. The variety of
products that may be obtained, along with its uses is one major
factor that leads to its unique importance in today’s modern
living. On the other hand, the use of insecticides has become
common. Its discovery has shifted medical technologists focus
from a broad point to a less fine direction considering the
possibilities that herbal plants may give.
In the vast island of the Philippines, herbal plants are
widely found because of the favorable climate. Different parts of
these plants are being used such as the roots, bark and leaves as
a substantial remedy for their illnesses as well as for other
things.
Neem tree contains certain components and properties that
can poison and paralyzed insects. Neem tree leaves for instance
can irritate mosquitoes.
Disease causing insects are present practicably anywhere and
everywhere and best of all in places where grime and dirt makes
it residence. Although tiny as they maybe, one should consider
their potential in blaring havoc to its victim.
1
The first means of preventing the spread of diseases brought
about by these pests is through proper home management and
sanitation. From this point, it is important that people should
learn to sanitize. In this connection the researchers wants to
find out the pesticidal activity of Neem tree leaves extract to
cockroach.
Conceptual Framework
Independent Moderator Dependent Variable
Variable
amount
of
extract
Mortality rate
Neem tree
Leave
Extract amount
Of
water
2
Statement of the Problem
This research study aims to find out the effectiveness of
Neem tree leave extract in the mortality rate of cockroach.
Specific Objective
This study has the following specific objectives:
1. To find out if Neem tree leave is effective as cockroach
killer.
2. To determine the concentration that would be most
effective in killing cockroach.
100% solution
50% solution and 50% water
75% solution and 25% water
3. To find out a significant difference in the effect of the
different concentrations of the Neem tree leave extract as
cockroach killer based on the mortality rate of the
cockroaches.
3
Scope and Delimitation
The solution to be used in the experiments is not
commercially prepared ones. It was simply prepared in the
compound of the researcher’s school. Thus, it could be guaranteed
that the said sample could not compete in terms of desirable
properties with the commercially prepared ones. Moreover, the
leaves used are not constantly fine, young and in some case
contains deformed or damaged parts. This may have interfered with
the results expected.
The study was restricted for cockroach use only and not
including other house pests as it may not be effective. The
variables in this study were limited to 100 grams of leaves. The
respondents were 18 cockroaches respectively.
This study will be conducted at Don Felix Serra National
High School, Real St. Purok 1 San Joaquin, Iloilo. The study was
started October 28 2008 and will last on February 2009.
4
Significance of the Study
Many people find ways in order to control the growth or
spreading of pests that may harm family’s health. Different use
of alternative such as insecticide and pesticide has been used to
control pests. Neem tree leaves compared to chemical in stores is
an alternative and environment friendly pest busters. Moreover
Pollution in land, water and air is lessened because the
concentrations are all biological materials. Hence these are some
of the beneficiaries of the said study;
Housewives – they can save money and restrain from spending
too much for the use of insecticides because these alternative
insecticide cost nothing and is very abundant in the locality.
Farmers – It would give them idea about other plants in the
community which could halter or control the growth of insects
which could destroy their crops. It would mold them to be
observant and resourceful.
Agriculturist – it would give them the inspiration to
discover and investigate other species of plants to be used in
the development of new products for the purpose of bringing
harmony in both home and agricultural industry.
5
Other Researcher – it would give them new ideas and
furthermore it would pursue them to add or improve the study and
advances it to the next level prior to the increasing demands of
the society.
Lastly, government officials may be able to use and improve
this product for distribution and or production for further
economic income of the country and thus saving funds spent for
importing such products.
Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were assumed in the study:
1. There is no significant difference in the mortality rate of
cockroaches between the commercial insecticide and the
different concentrations in each extracts.
2. There is no significant difference in the time interval
between the commercial insecticide and the different
concentrations in each extracts for which the cockroaches
died.
6
Definition of terms
Extract – juice from a plant
As used in the study, extract is the juice obtained
from the leaves of neem tree and mahogany leaves.
Leaves – a part of a plant
As used in the study, leaves are where the extract is
obtained.
