Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests 2000 Progress Report
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Research Note FPL−RN−02
Research Contributors, 1922–2000
Abstract This report covers stake test results primarily from Southern Pine 2- by 4- by 18-in. sapwood, treated by pressure and nonpressure processes, and installed by Forest Products Laboratory employees and cooperators in decay and termite exposure sites at various times since 1938 at Saucier, Mississippi; Madison, Wisconsin; Bogalusa, Louisiana; Lake Charles, Louisiana; Jacksonville, Florida; and the Canal Zone, Panama. Also included in the tests at Saucier, Missis-sippi, are smaller pine stakes and those of treated and untreated plywood, particleboard, modified woods, laminated paper plastic, pine infected with Trichoderma mold, plus other selected wood species such as oak, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce. Southern Pine untreated control stakes have had an average life of about 1 year in the Canal Zone, 1.8 to 3.6 years in Mississippi, Florida, and Louisiana, and about 6 years in Wisconsin. Superficial treatments by 3-min dipping and brushing with preservatives such as coal-tar creosote and petroleum oils containing copper naphthenate, zinc naphthenate, phenyl mercury oleate, and pentachlorophenol have added from a few months to 4 years to the life of the untreated stakes. When appropriate preservative retention levels are applied, creosote, pentachlorophenol, and selected waterborne salt preserva-tives give excellent service. In addition, this publication contains information regarding the future of the FPL treated-stake testing program.
Keywords: Preservatives, wood preservatives, pressure treated, nonpressure treated, Southern Pine, service life
Revised December 2002 Crawford, D.M.; Woodward, B. M.; Hatfield, C. A., comps. Comparison of wood preservatives in stake tests�2000 Progress Report. Res. Note FPL-RN-02. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 120 p.
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The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin.
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Caution Crankcase oils may contain chlorinated naphthalenes, which have been reported to contribute to �X-disease� (hyperkeratosis) in cattle. These oils are therefore not recommended for preservative treatment of wood with which cattle may come in contact.
Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow rec-ommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.
This publication reports research-involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended.
Acknowledgments This research note is a continuation of progress reports by the same title issued periodically from 1950 to 1962 as Report No. 1761 and as FPL�RN�02 since 1963. Several past and current Forest Prod-ucts Laboratory employees initiated the studies reported herein. These individuals are recognized in notes following the appropriate tables. The authors of this publication would like to express their appreciation to the Statistical Methods in Wood and Fiber Research and the Research Facilities Engineering staffs for their contribu-tions to the success of this publication.
Cover photos�Researchers involved in 80+ years of independent evaluation of the durability of preservative in field plots. (Research period in parentheses): (Upper left) Roy Baechler (1922�1970), Oscar Blue (1941�1970), Douglas Crawford (1970�present), Harley Davidson (1942�1979), Rodney DeGroot (1976�1999), Lee Gjovik (1961�1990), David Gutzmer (1960�1994), George Hunt (1919�1946), Bruce Johnson (1965�1994), John Kulp (1947�1967), Stan Lebow (1993�present), Ed Panek (1941�1968), Ray Wirka (1919�1942) and Bessie Woodward (1980�present).
Contents Page
Introduction........................................................................... 1
Preservatives and Modified-Wood Products Tested ............. 2 Selection and Treatment of Stakes....................................... 2 Installation and Inspection of Stakes ................................... 2 Results................................................................................... 3
Southern Pine and Plywood Stakes................................... 3 Modified-Wood Stakes ..................................................... 5
Future Research Program...................................................... 6 Units of Measure................................................................... 7 References............................................................................. 7
Comparison of Wood Preservatives in Stake Tests 2000 Progress Report Compiled by D. M. Crawford, Forest Products Technologist B. M. Woodward, Microbiologist C. A. Hatfield, Statistician Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin Introduction For centuries wood has been one of the most common and easiest to use construction materials. It is used practically everywhere�in housing and agricultural buildings and as posts, utility and telephone poles, railroad ties, wharves, and piling. Wood is also a renewable material. Although we have consumed tremendous volumes of wood for centuries, the United States is growing more wood volume than it is har-vesting.
Wood is a biological material and as such it is subject to decay, insect, and marine borer attack. These agents are nature�s way of recycling wood in the natural ecosystem. Without nature�s recycling system, wood, and other cellu-lose-based materials, such as grass, leaves, and agricultural field residues, would literally bury us. However, when wood is used in a more or less permanent application, it must be protected from biological degradation. Destruction can be prevented by a number of individual methods or a combina-tion of methods.
Results of an international termite exposure test in 1930 (Hunt and Snyder) indicated that exposing 2- by 4- by 18-in. pine sapwood stakes treated with various wood preservatives is an effective method to test the protection provided against decay and termite attack. During 1938, the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), in cooperation with others, began treating test stakes of Southern Pine sapwood with several preservatives for installation at the Harrison Experimental Forest at Saucier, Mississippi. Repli-cate stakes were treated for installations at Madison, Wis-consin; Bogalusa, Louisiana; Jacksonville, Florida; and the Canal Zone, Panama. Since 1938, additional preservatives have been added to these tests, principally at the Saucier, Mississippi, station. Also installed at that station were stakes of treated and untreated modified-wood products, such as plywood, impreg, compreg, staypak, papreg, laminated acetylated wood, cyanoethylated wood, wood with thiamine destroyed, chemically modified wood, wood infected with
Trichoderma mold, embedded fiberboard (western hemlock strands in Portland cement), particleboard, and incised and unincised wood.
In 1967, another stake installation that included 11 standard wood preservatives was made in cooperation with the Wood Products Insect Laboratory, Gulfport, Mississippi, at Lake Charles, Louisiana. The area is infested by the destructive Formosan termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and stakes installed were used for comparison with the stakes at the Harrison Experimental Forest, in Saucier, Mississippi.
Stake tests are useful for screening out ineffective preserva-tive materials. Stake test results can be used to further ex-plore the preservative properties of materials that show promise in laboratory toxicity tests. However, limitations of these accelerated field tests must be recognized. Test results should not be considered as a substitute for actual service tests on full-size products such as ties, poles, or posts. Furthermore, results obtained in these stake tests are appli-cable only under the set of conditions existing in the particu-lar test. Factors such as exposure, preservative retention, preservative distribution, heartwood volume, and size (sur-face area in relation to total volume) influence the perform-ance of treated wood.
This publication is primarily a progress report on the condi-tion of the modified-wood products and stakes treated with various preservatives and oils at the time of the 1999 and 2000 inspections. The stake tests at Panama were completed with a final inspection in January 1956. Those at Jackson-ville were terminated in December 1960, and those at Boga-lusa in December 1958. Progress reports showing the condi-tion of the test stakes in 1947 and during the years 1949 to 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1991, and 1995 have been published (Hunt and Sny-der 1930, Blew 1948). In addition, this publication contains information regarding the future of the FPL treated-stake testing program.
Preservatives and Modified-Wood Products Tested Table 1 lists the preservatives and products tested and notes existing preservative specifications in cases where specifica-tions have been issued. Table 1 also refers to Tables 2 to 76, in which test data are listed for the various materials. Formu-lations of treating solutions and descriptions of the various test materials are generally given in the tables. Complete information as to the source and composition of the various materials can, in most cases, be furnished upon request to the FPL.
Selection and Treatment of Stakes For the most part, the stakes were 2- by 4- in. (nominal) by 18-in. Southern Pine, uniformly seasoned, surfaced on four sides, and selected for freedom from heartwood, wane, objectionable knots, and other visible defects. Ten installa-tions included solid-sawn stakes of smaller size for compari-son purposes (Tables 6, 35, 37, 42, 45, 54, 56, 57, 59, 68). Before treatment, a number, either stamped on the ends or marked with lumber crayon, identified the stakes. The stakes of modified wood, with one or two exceptions, were 4 by 18 in. with variable thickness.
All preservative treatments were by pressure impregnation unless indicated. Waterborne preservatives were applied by using the full-cell process, unless noted. Preservative oils were applied by either empty-cell or full-cell methods (tolu-ene dilution), depending upon the retention level required. Complete penetration is desirable and usually noted in the pressure treatment used. For this reason, heartwood material was avoided in the Southern Pine stakes unless noted (Tables 5 and 51). In most cases, preservative retention levels were computed for individual stakes from the differ-ence in weight before and after treatment. Surplus preserva-tive was permitted to drain from the stakes before the final weight measurements were taken. Experience or exploratory treatments indicated the correct treating schedule or the treating solution concentration necessary to produce the desired preservative retention. Twenty 2- by 4-in. stakes were treated for each test variable, from which 10 acceptable stakes were selected for installation. By discarding those stakes with retention levels greater or less than desired, the 10 stakes selected by this procedure were usually found to have preservative retention levels within the desired 10% range. The stakes not acceptable for the test provided mate-rial for checking preservative penetrations. For stakes treated in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) (Tables 42 and 45), it was impractical to follow this general procedure. These stakes were treated at a commercial plant in the presence of an FPL
representative, and retention levels were determined from the analysis of either sections of test stakes or additional matched stakes included for that purpose.
The test stakes were usually identified by a numbered metal tag nailed (riveted in the case of thin modified-wood prod-ucts) to the wide face approximately 2 in. from the top of the stake.
Installation and Inspection of Stakes The stakes at Madison, Wisconsin, and Saucier, Mississippi, were installed in plots by the randomized-block method (Fisher and Yates 1938). The stakes were set in the ground in an upright position with about half their length (9 in.) in the ground. The soil in the plot at the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi, is Poarch fine sandy loam, with 5% to 12% slope, a pH of 4.85, and an average annual rain-fall of 62 in. That area was partially cleared of trees, mostly scrub oak and gallberry with a few longleaf and slash pine, before the stakes were installed; the ground cover is now mostly wiregrass. Until late 1956, the Madison, Wisconsin, plot was located in an area of clay loam soil with a pH of 6.5 that was partially shaded by various hardwood trees and sumac, with an average annual rainfall of 31in. In October 1956, it was necessary to move the stakes to a new test plot near Madison with similar soil, but without the overstory of trees or shrubs. The soil at Bogalusa, Louisiana, is sandy loam, and that at Jacksonville, Florida, is sandy. Both plots are partially shaded. The plot at Lake Charles, Louisiana, is located on an open area partially covered with broom sedge and marsh grass. The top 10 in. of soil are sandy with some streaks of clay; underneath is heavy muck and a high water level.
The 1970, 1974, and 1984 inspections at Lake Charles, Louisiana, and the final inspection of stakes installed at the Canal Zone during January 1956 were made by representa-tives of the Wood Products Insect Laboratory, Gulfport, Mississippi, and the FPL. Representatives from the Chapman Chemical Company and the FPL did the final inspections of the stakes at Jacksonville and Bogalusa in 1960 and 1962, respectively. FPL representatives inspected the Madison and Saucier installations.
During these inspections, the stakes are removed individu-ally, scraped to facilitate inspection, examined, and returned to their original place unless their condition indicates re-moval. After examination, the stakes are given a numerical and letter rating according to the following decay and termite attack scale:
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In 1985, field data were recorded using a portable computer. Until this time, the rating system was alpha�numeric. It was desirable to convert to a numeric�numeric rating system that would compare with the previous rating system and allow for some refinement. All ratings from 1991 to the present were made using the following rating scale:
Description of condition
Grade no.a Decay grades Termite grades
10 Sound. Suspicion of decay permitted
Sound. 1 to 2 small nibbles permitted
9 Trace decay to 3% of cross section
Slight evidence of feeding to 3% of cross section
8 Decay from 3% to 10% of cross section
Attack from 3% to 10% of cross section
7 Decay from 10% to 30% of cross section
Attack from 10% to 30% of cross section
6 Decay from 30% to 50% of cross section
Attack from 30% to 50% of cross section
4 Decay from 50% to 75% of cross section
Attack from 50% to 75% of cross section
0 Failure Failure aThis description of the conditions for the different grade ratings is slightly different than that given in the 1995 edition of this Research Note. The above description is consistent with Standard E07�01 of the American Wood Preservers� Association (AWPA 2001).
In Tables 2 to 76, stakes listed as �Trace� or �None� had an inspection rating of one of the following: 10-10, 10-9, 9-10, or 9-9. Stakes listed as �Serviceable but showing some decay� had one of the following inspection ratings: 8−10, 7−10, 6−10, 4−10, 8−9, 7−9, 6−9, or 4−9. Those listed as �Degraded but showing some termite attack� were field rated on the basis of 10−3, 10−7, 10−6, 10−4, 9−8, 9−7, 9−6, or 9−4. Stakes listed as �Degraded but showing some decay and termite attack� were given one of the following ratings: 8−8, 8−7, 8−6, 8−4, 7−8, 7−7, 7−6, 7−4, 6−3, 6−7, 6−6, 6−4, 4−8, 4−7, 4−6, or 4−4. Under the previous rating system,
stakes showing limited and heavy decay, termite attack, or both are grouped together. In stakes that show some deterio-ration but are not necessarily seriously decayed, unnecessary emphasis is sometimes placed on these ratings. Therefore, in making comparisons between preservatives, only the stakes actually destroyed should be considered.
Decay Termite attack
1 No decay A No attack 2 Slightly soft or suspicious B Nibbles or trails 3 Partial or limited decay C Limited attack (penetration)4 Severe decay D Heavy attack 5 Removed because of decaya
E Removed because of termite attacka
a50% or more of cross section destroyed.
For stakes classified as �Destroyed by decay fungi and ter-mites,� both forms of deterioration must be rated at least with severe decay or heavy attack (4 or D) in the inspection. In other words, a stake rated in the inspection, as 7-0 would be considered as destroyed by termites rather than by decay and termites, while one rated as 0-7 would be considered as destroyed by decay. Therefore, the system used in the tables for rating the destroyed stakes emphasizes the major factor or factors responsible for damage, but it ignores those that may have been noted but have not seriously contributed to the destruction. In estimating service life prior to 100% removal of stakes, note that the average life is approximately at the time when 60% of the stakes in a group has been removed. The new rating system is considered well suited to the requirements of the stake tests rated on the basis of vis-ual examination.
Tables 2 to 76 give the condition of the stakes at the most recent inspection. Table 77 is a summary of results obtained as the Mississippi site on 2- by 4-in. pine stakes treated with wood preservatives that are in general use.
Results The following summarizes the results of the stake tests thus far.
Southern Pine and Plywood Stakes Untreated Stakes�The untreated 2- by 4-in. Southern Pine sapwood stakes had an average life of 1.2 years in the Canal Zone, Panama; 1.8 to 2.4 years at Saucier, Mississippi, Bogalusa, Louisiana, and Jacksonville, Florida; and 4 to 6 years at Madison, Wisconsin. At Lake Charles, Louisiana, 90% of the untreated control stakes were destroyed by For-mosan termites, giving an average service life of 2.3 years. Untreated 3/4-in. pine sapwood stakes in Mississippi had an average life of 1.4 to 2.1 years.
The untreated Douglas-fir plywood stakes installed at Sau-cier, Mississippi, had an average life of about 1 to 4 years. Those glued with phenolic and urea-resin glues have lasted somewhat longer than those glued with casein glue, which had an average life of 1 year. The stakes cut from Douglas-fir lumber and of thickness similar to that of the plywood had an average life of slightly more than 2 years. Untreated plywood stakes of yellow birch, sweetgum, and tangile had an average life of less than 2 years.
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Untreated plywood stakes of Engelmann spruce heartwood had average lives of 2.6 years and 3.2 years for Mississippi and Wisconsin, respectively. Untreated Douglas-fir heart-wood plywood stakes had average lives of 3.2 years and 5.5 years for Mississippi and Wisconsin, respectively. South-ern Pine plywood stakes that contained about equal amounts of heartwood and sapwood had an average life of 2.8 and 5.8 years in Mississippi and Wisconsin, respectively (Table 51).
Pressure-Treated Stakes�In the more recent installations and those with the more effective preservatives, only a lim-ited number of stakes have thus far been removed, and the average life of stakes pressure treated with various preserva-tives cannot be determined. Estimates on average life were made for preservatives with significant failures at the time of the termination of several installations (Tables 2 to 5, 8, 12, 18, 38). In the Canal Zone, stakes treated with several reten-tion levels of chromated zinc arsenate (CZA) were destroyed during the 15-1/3 years of exposure. Stakes with 0.22 lb/ft3 CZA (oxide basis) had an average life of 9.2 years, and those with approximately 0.69 lb/ft3 (oxide basis) had an average life of 15.3 years. Stakes treated with CZA to retention levels of 0.22 to 0.70 lb/ft3 (oxide basis) have had 100% failures in Wisconsin after 51-1/2 years, and in Mississippi failures have been noted only with the lower retention levels (Table 4; similar comparison in Table 20). This may be attributed to the presence of arsenic-tolerant fungi at the Wisconsin test area.
Of the waterborne preservatives in tests that contain copper and arsenic (24 to 45 years in Mississippi), the formulations of ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA) (Table 14) and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) (Tables 15, 20, 47) are better performers with no failures using retention levels of 0.29 lb/ft3 (oxide basis) or greater for CCA. Again, the overall performance of the arsenic containing preservatives (Table 20) is better in Mississippi than in Wisconsin.
Stakes treated with ammoniacal copper borate to retention levels of 0.17 and 0.22 lb/ft3 (oxide basis) have had 75% and 65% failure, respectively, in Mississippi after 25 years of service. In contrast, the ACA-treated stakes show 95% fail-ure at the 0.17-lb/ft3 retention level and 30% failure at the 0.23-lb/ft3 retention level for the same exposure (Table 52).
Results thus far on installations of pentachlorophenol with similar retention levels and different hydrocarbon solvents (Tables 17, 42, and 45) show better performance with solu-tions containing the heavy solvents such as heavy gas oil, lube oil extract (Table 17), No. 4 aromatic oil (Table 22), and AWPA P9 heavy petroleum solvent (Tables 42 and 45) than with volatile LPG or light oils such as Stoddard solvent (mineral spirits) (Tables 17 and 42). Preservatives such as rosin amine-D-pentachlorophenate (Tables 22 and 23), tributyltin oxide (Tables 36 and 41), and copper-8-quinolinolate (Tables 38 and 43) also show better perform-ance with the heavy petroleum solvent than the light
Stoddard solvent (mineral spirits). The previously mentioned heavy petroleum solvents have the following properties:
Distribution (oF) Petro-leum oils
API gravity 60oF
Flash point
(PMCC) (oF)
Vis-cosity
SUS at 100oF
Penta solvency at 75oF
(%) IBP 50% EP
Heavy gas oil, No. 101
08.3 345 167.4 20−22 600 700 734
Lube oil extract
05.1 295 196.4 28−30 440 696 736
AWPA P9, heavy
23.8 225 38.4 15 480 538 647
No. 4 aromatic
06.8 230 72.6 10+ 458 592 Cracked (85%)
Pentachlorophenol retention levels of 0.47 lb/ft3 and less are showing deterioration on the 3/4-in. stakes after 17 years of service in Mississippi. The stakes treated to retention levels of 0.34, 0.38, 0.50, 1.30, and 1.84 lb/ft3 of a water-soluble form of copper-8-quinolinolate gave service lives of 3.3, 3.8, 4.6, 6.2, 7.3, and 8.6 years, respectively (Table 54).
Coal-tar creosotes installed in Mississippi during 1940 and 1941 (Tables 4 to 6) have shown better performance than those installed in 1948 (Tables 18 and 19) (Baechler and others 1978). In the latter installation, 10 coal-tar creosotes with a retention of approximately 8 lb/ft3 showed 60% to 80% failure after 20 years, and the average life was deter-mined or estimated at 14 to 21 years. Creosotes installed earlier than 1941 showed 60% to 90% failures in 48½ to 49½ years for similar retention, which could show a service life in excess of 50 years.
Stakes pressure treated with the fire-retarding formulation containing ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate lasted, on an average, only 2 to 3 years in Mississippi. With these ammonium salts plus borax and boric acid, the stakes installed in 1943 lasted on the average about 4 years. The fire-retarding formulation with borax and boric acid alone has provided protection against decay and termites for an average of about 6 years (Table 13). The addition of zinc chloride and chromium compounds to combinations of boron and ammonium salts in fire retardants improved pro-tection against decay fungi and termites (Table 25). An exterior-type fire retardant containing urea, dicyandiamide, formaldehyde, and phosphoric acid in 2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes treated at retention levels of 2.8 lb/ft3, 6.0 lb/ft3 and 9.5-lb/ft3 had an average life of 4.8, 9.7 and 15.4 years, respectively. Termites caused failures at lower retentions (Table 53).
