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Comparing J2EE Comparing J2EE with .NET with .NET - ACCU 2002 -- ACCU 2002 -
Slides (mostly Slides (mostly ) by) byMichael Stal, Senior Principal EngineerMichael Stal, Senior Principal EngineerSIEMENS AG, Dept. CT SE 2SIEMENS AG, Dept. CT SE 2E-Mail: E-Mail: mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]: Web: http://http://www.stal.dewww.stal.de
Markus Voelter, CTO, MATHEMA AGMarkus Voelter, CTO, MATHEMA [email protected]://www.voelter.de
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 2
GoalGoal
This is intended to be an objective This is intended to be an objective comparisons of the two platformscomparisons of the two platforms
It will contain criteria to base a It will contain criteria to base a decision which platform to usedecision which platform to use
Interoperability issuesInteroperability issues
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 3
AgendaAgenda
MotivationMotivation ComparisonComparison
• Visions: Sun ONE and .NETVisions: Sun ONE and .NET• Layer-by-Layer comparison of the Layer-by-Layer comparison of the
infrastructuresinfrastructures
SummarySummary LiteratureLiterature
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 4
Web FrameworksWeb Frameworks
Workflow Engine
Web-based and -related Protocols (HTTP, SMTP, ...)
Service Description, Discovery, Integration (UDDI)
Service Description (WSDL)
Service Context (Who, Where, When, Why, ....)
Virtual Machine
Micro/Macro Services
IntegrationLayer
Legacy
Backend Server
MainframeFrontend
Layer(Web Server)
Web Service User/Provider
Core Services (Calendar, Preferences, Transactions, ...)
Core elements of Web Frameworks
Clients
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 5
.NET – The Microsoft .NET – The Microsoft Way of LifeWay of Life
.NET Devices TabletPC, PocketPC, ....
.NET Servers SQL Server, Biztalk, Commerce, Exchange, Mobile Information,
Host Integration, Application Center
.NET Foundation Services (Hailstorm) Passport, Calendar, Directory & Search, Notification & Messaging,
Personalization, Web-Store/XML, Dynamic Delivery of Software and Services
Common Language Runtime (Memory Management, Common Type System, Lifecycle Monitor)
.NET Framework & Tools
Base Classes (ADO.NET, XML, Threading, IO, ....)
ASP.NET(Web Services, Web Forms,ASP.NET ApplicationServices)
Windows Forms(Controls, Drawing, Windows Application Services)
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 6
Sun ONE (Open Net Sun ONE (Open Net Environment)Environment)
Service Interface
Service Container
(J2EE, EJB, JSP, J2SE, J2ME,
MIDP, Java Card)
Process Management
Service Integration
(SQL, JDBC, XML, XSLT, XP, JMS,
RMI, J2EE Connectors,...)
Service PlatformSmart Management
(SNMP, CIM, WBEM, JMX)
Smart Delivery(XML, HTML, XHTML,
WML, VoiceXML,XSLT, HTTP, SSL,XP, SOAP, WSDL,UDDI, ebXML, ...)
Web Services
Smart Process(ebXML, XAML)
Smart Policy(LDAP, Kerberos, PKI,
OASIS Security))
Service Creation and Assembly(JB, JSP, EJB)
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 7
Layer-By-Layer Layer-By-Layer ComparisonComparison
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 8
Hello World ExampleHello World Example
In C# and Java:In C# and Java:using System;
namespace MyNameSpace {public class MyClass {
public static void Main(String [] args) {Console.WriteLine(„Hello, C#!“);
}}
}
package MyPackage;
public class MyClass {public static void main(String [] args) {
System.out.println(„Hello, Java!“);}
}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 9
LayersLayers
Runtime SystemRuntime System Object model Object model Base classesBase classes
- Reflection, Reflection,
EnterpriseEnterprise- Component modelComponent model- Database accessDatabase access- XMLXML- Server PagesServer Pages- RemotingRemoting- Web ServicesWeb Services- More Enterprise APIsMore Enterprise APIs
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 10
The Runtime SystemThe Runtime System
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 11
.NET Runtime.NET Runtime
It is called the Common Language Runtime (CLR)It is called the Common Language Runtime (CLR) It is intended for any language compiled to the It is intended for any language compiled to the
MSILMSIL Provides integration for several languagesProvides integration for several languages Provides support for non-OO languages (e.g. tail Provides support for non-OO languages (e.g. tail
recursion)recursion)C#
VB.NET
C++
Perl
Com
piler
MSIL +Metadata
Loader/Verifier JIT
Managed Code
ExecutionGarbage
Collection,Security,
Multithreading,...
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 12
Java Virtual MachineJava Virtual Machine
The JVM is intended for Java and interprets Java Byte The JVM is intended for Java and interprets Java Byte Code. Code.
Other languages can be compiled to Java bytecode, Other languages can be compiled to Java bytecode, however (e.g. Ada)however (e.g. Ada)
Just-in-Time compilers exist for different Just-in-Time compilers exist for different environments and OSsenvironments and OSs
Java
Com
piler
CLASS-Files
Classloader/Verifier JIT
NativeCode
Hotspot
InterpreterGarbage
Collection,Security ManagerCall-in+Call-out,Multithreading,
...
