3. EGYPTIAN TOWNS Cities in ancient Egypt grew out of the
development of agriculture Settlements and cities were located on
the floodplain, with a preference for proximity to the Nile, in
order to receive goods by boat and for its source of water. Unlike
temples and tombs, most housing and public buildings in these
cities and settlements were made of mudbrick throughout pharaonic
times and shifts in the course of the Nile
4. INDUS TOWNS In Mohenjo-Daro the streets run in straight
lines and are crossed by others at right angles Wide streets and
thoroughfares were common. Sanitation and cleanliness as bath rooms
were used and proper drainage system was found in all buildings
Excellent water-supply was maintained as wells were used
5. Caste system EGYPTIAN INDUS VALLEY
6. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS The Eye of Ra was involved in many areas
of ancient Egyptian religion, including in the cults of the many
goddesses who are equated with it. Its life-giving power was
celebrated in temple rituals, and its dangerous aspect was invoked
in the protection of the pharaoh, of sacred places, and of ordinary
people and their homes. He has been He has been described as a
horned deity. It is purported to be one of the earliest depictions
of the Hindu god Shiva (the seal is named after "Pashupati", an
epithet of Shiva) or Rudra, who is associated with asceticism,
yoga, and linga; regarded as a lord of animal; and often depicted
as having three heads.
7. OCUPATIONS IN EGYPT Farmers - most of the people were
farmers. They grew barley to make bear, wheat for bread, vegetables
such as onions and cucumbers, and flax to make into linen. They
grew their crops near the banks of the Nile River where the rich
black soil was good for crops. Craftspeople - There were a wide
variety of craftsmen jobs. They included carpenters, weavers,
jewelers, leather workers, and potters. How skilled a craftsman was
would determine his success. Soldiers - Becoming a soldier was an
opportunity for a person to rise in society. Most of the soldiers
were footmen. There was a well defined hierarchy in the Egyptian
army.
8. OCCUPATION IN INDUS VALLEY 1 Sword maker- The discovery of
various equipments such as axes, knives, spears and daggers made of
bronze and copper suggest metal work as a major profession commonly
pursued in the towns. Pot maker- Pottery in red with designs
painted in black resembling shapes such as interesting circles,
pipal, leaves, peacocks were on it
9. TRADE IN EGYPT Egyptians and their trading partners sailed
along the Nile River TO TRADE their goods, but sometimes also
traveled to and from the Eastern or Western Deserts. Egyptians
bartered with their precious resources, including gold, papyrus,
linen, and grain. Sometimes, they even TRADED decorative artifacts
and some people stole them out of the Pharaohs tombs! For these
goods, they RECEIVED items not commonly found in Egypt in return.
These included cedar wood from Lebanon; ebony and ivory from
Africa; incense, myrrh and oils from Punt; lapis lazuli from
Afghanistan; gold from Nubia, and even the important metals copper
and iron from their best allies
10. TRADE IN INDUS VALLEY Indus Valley cities lived by trade.
Farmers brought food into the cities. City workers made such things
as pots, beads and cotton cloth. Traders brought the materials
workers needed, and took away finished goods TO TRADE in other
cities. TRADE GOODS included terracotta pots, beads, gold and
silver, coloured gem stones such as turquoise and lapis lazuli,
metals, flints (for making stone tools), seashells and pearls.
Minerals came from Iran and Afghanistan. Lead and copper came from
India. Jade came from China and cedar tree wood was floated down
the rivers from Kashmir and the Himalayas Dockyard in Lothal Trade
route of Indus Valley