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The results of stake tests in Mississippi showed copper naphthenate provided greater protection than zinc naphthen-ate with similar retention levels (Table 7).
Rosin amine-D-pentachlorophenate in Stoddard solvent performed less satisfactorily than pentachlorophenol with that solvent and similar retention levels. Products from naval stores such as rosin oil, oleo resin, and drop liquor concen-trate with petroleum solvents appear to have limited value as preservatives but are improved by the addition of penta-chlorophenol. Urea (Table 10) has also shown limited protection. Stakes pressure treated with 5.8 lb/ft3 had an average life of 9.1 years in Mississippi. Other products showing limited preservative value in the retention levels used are acrylonitrile (cyanoethylation), ammonium hydrox-ide (thiamine destruction), amyl phenyl acetate, capric acid, copper-8-quinolinolate (in Stoddard solvent), diamyl phenol, DDT, dodecyl amine, nickel stearate, and tributyltin oxide (in Stoddard solvent).
An indication of the influence of size in test stakes is noted in Table 6. With a coal-tar creosote retention of approxi-mately 8 lb/ft3, 1/2-in.-square stakes were destroyed after 21-1/2 years with an average life of 17 years, 1-in.-square stakes after 39-1/2 years with an average life of 23.6 years, 1-1/2-in.-square stakes after 33-1/2 years with an average life of 26.6 years, and 2- by 4-in. stakes showed 70% failure after 54-1/2 years.
Note that aspen particleboard treated with CCA showed less degradation than those stakes treated with pentachlorophenol in light solvents. Stakes treated to 0.22, 0.40, and 0.82 lb/ft3 of pentachlorophenol showed failures of 100, 100, and 70% respectively, and only the low retention level (0.26 lb/ft3) of CCA showed 100% failure (Table 49). Untreated stakes of aspen particleboard showed an average life of 2.4 years.
Nonpressure-Treated Stakes�Southern Pine stakes and Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated by superficial applica-tions, such as brushing and brief dipping in coal-tar creosote and solutions of pentachlorophenol, copper naphthenate, or zinc naphthenate, have generally lasted 1 to 4 years longer than the untreated control stakes. However, stakes dipped for 15 min in coal-tar creosote had a life of about 8 years in Mississippi.
For the plywood stakes in which the veneer was treated by dipping or lengthy soaking in the preservatives before glu-ing, the results have generally been more favorable than for plywood similarly treated after gluing. In the Canal Zone, stakes soaked 18 h in solutions of pentachlorophenol or mixtures of chlorinated phenols lasted 5 to 10 years. In the United States, the stakes soaked 18 h in these solutions lasted 8 to 16 years. However, Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated by brushing, dipping, and 18-h soaking in chloro-2-phenylphenol solution lasted only a few months longer than the untreated plywood control stakes. Douglas-fir plywood stakes treated by soaking 18 h in pentachlorophenol solution
had a life of 5 years, while those similarly treated with coal-tar creosote have an estimated average life of 24 years.
At the Mississippi site, pine stakes treated by soaking in urea solution lasted about 1 to 1-1/2 years longer than the control stakes, and those similarly treated with urea-formaldehyde solution lasted about 2 to 4 years longer than the controls (Table 10). Pine stakes with increased retention levels of copper chromate and copper arsenate applied by double-diffusion have continued to perform well after 49 years in Mississippi. Failures thus far have been found primarily in the copper chromate system with 33% and 67% failed (Table 9).
Modified-Wood Stakes Plywood stakes impregnated with phenolic resin (impreg) and impregnated and compressed (compreg) have been considerably more resistant to decay and termite attack than have untreated plywood of the same species. Plywood stakes with a low resin content have had an average life of ap-proximately 7 years and those with a high resin content have lasted 12 years. In Douglas-fir plywood stakes with pheno-lic-resin-impregnated faces and untreated cores, an average life of about 3.5 years has been obtained, and somewhat better results have been noted when the edges of the ply-wood have been protected with a phenolic-resin coating. Southern Pine 2- by 4-in. stakes impregnated with a low resin content had an average life of 12 years, and those with a greater content of phenolic resin have lasted somewhat longer.
Laminated paper plastic made with phenolic resin has shown limited resistance to decay and termite attack, with the life of the stakes averaging about 6 to 8 years. Heat-stabilized birch and maple plywood (staypak) stakes have lasted about 4 to 6 years. The staypak with veneer of 1/16-in. thickness has performed better than that with 1/8-in. veneer, presumably because the thinner veneer permits a better distribution of the phenolic-resin adhesive in the plywood.
Acetylated birch (laminated veneer) has had reasonably good resistance to decay and termite attack with an average life of 17.5 years in Mississippi. Deterioration has been caused primarily by decay fungi.
Butylene oxide stakes treated to 17% to 22% weight gain had an average life of 4.7 years, and those treated to 37% to 40% weight gain had an average life of 12.2 years. Almost 67% of the butylene oxide stakes treated to 31% weight gain are showing attack and 33% have failed after 17 to 21 years of service. Propylene oxide-modified stakes gave a service life of 2.2 to 6.2 years, depending on the chemical loading (Table 50). Stakes, 3/4 in., treated with butylene oxide to 33.2% weight gain had an average life of 3.5 years (Ta-ble 56).
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Future Research Program As we move into the 21st century, it is critical to develop a wood preservative research program that addresses the fu-ture demands for durable forest products in light of a height-ened public environmental consciousness. One goal of wood preservative research is to improve methods to evaluate degradation and protection. In the past, FPL evaluated and analyzed, especially through stake tests, the performance of many preservative systems. This work contributed to this report. Although the importance of these evaluations is recognized, research direction necessitates focusing on accelerated methods to predict durability.
The FPL maintains 77 field research plots on the Harrison Experimental Forest in Saucier, Mississippi. The objective of these plots is to evaluate the performance of wood products exposed to natural environmental challengers. Many plots are approaching 55 years of age, and they represent an in-vestment of millions of research dollars. Many older plots cannot be duplicated or replaced because several of the preservatives initially used have been discontinued or banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
The following listing summarizes the FPL recommendation for the 77 existing stake plots at the Harrison Experimental Forest. For plots that will be closed, the stakes will remain in the ground at the site, but inspections will be discontinued, and the database will be maintained in archival records.
Status of FPL-02 Research Plots
Statusa Table Plot Installed Last
inspected Statusa Table Plot Installed Last
inspected
C 2 2 1939 1966 C 40 58 1960 1978 C 3 3 1940 1967 C 42 59 1961 2000 C 4 4 1940 2000 C 45 61 1963 1998 C 5 5 1941 1996 K 43 62 1963 2000 C 6 6 1941 1996 C 44 63 1963 2000 C 7 7 1942 1992 C 46 66 1967 1997 C 8 8 1942 1963 K 47 67 1967 2002 C 9 9 1942 1997 K 48 68 1971 2000 C 10 10 1946 1960 K 49 70 1973 1998 C 11 11 1942 1950 C 50 71 1974 1995 C 12 12 1943 1963 K 51 72 1975 2000 C 13 13 1943 1950 K 52 73 1975 2002 K 14 14 1944 1999 C 53 74 1976 1993 K 15 15 1945 2000 K 54 75 1976 1993 C 16 16 1945 1996 K 55 78 1978 1998 C 17 20 1948 1998 C 56 79 1979 1989 C 18 24 1948 1992 K 57 80 1980 2002 C 19 25 1948 1998 C 58 81 1980 2000 C 20 28 1949 1995 K 59 82 1980 2000 C 21 26 1949 1995 C 60 83 1981 2000 C 22 27 1949 1999 K 61 84 1981 2002 K 26 32 1952 2002 K 62 85 1981 2002 C 24 33 1952 1997 C 63 86 1982 1996 C 23 34 1952 1997 C 64 87 1982 1996 C 25 35 1952 1997 C 65 88 1982 1996 C 28 37 1952 2000 C 66 89 1982 1996 C 29 38 1953 1992 C 67 90 1982 1999 C 30 40 1954 1995 C 68 92 1983 1995 C 31 41 1954 1995 C 68 93 1983 1995 C 32 42 1954 1995 C 69 94 1984 2000 C 33 44 1956 1981 K 70 95 1984 2002 K 34 47 1956 2000 C 71 96 1984 1996 C 35 48 1957 2000 K 72 97 1985 2002 C 36 53 1958 1967 K 73 98 1985 1999 C 37 55 1959 1989 K 74 99 1987 2000 K 38 54 1959 1968 K 75 100 1988 2002 K 41 56 1960 2000 C 76 101 1989 1998 K 39 57 1960 2000
aC indicates maintain archives, plot closed. K indicates keep plot open, study will continue.
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For the 24 plots at Harrison Experimental Forest listed as open, the current plans are to report the results of future inspections in separate publications. Reporting of results for any similar field plots installed since 1989 will also be ex-pected to be in separate publications. Thus, this publication is the last revision of FPL�RN�02. Future inspections will normally be conducted each year for the first 5 years after installation, every other year for the next 4 years, and every 3rd year for the next 6 years. After 15 years, stakes will be evaluated every 5th year.
Units of Measure Measurement values in this document are reported in Eng-lish units. The following provides equivalent International System (SI) units of measure:
English unit Conversion
factor SI unit
inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm)
foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)
pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)
16.02 kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
oF (oF � 32)/1.8 oC
References AWPA. 2001. Standard method of evaluating wood pre-servatives by field tests with stakes. Standard E7�01. Gran-bury, TX: American Wood-Preservers� Association.
Baechler, R.H.; Gjovik, L.R.; Davidson, H.L. 1978. 1948 cooperative creosote project: review and results of field tests on costs and 2 × 4 stakes. In: Proceedings of the American Wood-Preservers� Association; 1978 April 26−28. 74: 173�180.
Blew, J.O. 1948. Comparison of wood preservatives in stake tests. In: Proceedings of the American Wood-Preservers� Association; April 27−29. 88−119.
Fisher, R.A.; Yates, F. 1938. Statistical tables for agricul-tural and medical research. London: Oliver and Boyd. 99 p.
Hunt, G.M.; Snyder, T.E. 1930. An international termite exposure test. In: Proceedings of the American Wood-Preservers� Association, January 28−30. 318−334. [Annual progress reports published in the above Proceedings each year from 1930 to 1949, 1952, 1956, 1957 (final report).]
7
Table 1�lndex to materials tested
Material Existing specification or AWPAa reference Table number
Chemical Acid copper chromate Fed. Spec. TT-W-546; AWPA P5 15, 16, 46, 47 Acrylonitrile � 36 Aldrin � 41 Ammoniacal copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-549; AWPA P5 14, 47, 51, 52, 55, 72 Ammoniacal copper borate � 52 Ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate � 62 Ammonium hydroxide � 36 Ammonium sulfate�phosphate Navy Spec. 51C38 13 Amyl phenyl acetate � 14 Basic zinc chloride � 26 Basilit UA � 30 Boliden salt S-25 � 24 Borax�boric acid Navy Spec. 51C38 13 Capric acid � 14 Chloro-2-phenylphenol � 5, 8 Chromated copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-550 Type I; AWPA P5; AWPA P5, Type A 15, 47 Chromated copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-550 Type II; AWPA P5, Type B 20, 47 Chromated copper arsenate Fed. Spec. TT-W-550 Type III; AWPA P5, Type C 48, 49, 51, 55, 57, 72, 73, 74 Chromated copper fluoride (CFK) � 59 Chromated zinc arsenate Formerly in Fed. Spec. TT-W-538; AWPA P5 4, 24 Chromated zinc chloride Fed. Spec. TT-W-551; AWPA P5 2, 16, 25, 35, 47 Chromated zinc chloride, copperized Formerly in Fed. Spec. TT-W-562; AWPA P5 31 Chromated zinc chloride (FR) AWPA P10, Type B 25 Copper arsenate AWPA Proc. 1941; pp. 23�31 9 Copper carbonate � 74 Copper chromate AWPA Proc. 1941; pp. 23�31 9 Copper�chrome�boron (CB) U.S. Patent No. 3,007,844 46 Copper�chrome�phosphorus � 48 Copper formate � 34 Copper naphthenate AWPA P8 7, 12, 16, 17, 29 Copper oxide � 74 Copper-8-quinolinolate AWPA P8 38, 43, 54, 61 Creosote, coal�tar Fed. Spec. TT-C-645; AWPA P1 4, 5, 6, 8, 16�20, 31, 35, 47,
63, 66 Creosote, coal�tar (English) � 18, 19 Creosote, coal�tar (low temperature) � 28 Creosote, coal�tar (Texas lignite) � 32 Creosote, coal�tar solution Fed. Spec. TT-C-650; AWPA P2 18, 47, 70 Creosote, petroleum solution Fed. Spec. TT-W-568 18, 47, 70 Creosote, low xylene insolubles � 75 Creosote, toluene � 6 Diamyl phenol � 14 Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) � 14 Dieldrin � 41 Dodecyl amine � 14 Drop-liquor concentrate � 27 Fire retardants � 53 Fire retardants AWPA P10 25 Fluor chrome arsenate phenol Fed. Spec. TT-W-535, Type A; AWPA P5 2, 33, 37, 47, 49 Fluor chrome arsenate phenol Fed. Spec. TT-W-535, Type B; AWPA P5 47 Fuel oils � 5, 17, 27
(Page 1 of 2)
Table 1�lndex to materials tested--concluded
Material Existing specification or AWPA reference Table number Chemical�continued
Heptadecyltrimethyltetra- hydropyrimidine (HTP) � 44 KP (copper oxide and chlorophenol) � 35 Lignite�tar extracts � 39 Mercuric chloride � 12 Minalith AWPA P10, Type C 25 Nickel�chromium�arsenic salt � 15 Nickel�sterate � 14 Oleo resin � 27 Paraffin � 32 Pentachlorophenol Fed. Spec. TT-W-570; AWPA P8 5, 8, 12, 16, 17, 22, 23, 27, 29, 31, 32,
33, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 54, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 71, 76
Petroleum oils (various types) � 17, 18, 21, 23, 45, 69, 76 Phenyl mercury oleate � 12 Phenol-formaldehyde � 67 Pyresote AWPA P10, Type D 25 Rosin amine D copper acetate complex � 27 Rosin amine D pentachlorophenate � 22, 23 Rosin oil � 27 Sodium pentachlorophenate � 2, 5 Sodium tetrachlorophenate � 2 Tetrachlorophenol � 65, 69 Toluene � 6 Tributyltin oxide � 36, 41, 61 Urea � 10 Zinc�arsenate�chromium salts � 20 Zinc chloride � 2, 4, 20, 26 Zinc naphthenate � 7, 8
Modified wood, particleboard, plywood, and paper plastic
� 14
Acetylated wood Butylene oxide U.S. Patent No. 3,985,921 50, 56 Cyanoethylated wood � 36 Embedded fiberboard � 40 Epichlorohydrin � 50 Heat-stabilized wood (Staypak) � 11 Impreg and Compreg � 3 Laminated paper plastic (Papreg) � 11 Mold-infected wood � 31 Particleboard � 49 Plywood � 3, 8, 16, 33, 51 Propylene oxide U.S. Patent No. 3,985,921 50 Wood with thiamine destroyed � 36
aAmerican Wood Preservers Association. (Page 2 of 2)
Tabl
e 2-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
with
fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol--
Type
A, z
inc
chlo
ride,
and
chr
omat
ed z
inc
chlo
ride
afte
r 15
to 2
8 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
at B
arro
Col
orad
o Is
land
, Can
al Z
one,
Sep
tem
ber 1
938;
Bog
alus
a, L
A,D
ecem
ber 1
939;
Jac
kson
ville
, FL,
Jan
uary
193
9; H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
938;
and
Mad
ison
, WI,
Nov
embe
r 193
9 (P
lot 2
)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Dec
embe
r 196
6c (%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Num
-an
dan
dAv
erag
e R
eten
tion
of s
alts
a (lb/
ft3 )be
r in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
e
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
Min
imum
Max
imum
Aver
age
test
bG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Sodi
um p
enta
chlo
roph
enat
eC
anal
0.24
0.28
0.26
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
6.9
LA0.
240.
280.
2610
----
----
10--
9010
100
9.2
FL0.
250.
280.
269
----
----
11--
899
100
14.2
MS
0.24
0.28
0.26
10--
----
--10
2070
1010
011
.9W
I0.
240.
280.
2610
----
----
100
----
1010
012
.5
Can
al0.
450.
540.
5010
----
----
--20
8010
100
11.2
LA0.
450.
530.
4910
----
----
30--
7010
100
10.7
FL0.
460.
550.
5010
----
----
----
88
8020
.0d
MS
0.44
0.54
0.49
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
019
.2W
I0.
440.
530.
4910
----
----
100
----
1010
016
.4
Can
al0.
690.
810.
7510
----
----
1020
7010
100
11.7
LA0.
690.
850.
7510
----
----
10--
9010
100
15.6
FL0.
680.
820.
7410
----
--40
10--
506
6020
.0d
MS
0.69
0.84
0.77
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
021
.6W
I0.
670.
810.
7610
----
----
100
----
1010
021
.0
Can
al0.
921.
060.
9810
----
----
--10
9010
100
14.3
LA0.
931.
090.
9910
----
----
10--
9010
100
16.2
FL0.
921.
080.
9810
----
--60
10--
304
40--
MS
0.93
1.09
0.97
10--
----
--20
--80
1010
025
.0W
I0.
861.
010.
9010
----
----
100
----
1010
023
.4
Sodi
um te
trach
loro
phen
ate
Can
al0.
240.
270.
2510
----
----
--60
4010
100
4.8
LA0.
230.
270.
2510
----
----
20--
8010
100
8.1
FL0.
230.
280.
25 9
----
----
22--
789
100
11.3
MS
0.23
0.27
0.25
10--
----
----
1090
1010
010
.7W
I0.
240.
270.
2510
----
----
100
----
1010
011
.4
Can
al0.
470.
560.
5110
----
----
--20
8010
100
9.9
LA0.
460.
550.
5010
----
----
20--
8010
100
10.9
FL0.
470.
550.
5210
----
----
----
100
1010
015
.3M
S0.
480.
580.
5210
----
----
----
100
1010
015
.1W
I0.
470.
550.
5210
----
----
100
----
1010
014
.5
(Pag
e 1
of 4
)
Tabl
e 2-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
with
fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol--
Type
A,
zinc
chl
orid
e, a
nd c
hrom
ated
zin
c ch
lorid
e af
ter 1
5 to
28
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st a
t Bar
ro C
olor
ado
Isla
nd, C
anal
Zon
e, S
epte
mbe
r 193
8; B
ogal
usa,
LA,
Dec
embe
r 193
9; J
acks
onvi
lle, F
L, J
anua
ry 1
939;
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Dec
embe
r 193
8; a
nd M
adis
on, W
I, N
ovem
ber 1
939
(Plo
t 2)--
cont
inue
d
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Dec
embe
r 196
6c (%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayD
ecay
fung
iN
um-
and
and
Aver
age
ber i
nTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
Min
imum
Max
imum
Aver
age
test
bG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Sodi
um te
trach
loro
phen
ate
Can
al0.
700.
830.
7610
----
----
----
100
1010
013
.1 (
cont
inue
d)LA
0.71
0.83
0.77
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
011
.9FL
0.68
0.83
0.76
9--
----
----
1189
910
016
.8M
S0.
680.
820.
7510
----
----
----
100
1010
019
.7W
I0.
670.
810.
75 9
----
----
100
----
910
016
.7
Fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
Can
al0.
18 (0
.11)
0.22
(0.1
4)0.
20 (0
.12)
10--
----
----
100
--10
100
2.9
phe
nol -
- Typ
e A
LA0.
19 (0
.12)
0.22
(0.1
4)0.
20 (0
.12)
10--
----
--50
--50
1010
09.