Cockroach – nocturnal beetle-like insect
As used in the study, cockroach is the respondents to
be used in the experiment.
Mortality – the condition of being sure to die sometime
As used in the study, mortality is the number or
frequency of deaths in a given period of time relative to the
population of the cockroaches in every trial.
Neem - Is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of
two species in the genus Azadirachta, and growing in tropical and
semi-tropical region.
As used in the study, neem refers to a plant where its
leaves are used to obtain extract.
7
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
Neem tree is a typical forest tree that is popular to people.
It has many uses and is vary helpful to the society. Many people
use Neem tree as an alternative mosquito killer for they use the
leaves of it and eventually burn it. Besides of it, this tree
also cures diseases.
Neem
Azadirachta indica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Order: Sapindales
Genus: Azadirachta
Species: Indica
Binomial name
Azadirachta indica
Neem (Azadirachta indica, syn. Melia azadirachta L., Antelaea
azadirachta (L.) Adelb.) is a tree in the mahogany family
8
Meliaceae. It is one of two species in the genus Azadirachta, and
is native to India, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan
growing in tropical and semi-tropical regions. Other vernacular
names include Nimba (Sanskrit and Marathi), DogonYaro (Nigerian),
Margosa, Nimtree, Vepu, Vempu, Vepa (Telugu), Bevu in Kannada,
Vempu in Tamil, arya veppu in Malayalam and Indian-lilac. In East
Africa it is also known as Mwarobaini (Swahili), which means the
tree of the 40; it is said to treat 40 different diseases.
Description
Neem is a fast-growing tree that can reach a height of 15-20 m
(about 50-65 feet), rarely to 35-40 m (115-131 feet). It is
evergreen but in severe drought it may shed most or nearly all of
its leaves. The branches are wide spread. The fairly dense crown
is roundish or oval and may reach the diameter of 15-20 m in old,
free-standing specimens.
The trunk is relatively short, straight and may reach a diameter
of 1.2 m (about 4 feet). The bark is hard, fissured or scaly, and
whitish-grey to reddish-brown. The sapwood is grayish-white and
the heartwood reddish when first exposed to the air becoming
reddish-brown after exposure. The root system consists of a
strong taproot and well-developed lateral roots.
9
The alternate, pinnate leaves are 20-40 cm (8 to 16 in.)long,
with 20 to 31 medium to dark green leaflets about 3-8 cm (1 to 3
in.) long. The terminal leaflet is often missing. The
petioles are short. Very young leaves are reddish to purplish in
colour. The shape of mature leaflets is more or less asymmetric
and their margins are dentate with the exception of the base of
their basiscopal half, which is normally very strongly reduced
and cuneate or wedge-shaped.The (white and fragrant) flowers are
arranged axillary, normally in more-or-less drooping panicles
which are up to 25 cm (10 in.)long. The inflorescences, which
branch up to the third degree, bear from 150 to 250 flowers. An
individual flower is 5-6 mm long and 8-11 mm wide. Protandrous,
bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the same individual.
The fruit is a smooth (glabrous) olive-like drupe which varies in
shape from elongate oval to nearly roundish, and when ripe are
1.4-2.8 x 1.0-1.5 cm. The fruit skin (exocarp) is thin and the
bitter-sweet pulp (mesocarp) is yellowish-white and very fibrous.
The mesocarp is 0.3-0.5 cm thick. The white, hard inner shell
(endocarp) of the fruit encloses one, rarely two or three,
elongated seeds (kernels) having a brown seed coat.Commercial
plantations of the trees are not considered profitable.
10
Ecology
The neem tree is noted for its drought resistance. Normally it
thrives in areas with sub-arid to sub-humid conditions, with an
annual rainfall between 400 and 1200 mm. It can grow in regions
with an annual rainfall below 400 mm, but in such cases it
depends largely on ground water levels. Neem can grow in many
different types of soil, but it thrives best on well drained deep
and sandy soils . It is a typical tropical to subtropical tree
and exists at annual mean temperatures between 21-32 °C. It can
tolerate high to very high temperatures and does not tolerate
temperature below 4 °C . Neem is a life giving tree, especially
for the dry coastal, southern districts. It is one of the very
few shade-giving trees that thrive in the drought prone areas.