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 13
Commonalities and Commonalities and DifferencesDifferences
Commonalities:Commonalities:• Basic concepts are similar Basic concepts are similar
Differences:Differences:• Java is intended for interpretation (e.g. type-Java is intended for interpretation (e.g. type-
dependent primitives i_add, ...)dependent primitives i_add, ...)• Java allows for custom class loaders and Java allows for custom class loaders and
security managerssecurity managers• .NET CLR provides a command set that also .NET CLR provides a command set that also
supports functional languagessupports functional languages
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 14
The Object ModelThe Object Model
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 15
Object Model (.NET)Object Model (.NET)
In .NET, everything is an object In .NET, everything is an object
Types
Value Types Reference Types
System ValueTypes
User ValueTypes
Enumerations
InterfacesPointers
Self-describingTypes
ArraysClasses
Delegates Boxed Values
User-Defined
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 16
System.ObjectSystem.Object
The „mother of all .NET classes“The „mother of all .NET classes“public class Object { public virtual int GetHashCode(); public virtual bool Equals(); public virtual String ToString(); public static bool Equals(object a, object b); public static bool ReferenceEquals(object a, object b); public Type GetType(); protected object MemberWiseClone(); protected virtual Finalize()´;}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 17
Object Model (.NET)Object Model (.NET)
.NET distinguishes between values .NET distinguishes between values types and reference types:types and reference types:• value types reside on the stackvalue types reside on the stack• reference types reside on the heapreference types reside on the heap
In C#, there is no difference between In C#, there is no difference between primitive types and classesprimitive types and classes• Automatic boxing/unboxing provides Automatic boxing/unboxing provides
transparencytransparency
Special strongly-typed function Special strongly-typed function references references • called called delegatesdelegates • and and eventsevents))
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 18
Object Model (Java)Object Model (Java)
Java has primitive types and Java has primitive types and classes.classes.• No automatic boxing/unboxingNo automatic boxing/unboxing
Types
Primitive Types Reference Types
InterfacesArrays
Classes
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 19
java.lang.Objectjava.lang.Object
The „Mother of all Java classes“The „Mother of all Java classes“public class Object { public Object(); public boolean equals(Object obj); public final Class getClass(); public int hashCode(); public final void notify(); public final void notifyAll(); public String toString(); public final void wait() throws InterruptedException; public final void wait(long timeout) throws InterruptedException; public final void wait(long timeout, int nanos)
throws InterruptedException; protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException; protected void finalize() throws Throwable;}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 20
Object Model (Java)Object Model (Java)
Primitive types cannot be Primitive types cannot be transparently used as an object. transparently used as an object. Special Holder classes are Special Holder classes are necessary.necessary.
There are no special function There are no special function references. Java uses Observer references. Java uses Observer Pattern with callback interfaces and Pattern with callback interfaces and inner classesinner classes
Integer i_ref = new Integer(7);List l = ...l.add( i_ref );
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 21
.NET-Types that are not .NET-Types that are not available in Javaavailable in Java
Delegates & Events:Delegates & Events:
class MyClass { ... public void somebodyTurnedOnTheLight( int which ) { ... }}
class AnotherClass { ... public delegate void LightTurnedOn(int which); public event LightTurnedOn OnLightTurnedOn; ... OnLightTurnedOn+= new LightTurnedOn(MyClass.somebodyTurnedOnTheLight);}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 22
.NET-Types that are not .NET-Types that are not available in Java cont‘davailable in Java cont‘d
Enumerations (value type):Enumerations (value type):
Jagged and unjagged Arrays:Jagged and unjagged Arrays:
Structs (value types):Structs (value types):• Structs are implicitly sealed Structs are implicitly sealed • they do not support inheritancethey do not support inheritance
public struct Name {public String First;public String Last;
}
int [2][] a; a[0] = new int[]{1}; a[1] = new int[]{1,2};int [,] a = new int[2,2];
enum Color : byte { RED = 1, BLUE = 2, GREEN = 3 };
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 23
Commonalities and Commonalities and DifferencesDifferences
Commonalities:Commonalities:• Interfaces are „completely abstract classes“Interfaces are „completely abstract classes“• Support single inheritance for classes Support single inheritance for classes
(implementation inheritance) and multiple interface (implementation inheritance) and multiple interface inheritanceinheritance
• Default-Initialization of VariablesDefault-Initialization of Variables• Namespace-Concept (Java-Package and .NET-Namespace-Concept (Java-Package and .NET-
Namespace)Namespace)• Similar visibility attributes (public, private, ...)Similar visibility attributes (public, private, ...)• Future: Generic types in .NET and Java (Generics)Future: Generic types in .NET and Java (Generics)• Class Constructors (static initializer in Java)Class Constructors (static initializer in Java)
DifferencesDifferences• In .NET there is no difference between primitive types In .NET there is no difference between primitive types
and classes.and classes.• Multiple languages support in .NETMultiple languages support in .NET• In Java all methods are implicitly virtual. In .NET this In Java all methods are implicitly virtual. In .NET this
has to be made explicit virtual, override, new).has to be made explicit virtual, override, new).• Java maps packages to directories. .NET doesn‘t. Java maps packages to directories. .NET doesn‘t.
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 24
MetainformationMetainformation
Java and .NET provide a reflection Java and .NET provide a reflection APIAPI• to load and instantiate classesto load and instantiate classes• and inspect classes (introspection).and inspect classes (introspection).
In addition, .NET allows to annotate In addition, .NET allows to annotate many aspects of a system (classes, many aspects of a system (classes, members, operations) with so-members, operations) with so-called called AttributesAttributes
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 25
.NET Examples .NET Examples
Using an AtttributeUsing an Atttribute
• There are several predefined attributes There are several predefined attributes (WebService, WebMethod, ...)(WebService, WebMethod, ...)