6FL
0.18
(0.1
1)0.
21 (0
.13)
0.20
(0.1
2)10
----
----
50--
5010
100
13.9
MS
0.18
(0.1
1)0.
21 (0
.13)
0.20
(0.1
2)10
----
----
1050
4010
100
10.2
WI
0.13
(0.0
8)0.
22 (0
.14)
0.20
(0.1
2)10
----
----
100
----
1010
013
.8
Can
al0.
28 (0
.17)
0.33
(0.2
0)0.
30 (0
.19)
10--
----
----
3070
1010
06.
4LA
0.28
(0.1
7)0.
32 (0
.20)
0.30
(0.1
9)10
----
----
20--
8010
100
13.7
FL0.
29 (0
.18)
0.32
(0.2
0)0.
30 (0
.19)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
15.4
MS
0.29
(0.1
8)0.
32 (0
.20)
0.30
(0.1
9)10
----
----
10--
9010
100
18.0
WI
0.27
(0.1
7)0.
30 (0
.19)
0.28
(0.1
7)10
----
----
100
----
1010
016
.5
Can
al0.
53 (0
.33)
0.66
(0.4
1)0.
60 (0
.37)
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
014
.2LA
0.56
(0.3
5)0.
64 (0
.40)
0.60
(0.3
7)10
----
----
50--
5010
100
15.6
FL0.
57 (0
.35)
0.65
(0.4
0)0.
61 (0
.38)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
17.3
MS
0.57
(0.3
5)0.
65 (0
.40)
0.61
(0.3
8)10
----
----
60--
4010
100
24.1
WI
0.59
(0.3
6)0.
68 (0
.42)
0.65
(0.4
0)10
----
----
100
----
1010
016
.0
Sodi
um p
enta
chlo
roph
enat
eC
anal
0.52
0.55
0.54
10--
----
----
3070
1010
08.
7 a
nd s
odiu
m c
hlor
idee
LA0.
460.
530.
4910
----
----
----
100
1010
013
.3FL
0.48
0.54
0.50
10--
----
5010
--40
550
--M
S0.
460.
530.
4910
----
----
----
100
1010
016
.3W
I0.
460.
530.
5010
----
----
100
----
1010
016
.8
Zinc
chl
orid
eC
anal
0.44
(0.2
6)0.
53 (0
.32)
0.47
(0.2
8)10
----
----
--30
7010
100
3.9
LA0.
45 (0
.27)
0.55
(0.3
3)0.
50 (0
.30)
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
08.
2FL
0.45
(0.2
7)0.
53 (0
.32)
0.49
(0.2
9)10
----
----
20--
8010
100
12.9
MS
0.45
(0.2
7)0.
54 (0
.32)
0.50
(0.3
0)10
----
----
40--
6010
100
15.4
WI
0.45
(0.2
7)0.
53 (0
.32)
0.49
(0.2
9)10
----
----
100
----
1010
018
.3
(Pag
e 2
of 4
)
Ret
entio
n of
sal
tsa (l
b/ft3 )
Des
troye
d by
--
Ta
ble
2--C
ondi
tion
of S
outh
ern
Pine
sta
kes
(2 b
y 4
in. n
omin
al b
y 18
in.)
treat
ed w
ith c
hlor
inat
ed p
heno
ls a
nd w
ith fl
uor c
hrom
e ar
sena
te p
heno
l--Ty
pe A
,zi
nc c
hlor
ide,
and
chr
omat
ed z
inc
chlo
ride
afte
r 15
to 2
8 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
at B
arro
Col
orad
o Is
land
, Can
al Z
one,
Sep
tem
ber 1
938;
Bog
alus
a, L
A,D
ecem
ber 1
939;
Jac
kson
ville
, FL,
Jan
uary
193
9; H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
938;
and
Mad
ison
, WI,
Nov
embe
r 193
9 (P
lot 2
)--co
ntin
ued
Dec
ayD
ecay
fung
iN
um-
and
and
Aver
age
ber i
nTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
life
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
Min
imum
Max
imum
Aver
age
test
bG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Zinc
chl
orid
eC
anal
0.70
(0.4
2)0.
82 (0
.49)
0.76
(0.4
5)10
----
----
----
100
1010
03.
9 (
cont
inue
d)L A
0.70
(0.4
2)0.
78 (0
.47)
0.74
(0.4
4)10
----
----
40--
6010
100
12.1
FL0.
71 (0
.42)
0.82
(0.4
9)0.
76 (0
.45 )
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
013
.5M
S0.
70 (0
.42)
0.79
(0.4
7)0.
74 (0
.44 )
10--
----
--20
1070
1010
016
.7W
I0.
65 (0
.39)
0.87
(0.5
2)0.
75 (0
.45 )
9--
----
--10
0--
--9
100
18.9
Can
al0.
94 (0
.56)
1.08
(0.6
4)1.
00 (0
.60)
10--
----
----
4060
1010
04.
0L A
0.94
(0.5
6)1.
08 (0
.64)
1.01
(0.6
0)10
----
----
70--
3010
100
11.6
FL0.
95 (0
.57)
1.08
(0.6
4)1.
02 (0
.61 )
10--
----
--20
--80
1010
015
.2M
S0.
94 (0
.56)
1.07
(0.6
4)1.
01 (0
.60 )
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
017
.3W
I0.
93 (0
.56)
1.13
(0.6
8)1.
02 (0
.61 )
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
19.0
Can
al1.
40 (0
.84)
1.62
(0.9
7)1.
49 (0
.89)
10--
----
----
1090
1010
07.
3L A
1.44
(0.8
6)1.
63 (0
.97)
1.52
(0.9
1)10
----
----
40--
6010
100
11.1
FL1.
41 (0
.84)
1.62
(0.9
7)1.
50 (0
.89 )
10--
----
--20
--80
1010
015
.7M
S1.
43 (0
.85)
1.63
(0.9
7)1.
52 (0
.91 )
10--
----
--50
--50
1010
017
.9W
I1.
36 (0
.81)
1.74
(1.0
4)1.
59 (0
.94 )
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
18.7
Chr
omat
ed z
inc
chlo
ride
Can
al0.
45 (0
.28)
0.55
(0.3
4)0.
49 (0
.30 )
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
4.9
LA0.
46 (0
.28)
0.55
(0.3
4)0.
49 (0
.30)
10--
----
--40
1050
1010
08.
6FL
0.45
(0.2
8)0.
53 (0
.33)
0.48
(0.3
0) 8
----
----
25--
758
100
14.3
MS
0.45
(0.2
8)0.
55 (0
.34)
0.49
(0.3
0 )10
----
----
3010
6010
100
14.2
WI
0.43
(0.2
6)0.
53 (0
.33)
0.46
(0.2
9 )10
----
----
100
----
1010
016
.2
Can
al0.
70 (0
.43)
0.81
(0.5
0)0.
76 (0
.47)
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
7.2
L A0.
70 (0
.43)
0.80
(0.4
9)0.
76 (0
.47)
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
010
.6FL
0.73
(0.4
5)0.
81 (0
.50)
0.77
(0.4
7 ) 9
----
----
11--
899
100
15.9
MS
0.72
(0.4
4)0.
81 (0
.50)
0.76
(0.4
7 )10
----
----
40--
6010
100
20.2
WI
0.70
(0.4
3)0.
86 (0
.53)
0.80
(0.4
9 )10
----
----
100
----
1010
014
.7
Can
al0.
95 (0
.48)
1.11
(0.6
8)1.
02 (0
.63)
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
06.
6L A
0.93
(0.5
7)1.
07 (0
.66)
1.00
(0.6
2)10
----
----
40--
6010
100
11.9
FL0.
96 (0
.59)
1.09
(0.6
7)1.
03 (0
.63 )
10--
----
1020
--70
990
17.0
d
MS
0.96
(0.5
9)1.
09 (0
.67)
1.03
(0.6
3)10
----
----
50--
5010
100
20.1
WI
0.89
(0.5
5)1.
13 (0
.70)
1.02
(0.6
3 )10
----
----
100
----
1010
018
.3
(Pag
e 3
of 4
)
Ret
entio
n of
sal
tsa (l
b/ft3 )
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Dec
embe
r 196
6c (%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-
Tota
l rem
oved
Tabl
e 2-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
with
fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol--
Type
A,
zinc
chl
orid
e, a
nd c
hrom
ated
zin
c ch
lorid
e af
ter 1
5 to
28
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st a
t Bar
ro C
olor
ado
Isla
nd, C
anal
Zon
e, S
epte
mbe
r 193
8; B
ogal
usa,
LA,
Dec
embe
r 193
9; J
acks
onvi
lle, F
L, J
anua
ry 1
939;
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Dec
embe
r 193
8; a
nd M
adis
on, W
I, N
ovem
ber 1
939
(Plo
t 2)--
conc
lude
d
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
ber
and
and
Aver
age
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
life
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
Min
imum
Max
imum
Aver
age
test
bG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsC
anal
----
--10
----
----
--10
0--
1010
00.
7LA
----
--10
----
----
2020
6010
100
2.9
FL--
----
10--
----
----
1090
1010
02.
8M
S--
----
10--
----
----
7030
1010
02.
9W
I--
----
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
5.7
a Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es a
re b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
b Ten
stak
es w
ere
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led
at e
ach
test
sta
tion;
this
num
ber h
as s
ince
bee
n re
duce
d ei
ther
bec
ause
of f
ailu
re to
loca
te th
e st
akes
at t
he ti
me
of i
nspe
ctio
n or
bec
ause
of d
amag
e by
fire
.c Fi
nal i
nspe
ctio
n at
Can
al Z
one,
Jan
uary
195
6; a
t Lou
isia
na, D
ecem
ber 1
958;
at F
lorid
a, D
ecem
ber 1
960;
at W
isco
nsin
, Oct
ober
196
4;
and
at M
issi
ssip
pi, D
ecem
ber 1
966.
d Estim
ate
base
d on
per
cent
age
of s
take
s re
mai
ning
afte
r fin
al in
spec
tion.
e Ret
entio
n va
lues
bas
ed o
n so
dium
pen
tach
loro
phen
ate
only
. So
dium
chl
orid
e ad
ded
was
equ
al to
20%
of w
eigh
t of s
odiu
m p
enta
chlo
roph
enat
e in
sol
utio
n.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y R
. M. W
irka.
(Pag
e 4
of 4
)
Tota
l rem
oved
Ret
entio
n of
sal
tsa (l
b/ft3 )
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Dec
embe
r 196
6c (%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1967
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Appr
oxim
ate
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iav
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eSt
ake
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
eG
roup
num
ber
Trea
tmen
t (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Plyw
ooda
11-
1-40
toEa
ch p
ly im
preg
nate
d w
ith a
50%
aqu
eous
sol
utio
n 10
8--
----
--38
--62
810
012
.41-
10-4
0 o
f phe
nolic
resi
n, s
low
ly d
ried,
and
cur
ed fo
r
1 da
y at
220
° F. B
onde
d w
ith p
heno
lic-re
sin
film
22-
1-40
toSa
me
as g
roup
1 e
xcep
t tha
t a 2
5% s
olut
ion
was
510
----
----
60--
4010
c10
06.
92-
10-4
0 u
sed
33-
1-40
toFa
ce p
lies
impr
egna
ted
as in
gro
up 1
and
bon
ded
10b
10--
----
----
100
--10
c10
03.
33-
10-4
0 t
o an
unt
reat
ed c
ore
with
phe
nolic
-resi
n fil
m
44-
1-40
toFa
ce p
lies
impr
egna
ted
as in
gro
up 2
and
bon
ded
5b10
----
----
--10
0--
10c
100
3.5
4-10
-40
to
an u
ntre
ated
cor
e w
ith p
heno
lic-re
sin
film
55-
1-40
toSa
me
as g
roup
2 e
xcep
t tha
t edg
es o
f spe
cim
ens
10b
10--
----
--20
80--
10c
100
4.9
5-10
-40
wer
e gi
ven
a pr
otec
tive
treat
men
t by
dipp
ing
in a
phe
nolic
resi
n co
ntai
ning
15%
alc
ohol
66-
1-40
toSa
me
as g
roup
4 e
xcep
t tha
t edg
es w
ere
prot
ecte
d5b
9--
----
--22
4433
9c10
09.
46-
10-4
0 a
s in
gro
up 5
77-
1-40
toU
ntre
ated
plie
s bo
nded
with
phe
nolic
-resi
n--
10--
----
----
7030
1010
01.
97-
1-40
film
88-
1-40
toU
ntre
ated
plie
s bo
nded
with
hot
-pre
ss u
rea
--10
----
----
--70
3010
100
1.9
8-10
-40
res
in
99-
1-40
toU
ntre
ated
plie
s bo
nded
with
cas
ein
glue
--8
----
----
--88
128d
100
1.0
9-
10-4
0 (
FPL
form
ula
4B)
1010
-1-4
0 to
Unt
reat
ed p
lies
(yel
low
birc
h) b
onde
d w
ith--
10--
----
--10
3060
1010
01.
910
-10-
40 p
heno
lic-re
sin
flim
1111
-1-4
0 to
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--s
olid
woo
d--
10--
----
----
8020
1010
02.
411
-10-
40 (
1/4
by 4
by
18 in
.)
(Pag
e 1
of 2
)
afte
r abo
ut 2
7 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce (P
lot 3
)Ta
ble
3--C
ondi
tion
of p
lyw
ood
stak
es a
nd re
sin-
impr
egna
ted
stak
es s
et J
anua
ry 1
940
on H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S,
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1967
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Appr
oxim
ate
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iav
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eSt
ake
rete
ntio
nin
Term
it ete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
eG
roup
num
ber
Trea
tmen
t (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Stak
es (I
mpr
eg)e
1212
-1-4
0 to
Impr
egna
ted
sam
e as
gro
up 1
1010
--10
--10
50--
308
80)
19.5
f
12-1
0-40
1313
-1-4
0 to
Impr
egna
ted
sam
e as
gro
up 2
510
----
----
50--
5010
100)
11.7
13-1
0-40
1414
-1-4
0 to
Con
trols
--unt
reat
ed--
10--
----
----
8020
1010
0)2.
514
-10-
40
Com
pres
sed
Plyw
ood
(Com
preg
)g
1515
-1-4
0 to
Dou
glas
-fir--
all p
lies
impr
egna
ted
as in
gro
up 1
,10
310
0--
----
----
----
----
15-3
-40
drie
d an
d as
sem
bled
with
out t
he u
se o
f glu
e on
a
hot p
ress
at 3
30° F
and
1,0
00 lb
. pre
ssur
e p
er s
quar
e in
ch
15-4
-40
toYe
llow
-pop
lar--
all p
lies
impr
egna
ted
and
103
----
----
1
--2
310
0)19
.615
-6-4
0 c
ompr
esse
d th
e sa
me
as fo
r Dou
glas
-fir
a Spec
imen
s in
gro
ups
1 to
9 w
ere
thre
e-pl
y D
ougl
as-fi
r; in
gro
up 1
0, y
ello
w b
irch.
Spe
cim
ens
wer
e 1/
4 by
4 b
y 18
in. a
nd m
ade
of 1
/16-
in. f
aces
and
a 1
/8-in
. cor
e. S
peci
men
s in
gro
up 1
1 w
ere
solid
Dou
glas
-fir,
1/4
by 4
by
18 in
.
b Incr
ease
bas
ed o
n tre
ated
face
s.
c Det
erio
ratio
n pr
inci
pally
in c
ores
.
d Som
e se
para
tion
of p
lies
had
also
occ
urre
d.
e Spec
imen
s ar
e So
uthe
rn P
ine
sapw
ood,
2 b
y 4
nom
inal
by
18 in
.
f Base
d on
est
imat
ed li
fe o
f 2 re
mai
ning
sta
kes.
g Dou
glas
-fir a
nd y
ello
w-p
opla
r spe
cim
ens
mad
e of
15-
1/15
-in. p
lies,
com
pres
sed
to a
thic
knes
s of
3/8
in.
Spec
imen
s w
ere
3/8
by 4
by
14 in
.
NO
TE--S
take
s re
mai
ning
afte
r the
195
2 in
spec
tion
wer
e ta
kien
up
and
rese
t in
the
sam
e ge
nera
l are
a.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y R
. M. W
irka.
(Pag
e 2
of 2
)
afte
r abo
ut 2
7 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce (P
lot 3
)--co
nclu
ded
Tabl
e 3-
-Con
ditio
n of
ply
woo
d st
akes
and
resi
n-im
preg
nate
d st
akes
set
Jan
uary
194
0 on
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Tabl
e 4-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
chr
omat
ed z
inc
arse
nate
(Bol
iden
sal
ts),
zinc
chl
orid
e,an
d co
al-ta
r cre
osot
e af
ter 1
5 to
60
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st a
t Mad
ison
, WI,
Sept
embe
r 194
0; H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal
arro
Col
orad
o Is
land
, Can
al Z
one,
Sep
tem
ber 1
940
(Plo
t 4)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2000
a (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayAv
erag
e re
tent
ion
Num
-D
ecay
fung
i (l
b/ft3 )
ber
and
and
Aver
age
Dry
inTe
rmit e
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
Oil
saltb
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Zinc
chl
orid
eW
I--
0.50
(0.3
0)10
----
----
100
----
1010
014
.8M
S--
0.50
(0.3
0)10
----
----
60--
4010
100
14.2
Can
al--
0.49
(0.2
9)10
----
----
----
100
1010
03.
0
WI
--1.
03 (0
.61)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
19.8
MS
--1.
02 (0
.61)
10--
----
--60
1030
1010
014
.4C
anal
--1.
01 (0
.60)
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
3.6
WI
--1.
51 (0
.90)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
22.3
MS
--1.
51 (0
.90)
10--
----
--60
--40
1010
018
.1C
anal
--1.
49 (0
.89)
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
4.5
Chr
omat
ed z
inc
WI
--0.
33 (0
.22)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
19.6
ars
enat
eM
S--
0.33
(0.2
2)10
----
----
30--
7010
100
33.0
(Bo
liden
sal
ts)c
Can
al--
0.33
(0.2
2)10
----
----
----
100
1010
09.
2
WI
--0.
44 (0
.29)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
26.1
MS
--0.
44 (0
.29)
9--
----
--11
--89
910
039
.3C
anal
--0.
44 (0
.29)
10--
----
--30
1060
1010
011
.6
WI
--0.
60 (0
.40)
9--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
24.9
MS
--0.
58 (0
.38)
10--
----
--60
--40
1010
051
.7C
anal
--0.
58 (0
.38)
10--
----
--60
40--
1010
014
.6
WI
--0.
78 (0
.52)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
34.6
MS
--0.
78 (0
.52)
10--
----
7010
--20
330
--C
anal
--0.
78 (0
.52)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
15.1
WI
--1.
06 (0
.70)
9--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
36.2
MS
--1.
06 (0
.70)
10--
----
10--
----
----
--C
anal
--1.
05 (0
.69)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
15.3
(Pag
e 1
of 2
)
Ta
ble
4--C
ondi
tion
of S
outh
ern
Pine
sta
kes
(2 b
y 4
in. n
omin
al b
y 18
in.)
treat
ed w
ith c
hrom
ated
zin
c ar
sena
te (B
olid
en s
alts
), zi
nc c
hlor
ide
and
coal
-tar c
reos
ote
afte
r 15
to 6
0 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
at M
adis
on, W
I, Se
ptem
ber 1
940;
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
lFo
rest
, Sau
cier
, MS,
Jun
e 19
40; a
nd B
arro
Col
orad
o Is
land
, Can
al Z
one,
Sep
tem
ber 1
940
(Plo
t 4)--
conc
lude
d
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2000
a (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayAv
erag
e re
tent
ion
Num
-D
ecay
fung
i (l
b/ft3 )
ber
and
and
Aver
age
Dry
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
Oil
saltb
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
eW
I4.
3--
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
37.9
MS
4.2
--10
----
----
60--
4010
100
17.8
Can
al4.
3--
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
013
.4
WI
8.0
-- 7
--71
----
29--
--2
29--
MS
8.0
--10
----
--10
40--
509
90--
Can
al8.