The trees are not at all delicate about the water quality and
thrive on the merest trickle of water, whatever the quality. In
Tamil Nadu it is very common to see neem trees used for shade
lining the streets or in most people's back yards. In very dry
areas like Sivakasi, the trees are planted in large tracts of
land, in whose shade fireworks factories function.
11
Chemical compounds
The active principles of the plant were brought to the attention
of scientists in 1942 while working at the Scientific and
Industrial Research Laboratory at Delhi University, for the first
time extracted three bitter compounds from neem oil, which he
provisionally named as nimbin, nimbinin, and nimbidin
respectively. The seeds contain an extremely complex secondary
metabolite azadirachtin.
It is considered a major component in Ayurvedic medicine and is
particularly prescribed for skin disease.
All parts of the tree (seeds, leaves, flowers and bark) are
used for preparing many different medical preparations.
Neem oil is used for preparing cosmetics (soap, shampoo,
balms and creams), and is useful for skin care such as acne
treatment, and keeping skin elasticity.
Besides its use in traditional Indian medicine the neem tree
is of great importance for its anti-desertification
properties and possibly as a good carbon dioxide sink.
Practictioners of traditional Indian medicine recommend that
patients suffering from chicken pox sleep on neem leaves.
12
Neem gum is used as a bulking agent and for the preparation of
special purpose food (those for diabetics)
Aqueous extracts of neem leaves have demonstrated
significant antidiabetic potential.
Extract of neemtree leaves are thought to be helpful as malaria
prophylaxis despite the fact that no comprehensive clinical
studies are yet available. Private initiatives in Senegal were
successful in several cases to prevent malaria [2]. However, major
NGOs such USAID are not supposed to use neemtree extracts unless
the medical benefit has been proved with clinical studies.
Horticultural usages
Neem is a source of environment-friendly biopesticides. The
unique feature of neem products is that they do not directly kill
the pests, but alter the life-processing behavior in such a
manner that the insect can no longer feed, breed or undergo
metamorphosis. However, this does not mean that the plant
extracts are harmful to all insects. Since, to be effective, the
product has to be ingested, only the insects that feed on plant
tissues succumb.
13
Those that feed on nectar or other insects such as butterflies,
bees, and ladybugs hardly accumulate significant
concentrations of neem products.
Uses in pest and disease control
Neem is deemed very effective in the treatment of scabies
although only preliminary scientific proof exists which still has
to be corroborated, and is recommended for those who are
sensitive to permethrin, a known insecticide which might be an
irritant. Also, the scabies mite has yet to become resistant to
neem, so in persistent cases neem has been shown to be very
effective. There is also anecdotal evidence of its effectiveness
in treating infestations of head lice in humans. A tea made of
boiled neem leaves, sometimes combined with other herbs such as
ginger, can be ingested to fight intestinal worms.
The oil is also used in sprays against fleas in cats and dogs.
Neem leaves are used to treat chickenpox and warts by directly
applying to the skin in a paste form or by bathing in water with
neem leaves. In order to increase immunity of the body, neem
leaves are also taken internally in the form of neem capsules or
made into a tea. The tea is traditionally taken internally to
reduce fever caused by malaria. This tea is extremely bitter. It
is also used to soak feet for treating various foot fungi.
14
It has also been reported to work against termites. In Ayurveda,
neem leaves are used in curing neuromuscular pains. Neem leaves
are also used in storage of grains.
Neem (leaf and seed) extracts have been found to be spermicidal
and thus research is being conducted to use neem extracts for
making contraceptives. Neem produces pain relieving, anti-
inflammatory and fever reducing compounds that can aid in the
healing of cuts, burns, earaches, sprains and headaches, as well
as fevers.