Defining an AttributeDefining an Attribute
[AuthorIs(„Michael“)]class MyClass { ... }
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)]public class AuthorIsAttribute : Attribute {
private string m_Name;public AuthorIsAttribute(string name) { m_Name = name;}
}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 26
.NET Examples cont‘d.NET Examples cont‘d
Accessing and using Type Accessing and using Type informationinformationusing System;
using System.Reflection;
namespace ComponentClient {class Client {
static void Main(string[] args) { Assembly a = Assembly.LoadFrom("Component.dll"); Type [] allTypes = a.GetTypes(); Type t = allTypes[0]; object o = Activator.CreateInstance(t); MethodInfo mi = t.GetMethod("algorithm"); double d = (double) mi.Invoke(o, new object[]{21.0});}
}}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 27
Java ExampleJava Example
Accessing and using Type Accessing and using Type information:information:• Note that packages are not the same as Note that packages are not the same as
assemblies!!assemblies!!import java.lang.reflect.*;
try {Class c = Class.forName(„MyPrintComponent“);Object o = c.newInstance();Method m = c.getMethod(„print“, new Class[]{ String.class });m.invoke(o, new Object[]{„Hallo, Java!“});
}catch (Exception e) {
// handle it here}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 28
Commonalities and Commonalities and DifferencesDifferences
Commonalities:Commonalities:• Very similar APIsVery similar APIs
Differences:Differences:• .NET allows additional, user-defined meta .NET allows additional, user-defined meta
information with attributesinformation with attributes• Java Reflection is sometimes a bit more Java Reflection is sometimes a bit more
clumsy (because of primitive types and clumsy (because of primitive types and classes)classes)
• .NET allows to actually create new artifacts .NET allows to actually create new artifacts at runtime and instantiate them or store at runtime and instantiate them or store them in assemblies.them in assemblies.
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 29
StatementsStatements
Both platforms support basically Both platforms support basically the same statementsthe same statements
Differences:Differences:• switchswitch-Statement allows Strings, but no -Statement allows Strings, but no
fallthrough:fallthrough:string name = address.name;switch (name) {
case “Maier”: Console.WriteLine(“Nice to meet you, Hans!”);break;
case “Mueller”,case “Huber”: Console.WriteLine(“You owe me some money!”);
break;default: Console.WriteLine(“I don’t know you”);
break;}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 30
Statements (cont‘d)Statements (cont‘d)
Differences:Differences:• Iterators in .NET:Iterators in .NET:
• Note that these are still no „internal Note that these are still no „internal iterators“ as in Smalltalk, for example!iterators“ as in Smalltalk, for example!
foreach (Elem i in MyContainer) { Console.WriteLine(i); }...class MyContainer : IEnumerable, IEnumerator {
public IEnumerator GetEnumerator() {return (IEnumerator)this;
}public void Reset() { ... }public bool MoveNext() { ... }public object Current { get { ... } }
}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 31
Statements (cont‘d)Statements (cont‘d)
Differences:Differences:• Iterators in Java:Iterators in Java:
for (Iterator i = MyContainer.iterator(); i.hasNext();) doSomething(i.next());
...class MyContainer implements Iterator {
public boolean hasNext() {…}public Object next() {...}public void remove() {...}public Iterator iterator() { return this; }
}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 32
Statements (cont‘d)Statements (cont‘d)
Differences:Differences:• Properties in .NET, where Java uses Coding Properties in .NET, where Java uses Coding
conventionsconventionsClass MyClass { ...
public double x {set { if (x < 0)
throw new ArgumentException (“< 0”);m_x = value;
}get { return m_x; }
} ...
// User: MyClass m = new MyClass(); m.x = 22;
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 33
Statements (cont‘d)Statements (cont‘d)
Differences:Differences:• .NET supports Indexers, Java does not..NET supports Indexers, Java does not.
• Indexers also work with non-integer keys, Indexers also work with non-integer keys, such as stringssuch as strings
object[17] = 22;
// In class:Int [] m_a;public double this[int pos] {
get { return m_a[pos]; }set { m_a[pos] = value; }
}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 34
Statements (cont‘d)Statements (cont‘d)
Differences:Differences:• .NET supports operator overloading!.NET supports operator overloading!
public static Point operator+(Point op1, Point op2) {return new Point(op1.x+op2.x,op1.y+op2.y);
}
...
Point p = new Point(1,2) + new Point(2,3);
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 35
Statements (cont‘d)Statements (cont‘d)
Differences:Differences:• .NET allows pass-by-reference of method .NET allows pass-by-reference of method
argumentsargumentsclass Test {
public void Print(int i) { Console.WriteLine(i); }public void Inc(ref int i) { i++; }public int SetInitial(out int i) { i = 42; }...
}
Test t = ...; int i;t.SetInitial(out i);t.Inc(ref i);t.Print();
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 36
Statements (cont‘d)Statements (cont‘d)
Exceptions in JavaExceptions in Java• Exceptions have to be declared in the throws-clauseExceptions have to be declared in the throws-clause
Exceptions in .NETExceptions in .NET• Exceptions are not declaredExceptions are not declared
public int insert(int i) throws OverLimitException;{ … }
// only way to tell you about // OverLimitException thrown below public int insert(int i) { … }
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 37
Important Base ClassesImportant Base Classes
.NET.NET JavaJavaGUI Windows.Forms
Web.FormsSWING, AWT
Kommunikation
System.Net: Connection, HttpWebRequest, ...