0--
10--
60--
1030
----
330
19d
WI
11.8
-- 9
3367
----
----
----
----
MS
11.8
--10
--10
--40
20--
305
50--
Can
al11
.8--
10--
60--
--40
----
440
18d
WI
16.3
-- 9
3356
----
11--
--1
11--
MS
16.5
--10
--10
--80
10--
--1
10--
Can
al16
.5--
10--
90--
10--
----
----
--
WI
1.8
e--
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
12.4
MS
1.8
e--
10--
----
--10
3060
1010
07.
7C
anal
1.8e
--10
----
----
--80
2010
100
4.8
WI
0.71
f--
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
8.4
MS
0.76
f--
10--
----
----
5050
1010
04.
2
Can
al
0.
76f
--10
----
----
--90
1010
100
2.5
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsW
I--
--10
----
----
100
----
1010
06.
2M
S--
--10
----
----
--50
5010
100
2.2
Can
al--
--10
----
----
--90
1010
100
1.1
a Fina
l ins
pect
ion
at C
anal
Zon
e, J
anua
ry 1
956.
b Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es a
re b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
c Ret
entio
n ba
sed
upon
tota
l anh
ydro
us s
alts
: Zn
SO4 +
H3A
sO4 +
Na 2
HAs
O4 +
Na 2
Cr 2
O7.
d Estim
ate
base
d up
on p
erce
ntag
e of
sta
kes
rem
aini
ng a
fter f
inal
insp
ectio
n.e 15
-min
dip
at r
oom
tem
pera
ture
.f Br
ush
treat
men
t, tw
o co
ats.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y R
. M. W
irka.
(Pag
e 2
of 2
)
of s
ervi
ce. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st a
t Bar
ro C
olor
ado
Isla
nd, C
anal
Zon
e, F
ebur
ary
1941
; Bog
alus
a, L
A, M
arch
194
1; J
acks
onvi
lle, F
L, M
arch
194
1;an
d H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, F
ebru
ary
1941
(Plo
t 5)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1996
c (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
tD
estro
yed
by--
Ret
entio
n of
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ay p
rese
rvat
ivea
Num
-D
ecay
fung
i(lb
/ft3 )
ber
and
and
Aver
age
Loca
-M
ini-
Max
i-Av
er-
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
tion
mum
mum
age
test
bG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Sodi
um p
enta
chlo
roph
enat
eC
anal
0.23
0.27
0.25
10--
----
----
6040
1010
06.
4LA
0.23
0.26
0.25
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
010
.0FL
0.23
0.36
0.25
9
----
----
----
100
1010
014
.5M
S0.
230.
360.
2510
----
----
20--
8010
100
16.9
Can
al0.
310.
340.
3310
----
----
--10
9010
100
10.9
LA0.
310.
340.
3310
----
----
----
100
1010
010
.4FL
0.32
0.34
0.33
8
----
----
--12
888
100
16.4
MS
0.31
0.34
0.33
10--
----
--20
--80
1010
019
.5
Can
al0.
470.
550.
5110
----
----
--20
8010
100
12.9
LA0.
480.
540.
5110
----
----
----
100
1010
015
.5FL
0.47
0.54
0.50
10--
----
50--
--50
550
21.0
d
MS
0.47
0.55
0.51
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
021
.3
Can
al0.
730.
810.
7710
----
----
5020
3010
100
14.3
LA0.
720.
820.
77
8--
----
50--
--50
450
22.0
d
FL0.
720.
830.
7710
----
--80
----
202
2027
.0d
MS
0.72
0.83
0.77
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
26.2
Can
al0.
921.
090.
9910
----
----
70--
3010
100
14.2
LA0.
921.
090.
99
7--
----
57--
--43
343
22.0
d
FL0.
911.
100.
99
9--
----
100
----
00
--M
S0.
931.
080.
9910
----
--20
30--
508
80--
Sodi
um p
enta
chlo
roph
enat
eC
anal
0.41
0.47
0.44
10--
----
----
2080
1010
011
.1 a
nd s
odiu
m c
hrom
ate
LA0.
410.
470.
4410
----
----
----
100
1010
015
.6 3
.24:
1 ch
emic
al ra
tioFL
0.40
0.47
0.44
9
----
--44
----
565
5620
.3d
MS
0.40
0.47
0.44
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
23.0
Sodi
um p
enta
chlo
roph
enat
eC
anal
0.54
0.62
0.58
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
12.8
and
bor
axLA
0.54
0.62
0.58
9
----
----
11--
899
100
11.3
1:
0.76
che
mic
al ra
tioFL
0.53
0.62
0.57
8
----
----
----
100
1010
017
.9M
S0.
540.
610.
5810
----
----
20--
8010
100
21.0
1:
2 ch
emic
al ra
tioC
anal
0.71
0.80
0.75
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
12.2
LA0.
710.
810.
7510
----
----
10--
9010
100
9.9
FL0.
720.
820.
7610
----
----
----
100
1010
012
.9M
S0.
710.
800.
7510
----
----
----
100
1010
018
.8
(Pag
e 1
of 5
)
Tabl
e 5-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e af
ter 1
5 to
55
year
s
Tabl
e 5-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e af
ter 1
5 to
55
year
s of
ser
vice
. Sta
kes
plac
ed in
test
at B
arro
Col
orad
o Is
land
, Can
al Z
one,
Feb
urar
y 19
41; B
ogal
usa,
LA,
Mar
ch 1
941;
Jac
kson
ville
, FL,
Mar
ch 1
941;
and
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Feb
ruar
y 19
41 (P
lot 5
)--co
ntin
ued C
ondi
tion
of s
take
s Ja
nuar
y 19
96c (
%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--R
eten
tion
ofsh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
pre
serv
ativ
ea N
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
(lb/ft
3 )be
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eLo
ca-
Min
i-M
axi-
Aver
-in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
etio
nm
umm
umag
ete
stb
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
1:
1.52
che
mic
al ra
tioC
anal
0.78
0.88
0.83
10--
----
--50
--50
1010
013
.0LA
0.77
0.88
0.82
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
010
.0FL
0.79
0.86
0.82
9
----
----
----
100
1010
016
.7M
S0.
790.
870.
8310
----
----
----
100
1010
018
.9
1:
3 ch
emic
al ra
tioC
anal
0.91
1.06
0.98
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
11.5
LA0.
901.
070.
9810
----
----
10--
9010
100
8.9
FL0.
921.
050.
9810
----
----
----
100
1010
013
.2M
S0.
921.
060.
9810
----
----
10--
9010
100
16.1
1:
2.27
che
mic
al ra
tioC
anal
1.00
1.19
1.09
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
12.7
LA1.
011.
161.
0910
----
----
20--
8010
100
9.9
FL1.
011.
181.
0910
----
----
----
100
1010
018
.6M
S1.
011.
181.
0910
----
----
----
100
1010
018
.6
1:
1.50
che
mic
al ra
tioC
anal
1.17
1.32
1.25
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
012
.8LA
1.17
1.32
1.25
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
14.6
FL1.
171.
321.
2510
----
--20
10--
708
8016
.5d
MS
1.17
1.33
1.25
10--
----
--10
1080
1010
020
.9
5% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
C
anal
4.0
5.4
4.7
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
013
.0 i
n fu
el o
ileLA
4.0
5.4
4.8
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
16.6
FL 4
.0 5
.6 4
.810
----
--40
----
606
6020
.0d
MS
4.2
5.4
4.7
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
21.0
Can
al 8
.610
.5 9
.610
----
----
30--
7010
100
14.4
LA 8
.410
.9 9
.6 7
----
--57
----
433
4323
.0d
FL 8
.810
.5 9
.6 9
----
--67
----
333
3324
.0d
MS
8.6
10.5
9.6
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
027
.2
Can
al14
.016
.515
.310
----
--40
10--
506
6015
.0d
LA14
.216
.315
.3 7
----
--10
0--
----
----
--FL
14.2
16.3
15.3
10--
----
100
----
----
----
MS
14.0
16.3
15.3
10--
----
5010
--40
550
--
Can
al18
.621
.520
.110
----
--10
0--
----
----
--LA
18.2
21.7
20.1
7--
----
100
----
----
----
FL18
.221
.720
.1 9
--22
--78
----
----
----
MS
18.2
21.9
20.0
9--
----
89--
--11
111
--
(Pag
e 2
of 5
)
Tabl
e 5-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e af
ter 1
5 to
55
year
s of
ser
vice
. Sta
kes
plac
ed in
test
at B
arro
Col
orad
o Is
land
, Can
al Z
one,
Feb
urar
y 19
41; B
ogal
usa,
LA,
Mar
ch 1
941;
Jac
kson
ville
, FL,
Mar
ch 1
941;
and
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Feb
ruar
y 19
41 (P
lot 5
)--co
ntin
ued C
ondi
tion
of s
take
s Ja
nuar
y 19
96c (
%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--R
eten
tion
ofsh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
pre
serv
ativ
ea N
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
(lb/ft
3 )be
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eLo
ca-
Min
i-M
axi-
Aver
-in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
etio
nm
umm
umag
ete
stb
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
3% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
+C
anal
4.2
5.8
4.9
10--
----
--20
--80
1010
012
.6 2
% c
hlor
o-2-
phen
ylph
enol
LA4.
45.
84.
910
----
----
----
100
1010
014
.2 i
n fu
el o
ileFL
4.4
5.8
4.9
9--
----
22--
--78
778
20.0
d
MS
4.2
5.8
4.9
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
19.2
Can
al9.
110
.910
.010
----
----
50--
5010
100
13.7
LA9.
110
.910
.0 6
----
--67
----
332
3324
.7d
FL8.
911
.010
.0 8
----
--75
----
252
2525
.3d
MS
8.9
11.0
10.0
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
024
.4
Can
al14
.216
.315
.410
----
--10
10--
809
9012
.0d
LA13
.816
.315
.3 6
----
--10
0--
----
----
--FL
13.8
16.3
15.3
9--
----
100
----
----
----
MS
14.4
16.1
15.3
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
031
.9
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e, g
rade
1C
anal
3.5
6.7
4.7
10--
----
1090
----
990
12.0
d
LA3.
36.
74.
6 6
----
--33
----
674
6722
.0d
FL3.
36.
54.
7 9
----
--33
33--
336
6719
.0d
MS
3.5
6.5
4.6
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
021
.3
Can
al8.
411
.610
.010
--60
--20
10--
102
2020
.0d
LA8.
611
.210
.0 4
----
--75
----
251
2526
.6d
FL8.
611
.410
.010
----
--90
10--
--1
10--
MS
8.4
11.4
10.0
10--
----
1060
--30
990
--
Can
al13
.515
.414
.410
1090
----
----
----
----
LA13
.515
.914
.5 6
5017
1717
----
----
----
FL13
.515
.914
.4 9
2256
--22
----
----
----
MS
13.3
16.1
14.5
10--
----
100
----
----
----
Fuel
oile
Can
al8.
211
.99.
910
----
----
--60
4010
100
5.9
LA8.
411
.79.
810
----
----
40--
6010
100
8.4
FL8.
211
.79.
8 8
----
----
12--
888
100
9.7
MS
8.2
11.7
9.8
10--
----
--20
1070
1010
06.
3
Can
al18
.221
.019
.410
----
----
--30
7010
100
7.8
LA18
.221
.419
.410
----
----
50--
5010
100
11.9
FL18
.221
.419
.4 9
----
----
----
100
1010
012
.4M
S18
.021
.919
.410
----
----
3010
6010
100
9.1
(Pag
e 3
of 5
)
Tabl
e 5-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e af
ter 1
5 to
55
year
s of
ser
vice
. Sta
kes
plac
ed in
test
at B
arro
Col
orad
o Is
land
, Can
al Z
one,
Feb
urar
y 19
41; B
ogal
usa,
LA,
Mar
ch 1
941;
Jac
kson
ville
, FL,
Mar
ch 1
941;
and
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Feb
ruar
y 19
41 (P
lot 5
)--co
ntin
ued C
ondi
tion
of s
take
s Ja
nuar
y 19
96c
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--R
eten
tion
ofsh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
pre
serv
ativ
ea N
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
(lb/ft
3 )be
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eLo
ca-
Min
i-M
axi-
Aver
-in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
etio
nm
umm
umag
ete
stb
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
5% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
inC
anal
0.5
1.4
0.8
10--
----
----
9010
1010
02.
7 f
uel o
ile and
nap
htha
LA0.
51.
20.
810
----
----
30--
7010
100
4.2
3
-min
dip
FL0.
51.
20.
8 8
----
----
12--
888
100
5.0
MS
0.5
1.2
0.8
10--
----
--10
2070
1010
03.
2
1
8-h
soak
Can
al2.
12.
62.
410
----
----
----
100
1010
09.
1LA
2.1
2.8
2.4
9--
----
--33
--67
910
08.
4FL
2.1
3.0
2.4
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
11.9
MS
1.9
3.0
2.4
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
12.9
5% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
inC
anal
0.7
1.2
0.9
10--
----
----
100
--10
100
3.3
soy
bean
oil,
nap
htha
and
LA0.
51.
20.
910
----
----
50--
5010
100
3.9
fue
l oil
e,f
FL0.
51.
60.
9 7
----
----
--14
867
100
5.4
3
-min
dip
MS
0.7
1.2
0.9
10--
----
----
6040
1010
04.
9
1
8-h
soak
Can
al2.
33.
72.
810
----
----
----
100
1010
010
.4LA
2.1
3.9
2.8
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
07.
6FL
2.3
3.2
2.7
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
12.2
MS
2.3
3.5
2.8
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
16.3
1
8-h
soak
gC
anal
1.1
3.0
2.3
10--
----
----
3070
1010
07.
0LA
1.8
2.6
2.3
10--
----
--20
--80
1010
06.
3FL
1.8
2.8
2.3
8--
----
--12
--88
810
09.
8M
S1.
12.
82.
210
----
----
1010
8010
100
11.9
3% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
+ 2
%C
anal
0.9
1.6
1.2
10--
----
----
100
--10
100
2.3
chl
oro-
2-ph
enyl
phen
ol in
LA0.
91.
61.
210
----
----
40--
6010
100
4.1
nap
htha
and
fuel
oile
FL0.
71.
61.
210
----
----
1010
8010
100
5.0
3
-min
dip
MS
0.5
1.8
1.2
10--
----
--20
2060
1010
05.
3
1
8-h
soak
Can
al2.
54.
03.
110
----
----
--10
9010
100
9.0
LA2.
54.
03.
110
----
----
10--
9010
100
7.2
FL2.
33.
93.
1 8
----
----
12--
888
100
10.8
MS
2.6
4.4
3.1
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
13.8
(Pag
e 4
of 5
)
Tabl
e 5-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
chl
orin
ated
phe
nols
and
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e af
ter 1
5 to
55
year
s of
ser
vice
. Sta
kes
plac
ed in
test
at B
arro
Col
orad
o Is
land
, Can
al Z
one,
Feb
urar
y 19
41; B
ogal
usa,
LA,
Mar
ch 1
941;
Jac
kson
ville
, FL,
Mar
ch 1
941;
and
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Feb
ruar
y 19
41 (P
lot 5
)--co
nclu
ded C
ondi
tion
of s
take
s Ja
nuar
y 19
96c (
%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--R
eten
tion
ofsh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
pre
serv
ativ
ea N
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
(lb/ft
3 )be
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eLo
ca-
Min
i-M
axi-
Aver
-in
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
etio
nm
umm
umag
ete
stb
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
3% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
+ 2
%C
anal
0.5
0.9
0.8
10--
----
----
9010
1010
01.
6 c
hlor
o-2-
phen
ylph
enol
inLA
0.5
0.9
0.7
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
03.
9 s
olve
nt o
f 80%
min
eral
spi
rits
FL0.
50.
90.
810
----
----
2010
7010
100
2.8
and
20%
moi
stur
e re
pella
ntM
S0.
50.
90.
810
----
----
2030
5010
100
3.6
3
-min
dip
1
8-h
soak
Can
al2.
15.
83.
410
----
----
--90
1010
100
4.8
LA2.
34.
63.
410
----
----
----
100
1010
09.
2FL
2.3
4.9
3.4
10--
----
--20
--80
1010
09.
6M
S2.
35.
13.
410
----
----
2010
7010
100
12.7
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsC
anal
----
--10
----
----
--10
0--
1010
01.
2LA
----
--10
----
----
5020
3010
100
2.4
FL--
----
10--
----
--10
2070
1010
01.
8M
S--
----
10--
----
--30
4030
1010
02.
4
a Base
d up
on w
eigh
t of d
ry c
hem
ical
for s
odiu
m p
enta
chlo
roph
enat
e al
one
or m
ixed
with
oth
er c
hem
ical
s an
d on
wei
ght o
f sol
utio
n fo
r oth
er t
reat
men
ts.
Valu
es fo
r sta
kes
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led.
b Ten
stak
es w
ere
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led
in te
st.
This
num
ber h
as s
ince
bee
n re
duce
d ei
ther
bec
ause
of f
ailu
re to
loca
te th
e st
akes
at t
he ti
me
of t
he in
spec
tion
or b
ecau
se o
f dam
age
by fi
re.
c Fina
l ins
pect
ion
at C
anal
Zon
e, J
anua
ry 1
956;
at J
acks
onvi
lle, F
L, N
ovem
ber 1
960;
and
at B
ogal
usa,
LA,
Dec
embe
r 196
2.
d Estim
ate
base
d up
on p
erce
ntag
e of
sta
kes
rem
aini
ng a
fter f
inal
insp
ectio
n.
e Purc
hase
d an
d re
porte
d ea
rlier
as
No.
2 fu
el o
il bu
t has
sin
ce b
een
foun
d to
hav
e a
dist
illatio
n ra
nge
low
er th
an th
at fo
r typ
ical
No.
2 fu
el o
ils.
f Solv
ent c
onta
ined
1 p
art s
oybe
an o
il an
d 9
parts
eac
h of
fuel
and
nap
htha
by
volu
me.
g Spec
imen
s co
ntai
ned
som
e he
artw
ood.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y R
. M. W
irka.
(Pag
e 5
of 5
)
Tabl
e 6-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s of
diff
eren
t siz
es tr
eate
d w
ith c
oal-t
ar c
reos
ote,
tolu
ene,
and
cre
osot
e-to
luen
e m
ixtu
res
afte
r54
-1/2
yea
rs o
f ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, M
ay 1
951
(Plo
t 6)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1996
(%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
Stak
e si
zere
tent
ion
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(in.)
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e1/
2 by
1/2
by
18
7.8
8--
----
--88
--12
810
017
.1
1 by
1 b
y 18
8
.010
----
----
40--
6010
100
23.6
1-1/
2 by
1-1
/2 b
y 18
7
.910
----
----
50--
5010
100
26.6
2 by
4 n
omin
al b
y 18
3
.310
----
----
10--
9010
100
24.9
7
.810
----
--30
20--
507
70--
13.
210
----
--80
10--
102
20--
Tolu
ene
2 by
4 n
omin
al b
y 18
29.
510
----
----
--90
1010
100
2.2
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e 1
1.25
% b
y w
eigh
t in
tolu
ene
2 by
4 n
omin
al b
y 18
3
.4a
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
019
.1
25.
2% b
y w
eigh
t in
tolu
ene
2 by
4 n
omin
al b
y 18
8
.1a
10--
----
3040
--30
770
--
39.
0% b
y w
eigh
t in
tolu
ene
2 by
4 n
omin
al b
y 18
12
.6a
1010
----
90--
----
----
--
a Cre
osot
e on
ly.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y R
. M. W
irka.
Tabl
e 7-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
cop
per n
apht
hena
te a
nd z
inc
naph
then
ate
afte
r abo
ut 5
0 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
at M
adis
on, W
I, O
ctob
er 1
941,
and
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Feb
ruar
y 19
42 (P
lot 7
)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Oct
ober
199
2a (%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iAv
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
ere
tent
ionb
inTe
rmite
Term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Trea
tmen
tLo
catio
n (l
b/ft3 )
test
cG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Zinc
nap
hthe
nate
Brus
h, o
ne c
oat
MS
0.6
(0.0
12)
10--
----
----
2080
1010
02.
9
sol
utio
n 17
%
WI
0.5
(0.0
10)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
6.4
(2
% z
inc
met
al)
Dip
, 3
min
MS
1.0
(0.0
20)
10--
----
----
4060
1010
02.