Pesticide (Insecticide and Fungicide)
Although Neem extract/oil has been under use for centuries
for control of insects, the major work on Neem oil and its
impact on insects started in 1959. A German Entomologist
observed that during a plague of locust in Sudan, the only
greenery left untouched despite the devastation by billions
of winged locusts was the Indian Neem tree. He noticed that
although the locust had landed on the tree and its leaves,
they did not feed. The anti-feedant properties of Neem tree,
which was well known in India, was the reason. This attracted
the attention of the developed world which triggered research
on such a powerful tree.The natural properties of Neem oils
pose no danger of toxic reactions in the environment.
15
The seeds and leaves are now the source of a class of
pesticide named soft pesticides (Non Toxic and Natural). The
main mode of action of Neem oil is anti-feedant. Insects
pests usually refuse to eat any plant covered with Neem oil.
Its other derivatives include insect repellent and a reducer
of an insect ability to reproduce. Its active ingredient,
Azadirachtin, is similar to insect hormone (Ecdysones) which
have naturally insect growth regulators which then interfere
with the molting (shedding and regeneration of outer body
layer) and metamorphosis (a process of insect birth). It is
natural safe and biodegradable product which is extensively
used in various parts of world as insecticide.
Active Ingredients
The neem tree contains more than 100 bio-active ingredients and
it is rich in proteins. Its bitter taste is due to an array of
complex compounds called "limonoids". The most important bio-
active principal is azadirachtin (repellent); other compounds are
gedunin (anti-malarial), nimbin (anti-inflammatory, anti-
pyretic), nimbidin (antibacterial), nimbidol (anti-malarial,
anti-pyretic), quercentin (anti-malarial), salannun (repellent),
and sodium nimbinate (spermicide). Young neem leaves contain 60%
water, 23% carbohydrates, 7% proteins, more than 3% minerals, and
1% fat. [MotherNature, 1999; Neem Company-2;
16
Use of Neem as Insect Repellent
Neem oil has been found to be an effective mosquito repellent.
Studies have shown that one neem compound is a more effective
insect repellent than DEET, a chemical widely used in commercial
mosquito repellents. Also neem oil treated mosquito nets are
becoming popular. Apart from mosquitoes neem also repels a great
variety of other insects which are main storage pests. [icipe,
1998-2, S. 187; Neem Foundation, 1997-1; VillagePharmacy]
Home made mosquito repellent from neem
To use neem as a mosquito repellent, mix 1 to 2 parts of neem oil
with 98 to 99 parts of coconut oil. Applied to the body, the
mixture repels mosquitos for up to 12 hours and is especially
effective against the malaria type.
Kerosene lamps containing 0.01-1% of neem oil, also reduce
mosquito biting activity.
Use of Neem as Insecticide
Neem derivates neutralise nearly 500 pests worldwide, including
insects, mites, ticks, and nematodes, by affecting their
behaviour and physiology. Neem does not normally kill pests right
away, rather it repels them and affects their growth.
17
As neem products are cheap and non-toxic to higher animals and
most beneficial insects, it is well-suited for pest control in
rural areas. The most commonly used products in pest control are
extracts from seeds or leaves. The seeds have about twice the
potency of the leaves, but they are only available for 3-4 months
each year. Leaves have to be dried in the shade, because the
sunlight will break done some active ingredients. The powder
obtained from crushed leaves can be used directly for dusting
crops or as powder in stored foods. It can also be mixed with
water on sprayed on crops. If the kernels are used they should be
soaked in water overnight. The extract can be filtered and
applied by a hand-pump sprayer. As the active compounds of neem
decompose rapidly, drops under attack have to be treated weekly.
Properties of Neem
Since ancient times, neem has been associated with healing in the
sub-continent of India. A large number of medicinals, cosmetics,
toiletries and pharmaceuticals are now based on neem derivatives
because of it's unique properties.
Bark: Neem bark is cool, bitter, astringent, acrid and
refrigerant. It is useful in tiredness, cough, fever, loss of
appetite, worm infestation. It heals the wounds and is also used
in vomiting, skin diseases and excessive thirst.