Java.net: Sockets, URL, ...
Container System.Collections: ArrayList, BitArray, Maps, Queue, List, Stack
java.util: Lists, Maps, Sets, Trees, Vectors
No big conceptual differences here.
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 38
MultithreadingMultithreading
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 39
Multithreading in .NETMultithreading in .NET
.NET uses delegates for .NET uses delegates for multithreadingmultithreading• The „ThreadStart“ in the example belowThe „ThreadStart“ in the example below
There are monitors for There are monitors for synchronizationsynchronization• The “lock” in the example belowThe “lock” in the example below
class GlobalData {int m_Value;public int Value { set { lock(this) { m_Value = value; } } }
}class Worker {
GlobalData m_Global;public Worker(GlobalData global) {m_Global = global; }public void loop() { m_global.Value = 42; Thread.Sleep(100); }
}// somewhere else:GlobalData g = new GlobalData();Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(new Worker().loop));t.Start(); t.Join(); 1
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 40
Multithreading in JavaMultithreading in Java
In Java there is also a class In Java there is also a class „Thread“„Thread“
For synchronization there is the For synchronization there is the synchronizedsynchronized keyword keyword
class GlobalData {int m_Value;public synchronized int setValue { return m_Value; }
}class Worker implements Runnable {
GlobalData m_Global;public Worker(GlobalData global) { m_Global = global; }public void run() { m_Global.setValue(42); Thread.sleep(100); }
}// somewhere else:GlobalData g = new GlobalData();Thread t = new Thread(new Worker());t.start(); t.join(); 1
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 41
Commonalities and Commonalities and DifferencesDifferences
Commonalities:Commonalities:• Threading is very similar!Threading is very similar!• Both use some forms of monitor for Both use some forms of monitor for
synchronizationsynchronization
Differences:Differences:• In Java, synchronization is better integrated In Java, synchronization is better integrated
into the Java languageinto the Java language• Java provides better synchronization and Java provides better synchronization and
thread communication (wait, notify, ...). thread communication (wait, notify, ...).
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 42
DeploymentDeployment
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 43
Assemblies in .NETAssemblies in .NET
Assembly=Set of TypesAssembly=Set of Types
Manifest
Module 1
Resources
Type 1IL-Code
Type 2IL-Code
Type 3IL-Code
name
version
Sharedname
Hash
Files
ReferencedAssemblies
Types
Security
CustomAttributes
ProductInformation
Metadata
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 44
Assemblies in .NETAssemblies in .NET
Private Assemblies are typically only Private Assemblies are typically only useful by the owning applicationuseful by the owning application
Shared Assemblies are stored in a Shared Assemblies are stored in a common cache and can be used by common cache and can be used by several applications. several applications. • They are signed by a keyThey are signed by a key• They are versioned!!They are versioned!!
Runtime uses Application Domains as Runtime uses Application Domains as an abstraction for (potentially an abstraction for (potentially remote) processes.remote) processes.
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 45
Java JAR filesJava JAR files
.jar files are similar to .NET‘s .jar files are similar to .NET‘s assembliesassemblies• They can be shared or privateThey can be shared or private• They can be signedThey can be signed
They contain They contain • types types • resourcesresources• optionally, metadata in manifest files.optionally, metadata in manifest files.
There is no versioning!There is no versioning!
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 46
Commonalities and Commonalities and DifferencesDifferences
Commonalities:Commonalities:• Assemblies and JAR files provide Assemblies and JAR files provide
„deployment“ components„deployment“ components
Differences:Differences:• Much better versioning support in .NET Much better versioning support in .NET
(side-by-side execution)(side-by-side execution)
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 47
Component ModelsComponent Models
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 48
Server-Side Components Server-Side Components in .NETin .NET
Now Now ComponentComponent is used like in is used like in EJB/COM+EJB/COM+
To use container-provided services To use container-provided services like synchronisation or transactions like synchronisation or transactions COM+ services can be usedCOM+ services can be used
COM+-Interop provides these COM+-Interop provides these features.features.
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 49
Java Component ModelsJava Component Models
Client Components and Server Client Components and Server Components Components
JavaBeans are Client ComponentsJavaBeans are Client Components• normal Java classes following some normal Java classes following some
conventionsconventions• optionally providing metainformation optionally providing metainformation
(BeanInfo class)(BeanInfo class)public class MyJavaBean {private int color;public void setColor(int v) { color = v; }public int getColor() { return color; }// a lot of more ...
}
// BeanInfo class not shown here!
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 50
Server Components in JavaServer Components in Java
Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) always Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) always reside in a Container that provides reside in a Container that provides technical aspects (sep. of concerns)technical aspects (sep. of concerns)
Client
3) Use bean
NamingService
1) lookup home
JNDI
4) remove
Application Server (Container)
Remote BeanInterface
Remote BeanHome Interface
2”) find bean2) create bean
BeanInstance
EnterpriseBean
EJBContext
4
ejbCreateejb...
DeploymentDescriptor
EJBJar
bean-methods
EJBHome
EJBObject
new
EJB Run-time
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 51
Server Components in Java Server Components in Java cont‘dcont‘d
4 Types of Beans4 Types of Beans• Stateless Session-Beans (Service Components)Stateless Session-Beans (Service Components)• Stateful Session Beans (Session Components)Stateful Session Beans (Session Components)• Entity-Beans (Entity Components)Entity-Beans (Entity Components)• Message-Driven Beans (asynch. Service Message-Driven Beans (asynch. Service
Components)Components)
A bean is (theoretically) portable A bean is (theoretically) portable across containers (Application across containers (Application Servers) from different vendors. Servers) from different vendors.