2W
I0.
9 (0
.018
)10
----
----
100
----
1010
07.
7
1%
(0.1
2% z
inc
met
al)
Pres
sure
MS
9.9
(0.0
12)
10--
----
--50
--50
1010
011
.2W
I9.
7 (0
.011
)10
----
----
100
----
1010
019
.1
2.5
% (0
.29%
zin
c m
etal
)Pr
essu
reM
S10
.3 (0
.030
)10
----
----
50--
5010
100
15.0
WI
9.8
(0.0
29)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
21.9
5.0
% (0
.59%
zin
c m
etal
)Pr
essu
reM
S10
.2 (0
.060
)10
----
----
60--
4010
100
13.5
WI
10.3
(0.0
61)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
22.6
7.5
% (0
.88%
zin
c m
etal
)Pr
essu
reM
S10
.4 (0
.092
)10
----
----
60--
4010
100
19.7
WI
10.0
(0.0
88)
9d
----
----
100
----
910
030
.8
Cop
per n
apht
hena
te
Brus
h, o
ne c
oat
MS
0.5
(0.0
10)
10--
----
--20
5030
1010
03.
7
sol
utio
n 17
.5%
WI
0.5
(0.0
10)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
8.6
(2
% c
oppe
r met
al)
Dip
, 3
min
MS
0.7
(0.0
14)
10--
----
--40
6010
100
5.2
WI
0.8
(0.0
15)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
9.8
1%
(0.1
1% c
oppe
r met
al)
Pres
sure
MS
10.3
(0.0
12)
10--
----
--80
--20
1010
015
.9W
I10
.3 (0
.012
) 8
----
----
100
----
810
025
.5
2.5
% (0
.29%
cop
per m
etal
)Pr
essu
reM
S10
.2 (0
.029
)10
----
----
40--
6010
100
21.8
WI
9.6
(0.0
27)
4--
----
--10
0--
--4
100
34.5
5.0
% (0
.57
copp
er m
etal
)Pr
essu
reM
S10
.6 (0
.061
)10
----
----
80--
2010
100
27.1
WI
10.6
(0.0
61)
617
----
--83
----
583
--
7.5
% (0
.86%
cop
per m
etal
)Pr
essu
reM
S 9
.6 (0
.082
)10
20--
----
60--
208
8029
.6W
I9.
8 (0
.084
) 3
----
----
100
----
310
035
.4
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
MS
--10
----
----
--30
7010
100
1.8
--W
I--
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
4.9
a Last
insp
ectio
n in
Mis
siss
ippi
was
198
5.b N
umbe
r in
pare
nthe
ses
is th
e re
tent
ion
base
d on
zin
c or
cop
per m
etal
.c Te
n st
akes
wer
e or
igin
ally
inst
alle
d. T
his
num
ber h
as b
een
redu
ced
for c
ause
s ot
her t
han
deca
y or
inse
ct a
ttack
.d Av
erag
e re
tent
ion
base
d on
nin
e st
akes
.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Tabl
e 8-
-Con
ditio
n of
trea
ted
five-
ply
exte
rior D
ougl
as-fi
r ply
woo
d st
akes
(app
roxi
mat
ely
1/2
by 4
by
18 in
.) at
fina
l ins
pect
ion
afte
r app
roxi
mat
ely
22
year
s of
exp
osur
e. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, F
ebru
ary
1942
(Plo
t 8)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Dec
embe
r 196
3 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
aG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
eBr
ush,
one
coa
tO
il
1.4
30--
----
--27
2727
3010
0
6.1
Dip
, 3 m
inO
il
1.9
30--
----
--17
2063
3010
0
9.4
Soak
, 18
hO
il
5.6
30--
7--
4727
--20
1447
24.0
b
Pres
sure
Oil
5.
930
----
--70
20--
10
930
27.0
b
Pres
sure
Oil
12.2
2928
387
28--
----
----
--
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l sol
utio
nc
5%Br
ush,
one
coa
tSo
lutio
n
0.9
30--
----
--10
6030
d30
100
2.8
Dip
, 3 m
inSo
lutio
n
1.3
30--
----
--13
6027
3010
0 3
.3So
ak, 1
8 h
Solu
tion
3.
230
----
----
333
6330
100
5.0
1.11
%Pr
essu
reSo
lutio
n26
.330
----
----
20--
80e
3010
011
.12.
25%
Pres
sure
Solu
tion
26.3
30--
----
2310
760
2377
19.0
b
Zinc
nap
hthe
nate
sol
utio
nf
4.8%
(0.5
5% z
inc)
Brus
h, o
ne c
oat
Solu
tion
0.
730
----
----
1030
6030
100
2.1
Dip
, 3 m
inSo
lutio
n 1.
130
----
----
754
4030
100
2.0
Soak
, 18
hSo
lutio
n3.
030
----
----
1343
4330
100
2.9
1.11
% (0
.13%
zin
c)Pr
essu
reSo
lutio
n 25
.530
----
----
1320
6730
100
5.3
2.25
% (0
.25%
zin
c)Pr
essu
reSo
lutio
n 25
.630
----
----
13 7
8030
100
8.9
Chl
oro-
2-ph
enyl
phen
ol s
olut
ionf
5%Br
ush,
one
coa
tSo
lutio
n .9
30--
----
--10
5040
3010
02.
2D
ip, 3
min
Solu
tion
1.2
30--
----
--17
4737
3010
02.
4So
ak, 1
8 h
Solu
tion
2.9
30--
----
--13
6027
3010
02.
6
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
--30
----
----
2040
40e
3010
01.
8
a Of t
he 3
0 pa
nels
test
ed fo
r eac
h tre
atm
ent,
thre
e se
ts c
onta
ined
10
spec
imen
s; e
ach
set w
as s
elec
ted
from
mat
eria
l con
tribu
ted
by a
diff
eren
t man
ufac
ture
r.
b Estim
ate
base
d on
con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
at fi
nal i
nspe
ctio
n.c So
lven
t con
tined
1 p
art p
ine
oil a
nd 1
2 pa
rts S
todd
ard-
type
sol
vent
by
volu
me.
d Two
stak
es s
how
ed s
ome
dela
min
atio
n.e O
ne s
take
sho
wed
som
e de
lam
inat
ion.
f Stod
dard
-type
sol
vent
use
d.
NO
TE:
The
stak
es re
mai
ning
in te
st a
fter t
he 1
950
insp
ectio
n w
ere
take
n up
and
rese
t in
the
sam
e ge
nera
l are
a.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
and
R. M
. Wirk
a.
Trea
tmen
t
Tabl
e 9-
-Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
cop
per a
rsen
ate
and
copp
er c
hrom
ate
by th
e do
uble
-diff
usio
n pr
oces
saf
ter a
bout
55
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, F
ebru
ary
1942
(Plo
t 9)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1997
(%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ay C
alcu
late
d re
tent
ion
of c
hem
ical
a (lb/
ft3 )N
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Cop
per
Chr
omiu
m
Arse
nic
ber
and
and
Aver
age
asas
asin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
e
Trea
tmen
tC
uSO
4N
a 2 C
rO4
Na 2
Has
O4
Tota
lte
stb
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
6-da
y so
ak in
10.
6% c
oppe
rsu
lfate
sol
utio
n pl
us
6-da
y so
ak in
9.
8% s
odiu
mar
sena
te s
olut
ion
0.66
(0.3
3)--
0.59
(0.3
6)1.
25 (0
.69)
1070
2010
----
----
----
--
12-d
ay s
oak
in9.
8% s
odiu
mar
sena
te s
olut
ion
0.66
(0.3
3)2.
58 (1
.59)
0.75
(0.4
6)1.
41 (0
.79)
1060
3010
----
----
----
--
12-d
ay s
oak
in11
.8%
sod
ium
chro
mat
e so
lutio
n0.
66 (0
.33)
----
3.24
(1.9
2)10
80--
----
10--
10 2
20
--
3-da
y so
ak in
10.
6% c
oppe
rsu
lfate
sol
utio
n pl
us
6-da
y so
ak in
9.
8% s
odiu
mar
sena
te s
olut
ion
0.88
(0.4
4)--
0.55
(0.3
4)1.
43 (0
.78)
1030
70--
----
----
----
--
6-da
y so
ak in
11
.8%
sod
ium
chro
mat
e so
lutio
n0.
88 (0
.44)
1.57
(0.9
7)--
2.45
(1.4
1) 9
67--
----
2211
-- 3
33
--
3-da
y so
ak in
5.3
% c
oppe
rsu
lfate
sol
utio
n pl
us
6-da
y so
ak in
4.9%
sod
ium
--ar
sena
te s
olut
ion
0.31
(0.1
5)--
0.17
(0.1
0)0.
48 (0
.25)
9--
67--
--22
11 3
33
--
6-da
y so
ak in
5.9%
sod
ium
--ch
rom
ate
solu
tion
0.31
(0.1
5)0.
50 (0
.31)
--0.
81 (0
.46)
933
----
--33
33 6
67
--
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
----
--10
----
----
--20
8010
100
1.9
a Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es a
re o
xide
s (C
uO -
CrO
3 - A
s 2O
5)b Te
n st
akes
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led;
elim
inat
ed s
take
s re
mov
ed fo
r cau
ses
othe
r tha
n de
cay
or in
sect
atta
ck.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y R
. H. B
aech
ler.
Tabl
e 10
.--C
ondi
tion
of u
rea-
treat
ed S
outh
ern
Pine
sta
kes
(2 b
y 4
in. n
omin
al b
y 18
in.)
afte
r abo
ut 1
4 to
19
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, F
ebru
ary
1942
and
Dec
embe
r 194
6, a
nd a
t Mad
ison
, WI,
April
194
2 (P
lot 1
0)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
late
in 1
960
(%)
Aver
age
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--To
tal
rete
ntio
nsh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
rete
ntio
nof
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iof
ure
a ur
eabe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eor
sol
idsa
or s
olid
sain
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
itelif
e
Trea
tmen
tLo
catio
n(lb
) (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Inst
alle
d 19
42
2-da
y so
akb
MS
4.7
3.4
10--
----
----
1090
1010
03.
4W
I4.
73.
410
----
----
100
----
1010
08.
1
4-da
y so
akb
MS
6.9
5.0
10--
----
----
2080
1010
03.
3W
I6.
95.
010
----
----
100
----
1010
08.
0
6-da
y so
akb
MS
10.2
7.4
10--
----
----
2080
1010
02.
9W
I10
.27.
410
----
----
100
----
1010
06.
0
B 1c (t
herm
oset
ting)
MS
9.9
7.1
10--
----
----
2080
1010
04.
5 2
-day
soa
kW
I9.
97.
110
----
----
100
----
1010
012
.5
B 1c (t
herm
oset
ting)
MS
11.2
8.1
10--
----
----
-- 1
0010
100
5.1
4-d
ay s
oak
WI
11.2
8.1
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
13.2
B 1
c (the
rmos
ettin
g)M
S11
.78.
410
----
----
--10
9010
100
5.6
6-d
ay s
oak
WI
11.7
8.4
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
15.2
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsM
S--
--10
----
----
--20
8010
100
1.8
WI
----
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
4.8
Inst
alle
d 19
46
Ure
a re
sin,
pre
ssur
edM
S--
5.8
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
09.
1a C
alcu
late
d to
tal r
eten
tion
of u
rea
or s
olid
s fo
r 22
stak
es.
b Trea
ting
solu
tion
mad
e up
to 1
.15
parts
of u
rea
to 1
.00
part
of w
ater
by
wei
ght.
c Solu
tion
mad
e up
of 3
80 p
arts
ure
a, 3
44 p
arts
of 3
7% fo
rmal
dehy
de s
olut
ion,
231
par
ts w
ater
, 6 p
arts
sod
ium
hyd
roxi
de, a
nd 3
9 pa
rts b
orax
by
wei
ght.
d Trea
ted
with
buf
fere
d ur
ea-fo
rmal
in m
ix (2
to 1
form
alde
hyde
-ure
a ra
tio) a
t a re
sin
solid
s co
nten
t of 3
0%.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y H
arve
y H
. Sm
ith a
nd J
. Osc
ar B
lew
.
Tota
l rem
oved
Table 11--Condition of high-strength laminated paper plastic (papreg) stakes (1/8 by 4 by 14 in.) andheat stabilized plywood (Staypak) stakes (4 by 18 in.) of several thicknesses after 7 to 8 years of service.Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS (Plot 11)
December 1950 stakes destroyed by--Decay
Num- fungi andber termite Average
Stake in Decay fungi Termite attack attack lifenumber Composition test Number % Number % Number % (year)
Laminated Paper Plastic (Papreg)--Installed December 2, 1942
1 to 10 37.0% phenolic resina + 2% hardener, 4.7% volatile matter 10 7 70 -- -- 3 30 7.4
11 to 20 31.0% phenolic resina + 2% hardener, 10 2 20 1 10 7 70 5.6 4.4% volatile matter
21 to 30 41.0% phenolic resina + 2% hardener, 10 7 70 -- -- 3 30 8.0 4.6% volatile matter
31 to 40 37.0% phenolic resina + 2% hardener, 10 7 70 -- -- 3 30 7.2 4.7% volatile matter with surface sheets using 42.6% phenolic resin,a
4.6% volatile matterb
41 to 50 37.0% phenolic resina + 0.5% oleic 10 4 40 1 10 5 50 7.7 acid, 4.7% volatile matter
Heat-Stabilized Plywood (Staypak)--Installed June 4, 1943
19-1 and 20 plies 1/16-in. birch bonded with 2 -- -- 1 50 1 50 4.5 19-2 phenolic resin and compressed to
thickness of 1/2 in.; specific gravity 1.37
Heat-Stabilized Plywood (Staypak)--Installed December 6, 1943
s-1 to 32 plies 1/16-in. birch bonded with 5 -- -- -- -- 5c 100 5.6 s-5 phenolic resin and compressed to
thickness of 1 in.; specific gravity 1.33
21-1 to 10 plies 1/8-in. maple bonded with 5 -- -- -- -- 5 100 4.3 21-5 phenolic resin and compressed to
thickness of 5/8 in.; specific gravity 1.36
aAlcohol-soluble.bSingle surface sheet on each side, coated side out.cHeavy swelling at edges due to moisture absorption.
This study was initiated by A. H. Rauch and J. Oscar Blew.
Tabl
e 12
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
phe
nyl m
ercu
ry o
leat
e, p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
, cop
per n
apht
hena
te, a
nd
mer
curic
chl
orid
e at
fina
l ins
pect
ion
afte
r 20
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
943
(Plo
t 12)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Dec
embe
r 196
3 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
Aver
age
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayre
tent
ion
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iof
ber
and
and
Aver
age
solu
tion
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Trea
tmen
t (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Phen
yl m
ercu
ry o
leat
e (p
erce
ntag
e i
n na
ptha
sol
vent
)0.
43-
min
dip
1.4
10--
----
----
2080
1010
03.
70.
418
-hr s
oak
3.2
10--
----
--10
3060
1010
04.
90.
4Pr
essu
re5.
910
----
----
--10
9010
100
6.7
0.4
Pres
sure
12.1
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
08.
8
0.2
18-h
r soa
k3.
110
----
----
1030
6010
100
4.4
0.2
Pres
sure
6.0
10--
----
----
3070
1010
05.
60.
2Pr
essu
re11
.810
----
----
--30
7010
100
6.2
0.1
18-h
r soa
k3.
610
----
----
--40
6010
100
4.4
0.1
Pres
sure
5.9
10--
----
----
3070
1010
04.
60.
1Pr
essu
re11
.610
----
----
--40
6010
100
5.1
0.4a
3-m
in d
ip1.
210
----
----
--60
4010
100
3.9
0.1a
18-h
r soa
k6.
010
----
----
--20
8010
100
5.5
0.1a
Pres
sure
6.1
10--
----
--10
4050
1010
06.
20.
1aPr
essu
re12
.010
----
----
--10
9010
100
8.4
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l (5.
0%Pr
essu
re12
.110
----
--40
20--
406
6
0
20.
0b
in
pin
e-oi
l nap
htha
(1:1
2) s
olve
nt
Cop
per n
apht
hena
te (0
.5%
cop
per
Pres
sure
13.1
10--
----
7020
--10
3
30
2
5.0b
met
al in
nap
htha
sol
vent
)
(0.0
66)c
Mer
curic
chl
orid
e (1
.0%
in w
ater
)3-
min
dip
0.01
410
----
----
--50
5010
100
4.8
dr
y sa
lt18
-h s
oak
0.07
210
----
----
--20
8010
100
7.5
dr
y sa
lt
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
--10
----
----
--60
4010
100
2.0
a Solu
tion
cont
aine
d 16
% s
olid
s as
a w
ater
repe
llent
.b Es
timat
e ba
sed
on p
erce
ntag
e of
sta
kes
rem
aini
ng a
fter f
inal
insp
ectio
n.c R
eten
tion
valu
es in
par
enth
eses
are
bas
ed o
n co
pper
met
al.
NO
TE:
The
stak
es re
mai
ning
in te
st a
fter t
he 1
952
insp
ectio
n w
ere
take
n up
and
rese
t in
the
sam
e ge
nera
l are
a.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Table 13--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with fire-retardantchemicals after 7 years of service. Stakes placed in test December 1943 on the HarrisonExperimental Forest, Saucier, MS, and inspected December 1950 (Plot 13)
December 1950 stakes destroyed by--
DecayRetention Num- fungi and
of dry ber termite Averagesalt in Decay fungi attack life
Treating chemicals (lb/ft3) test Number % Number % (year)
Ammonium sulfate, 78 parts; ammonium phosphate, 19 parts; sodium 3.01 10 5 50 5 50 2.4 dichromate, 3 parts (by weight) 6.17 10 6 60 4 40 3.4
Ammonium phosphate, 10 parts; ammonium sulfate, 60 parts; borax, 10 parts; 2.98 10 4 40 6 60 3.9 boric acid, 20 parts (by weight) 6.19 10 2 20 8 80 4.3
Borax, 60 parts; boric acid, 3.01 10 3 30 7 70 6.0 40 parts (by weight) 6.29 10 6 60 4 40 6.5
Untreated controls -- 10 2 20 8 80 2.2
This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 14--Condition of Southern Pine sapwood stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with various chemicals and of laminated acetylated yellow birch sapwood stakes (0.4 by 3-1/2 by 15-3/4 in.) after 55 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1944 (Plot 14)
Serviceable but Destroyed by--Average Decay
retention of Num- Decay fungipreservative ber and and Averageor dry saltb in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservativea (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Pine stakes
Ammoniacal copper arsenate (Fed. Spec. TT-W-549) (percentage in solution)
0.612 (0.59)b 0.25 (0.24) 9 -- 11 -- -- 67 -- 22 8 89 --1.29 (1.24) 0.53 (0.51) 10 -- 80 -- 10 10 -- -- 1 10 --2.57 (2.48) 1.01 (0.97) 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --3.21 (3.10) 1.29 (1.25) 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Amyl phenyl acetate (percentage in Stoddard solvent)
0.37 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 6.70.93 0.03 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 8.51.85 0.50 10 -- -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 10.0
Capric acid (percentage in Stoddard solvent)
0.37 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 5.00.90 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 5.31.76 0.50 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 5.5
Diamyl pheno (percentage in Stoddard solvent)
0.37 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 5.80.90 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 8.41.76 0.51 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 11.4
DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) (percentage in Stoddard solvent)
1.25 0.35 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 7.12.70 0.74 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 9.0
Dodecyl amine (percentage in Stoddard solvent)
0.37 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 5.40.93 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 5.71.85 0.50 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 6.8
Nickel stearate (percentage in coal-tar naphtha)
0.33 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 5.60.93 0.27 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 4.91.85 0.52 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 5.5
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 40 60 10 100 2.1
Yellow birch (laminated)c
Acetylated -- 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 17.5
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 2.7
aAll stakes except laminated yellow birch were pressure treated.bAmmoniacal copper arsenate solution and retention figures in parentheses are oxides (CuO and As2O5).cPrepared from six-ply, parallel-laminated, acetylated 1/16-in. veneer glued with hot-press phenolic resin. Average acetyl content 19.2% based upon ovendry weight of wood. Untreated controls prepared from untreated veneer.