18
Leaves: According to Ayurveda, Neem leaves help in the treatment
of vatik disorders (neuro muscular pains). Neem leaves are also
reported to remove toxins, purify blood and prevent damage caused
by free radical in the body by neutralising them. Neem leaves are
reported to be beneficial in eye disorders and insect bite
poisons. It treats Vatik Disorders ( neuroand muscular pains )
Fruits: Neem fruits are bitter, purgative, antihemorrhodial and
anthelmintic in nature.
Flowers: Neem flowers are used in vitiated conditions of pitta
( balancing of the body heat ) and kapha ( cough formation). They
are astringent, anthelmintic and non-toxic.
Seeds: Neem seeds are also described as anthelminitic,
antileprotic, antipoisonous and bitter in taste.
Oil: derived from crushing the seeds is antidermatonic, a
powerful anthelmintic and is bitter in taste. It has a wide
spectrum of action and is highly medicinal in nature.
Mixture: Five parts of Neem tree ie. Bark, Root, Fruit, Flower
and Leaves together are used in diseases of blood. It is also
used in vitiated conditions of excess heat, itching, wound,
burning sensation in body and skin diseases.
19
Temperature Range:
The neem tree originated in India and loves growing in a tropical
to subtropical climate. It needs and positively thrives in hot
weather, but it can handle the occasional cold spell.
Temperatures up to 50°C (120F) are fine for growing neem trees.
So is the occasional drop down to about 5°C (35F). Below that the
neem tree will shed its leaves. Longer exposure to cold weather
can cause permanent damage or kill a neem tree. The younger the
tree, the more vulnerable it is to cold weather.
(For readers from non-tropical and cooler climates: learn how to
grow neem as a house plant.)
Sunlight:
The more, the better. Especially young neem trees cannot handle
shade.
Soil:
Clay soils or sandy soils, rocky or saline soils, it does not
matter. Like most plants neem trees grow best in deep, rich, dark
soils with lots of nutrients and good water holding capacity, but
it is amazing to see how well neem trees grow on the poorest,
shallowest rocky slopes as well.
Neem trees don't care much about pH either. Up to 8.5 is fine,
and so are acidic soils.
20
In fact, growing neem trees can help bring acidic soils back to a
neutral range, and improve the water holding capacity and
nutrient level of poor soils. (See agricultural uses of neem
tree. Coming soon.)
Water:
An ample supply of water is good when growing neem trees, but the
tree can make do with very little.
The areas where neem trees grow naturally receive between 450 and
1200 mm of rain per year, but neem has been planted in drier
regions as well. There are neem trees growing in areas that
receive as little as 200 mm annual rain.The one single thing that
neem trees can't handle are soggy, waterlogged soils. The plant
roots need to breathe, so don't try growing neem trees in swamps.
Propagation:
The most common propagation method is to grow neem trees from
seed.
There have been trials using cuttings, suckers, roots and tissue
culture, and it all works, but planting seed is by far the
easiest and the most common method.
As long as the seed is fresh it germinates readily in about a
week.
21
Neem trees develop a very deep and strong tap root. Leaving them
in pots or polythene bags for too long will lead to stunted and
distorted roots, and it is also very easy to damage roots when
the tree is planted out. So if you start them in pots, get them
out in the garden as soon as they are big enough.
Growth And Life Span:
Neem trees grow slowly during their first year, but they reach
maturity fast. You can expect to harvest your first neem fruit
after three to five years. It takes about ten years for a neem
tree to get to full production.After that it will produce 30 to
50 kg of fruit a year. A neem tree can be expected to live 150 to
200 years.
Cockroach
Cockroach, common name for an order of insects, the most familiar
of which are characterized by their oval shape, foul odor, and
their status as household pests. About 4000 species are known
worldwide; most inhabit the warm tropical regions of the globe.
About 25 species have attained worldwide distribution due to
accidental transport in commerce and their affinity for human
habitation. Among these are most of the important pest species.
Cockroaches are an ancient group, having changed little in
appearance in 320 million years.