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 52
Commonalities and Commonalities and DifferencesDifferences
Commonalities:Commonalities:• Server Components are available Server Components are available
(Assemblies + COM+, EJB).(Assemblies + COM+, EJB).• Interop with legacy components in .NET Interop with legacy components in .NET
using COM+, in Java using CORBA)using COM+, in Java using CORBA)
Differences:Differences:• EJB are a more mature and proven modelEJB are a more mature and proven model• Special APIs to connect to legacy systems Special APIs to connect to legacy systems
(Java Connector API)(Java Connector API)
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 53
Database Access in .NETDatabase Access in .NET
In .NET there is ADO.NETIn .NET there is ADO.NET• ““connectionless”connectionless”
Data Source
DataSetCommandCommand
Connection
DataReader
DataSet
Client
Managed Provider
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 54
.NET-Beispiel.NET-Beispiel
using System;using System.Data;using System.Data.SqlClient;
string myConnection = “server=myserver;uid=sa;pwd=;database=StockTickerDB”;string myCommand = “SELECT * from StockTable”;SqlDataSetCommand datasetCommand = new SqlDataSetCommand(myCommand, myConnection);DataSet myDataSet = new DataSet();datasetCommand.FillDataSet(myDataSet, “StockTable”);DataTable myTable =ds.Tables[“StockTable”];foreach (DataRow row in myTable.Rows) {
Console.WriteLine(“Value of {0} is {1}”, row[“LongName”], row[“Value”]);}
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 55
ADO.NETADO.NET
ADO.NET is XML based (XML Infoset)ADO.NET is XML based (XML Infoset)• DataSet dynamically builds an XML schema DataSet dynamically builds an XML schema
inside to store the datainside to store the data• Relational data and XML data can be handled Relational data and XML data can be handled
in a similar way!!in a similar way!! ADO.NET works offline once the data ADO.NET works offline once the data
is fetchedis fetched• Updating is partly automatic using DataSetsUpdating is partly automatic using DataSets
Currently there are two Managed Currently there are two Managed Providers:Providers:• SQL ServerSQL Server• ADOADO
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 56
Database Access in JavaDatabase Access in Java
Java provides JDBC to access Java provides JDBC to access relational datarelational data
ODBCDB
ODBC Driver
JDBC/ODBC Bridge
Driver ManagerConnection
Statement
PreparedStatement
CallableStatement
Resultset
Application
Markus Voelter/Michael Stal – Comparing J2EE with .NET Folie 57
Java ExampleJava Example
import java.sql.*;// without error handling:Class.forName(„sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver“);Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(„jdbc:odbc:stocks,““,““);Statement stmt = con.CreateStatement();ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(„SELECT * from stocks“);while (rs.next()) {
System.out.println(rs.getString(„COMPANYNAME“));}rs.close();stmt.close();con.close();
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Database Access in JavaDatabase Access in Java
There are several other APIs:There are several other APIs:• Embedded SQL in the form of SQLJ (uses Embedded SQL in the form of SQLJ (uses
JDBC internally)JDBC internally)• Proprietary ODBMS APIsProprietary ODBMS APIs• Standardized JDO API to provide (more or Standardized JDO API to provide (more or
less transparent) persistence for Java less transparent) persistence for Java ObjectsObjects
• XML is handled differently!XML is handled differently!• Java Connector API provides access to other Java Connector API provides access to other
„connection oriented“ legacy systems (such „connection oriented“ legacy systems (such as SAP R3)as SAP R3)
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Commonalities and Commonalities and DifferencesDifferences
Commonalities:Commonalities:• Decoupling of the concrete data model and Decoupling of the concrete data model and
the user (using DataSets and ResultSets)the user (using DataSets and ResultSets)
Differences:Differences:• ADO.NET uses XML extensively, JDBC has a ADO.NET uses XML extensively, JDBC has a
more relational flavormore relational flavor• JDBC is connection oriented, ADO.NET JDBC is connection oriented, ADO.NET
always works non-connected, or offlinealways works non-connected, or offline• .NET DataSets are a kind of In-Memory-.NET DataSets are a kind of In-Memory-
Database-Cache.Database-Cache.
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XMLXML
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XML and .NETXML and .NET
.NET is very XML-centric.NET is very XML-centric• Web Services (SOAP)Web Services (SOAP)• Configuration FilesConfiguration Files• Result sets of a database access (ADO.NET)Result sets of a database access (ADO.NET)• XML processing itselfXML processing itself
Note that formally, many .NET Note that formally, many .NET features are based on the XML features are based on the XML infoset („XML semantics“) and do infoset („XML semantics“) and do not necessarily require megabytes of not necessarily require megabytes of text data!!text data!!
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XML and .NET cont‘dXML and .NET cont‘d
The The System.XmlSystem.Xml Namespace provides Namespace provides a whole lot of classesa whole lot of classes• DOM processing using DOM processing using XmlNodeXmlNode & Sons & Sons• XPathXPath and and XslTransformXslTransform• XmlTextReaderXmlTextReader und und XmlTextWriterXmlTextWriter similar similar
to SAX in that they are both stream-based, to SAX in that they are both stream-based, but .NET uses a Pull-Modelbut .NET uses a Pull-Model
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XML und JavaXML und Java
There are several standards and tools availableThere are several standards and tools available• DOM, SAXDOM, SAX• Xerces/Xalan, JDOMXerces/Xalan, JDOM• JAX{M,B,R,RPC}JAX{M,B,R,RPC}• CastorCastor
However, Java‘s libraries have not been However, Java‘s libraries have not been designed with XML as a basis (Java‘s too old designed with XML as a basis (Java‘s too old ))
JAXP (Java API for XML Parsing) supports DOM JAXP (Java API for XML Parsing) supports DOM and SAX.and SAX.