NOTE: The stakes remaining in test after the 1952 inspection were reset in the same general area.
This study was initiated by A. H. Rauch and J. Oscar Blew.
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)
showing some--
Tabl
e 15
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
aci
d co
pper
chr
omat
e, c
hrom
ated
cop
per
arse
nate
type
I, a
nd n
icke
l-ars
enic
-chr
omiu
m s
alts
afte
r 55
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t,Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
945
(Plo
t 15)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2000
(%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nain
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Acid
cop
per c
hrom
ate
0.25
(0.1
3)10
----
----
1030
6010
100
11.6
(Fe
d. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
46)
0.51
(0.2
6)10
----
--30
50--
207
70--
0.75
(0.3
7)10
--10
1030
50--
--5
50--
Chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enat
e ty
pe I
0.26
(0.1
5)10
----
----
2010
7010
100
28.7
(Fe
d. S
epc.
TT-
W-5
50)
0.50
(0.2
9)10
--20
--50
30--
--3
30--
0.78
(0.4
4)10
1010
4020
20--
--2
20--
Nic
kel-a
rsen
ic-c
hrom
ium
sal
tsb
0.26
(0.1
6)10
----
----
1030
6010
100
17.4
0.50
(0.3
2)10
----
----
2010
7010
100
41.2
0.77
(0.5
0)10
----
--50
50--
--5
50--
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
--10
3060
1010
03.
2
a Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
b Nic
kel s
ulfa
te (N
iSO
4 6
H2O
), 5.
5 pa
rts; s
odiu
m a
rsen
ate
(NaH
AsO
4 1
2H2O
), 4.
0 pa
rts; a
rsen
ic a
cid
(H3A
sO4)
, 1
.5 p
arts
; and
sod
ium
dic
hrom
ate
(Na 2
Cr 2
O7
2H
2O),
3.0
parts
).
Tabl
e 16
--Con
ditio
n of
Dou
glas
-fir p
lyw
ood
stak
es tr
eate
d w
ith s
ever
al w
ood
pres
erva
tives
, eith
er b
efor
e or
afte
r glu
ing
of th
e ve
neer
, afte
r 51
year
sof
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
945
(Plo
t 16)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1996
(%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
Plyw
ooda
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Vene
erN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
ber
thic
k-Av
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eof
ness
rete
ntio
nb,c
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Trea
tmen
tpl
ies
(in.)
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Plyw
ood
from
Ven
eer T
reat
ed B
efor
e G
luin
gC
oal-t
ar c
reos
ote
Pres
sure
131/
1640
.910
80--
--20
----
----
----
Pres
sure
71/
830
.99
5611
1122
----
----
----
Hea
ting
and
1-ho
ur c
old
bath
d7
1/8
12.6
10--
----
--10
2070
1010
010
.224
-hou
r col
d so
ak13
1/16
12.9
1030
4010
20--
----
----
--24
-hou
r col
d so
ak7
1/8
8.4
9--
11--
89--
----
----
--10
-sec
ond
dipp
ing
131/
165.
19g
--56
1122
----
----
----
10-s
econ
d di
ppin
g7
1/8
4.6
9--
22--
67--
----
----
--C
oppe
r nap
hthe
nate
,Pr
essu
re13
1/16
15.5
(0.3
1)9
6722
--11
----
----
----
2%
cop
per m
etal
Pres
sure
71/
810
.2 (0
.20)
1030
30--
40--
----
----
-- i
n co
al-ta
r nap
htha
Hea
ting
and
1-ho
ur c
old
bath
d7
1/8
6.7
(0.1
3)9
1111
--67
11--
--1
11--
24-h
our c
old
soak
131/
1610
.1 (0
.20)
10--
40--
60--
----
----
--24
-hou
r col
d so
ak7
1/8
6.2
(0.1
2)10
----
--70
20--
103
30--
10-s
econ
d di
ppin
g13
1/16
4.2
(0.0
84)
10--
20--
80--
----
----
--10
-sec
ond
dipp
ing
71/
82.
8 (0
.056
)10
----
----
50--
5010
100
32.5
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l,Pr
essu
re13
1/16
21.4
9--
2211
67--
----
----
-- 5
% in
No.
2Pr
essu
re7
1/8
18.2
10--
----
5030
--20
550
-- f
uel o
ilH
eatin
g an
d 1-
hour
col
d ba
thd
71/
810
.310
----
--30
10--
607
70--
24-h
our c
old
soak
131/
167.
49
----
--33
44--
226
67--
24-h
our c
old
soak
71/
84.
810
----
----
1010
8010
100
23.1
10-s
econ
d di
ppin
g13
1/16
4.9
10--
----
1030
--60
990
--10
-sec
ond
dipp
ing
71/
81.
010
----
----
10--
9010
100
15.8
Chr
omat
edPr
essu
re13
1/16
1.02
e (0.6
2)6
----
--50
17--
333
50--
zin
c ch
lorid
ePr
essu
re7
1/8
1.06
e (0.6
5)10
----
----
--40
6010
100
25.8
Hea
ting
and
1-ho
ur c
old
bath
d7
1/8
0.98
(0.6
0)10
----
----
--50
5010
100
10.3
24-h
our s
teep
ing
131/
16f
1.07
(0.6
5)8
----
--88
----
121
12--
24-h
our s
teep
ing
131/
161.
84 (1
.12)
8g--
--13
5025
--12
327
--24
-hou
r ste
epin
g7
1/8f
0.59
(0.3
6)10
----
----
--10
9010
100
17.0
24-h
our s
teep
ing
71/
81.
30 (0
.79)
10--
----
--10
2070
1010
023
.610
-sec
ond
dipp
ing
131/
16f
0.61
(0.3
7)10
----
----
3010
6010
100
22.7
10-s
econ
d di
ppin
g13
1/16
0.66
(0.4
0)10
----
----
10--
9010
100
22.1
10-s
econ
d di
ppin
g7
1/8
0.35
(0.2
1)10
----
----
--20
8010
100
10.8
Acid
cop
per
Pres
sure
131/
160.
76 (0
.38)
9g--
--22
6711
----
111
-- c
hrom
ate
Pres
sure
71/
80.
79 (0
.39)
911
----
6722
----
222
--H
eatin
g an
d 1-
hour
col
d ba
thd
71/
81.
07 (0
.53)
10--
----
6030
--10
440
--24
-hou
r ste
epin
g13
1/16
f0.
88 (0
.44)
944
1133
11--
----
----
--24
-hou
r ste
epin
g13
1/16
1.89
(0.9
4)10
40--
4020
----
----
----
24-h
our s
teep
ing
71/
80.
54 (0
.27)
922
1122
3311
----
111
--24
-hou
r ste
epin
g7
1/8
1.32
(0.6
5)10
2010
2050
----
----
----
10-s
econ
d di
ppin
g13
1/16
0.87
(0.4
3)10
----
--70
30--
--3
30--
10-s
econ
d di
ppin
g13
1/16
0.61
(0.3
0)9
--11
--44
44--
--4
44--
10-s
econ
d di
ppin
g7
1/8
0.27
(0.1
3)10
----
----
20--
8010
100
18.4
10-s
econ
d di
ppin
g7
1/8
0.38
(0.1
9)10
----
----
3010
6010
100
22.2
(Pag
e 1
of 2
)
Tabl
e 16
--Con
ditio
n of
Dou
glas
-fir p
lyw
ood
stak
es tr
eate
d w
ith s
ever
al w
ood
pres
erva
tives
, eith
er b
efor
e or
afte
r glu
ing
of th
e ve
neer
, afte
r 51
year
sof
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
945
(Plo
t 16)
--con
clud
ed
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1996
(%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
Plyw
ooda
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Vene
e rN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
ber
thic
k-Av
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eof
ness
rete
ntio
nb,c
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Trea
tmen
tpl
ies
(in.)
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Plyw
ood
Trea
ted
Afte
r Glu
ing
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
ePr
essu
re5
1/8
19.6
1070
1010
10--
----
----
--H
ot b
ath,
1-h
our,
and
cold
bat
h, 1
-hou
r5
1/8
2.0
1020
----
80--
----
----
--24
-hou
r col
d so
ak5
1/8
5.3
10--
----
--20
3050
1010
011
.310
-sec
ond
dipp
ing
51/
81.
0e8g
----
----
--50
508
100
5.4
Cop
per n
apht
hena
te,
Pres
sure
51/
82.
9 (0
.058
)10
----
----
5010
4010
100
18.9
(2%
cop
per m
etal
)H
ot b
ath,
1-h
our,
and
cold
in
coal
-tar n
apht
ha b
ath,
1-h
our
51/
81.
2 (0
.024
)10
----
----
60--
4010
100
12.8
24-h
our c
old
soak
51/
81.
1 (0
.022
)10
----
----
50--
5010
100
13.8
10-s
econ
d di
ppin
g5
1/8
0.4
(0.0
08)
10--
----
--60
--40
1010
010
.5
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l,Pr
essu
re5
1/8
12.5
10--
----
2030
--50
880
-- 5
% in
No.
2 fu
elH
ot b
ath,
1-h
our,
and
cold
oil
bat
h, 1
-hou
r5
1/8
2.1
10--
----
----
4060
1010
08.
324
-hou
r col
d so
ak5
1/8
2.0
10--
----
--20
1070
1010
08.
310
-sec
ond
dipp
ing
51/
80.
710
----
----
1020
7010
100
7.8
Chr
omat
ed z
inc
Pres
sure
51/
80.
62e (0
.038
)10
----
----
40--
6010
100
17.9
chl
orid
e24
-hou
r ste
epin
g5
1/8
0.35
(0.2
1)10
----
----
1030
6010
100
8.2
10-s
econ
d di
ppin
g5
1/8
0.03
(0.0
2)10
----
----
--50
5010
100
4.0
Acid
cop
per
Pres
sure
51/
80.
46 (0
.23)
1010
----
1050
--30
880
-- c
hrom
ate
24-h
our s
teep
ing
51/
80.
28 (0
.14)
10--
----
--10
4050
1010
05.
310
-sec
ond
dipp
ing
51/
80.
06 (0
.03)
10--
----
--10
6030
1010
08.
2
Non
eU
ntre
ated
131/
16--
10--
----
----
5050
1010
03.
7U
ntre
ated
71/
8--
10--
----
----
6040
1010
03.
6
a Plyw
ood
glue
d w
ith h
ot-p
ress
phe
nolic
-resi
n ad
hesi
ve.
b Oils
or d
ry s
alt a
bsor
bed
by 2
1-by
38-
in. p
lyw
ood
pane
l. S
take
s w
ere
cut f
rom
ply
woo
d pa
nels
afte
r tre
atm
ent,
and
all e
xpos
ed e
dges
of s
take
s w
ere
soa
ked
in th
e pr
eser
vativ
e be
fore
sta
kes
wer
e in
stal
led.
c Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es o
r cop
per m
etal
.d Ve
neer
hea
ted
in d
ryer
and
then
sub
mer
ged
for 1
hou
r in
unhe
ated
pre
serv
ativ
e.e Ap
prox
imat
e va
lues
.f Ve
neer
trea
ted
prio
r to
dryi
ng.
g Spec
imen
s de
lam
inat
ed a
nd w
ere
elim
inat
ed fr
om te
st.
(Pag
e 2
of 2
)Th
is s
tudy
was
initi
ated
by
J. O
scar
Ble
w.
Tabl
e 17
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
var
ious
pet
role
um o
ils, p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
sol
utio
n, c
oppe
r nap
hthe
nate
solu
tions
, coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e, a
nd m
ixtu
res
of th
ese
pres
erva
tives
afte
r abo
ut 5
0 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
and
at B
ogal
usa,
LA,
Apr
il 19
48 (P
lot 2
0)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1998
b (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
tD
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
it ete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
eO
il or
pre
serv
ativ
eLo
catio
n (l
b/ft3 )
test
aG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Unf
ortif
ied
petr
oleu
m o
il C
omm
erci
al a
rom
atic
sol
vent
MS
410
----
----
10--
9010
100
2.3
(M
id-U
nite
d St
ates
)LA
410
----
----
--20
8010
100
2.9
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t (M
id-U
nite
d St
ates
)M
S4
10--
----
--10
2070
1010
02.
1LA
410
----
----
1020
7010
100
2.8
No.
2 fu
el o
il (M
id-U
nite
d St
ates
)M
S4
10--
----
--10
1080
1010
04.
4LA
410
----
----
70--
3010
100
4.1
Hea
vy th
erm
al s
ide
cut
MS
410
----
----
--10
9010
100
3.4
(M
id-U
nite
d St
ates
)LA
410
----
----
30--
7010
100
4.6
No.
200
die
sel o
il (W
est C
oast
)M
S4
10--
----
--20
1070
1010
04.
8LA
410
----
----
70--
3010
100
4.6
Cat
alyt
ic g
as-b
ase
oil (
Wes
t Coa
st)
MS
410
----
----
40--
6010
100
7.6
LA4
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
07.
6M
S8
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
014
.6LA
810
--10
--50
20--
204
40--
MS
1210
----
----
40--
6010
100
17.1
LA12
10--
25--
6312
----
112
--
No.
300
fuel
oil
(Wes
t Coa
st)
MS
410
----
----
90--
1010
100
7.1
LA4
10--
----
2080
----
880
6.5c
No.
400
fuel
oil
(Wes
t Coa
st)
MS
410
----
----
80--
2010
100
5.8
LA4
10--
----
--90
--10
1010
05.
5
Ligh
t gas
oil
(Mid
-Uni
ted
Stat
es)
MS
410
----
----
50--
5010
100
6.7
LA4
10--
----
--60
--40
1010
06.
0
Den
ver N
o. 3
ble
nd (5
0-50
topp
ed c
rude
MS
410
----
----
60--
4010
100
6.4
re
sidu
al a
nd re
cycl
ed o
verh
ead
gas
oil)
LA4
10--
----
--80
--20
1010
05.
9
Hea
vy g
as o
il (M
id-U
nite
d St
ates
)M
S4
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
12.9
LA4
10--
----
6040
----
440
--M
S8
10--
----
1090
----
990
--LA
89
--33
--67
----
----
----
MS
1210
----
2080
----
880
--LA
125
6040
----
----
----
----
Lube
oil
extra
ct (T
exas
)M
S4
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
12.0
LA4
8--
----
6325
123
37--
(Pag
e 1
of 3
)
Tabl
e 17
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
var
ious
pet
role
um o
ils, p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
sol
utio
n, c
oppe
r nap
hthe
nate
solu
tions
, coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e, a
nd m
ixtu
res
of th
ese
pres
erva
tives
afte
r abo
ut 5
0 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
and
at B
ogal
usa,
LA,
Apr
il 19
48 (P
lot 2
0)--c
ontin
ued
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1998
b (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
tD
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
eO
il or
pre
serv
ativ
eLo
catio
n (l
b/ft3 )
test
aG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Fort
ified
pet
role
um o
ils a
nd m
ixtu
res
Com
mer
cial
aro
mat
ic s
olve
nt (M
id-
MS
4.2
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
10.9
Uni
ted
Stat
es w
ith 5
% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
)LA
4.2
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
08.
6
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t (M
id-U
nite
d St
ates
)M
S4.
010
----
----
10--
9010
100
13.7
w
ith 5
% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
LA4.
010
----
----
20--
8010
100
8.8
No
2 fu
el o
il (M
id-U
nite
d St
ates
)M
S4.
010
----
----
1010
8010
100
14.9
w
ith 5
% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
LA3.
810
----
--20
----
808
8012
.5c
Hea
vy th
erm
al s
ide
cut (
Mid
-Uni
ted
Stat
es)
MS
4.0
10--
----
--20
--80
1010
014
.0
with
5%
pen
tach
loro
phen
olLA
4.0
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
010
.6
No.
200
die
sel o
il (W
est C
oast
)M
S4.
110
----
----
10--
9010
100
17.0
w
ith 5
% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
LA4.
110
----
--50
----
505
50--
Cat
alyt
ic g
as-b
ase
oil (
Wes
t Coa
st)
MS
4.2
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
16.3
w
ith 5
% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
LA4.
18
----
--88
12--
--1
12--
MS
8.0
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
020
.7LA
7.9
8--
12--
88--
----
----
--M
S12
.010
----
----
30--
7010
100
30.2
LA12
.09
--56
--44
----
----
----
No.
300
fuel
oil
(Wes
t Coa
st) w
ithM
S4.
010
----
----
80--
2010
100
14.6
w
ith 5
% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
LA4.
18
--12
--50
12--
253
37--
No.
400
fuel
oil
(Wes
t Coa
st) w
ithM
S4.
210
----
----
40--
6010
100
13.9
w
ith 5
% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
LA4.
29
----
--22
22--
567
7812
.5c
Lig
ht g
as o
il (M
id-U
nite
d St
ates
) M
S4.
010
----
----
----
100
1010
015
.6
with
5%
pen
tach
loro
phen
olLA
4.2
10--
----
50--
--50
550
--
Den
ver N
o. 3
ble
nd (5
0-50
topp
ed c
rude
resi
dual
M
S4.
010
----
----
70--
3010
100
19.5
a
nd re
cycl
ed o
verh
ead
gas
oil)
with
5%
pen
tach
loro
phen
olLA
4.0
7--
----
8614
----
114
--
Hea
vy g
as o
il (M
id-U
nite
d St
ates
) M
S4.
19
----
--11
44--
448
89--
w
ith 5
% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
LA4.
18
--12
--88
----
----
----
MS
7.9
10--
--10
1060
--20
880
--LA
7.9
6--
33--
67--
----
----
--M
S12
.010
----
--80
20--
--2
20--
LA12
.05
60--
--40
----
----
----
(Pag
e 2
of 3
)
Tabl
e 17
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
var
ious
pet
role
um o
ils, p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
sol
utio
n, c
oppe
r nap
hthe
nate
solu
tions
, coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e, a
nd m
ixtu
res
of th
ese
pres
erva
tives
afte
r abo
ut 5
0 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
and
at B
ogal
usa,
LA,
Apr
il 19
48 (P
lot 2
0)--c
oncl
uded
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1998
b (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
tD
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
eO
il or
pre
serv
ativ
eLo
catio
n (l
b/ft3 )
test
aG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Fort
ified
pet
role
um o
ils a
nd m
ixtu
res
(con
t'd)
Lub
e oi
l ext
ract
(Tex
as)
MS
4.2
10--
----
--90
--10
1010
028
.5
with
5%
pen
tach
loro
phen
olLA
4.2
8--
----
100
----
----
----
Cat
alyt
ic g
as-b
ase
oil (
Wes
t Coa
st) w
ith c
oppe
rM
S4.
210
----
----
7010
2010
100
14.3
n
apht
hena
te (0
.5%
cop
per m
etal
)LA
4.2
10--
10--
6010
--20
330
--
Cat
alyt
ic g
as-b
ase
oil (
Wes
t Coa
st) w
ith c
oppe
rM
S4.
48
----
----
75--
258
100
17.4
n
apht
hena
te (0
.75%
cop
per m
etal
)LA
4.2
812
12--
6212
----
112
--
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
eM
S4.
110
----
----
70--
3010
100
14.2
LA4.
110
----
--50
40--
105
50--
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e, 5
0%, a
nd c
atal
ytic
gas
-bas
e oi
l (W
est
MS
4.1
10--
----
--50
--50
1010
016
.2
Coa
st) w
ith 5
% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
, 50%
by
volu
me
LA4.
18
----
--62
----
383
38--
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e, 5
0%, a
nd c
atal
ytic
gas
-bas
e oi
lM
S4.
210
----
----
90--
1010
100
18.9
(W
est C
oast
) with
cop
per n
apht
hena
te (0
.5%
cop
per
LA4.
310
----
--90
10--
--1
10--
m
etal
), 50
% b
y vo
lum
e
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e, 2
5%, a
nd c
atal
ytic
gas
-bas
e oi
lM
S4.
110
----
----
90--
1010
100
14.6
(W
est C
oast
) with
cop
per n
apht
hena
te (0
.75%
cop
per
LA4.