22
Fossil records indicate that they were the predominant insects
during the Carboniferous period 360 to 290 million years ago.
Characteristics
Cockroaches in general are flat and oval in outline. The
head points downward and is protected by the enlarged flanges of
the thorax. In many other respects they are similar in morphology
to grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, stick insects, and mantids,
their closest relatives. Cockroaches may be winged or wingless,
but even winged species do not always fly.
Adults range from 1 mm (0.04 in) to more than 9 cm (3.6 in) in
length. They are sensitive to light; most species prefer
darkness, being largely nocturnal. Their long, hairlike, highly
sensitive antennae and sensory bristles enable them to detect
tiny amounts of food and moisture. The cerci, sensory structures
extending from the rear of the abdomen, can sense minute air
movements, enabling the cockroach to rapidly detect and flee from
potential danger. Most cockroaches can run very rapidly and are
difficult to catch due to their soft, slippery outer skin, called
the cuticle. They can hide in very narrow crevices. The oily
cuticle also protects them from dehydration.
23
Individual species may be restricted to very specific habitats
such as leaf litter, bromeliads, the splash zone of waterfalls,
or bat caves. Some species are brightly colored, defying the
stereotype of the drab, brown or black household roach. Some
species, including the Madeira cockroach, can produce sound.
Life Cycle and Reproductive Behavior
Courtship patterns vary with the species. When the American
cockroach is ready to mate, the female produces a chemical odor,
or pheromone, that attracts males. The males flap their wings and
probe for females with their abdomens when they sense the
pheromone; eventually, they back into a female and mating ensues.
Other species have more elaborate mating displays, including
hissing noises, bobbing and waving of the abdomen, or nibbling.
The males of one African species form dominance hierarchies, and
the females preferentially mate with the dominant
male.The fertilized eggs that result from mating are cemented
together by the female in a sausage-shaped egg case known as the
ootheca. The American cockroach simply deposits the ootheca in a
protected place and abandons it. German cockroaches keep the
ootheca extended from their egg-laying organ, known as the
ovipositor, depositing it only when the eggs are ready to hatch.
An ootheca contains from 16 to 32 eggs, depending on the species.
24
Female ootheca-tending cockroaches sometimes display maternal
care. The nymphs that emerge from the eggs often remain around
their mother for several days. Nymphs undergo gradual
metamorphosis—that is, they grow and mature in stages, each
separated by a molt of the exoskeleton. Each successive stage, or
instar, comes to resemble the adult insect more and more. The
final molt gives rise to a winged, sexually mature individual.
25
Chapter III
Methodology
The Research Design
The method used in this study was experimental methods of
research. The study consisted of three treatments; namely, (A)
100% neem tree leave extract, (B) 50% neem tree leave extract and
(C) 75% neem tree leave extract. Each treatment had been
replicated 3 times in a Randomize Complete Block Design.
Source of Materials
Freshly harvested Neem tree leaf were obtained from our
backyard at San Joaquin Iloilo (for trials 1,2, and 3). The
laboratory equipments used in this study aws provided by the
science teachers of Don Felix Serra National High School.
Table 3.1
3 cockroaches each concentration
Trials 50% 75% controlled
Alive Died Alive Died Alive Died
First 2 1 0 3 0 3
Second 2 1 0 3 0 3
Third 2 1 0 3 0 3
26
Identify the problems and gather information about the study.
Experimental Procedure
General steps in the conduct of the study.
27
Culturing of the cockroaches and gathering of Neem leaves.
Preparation of materials and tools.
Pounding of Neem tree leaves and preparation of treatments.
Weighing of pounded Neem tree leaves extract and the control (water) for treatments.
Analyze and interpret results.
Application of various treatments in the set-ups.
Observation and gathering of data.
Form conclusion and recommendation.
28
Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Table 1 shows the number of cockroaches that were
killed after having been treated with Neem tree (Azaradichta
indica) leaf extract.