Currently under developmentCurrently under development• JAXM (Java API for XML Messaging) JAXM (Java API for XML Messaging) • JAXB (Java API for XML Data Binding)JAXB (Java API for XML Data Binding)• JAXR (Java API for XML Registries)JAXR (Java API for XML Registries)• JAX/RPC (Java API for XML based RPC)JAX/RPC (Java API for XML based RPC)
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RemotingRemoting
Somebody knows Somebody knows a nice picture a nice picture here?here?
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Remoting in .NETRemoting in .NET
Application Domain B
Client
Formatters
Channels
Envoy Sinks
Real Proxy
Transparent Proxy
Servant
Formatters
Channels
Server Context Sinks
Object Context Sinks
Network
Application Domain A
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Remoting in .NET Remoting in .NET (cont‘d)(cont‘d) .NET Remoting provides pluggable .NET Remoting provides pluggable
transports and formatters transports and formatters • currently TCP and HTTP transport and currently TCP and HTTP transport and • binary and SOAP formattersbinary and SOAP formatters
Contexts are automatically Contexts are automatically propagated (very neat feature!!)propagated (very neat feature!!)
Only very simple lifecycle Only very simple lifecycle management options for servants management options for servants (compared to EJB or CORBA)(compared to EJB or CORBA)• Singleton (one object for all calls)Singleton (one object for all calls)• SingleCall (new instance for each call)SingleCall (new instance for each call)• Client-Activated based on leasesClient-Activated based on leases
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Remoting in .NET Remoting in .NET (cont‘d)(cont‘d) Objects can be marshalled by value Objects can be marshalled by value
(Serializable)(Serializable)
Asynchronous invocations are easily Asynchronous invocations are easily possible without touching the possible without touching the servantservant
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Stub/Skeleton-Layer
Remoting in JavaRemoting in Java
Several possibilities: RMI/CORBASeveral possibilities: RMI/CORBA• RMI can use JRMP or IIOP as a transport RMI can use JRMP or IIOP as a transport
protocolprotocol• Not pluggable – changes in the code are Not pluggable – changes in the code are
necessarynecessaryClient Server
Stub Skeleton
Remote Reference Manager
Transport Layer
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Commonalities and Commonalities and DifferencesDifferences
Commonalities:Commonalities:• Relatively easy to useRelatively easy to use
Unterschiede:Unterschiede:• .NET Remoting can be extended more .NET Remoting can be extended more
flexiblyflexibly• Java provides Interop with CORBAJava provides Interop with CORBA• Asynchronous invocations are not easily Asynchronous invocations are not easily
possible with Javapossible with Java
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WebWeb
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ASP.NET ASP.NET (Server-Side Scripting)(Server-Side Scripting)
ASP.NET Architecture:ASP.NET Architecture:
IIS 5Web
ServerClient
(1) get a.apx (2) process
.NETEngine
.NETAssembly
OtherAssemblies
Database
(3) result
(4) HTTP file
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ASP.NET ExampleASP.NET Example
A simple login A simple login screen:screen:
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ASP.NET Example ASP.NET Example (cont‘d)(cont‘d)
<%@ Page language="c#" Codebehind="WebForm1.aspx.cs" AutoEventWireup="false" Inherits="LoginPage.WebForm1" %><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" ><HTML><body><form id="Form1" method="post" runat="server"><asp:Label id="TitleLabel" runat="server">Please specify your name and password</asp:Label> <br><asp:Label id="LoginLabel" runat="server">Login</asp:Label> <br><asp:TextBox id="LoginText" runat="server"></asp:TextBox><asp:RequiredFieldValidator id="RequiredFieldValidator" runat="server" ErrorMessage="You need to specify your name" ControlToValidate="LoginText"></asp:RequiredFieldValidator> <br><asp:Label id="PasswordLabel" runat="server">Password</asp:Label> <br><asp:TextBox id="PasswordText" runat="server" TextMode="Password"></asp:TextBox> <br><asp:Button id="EnterButton" runat="server" Text="Open the entrance" ToolTip="Press this after you have specified login and password"></asp:Button> <br><asp:Label id="MessageText" runat="server"></asp:Label></form></body></HTML>
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ASP.NET Example ASP.NET Example (cont‘d)(cont‘d)
// lot of details omittednamespace LoginPage { public class WebForm1 : System.Web.UI.Page { protected TextBox PasswordText, LoginText; protected Button EnterButton; protected Label MessageLabel; private void InitializeComponent() {
this.EnterButton.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.EnterButton_Click);this.Load += new System.EventHandler(this.Page_Load);
} private void EnterButton_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e) { if (!(LoginText.Text.Equals("aladdin") &&
PasswordText.Text.Equals("sesam"))) { MessageLabel.Text = " Wrong name or password!";}else { Session["user"] = "aladdin"; Response.Redirect("UserArea.aspx");}
} }}
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Java Server Pages and Java Server Pages and ServletsServlets
Java also allows for server-side Java also allows for server-side scriptingscripting• JSPs are based on ServletsJSPs are based on Servlets
WebServerClient
(1) get a.jsp (2) process
JVM
JSP
OtherComponents
Database
(4) result
(5) HTTP file
Servlet
(3) gen. Servlet Servlet Impl.