28
----
--50
38--
124
50--
m
etal
) , 7
5% b
y vo
lum
e
Cat
alyt
ic g
as-b
ase
oil (
Wes
t Coa
st) w
ithM
S4.
210
----
----
2010
7010
100
24.9
5
% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
, 50%
, and
LA4.
29
----
--10
0--
----
----
--
cat
alyt
ic g
as-b
ase
oil (
Wes
t Coa
st) w
ith
cop
per n
apht
hena
te (0
.5%
cop
per m
etal
), 50
% b
y vo
lum
e
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsM
S--
10--
----
--20
2060
1010
02.
2LA
--10
----
----
----
100
1010
02.
8
a Ten
stak
es w
ere
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led
at e
ach
test
sta
tion;
this
num
ber h
as s
ince
bee
n re
duce
d be
caus
e of
failu
re to
loca
te th
e st
akes
at t
he ti
me
of in
spec
tion.
b Fina
l ins
pect
ion
at B
ogal
usa,
Nov
embe
r 196
2.c Es
timat
e ba
sed
on p
erce
ntag
e of
sta
kes
rem
aini
ng a
fter f
inal
insp
ectio
n.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.(P
age
3 of
3)
Tabl
e 18
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
var
ious
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
es a
nd c
reos
ote
solu
tions
afte
r abo
ut 4
4 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
at M
adis
on, W
I, O
ctob
er 1
948,
and
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Dec
embe
r 194
8 (P
lot 2
4)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Oct
ober
199
2a (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
eLo
catio
n (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e
Low
resi
due,
stra
ight
run
MS
8.0
10--
----
3060
--10
770
17.8
b
WI
8.0
10--
40--
--60
----
660
--
Med
ium
resi
due,
stra
ight
run
MS
8.0
10--
10--
1080
----
880
18.8
b
WI
8.0
10--
70--
--30
----
330
--
Hig
h re
sidu
e, s
traig
ht ru
nM
S7.
810
--20
--20
60--
--6
6020
.3b
WI
7.8
10--
10--
----
----
----
--
Med
ium
resi
due
L
ow in
tar a
cids
MS
8.1
10--
10--
2070
----
770
19.4
b
WI
8.1
10--
100
----
----
----
----
L
ow in
nap
htha
lene
MS
8.2
10--
10--
5040
----
440
21.3
b
WI
8.2
10--
90--
--10
----
110
--
L
ow in
tar a
cids
and
MS
8.0
10--
----
3060
--10
770
18.9
b
nap
htha
lene
WI
8.0
10--
100
----
----
----
----
Low
resi
due,
low
in ta
rM
S8.
010
--10
--20
50--
207
7019
.2b
ac
ids
and
naph
thal
ene
WI
8.0
10--
40--
--60
----
660
--
Hig
h re
sidu
e, lo
w in
tar
MS
8.2
10--
10--
1070
--10
880
20.0
b
ac
ids
and
naph
thal
ene
WI
8.1
933
67--
----
----
----
--
Engl
ish
verti
cal r
etor
tM
S8.
010
----
--30
60--
107
7018
.9b
WI
8.0
1010
90--
----
----
----
--
Engl
ish
coke
ove
nM
S7.
910
----
----
70--
3010
100
13.6
WI
7.9
10--
30--
--70
----
770
--
Engl
ish
coke
ove
n, 5
0%, a
ndM
S8.
110
----
--10
40--
509
9016
.9b
Eng
lish
verti
cal r
etor
t, 50
% b
yW
I8.
110
1070
----
20--
--2
20--
vol
ume
(Pag
e 1
of 2
)
Tabl
e 18
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
var
ious
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
es a
nd c
reos
ote
solu
tions
afte
r abo
ut 4
4 ye
arof
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st a
t Mad
ison
, WI,
Oct
ober
194
8, a
nd o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
948
(Plo
t 24)
--con
clud
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Oct
ober
199
2a (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
eLo
catio
n(lb
/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Med
ium
resi
due,
low
in ta
r aci
dsM
S8.
110
--20
--10
70--
--7
7020
.4b
and
nap
htha
lene
, 70%
, and
WI
8.1
10--
70--
--30
----
330
-- c
oal t
ar, 3
0% b
y vo
lum
e
Med
ium
resi
due,
low
in ta
r aci
dsM
S8.
110
--10
--20
70--
--7
7019
.6b
and
nap
htha
lene
, 70%
, and
WI
8.1
10--
70--
--30
----
330
-- p
etro
leum
oil
(Wyo
min
g r
esid
ual),
30%
by
volu
me
Petro
leum
oil
(Wyo
min
g re
sidu
al)
MS
8.1
10--
----
--90
--10
1010
03.
4W
I8.
19
----
----
100
----
910
014
.8
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsM
S--
10--
----
--10
1080
1010
01.
9W
I--
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
5.6
a Fina
l ins
pect
ion
in M
issi
ssip
pi, N
ovem
ber 1
968.
b Estim
ate
base
d on
per
cent
age
of s
take
s re
mai
ning
afte
r fin
al in
spec
tion.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.(P
age
2 of
2)
Tabl
e 19
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
Eng
lish
coke
ove
n an
d ve
rticl
e re
tort
coal
-tar c
reos
otes
afte
r abo
ut 5
0 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Dec
embe
r 194
8 (P
lot 2
5)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Febr
uary
199
8 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
e
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e5.
310
----
--10
70--
209
90--
Eng
lish
verti
cal r
etor
t10
.110
----
--20
70--
108
80--
15.0
10--
10--
90--
----
----
--
Eng
lish
coke
ove
n4.
710
----
----
80--
2010
100
16.3
10.1
10--
----
3060
10--
770
--
14.8
10--
----
2060
--20
880
--
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
1.9
Tabl
e 20
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
zin
c-ar
seni
c ch
rom
ium
and
chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enat
e sa
lts a
fter a
bout
43
and
46
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st a
t Mad
ison
, WI,
Nov
embe
r 194
9 an
d on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Dec
embe
r 194
9 (P
lot 2
8)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1995
(MS)
and
Oct
ober
199
2 (W
I) (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nain
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
e
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Zinc
-ars
enic
-chr
omiu
m s
alt (
S-32
)bW
I(0
.96)
1090
----
--10
----
110
--M
S(0
.96)
10--
----
100
----
----
----
WI
(0.7
4)10
40--
----
60--
--6
60--
MS
(0.7
2)10
----
--10
0--
----
----
--
WI
(0.5
0)10
----
----
100
----
1010
021
.8M
S(0
.50)
10--
----
100
----
----
----
WI
(0.3
5)10
----
----
100
----
1010
018
.5M
S(0
.35)
1010
----
80--
--10
110
--
WI
(0.2
2)10
----
----
100
----
1010
018
.6M
S(0
.22)
10--
----
2020
--60
880
--
Chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enat
e,W
I(1
.03)
1090
10--
----
----
----
-- t
ype
II (F
ed. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
50)
MS
(1.0
4)10
1020
1060
----
----
----
WI
(0.7
8)10
9010
----
----
----
----
MS
(0.7
9)9
11--
--89
----
----
----
WI
(0.5
2)9
--10
0--
----
----
----
--M
S(0
.52)
10--
----
100
----
----
----
WI
(0.3
7)10
--10
0--
----
----
----
--M
S(0
.37)
10--
----
100
----
----
----
WI
(0.2
6)10
--80
----
20--
--2
20--
MS
(0.2
6)10
----
--10
0--
----
----
--
Zinc
chl
orid
eW
I1.
04 (0
.61)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
12.8
MS
1.04
(0.6
2)10
----
----
20--
8010
100
17.0
Coa
l-tar
cre
osot
eW
I8.
3610
--90
----
10--
--1
10--
MS
8.30
10--
----
5030
--20
550
--
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsW
I--
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
7.0
MS
--10
----
----
1030
6010
100
2.8
b ZnO
, 97
parts
; CrO
3, 1
70 p
arts
; and
As 2
O5,
213
par
ts.
a Ret
entio
n fig
ures
in p
aren
thes
es a
re b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
Tabl
e 21
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
two
forti
fied
arom
atic
pet
role
um o
ils a
fter
abou
t 47
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
949
(Plo
t 26)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1995
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iAv
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
ere
tent
ion
inTe
rmit e
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Stan
dard
woo
d 3
.710
----
----
2010
7010
100
7.3
pre
serv
ativ
ea
8.2
10--
----
1020
1060
990
--
11.7
10--
----
3040
--30
770
--
Woo
d pr
eser
vativ
e N
o. 5
1746
-Rb
4.0
10--
----
--20
--80
1010
011
.6
8.0
10--
----
1020
--70
990
--
12.1
10--
----
3010
--60
770
--
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
----
3070
1010
02.
2
a Rep
orte
d to
be
a m
ixtu
re o
f hea
vy p
etro
leum
cre
sylic
aci
ds, a
n ar
omat
ic s
olve
nt, a
nd c
oppe
r nap
hthe
nate
equ
ival
ent t
o 0.
3% c
oppe
r met
al.
b Rep
orte
d to
be
a m
ixtu
re o
f pet
role
um c
resy
lic a
cids
, aro
mat
ic o
ils, a
nd 1
.0%
pen
tach
loro
phen
ol.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Tabl
e 22
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
oil
solu
tions
of r
osin
am
ine
D p
enta
chlo
roph
enat
e an
dpe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol a
fter a
bout
50
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
949
(Plo
t 27)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1999
(%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
e
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Ros
in a
min
e D
pen
tach
loro
phen
ate,
5%
, 4
.010
----
----
--20
8010
100
3.8
in
Stod
dard
sol
vent
7.9
10--
----
----
100
1010
05.
111
.910
----
----
----
100
1010
09.
5
Ros
in a
min
e D
pen
tach
loro
phen
ate,
5%
, 4
.210
----
----
--20
8010
100
4.5
and
par
affin
wax
, 2%
, in
Stod
dard
sol
vent
8.0
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
07.
8
Ros
in a
min
e D
pen
tach
loro
phen
ate,
5%
, 4
.010
----
----
--30
7010
100
8.0
par
affin
wax
, 2%
, and
pen
taly
n H
, 10%
, in
8.0
10--
----
--30
3040
1010
08.
7 S
todd
ard
solv
ent
Ros
in a
min
e D
pen
tach
loro
phen
ate,
5%
, 4
.010
----
----
60--
4010
100
12.8
in
No.
4 a
rom
atic
oil
7.6
10--
----
--50
--50
1010
016
.112
.310
--20
--10
70--
--7
70--
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l, 5%
, and
pin
e oi
l, 4
.110
----
----
----
100
1010
09.
5 5
%, i
n St
odda
rd s
olve
nt 8
.0 9
----
----
----
100
910
015
.5
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l, 5%
, and
pin
e oi
l, 5%
; 4
.110
----
----
--10
9010
100
12.8
par
affin
wax
, 2%
; and
pen
taly
n H
, 10%
, 7
.810
----
----
20--
8010
100
15.7
in
Stod
dard
sol
vent
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l, 5%
, in
No.
4 4
.210
----
----
60--
4010
100
21.0
aro
mat
ic o
il 8
.210
--10
--20
30--
407
70--
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
----
3070
1010
02.
3
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Tabl
e 23
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
rosi
n am
ine
D p
enta
chlo
roph
enat
e an
d pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol
in p
etro
leum
oil
(Wyo
min
g re
sidu
al) a
fter a
bout
45
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S,M
arch
195
2 (P
lot 3
4)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1997
(%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
e
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Ros
in a
min
e D
pen
tach
loro
phen
ate
4.0
10--
----
--70
--30
1010
022
.4 5
% in
pet
role
um o
il 8
.010
----
----
60--
4010
100
25.7
(W
yom
ing
resi
dual
)12
.710
----
--20
50--
308
80--
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l 5%
in 4
.010
----
----
50--
5010
100
18.6
pet
role
um o
il 8
.010
----
--40
30--
306
60--
(W
yom
ing
resi
dual
)11
.710
--20
--80
----
----
----
Pet
role
um o
il 7
.710
----
----
70--
3010
100
14.6
(W
yom
ing
resi
dual
)12
.210
----
----
100
----
1010
017
.4
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
----
2080
1010
02.
1
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Tabl
e 24
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
two
Bolid
en s
alt f
orm
ulat
ions
afte
r abo
ut 4
5 ye
ars
ofse
rvic
e. S
take
s pl
aced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, M
arch
195
2 (P
lot 3
3)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Aver
age
Num
-D
ecay
fung
ire
tent
ion,
ber
and
and
Aver
age
anhy
drou
s sa
ltsa
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Bolid
en s
alts
AW
PA P
5-55
Chr
omat
ed z
inc
arse
nate
(H3A
SO4,
0.22
(0
.11)
10--
----
----
1090
1010
022
.1 2
0 pa
rts; N
a 2H
AsO
4, 2
1 pa
rts;
0.38
(0
.20)
10--
----
60--
--40
440
-- N
a 2C
r 2O
7 ⊇
H2O
, 16
parts
; and
0.77
(0
.40)
10--
----
100
----
----
----
ZnS
O4,
43
parts
)b1.
01
(0.5
3)10
c--
----
100
----
----
----
Bolid
en s
alts
S-2
5 (C
rO3,
32
parts
;
(0.3
0)10
----
--10
0--
----
----
-- C
uO, 5
par
ts; Z
nO, 1
4 pa
rts; a
nd
(0.5
0)10
----
--10
0--
----
----
-- A
s 2O
5, 4
9 pa
rts)
(0
.75)
1020
10--
70--
----
----
--
(1.
01)
944
12--
44--
----
----
--
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
----
2080
1010
01.
9
a Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es a
re b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
b Ret
entio
ns a
re s
how
n on
an
anhy
drou
s ba
sis,
and
figu
res
shou
ld b
e in
crea
sed
appr
oxim
atel
y 26
% to
obt
ain
valu
es a
s c
ompu
ted
in A
WPA
Sta
ndar
d P5
-55.
c This
sta
ke g
roup
pla
ced
in te
st in
Aug
ust 1
952.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1997
(%)
Tabl
e 25
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
four
fire
-reta
rdan
t for
mul
atio
ns (A
WPA
P10
-51)
afte
rab
out 4
5 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Mar
ch 1
952a
(Plo
t 35)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iAv
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
ere
tent
ionb
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Chr
omat
ed z
inc
chlo
ride
1.50
(0.
92)
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
023
.4 (
ZnC
l 2, 8
0.4
parts
;2.
91 (
1.78
)10
----
----
6010
3010
100
32.7
Na 2
Cr 2
O7
. 2H
2O, 1
9.6
parts
)6.
00 (
3.67
)10
60--
3010
----
----
----
Chr
omat
ed z
inc
chlo
ride
(FR
)1.
5310
----
----
3020
5010
100
16.5
(C
hrom
ated
zin
c ch
lorid
e, 8
0 pa
rts;
3.00
10--
----
1030
1050
990
-- H
3BO
3,10
par
ts; a
nd (N
H4)
2SO
4, 10
par
ts)
6.08
1020
--10
2020
1020
550
--
Min
alith
1.50
10--
----
----
1090
1010
03.
7 (
(NH
4)2H
PO4,
10
parts
; (N
H4)
2SO
4,3.
0010
----
----
--10
9010
100
4.9
60
parts
; Na 2
B 4O
7, 1
0 pa
rts;
6.13
10--
----
----
3070
1010
05.
1 a
nd H
3BO
, 20
parts
)
Pyre
sote
1.50
10--
----
----
1090
1010
011
.2 (
ZnC
l 2, 3
5 pa
rts; (
NH
4)SO
4,3.
0110
----
----
--20
8010
100
13.1
Na 2
Cr 2
O7
2H
2O, 5
par
ts)
6.26
10--
----
--20
2060
1010
018
.3
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
----
2080
1010
02.
6
a In c
oope
ratio
n w
ith B
urea
u of
Shi
ps, D
epar
tmen
t of t
he N
avy.
b Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1997
(%)
Tabl
e 26
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
bas
ic z
inc
chlo
ride
and
zinc
chl
orid
eaf
ter a
bout
50
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, M
arch
195
2 (P
lot 3
2)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iAv
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
ere
tent
ion
ofin
Term
it ete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Basi
c zi
nc c
hlor
idea
1.00
10--
20--
7010
----
110
--
2.11
10--
4010
50--
----
----
--
4.13
10--
7020
10--
----
----
--
Zinc
chl
orid
e 1
.02
(0.6
1)b
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
024
.2
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
--10
2070
1010
02.
3
a Pers
hall
proc
ess.
Com
poun
d in
tend
ed a
s fir
e re
tard
ant w
ith re
tent
ions
of 3
-1/2
to 4
lb/ft
3 . R
eten
tions
of b
asic
zin
c ch
lorid
e ar
e ex
pres
sed
as w
eigh
t of z
inc
oxid
e.
b Ret
entio
n va
lue
in p
aren
thes
es b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
e Zn
O.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2002
(%)
Tabl
e 27
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
nav
al s
tore
s pr
oduc
ts a
fter a
bout
40
year
s of
ser
vice
.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Mar
ch 1
952
(Plo
t 36)
C
ondi
tion
of s
take
s D
ecem
ber 1
991
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but s
how
ing
som
e--
Des
troye
d by
-- To
tal r
emov
ed
Pres
erva
tivea
Aver
age
rete
ntio
n (lb
/ft3 )
Num
ber
in te
st
Goo
d D
ecay
Te
rmite
at
tack
Dec
ay
and
term
ite
atta
ck
Dec
ay
fung
i Te
rmite
at
tack
Dec
ay
and
term
ite
atta
ck
Num
ber
%
Aver
age
life
(yea
r)
Ros
in o
il an
d N
o. 2
fuel
oil
(2:7
) 4.
1 10
�
�
�
�
30
�
70
100
6.8
8.
0
10�
��
�60
�40
100
5.8
12.3
10�
��
�20
�80
100
9.3
Ros
in o
il an
d N
o. 2
fuel
oil
(1:7
)
4.0
10
�
�
�
�
10
�
90
10
0 5.
6 8.
010
��
��
50�
5010
05.
812
.110
��
��
40�
6010
08.
6R
osin
oil
and
No.
2 fu
el o
il (1
:7)
4.0
10
�
�
�
�
20
�
80
10
0 11
.4
with
2.9
8% p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
8.0
10
�
�
�
�
20
�
80
10
0 14
.8
12.1
�
10
�
�
20
20
�60
80
�N
o. 2
fuel
oil
4.1
10
�
�
�
�
30
10
60
10
0 6.
1 N
o. 2
fuel
oil
with
2.9
2%
4.0
10�
��
�10
�90
100
11.1
pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol
8.
0 10
�
�
�
�
20
�
80
100
12.8
12
.310
��
��
��
100
100
25.8
No.
2 fu
el o
il w
ith 4
.94%
4.
1 10
�
�
�
�
50
�
50
100
12.4
pent
achl
orop
heno
l
8.0
10
�
�
�
�
40
�
60
10
0 13
.2
12.0
�
9b
�
�
33
33
�
33
6
6 �
R
osin
oil
and
Stod
dard
sol
vent
(1:7
) 8.
0 10
�
�
�
�
50
�
50
100
12.5
with
3.2
1% pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol
Ole
o re
sin
and
No.
2 fu
el o
il (2
:7)
4.
0 9b
��
��
��
100
100
6.1
8.1
10�
��
�40
1050
100
6.8
12.2
10�
��
�30
�70
100
10.7
Ole
o re
sin
and
Stod
dard
sol
vent
(1:7
)
8.2
10
�
�
�
�
40
10
50
10
0 10
.4
w
ith 3
.11%
pent
achl
orop
heno
lD
rop
liquo
r con
cent
rate
and
Sto
ddar
d 7.
910
��
��
20�
8010
08.
7
solv
ent (
l:7) w
ith 2
.99%
pent
achl
orop
heno
l
(Pag
e 1
of2)
Tabl
e 27
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
nav
al s
tore
s pr
oduc
ts a
fter a
bout
40
year
s of
ser
vice
.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Mar
ch 1
952
(Plo
t 36)
--con
clud
ed
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Dec
embe
r 199
1 (%
)
Serv
icea
ble
but s
how
ing
som
e--
Des
troye
d by
-- To
tal r
emov
ed
Pres
erva
tive
Aver
age
rete
ntio
n (lb
/ft3 )
Num
ber
in te
st
Goo
d D
ecay
Te
rmite
at
tack
Dec
ay a
nd
term
ite
atta
ck
Dec
ay
fung
i Te
rmite
at
tack
Dec
ay a
nd
term
ite
atta
ck
Num
ber
%
Aver
age
life
(y
ear)
Ole
o re
sin
and
No.