Table 1 shows that when cockroaches were treated with
Neem tree leaf extract in different concentration levels, for
100% concentration, 3 died in the first trial,3 in the second
trial and 3 in the third trial with an average of 3.00. For the
75% concentration, 2 died in the first trial, 3 died in the
second trial and another 3 died in the third trial. In 50%
concentration, 1 died in the first trial, 3 in the second trial
and another 3 in the third trial. This means that the Neem
tree leaf extract can effectively kill cockroaches at all levels
of concentrations. This further implies that 50% to 100%
concentration of Neem tree leaf extract has the potential as an
insecticide against cockroaches. Table 1 is shown below.
29
Table 1. Number of Cockroaches That Died After Having Been
Treated With Neem Tree ( Azaradichta indica) Leaf Extract for
Three Trials
Concentrations Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean
100% 3 3 3 3.00
75% 2 3 3 2.67
50% 1 3 3 2.33
There is no significant difference in the number of
cockroaches killed using different levels of concentrations as
indicated by the asymptotic significance value of .125, which is
greater than .01, the level of significance set for this study.
Thus, the null hypothesis of no significant difference is
acepted. This means that Neem tree leaf extract is effective at
all levels of concentration. Data imply that all levels of
concentration of Neem tree leaf extract could kill cockroaches.
Table 2 is shown below.
30
Table 2. Difference in the Number of Cockroaches Killed When
Treated with Different Levels of Concentration of Neem Tree Leaf
Extract
Sum of
Squares
df Mean
Square
F Sig.
Between
Groups
2.000 2 1.000 3.000 .125
Within
Groups
2.000 6 .333
Total 4.000 8
31
Chapter V
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
Summary
This study aimed to determine the insecticidal effect
of Neem tree leaf extract against cockroaches. It also provided
answers to the following questions:
1. How many cockroaches were killed by the Neem tree leaf
extract using different levels of concentrations?
2. Is there a significant difference in the number of
cockroaches killed using different levels of concentrations?
Results showed that all levels of concentration of Neem tree
leaf extract was able to kill 3 termites in the first trial, 2 in
the second trial and 1 in the third trial. For 75% and 50%
levels of concentration, 3 died during all three trials. It was
also found out that there is no significant difference in the
number of cockroaches killed using different levels of
concentration.
32
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, it can be
concluded that the Neem tree leaf extract is effective in killing
cockroaches at all levels of concentration. Therefore, Neem tree
extract is very effective in killing cockroaches.
Recommendation
It is highly recommended that other parts of the Neem
tree plant be tested to discover
which is the most potent at all levels of concentration. Also, the extract could also be used
against other harmful insects and pests to find out if it could have more fatal effect on other
harmful insects and pests.
33
Literature Cited
1. ^ S. Ganguli (2002) Neem: A therapeutic for all seasons,
Current Science, Vol. 82, No. 11, June. pp. 1304
2. ^ Al Jazeera report on neemtree treatment in Senegal [1]
3. Neem medical uses, dosage, cautions and details
Neem Foundation
Neem Benefits
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem"
Categories: Medicinal plants | Sanskrit words and phrases
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from November 2008 |
All articles lacking sources
The Neem Foundation: http://www.neemfoundation.org
The Neem Company: http://www.neemcompany.com
The Village Pharmacy: http://www.aijsc.com/neemtree.htm
MotherNature:
http://www.mothernature.com/articles/neem/article1.stm
Laurie Borgman http://members.ams.chello.nl/l.borgman
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The below link will give you wonderful information on .
http://www.neemaura.com/
Date: Sun, 18 Mar 2001 21:07:09 EST
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http://django.harvard.edu/users/jjarvie/Borneo.htm .
The Benefits of the Neem Tree
35
Neem Foundation
Neem
Turmeric
Organic Agriculture
Retrieved from "http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php/Neem"
Category: Health And Spirituality
Subject: Re: eczema story Well, this is not about
aromatherapy, but it is about success with eczema.
Allen, O.N. and Allen, E.K. 1981. The Leguminosae. The
University of Wisconsin Press. 812 p.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006
Microsoft Corporation.
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