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Java Example Java Example
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Java ExampleJava Example
Bean und JSP-Seite:Bean und JSP-Seite:
// Datei MyPerson.javapackage MyPackage;import java.lang.*;
public class MyPerson {public String getFirstName() { return "Michael"; }public String getLastName() { return "Stal"; }
}// Datei MyTest.jsp:<HTML> <BODY><jsp:useBean id="person" scope="session" class="MyPackage.MyPerson"/>Your name is: <br><jsp:getProperty name="person" property="firstName"/> <br><jsp:getProperty name="person" property="lastName"/></BODY> </HTML>
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Commonalities and Commonalities and DifferencesDifferences
Commonalities:Commonalities:• Pages are precompiled to accelerate accessPages are precompiled to accelerate access• Similar syntax and conceptsSimilar syntax and concepts• ASP.NET provides „GUI components“ using ASP.NET provides „GUI components“ using
Webcontrols, Java provides Taglibs.Webcontrols, Java provides Taglibs. Differences:Differences:
• All .NET languages can be used for ASP.NET All .NET languages can be used for ASP.NET scriptingscripting
• Servlets/JSP are available for a wide range of Servlets/JSP are available for a wide range of webserverswebservers
• Many open source implementations, Many open source implementations, frameworks and tools for Javaframeworks and tools for Java
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Web Services in .NETWeb Services in .NET
.NET provides a very comfortable .NET provides a very comfortable and well-integrated way to build and well-integrated way to build them:them:namespace WebService1 {public class Service1 : System.Web.Services.WebService {
// lot of stuff omitted[WebMethod]public double DM_to_Euro(double value) {
return value / 1.95583;}[WebMethod]public double Euro_to_DM(double value) {
return value * 1.95583;}
}}
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Web Services in .NET Web Services in .NET (forts.)(forts.)
Using it is also simpleUsing it is also simple• Some steps have been ommittedSome steps have been ommitted
Webservices are „just a special way Webservices are „just a special way of remoting“of remoting“
BUT:BUT:• Microsoft does not provide ebXML complianceMicrosoft does not provide ebXML compliance• Currently they can only be used with MS Currently they can only be used with MS
serverserver
localhost.Service1 s1 = new localhost.Service1();double result = s1.Euro_to_DM(200);
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Web Services in JavaWeb Services in Java
Sun ONE will provide a Web Service API Sun ONE will provide a Web Service API for Java, completely ebXML compliantfor Java, completely ebXML compliant
Currently there are many proprietary Currently there are many proprietary solutionssolutions• Some specific SOAP toolkits:Some specific SOAP toolkits:
- Apache SOAPApache SOAP- IBM Web Services ToolkitIBM Web Services Toolkit- GLUEGLUE
• Some integrated with the major application serversSome integrated with the major application servers- SilverstreamSilverstream- IONAIONA- WeblogicWeblogic- ......
Sun works at standard APIsSun works at standard APIs• JAXMJAXM
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Commonalities and Commonalities and DifferencesDifferences
Commonalities:Commonalities:• Both.NET and Java try to be standards-Both.NET and Java try to be standards-
compliant (SOAP, WSDL, UDDI).compliant (SOAP, WSDL, UDDI).• Handling very similar: WSDLbased Handling very similar: WSDLbased
generators that create proxiesgenerators that create proxies
Differences:Differences:• For Java there are different solutions, For Java there are different solutions,
whereas .NET provides only one, nativelywhereas .NET provides only one, natively• Currently, standards are interpreted Currently, standards are interpreted
differently, so Interop Java-.NET is only differently, so Interop Java-.NET is only limited. But this will hopefully change!!limited. But this will hopefully change!!
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More Enterprise APIsMore Enterprise APIs
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Enterprise APIsEnterprise APIs
Naming:Naming:• JNDI in Java (as an interface to JNDI in Java (as an interface to
CORBANaming, LDAP, ...)CORBANaming, LDAP, ...)• Active Directory in .NET (Windows-specific)Active Directory in .NET (Windows-specific)
Message-orientierte Middleware:Message-orientierte Middleware:• JMS in Java JMS in Java • JAXM is on the horizon (XML based JAXM is on the horizon (XML based
messaging)messaging)• .NET can use MSMQ, and remoting can be .NET can use MSMQ, and remoting can be
used asynchronouslyused asynchronously
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Legacy-IntegrationLegacy-Integration
In .NET using the Microsoft Host In .NET using the Microsoft Host Integration Server.Integration Server.
In Java using the Connector APIIn Java using the Connector API
Comparison: Java provides a much Comparison: Java provides a much simpler way. Connectors can be simpler way. Connectors can be implemented relatively straight implemented relatively straight forward.forward.
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InteroperabilityInteroperability
Java provides access to C/C++ using Java provides access to C/C++ using JNI (Java Native Interface). JNI (Java Native Interface). Relatively complex call-in, call-out.Relatively complex call-in, call-out.
.NET provides PInvoke: .NET provides PInvoke:
class PInvokeTest { [DllImport("user32.dll")] static extern int MessageBoxA(int hWnd, string m, string c, int t); static void Main(string[] args) {
MessageBoxA(0, "Hello DLL", "My Window", 0); }}
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Interoperability cont‘dInteroperability cont‘d
In .NET there is a way to interop In .NET there is a way to interop with COM+ and COM+ Services.with COM+ and COM+ Services.
Java provides CORBA interop Java provides CORBA interop JMS provides integration with MoMsJMS provides integration with MoMs In .NET, the interop between .NET In .NET, the interop between .NET
languages is almost perfect and languages is almost perfect and easyeasy• Use the same assemblies, class libraries…Use the same assemblies, class libraries…• Languages had to be adapted a little bit Languages had to be adapted a little bit
(e.g. Managed C++ does not provide (e.g. Managed C++ does not provide multiple inheritance)multiple inheritance)
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Mobile and EmbeddedMobile and Embedded
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Profiles and devicesProfiles and devices
There are the following variants of There are the following variants of JavaJava• J2SE (Java 2 Platform Standard Edition)J2SE (Java 2 Platform Standard Edition)• J2EE (Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition)J2EE (Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition)• J2ME (Java 2 Platform Micro Edition)J2ME (Java 2 Platform Micro Edition)
- Configurations,Configurations,- and Profilesand Profiles
• JavaCardJavaCard
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Profiles and devices Profiles and devices cont‘dcont‘d .NET Universe.NET Universe
• .NET: Framework for Standard und Enterprise.NET: Framework for Standard und Enterprise• .NET Compact Framework for Windows CE (and other .NET Compact Framework for Windows CE (and other
embedded OS)embedded OS)- Design Goals: Design Goals:
> Resource savingResource saving> Adaptability regarding device propertiesAdaptability regarding device properties> Compatibility with the standard IDEsCompatibility with the standard IDEs> Easy integrationEasy integration> Seamless connectivitySeamless connectivity
- No ASP.NET, Reflection.Emit, Optimized No ASP.NET, Reflection.Emit, Optimized JITJIT
- Depending on machine stackDepending on machine stack- Simplified versioning and security, but Simplified versioning and security, but
similar formatssimilar formats
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Profiles and devices Profiles and devices cont‘dcont‘d
.NET Mobile Web SDK.NET Mobile Web SDK• Abstraction for the developerAbstraction for the developer• Several markup languages (WML, HTML, ...)Several markup languages (WML, HTML, ...)• Configurable and extendibleConfigurable and extendible• ASP.NET can be usedASP.NET can be used• Emulators for devices are available for Emulators for devices are available for
testing and debugging purposestesting and debugging purposes
• Extends ASP.NET with special controlsExtends ASP.NET with special controls
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Selecting one of the twoSelecting one of the two
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.NET and/or Java ?.NET and/or Java ?
.NET is a product, Java and J2EE is a .NET is a product, Java and J2EE is a specificationspecification
Both adress the web (among other things) Both adress the web (among other things) For „real big systems“ J2EE is better suitedFor „real big systems“ J2EE is better suited
The rule-of-thumb „The rule-of-thumb „Java is platform-Java is platform-independent,´.NET is language independent,´.NET is language independentindependent“ must be considered carefully:“ must be considered carefully:• ECMA works on the standardization of C# and parts ECMA works on the standardization of C# and parts
of .NETof .NET• Other languages can be compiled to the JVMOther languages can be compiled to the JVM
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.NET and/or Java ?.NET and/or Java ?
.NET language independence is not for .NET language independence is not for free and not completely transparentfree and not completely transparent
In a real project you might want to use In a real project you might want to use only only oneone language language• But sometimes... But sometimes...
#pragma onceusing namespace System; // .NET mit C++namespace CPPBase { public __gc class CPPBaseClass { public: virtual System::String __gc* Echo(System::String __gc *s); };}System::String __gc * CPPBase::CPPBaseClass::Echo(System::String __gc *s) { return s; }
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.NET and/or Java ?.NET and/or Java ?
Windows Applications are probably better Windows Applications are probably better done with .NET than Java (maybe IBMs done with .NET than Java (maybe IBMs SWT changes this ?)SWT changes this ?)
Java should be used when platform (or Java should be used when platform (or vendor-) independence is necessaryvendor-) independence is necessary
Java is more matureJava is more mature There will also be Java for .NET (Rational)There will also be Java for .NET (Rational)
• But syntax is not the issue!But syntax is not the issue! Both can be used for web services - .NET Both can be used for web services - .NET
is „nicer“, J2EE is more scalableis „nicer“, J2EE is more scalable
Analysts proclaim a fifty/fifty situation for Analysts proclaim a fifty/fifty situation for Java and .NETJava and .NET
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Management Summary - Management Summary - 11
.NET Java
Controller/Owner Microsoft Sun + JCP-Partner
Status Product Line Specification and many implementations
Languages C#, C++, Eiffel#, VB, ....
Java + possibly others
Communication middleware (RPC, Messaging, Web)
.NET Remoting, MSMQ, Web Services (no ebXML)
RMI/CORBA, JMS, Web Services (standard compliant)
Server Components COM+ Enterprise JavaBeans
XML-Support Consistent Currently not yet completely integrated
Server Pages ASP.NET JSP/Servlets
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Management Summary - Management Summary - 22
.NET Java
Database access ADO.NET (ADO) JDBC / SQLJ and others
Base libraries Many many classes on System.*
Many many classes on java.*
GUI-Libs Windows.Forms Web.Forms
Swing/AWT
Runtime .NET CLR Java JVM
Interop (call-in/call-out)
PInvoke JNI
InteropMiddleware COM/COM+ (COM Interop)
CORBA, JMS
Legacy Integration Host Integration Server
JCA
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The EndThe End
Thank you very much!!Thank you very much!!