2 fu
el o
il (1
:7)
4.1
10�
��
�50
�50
100
10.0
w
ith 2
.94%
pen
tach
loro
phen
ol
8.
0 10
�
�
�
�
30
�
70
100
13.5
12
.0
10�
�
��
�
20
80
100
16
.3
Dro
p liq
uor c
once
ntra
te a
nd
4.0
10
�
�
�
�
10
�
90
10
0 6.
8 N
o. 2
fuel
oil
(2:7
) 8.
0 10
�
�
�
�
20
�
80
100
7.8
12.0
10�
�
��
�
�
10
0
10.2
100
Dro
p liq
uor c
once
ntra
te a
nd N
o. 2
fuel
4.0
10�
��
��
�10
010
012
.2 o
il (1
:7) w
ith 3
.03%
pent
achl
orop
heno
l
8.0
10�
��
�30
�70
100
16.2
12.0
10�
�
��
20
�
80
20
.210
0
No.
2 fu
el o
il w
ith 5
% ro
sin
amin
e D
4.
1 10
�
�
�
�
50
�
50
100
8.0
cop
per a
ceta
te c
ompl
ex
8.
0 10
�
�
�
�
50
�
50
100
9.6
12.1
10�
�
��
60
�
40
15
.910
0
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls
�
10
�
�
�
�
�
30
70
10
0 2.
8 a R
atio
s an
d pe
rcen
tage
s on
wei
ght b
asis
. b O
ne s
take
mis
sing
, elim
inat
ed fr
om te
st.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
(Pag
e 2
of 2
)
Tabl
e 28
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
es fr
om ta
rs p
rodu
ced
by lo
w-
tem
pera
ture
car
boni
zatio
n (D
isco
pro
cess
) afte
r 48
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Dec
embe
r 195
2 (P
lot 3
7)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
June
200
0 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
it ete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
aG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Low
-tem
pera
ture
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e, 5
.0 8
----
--12
63--
257
88--
typ
e 1
(tar a
cids
pre
sent
)10
.2 9
--11
--22
33--
336
67--
15.4
9--
44--
56--
----
----
--
Low
-tem
pera
ture
coa
l-tar
cre
osot
e, 5
.0 9
----
----
44--
569
100
27.2
typ
e 2
(hig
h pe
rcen
tage
of t
ar a
cids
9.8
10--
20--
2050
--10
660
-- r
emov
ed)
15.2
10--
30--
6010
----
110
--
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
----
4060
1010
02.
3
a Ten
stak
es w
ere
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led
at e
ach
test
sta
tion;
this
num
ber h
as s
ince
bee
n re
duce
d be
caus
e of
failu
re to
loca
te th
e st
akes
at
the
time
of in
spec
tion.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Tabl
e 29
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
pre
serv
ativ
e oi
ls a
nd c
ondi
tione
d by
vap
or c
lean
ing
and
stea
min
g to
rem
ove
resi
dual
sol
vent
s af
ter a
bout
28-
1/2
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, A
pril
1953
a (Plo
t 38)
Aver
age
pres
erva
tive
rete
ntio
n (lb
/ft3 ) By
From
wei
ghtb
anal
ysis
cC
ondi
tion
of s
take
s O
ctob
er 1
992
(%)
Pent
a-Pe
nta-
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--ch
loro
-ch
loro
-sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Num
-ph
enol
phen
olD
ecay
fung
iC
ondi
tioni
ngbe
ror
oran
dan
dAv
erag
eaf
ter
inSo
lu-
copp
erco
pper
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
etre
atm
entd
test
tion
met
alm
etal
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l,N
one
104.
20.
105
0.08
2--
----
--20
1070
1010
011
.6
2.5
% in
ligh
tSt
eam
ing
104.
20.
105
0.09
1--
----
--10
--90
1010
012
.4
aro
mat
ic s
olve
nte
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l,Va
por
104.
10.
102
0.06
9--
----
--10
1080
1010
011
.3
2.5
% in
ligh
tcl
eani
ng
aro
mat
ic s
olve
ntPe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol,
Stea
min
g10
4.4
0.20
00.
139
----
----
30--
7010
100
10.8
4
.5%
in li
ght
a
rom
atic
sol
vent
e
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l,Va
por
104.
50.
225
0.13
6--
----
--20
--80
1010
014
.2
5%
in li
ght
clea
ning
a
rom
atic
sol
vent
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l,N
one
104.
60.
230
0.18
6--
----
--10
--90
1010
014
.1
5%
in li
ght
Stea
min
g10
4.8
0.24
00.
222
----
----
10--
9010
100
12.9
a
rom
atic
sol
vent
e
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l,Va
por
106.
00.
300
0.17
3--
----
----
--10
010
100
12.3
5
% in
ligh
tcl
eani
ng
aro
mat
ic s
olve
ntPe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol,
Stea
min
g10
4.4
0.40
00.
319
----
--20
10--
708
8018
.0f
9
.1%
in li
ght
a
rom
atic
sol
vent
e
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l,Va
por
106.
00.
600
0.39
7--
----
30--
--70
770
18.5
f
1
0% in
ligh
tcl
eani
ng
aro
mat
ic s
olve
ntPe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol,
Non
e10
6.2
0.31
00.
121
----
----
----
100
1010
016
.5
5%
in N
o. 2
St
eam
ing
106.
60.
330
0.14
6--
----
1020
--70
990
15.0
f
f
uel o
ilVa
por
107.
20.
360
0.11
1--
----
--20
--80
1010
013
.1cl
eani
ng(P
age
1 of
2)
Tabl
e 29
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
pre
serv
ativ
e oi
ls a
nd c
ondi
tione
d by
vap
or c
lean
ing
and
stea
min
g to
re
mov
e re
sidu
al s
olve
nts
afte
r abo
ut 2
8-1/
2 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Apr
il 19
53a
(Plo
t 38)
--con
clud
ed
Aver
age
pres
erva
tive
rete
ntio
n (lb
/ft3 ) By
From
wei
ghtb
anal
ysis
cC
ondi
tion
of s
take
s O
ctob
er 1
992
(%)
Pent
a-Pe
nta-
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--ch
loro
-ch
loro
-sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Num
-ph
enol
phen
olD
ecay
fung
iC
ondi
tioni
ngbe
ror
oran
dan
dAv
erag
eaf
ter
inSo
lu-
copp
erco
pper
Term
it ete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
etre
atm
entd
test
tion
met
alm
etal
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Cop
per n
apht
hena
te,
Non
e10
4.6
0.02
30.
020
----
----
50--
5010
100
11.0
0
.5%
cop
per i
nSt
eam
ing
104.
50.
022
0.02
0--
----
--40
--60
1010
012
.0
ligh
t aro
mat
ic
s
olve
ntVa
por
104.
60.
023
0.01
8--
----
--40
--60
1010
011
.8cl
eani
ng
Cop
per n
apht
hena
te,
Stea
min
g10
4.4
0.02
60.
023
----
----
30--
7010
100
14.3
0
.59%
cop
per i
n
ligh
t aro
mat
ic
s
olve
nt
Cop
per n
apht
hena
te,
Vapo
r10
4.2
0.02
90.
021
----
----
30--
7010
100
13.7
0
.7%
cop
per i
ncl
eani
ng
ligh
t aro
mat
ic
s
olve
nt
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
----
----
--60
4010
100
2.4
a In c
oope
ratio
n w
ith th
e Bu
reau
of S
hips
, Dep
artm
ent o
f the
Nav
y.b W
eigh
ts d
eter
min
ed b
efor
e an
d af
ter t
reat
men
t, pr
ior t
o co
nditi
onin
g.c An
alys
is p
erfo
rmed
2 m
onth
s af
ter t
reat
men
t.d O
ne-h
our s
team
ing
with
max
imum
tem
pera
ture
259
o F an
d 1-
h va
cuum
, fol
low
ing
whi
ch s
team
ing
and
vacu
um p
erio
ds w
ere
repe
ated
. One
-hou
r hea
ting
in
vap
or o
f aro
mat
ic s
olve
nt w
ith m
axim
um te
mpe
ratu
re o
f 280
o F an
d 1-
h va
cuum
, fol
low
ing
whi
ch v
apor
hea
ting
and
vacu
um p
erio
ds w
ere
repe
ated
.
f Estim
ate
base
d on
per
cent
age
of s
take
s re
mai
ning
afte
r fin
al in
spec
tion.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.(P
age
2 of
2)
e Solu
tion
cont
ined
5%
est
er g
um (b
y w
eigh
t) as
a b
loom
pre
vent
ativ
e.
Tabl
e 30
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
Bas
ilit U
Aa afte
r abo
ut
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1995
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iAv
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
ere
tent
ionb
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Basi
lit U
A0.
25 (0
.19
10--
----
----
5050
1010
021
.6
Basi
lit U
A0.
53 (0
.39
10--
----
70
30--
-- 3
30
--
Basi
lit U
A0.
75 (0
.56
9--
----
100
----
----
----
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
----
2080
1010
0 1
.8
a Con
tain
s so
dium
fluo
ride,
sod
ium
dic
hrom
ate,
and
sod
ium
ars
enat
e.
b Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
41 y
ears
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Dec
embe
r 195
4 (P
lot 4
0)
Table 31--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) of uninfected and Trichoderma mold-infected wood, treated with coal-tar creosote, pentachlorophenol solution, and copper chromated zinc chloride, after about 41 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1954 (Plot 41)
Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Without Mold Infection
Coal-tar creosote (high 3.9 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 25.2 residue, straight run) 7.8 9 -- -- -- 22 78 -- -- 7 78 --
12.2 10 -- 10 -- 70 20 -- -- 2 20 --
Coal-tar creosote (low 4.0 10 -- -- -- 10 20 -- 70 9 90 -- residue, low in tar acids 8.0 10 -- -- -- 40 30 -- 30 6 60 -- and naphthalenes) 12.4 8 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
Pentachlorophenol 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 16.7 (4.7% in No. 2 fuel oil) 8.1 9 -- -- -- -- 33 -- 67 9 100 21.6
12.1 9 -- -- -- 89 -- -- 11 1 11 --
Copperized chromated 0.34 (0.20) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 16.6 zinc chloride 0.73 (0.45) 10 -- -- -- 10 60 -- 30 9 90 --
1.15 (0.71) 9 -- -- -- 44 44 -- 11 5 56 --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 60 40 10 100 2.1
Infected with Trichoderma Mold
Coal-tar creosote (high 4.0 10 -- -- -- 10 40 -- 50 9 90 -- residue, straight run) 8.0 10 -- -- -- 40 60 -- -- 6 60 --
12.0 9 -- -- -- 78 22 -- -- 2 22 --
Coal-tar creosote (low 4.1 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 16.6 residue, low in tar acids 8.0 10 -- -- -- 20 40 -- 40 8 80 -- and naphthalenes) 12.0 10 -- -- -- 90 -- -- 10 1 10 --
Pentachlorophenol 4.2 10 -- -- -- -- 20 20 60 10 100 17.6 (4.7% in No. 2 fuel oil) 7.8 9 -- -- -- -- 11 -- 89 9 100 19.2
11.9 10 -- -- -- 50 10 -- 40 5 50 --
Copperized chromated 0.34 (0.20) 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 20.2 zinc chloride 0.74 (0.45) 9 -- -- -- 56 22 -- 22 4 44 --
1.17 (0.71) 10 -- -- -- 60 30 -- 10 4 40 --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 30 60 10 100 2.5
aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.
bTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.
This study was initiated by Edward Panek.
alone and fortified with pentachlorophenol after 41 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1954 (Plot 42)
Condition of stakes January 1995 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Texas lignite coal-tar creosote 5.0 9 -- -- -- -- 11 -- 89 9 100 17.2 9.8 10 -- -- -- 10 -- -- 90 9 90 --
15.2 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
25% paraffin in aromatic volatile 25.9 10 -- -- -- -- 1 1 8 10 100 18.4 solvent (by weight)
5% pentachlorophenol plus 26.3 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- 28.5% paraffin in aromatic volatile solvent (by weight) Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 30 70 10 100 2.3
This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 32--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with Texas lignite coal-tar creosote and with paraffin
Tabl
e 33
--Con
ditio
n of
Dou
glas
-fir,
swee
tgum
, and
tang
ile p
lyw
ood
stak
es tr
eate
d w
ith p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
and
with
fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol t
ype
Aaf
ter a
bout
26
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, J
anua
ry 1
956
(Plo
t 44)
a
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Dec
embe
r 198
1 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
ndin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePl
ywoo
dPr
eser
vativ
ebTr
eatm
entc
(lb/ft
3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Plyw
ood
Trea
ted
Befo
re G
luin
g
Dou
glas
-fir
Pent
achl
orop
heno
lH
ot a
nd c
old
10.0
9--
----
--22
--77
910
014
.0Pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol
Col
d so
aked
6.3
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
08.
2Fl
uor c
hrom
e
ars
enat
e ph
enol
type
AH
ot a
nd c
old
0.5
2 (0
.32)
10--
----
--50
--50
1010
012
.3
Swee
tgum
Pent
achl
orop
heno
lH
ot a
nd c
old
15.1
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
07.
4Fl
uor c
hrom
e
ars
enat
e ph
enol
type
AH
ot a
nd c
old
0.6
2 (0
.39)
10--
----
--60
--40
1010
08.
5
Tang
ilePe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol
Hot
and
col
d 9
.410
----
----
60--
4010
100
6.8
Fluo
r chr
ome
a
rsen
ate
phen
ol ty
pe A
Hot
and
col
d 0
.59
(0.3
7)10
----
----
10
0--
--10
100
10.4
Plyw
ood
Trea
ted
Afte
r Glu
ing
Dou
glas
-fir
Pent
achl
orop
heno
lPr
essu
re 9
.610
----
----
20--
8010
100
15.4
Pent
achl
orop
heno
lC
old
soak
ed 0
.910
----
----
2010
7010
100
5.3
Pent
achl
orop
heno
lC
old
soak
ed 1
.4e
10--
----
----
2080
1010
07.
1Fl
uor c
hrom
e
ars
enat
e ph
enol
type
APr
essu
re 0
.61
(0.3
8) 9
----
----
2222
56 9
100
18.3
Swee
tgum
Pent
achl
orop
heno
lPr
essu
re10
.610
----
----
70--
3010
100
6.3
Fluo
r chr
ome
a
rsen
ate
phen
ol ty
pe A
Pres
sure
0.5
5 (0
.34)
10--
----
--50
f10
4010
100
7.6
Tang
ilePe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol
Pres
sure
10.4
10--
----
--70
--30
1010
013
.4Fl
uor c
hrom
e
ars
enat
e ph
enol
type
APr
essu
re 0
.60
(0.3
7)10
----
----
90--
1010
100
14.9
(Pag
e 1
of 2
)
Tabl
e 33
--Con
ditio
n of
Dou
glas
-fir,
swee
etgu
m, a
nd ta
ngile
ply
woo
d st
akes
trea
ted
with
pen
tach
loro
phen
ol a
nd w
ith fl
uor c
hrom
e ar
sena
te p
heno
l typ
e A
afte
r abo
ut 2
6 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Jan
uary
195
6 (P
lot 4
4)--c
oncl
uded
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Dec
embe
r 198
1 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
it ete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
e
Plyw
ood
Pres
erva
tive
Trea
tmen
t (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls
Dou
glas
-fir
----
--10
----
----
----
100
1010
03.
6
Swee
tgum
----
--10
----
----
1010
8010
100
1.4
Tang
ile--
----
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
01.
9
a In c
oope
ratio
n w
ith th
e Bu
reau
of S
hips
, Dep
artm
ent o
f the
Nav
y.b Fo
r pen
tach
loro
phen
ol, 5
% s
olut
ion
conf
orm
ing
to M
IL-W
-181
42 (S
HIP
S) s
peci
ficat
ion,
27
Augu
st 1
954.
c Hot
and
col
d tre
atm
ent c
onsi
sted
of h
eatin
g in
a v
enee
r dry
er a
nd im
mer
sion
in u
nhea
ted
pres
erva
tive
solu
tion
until
des
ired
rete
ntio
n w
as o
btai
ned.
d Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es a
re b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
e Stak
es w
ere
cut f
rom
the
pane
ls a
nd th
en tr
eate
d.f O
ne s
take
dec
ayed
by
soft-
rot f
ungu
s.
NO
TE:
The
stak
es w
ere
five-
ply
vene
er, 5
/8 b
y 4
by 1
8 in
., cu
t fro
m p
anel
s 24
by
48 in
. Fo
r oth
er tr
eate
d ite
ms,
the
stak
es w
ere
cut a
fter t
reat
men
t
and
the
edge
s ex
pose
d in
saw
ing
wer
e br
ush
coat
ed w
ith th
e pr
eser
vativ
e.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y Ed
war
d Pa
nek.
(Pag
e 2
of 2
)
Table 34--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper formate, after about 44 years of service.Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1956 (Plot 47)
Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Average Num- Decay fungiretention ber and and Average(copper) in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Copper formate 0.03 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 7.40.06 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 25.90.09 10 -- -- -- 40 50 -- 10 6 60 --0.12 10 -- 10 -- 60 30 -- -- 3 30 --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 3.4
This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 35--Condition of Southern Pine stakes treated with KPa preservative after 34 and 43 years of service. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1957 and Madison, WI, May 1958 (Plot 48)
Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
retentionb in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative Location (lb/ft3) testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.
KP preservative MS 0.09 9 -- -- -- -- 56 11 33 9 100 9.9MS 0.18 7 -- -- -- -- 86 -- 14 7 100 16.4MS 0.28 8 -- 29 -- -- 57 -- 14 5 71 --MS 0.37 4 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 4 100 25.6
Chromated zinc chloride MS 1.20 (0.73) 9 -- -- -- -- 11 67 22 9 100 13.7
Coal-tar creosote MS 11.70 8 -- -- -- 25 50 25 6 75 --
Untreated controls MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 2.1
Stakes 2 by 4 by 18 in.
KP preservative MS 0.09 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 13.5WI 0.09 8 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 8 100 19.8MS 0.19 9 -- 11 -- 44 44 -- -- 4 44 --WI 0.18 10 -- 30 -- -- 70 -- -- 7 70 --MS 0.27 10 10 10 10 50 20 -- -- 2 20 --WI 0.27 8 -- 63 -- -- 37 -- -- 3 37 --MS 0.37 9 11 22 22 22 22 -- -- 2 22 --WI 0.35 7 -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated zinc chloride MS 1.16 (0.71) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 22.9WI 1.21 (0.74) 8 -- 25 -- -- 75 -- -- -- -- --
Coal-tar creosote MS 10.20 9 -- 22 -- 78 -- -- -- -- -- --WI 10.20 10 10 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 2.5WI -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- 3.6
aCopper oxide and chlorophenols.bRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.cWhen the number of stakes is less than 10, specimens were found broken and eliminated from test.
This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
December 2000 (MS) (%)Condition of stakes October 1992 (WI) and
Table 36--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with tributyltin oxide, cyanoethylated stakes,and stakes treated for destruction of thiamine, after approximately 9-1/2 years of service in Mississippi and 8 years in Madison, WI. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1958 and in Wisconsin, May 1959 (Plot 53)
Condition of stakes January 1967 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Tributyltin oxidea MS 0.015 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 6.4MS 0.030 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 7.2MS 0.045 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 7.4
Stoddard solvent (controls) MS 7.1 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 4.0
Acrylonitrileb MS 1.23 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 3.9WI 1.22 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 6.3MS 2.46 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 5.3WI 2.48 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 7.8
Ammonium hydroxidec MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 3.5
Untreated controls MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 3.6WI -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 4.0
aIn Stoddard solvent.
bUsed with ammonium hydroxide for cyanoethylation.
cFollowed by steaming for thiamine destruction.
This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Table 37--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal and 3/4 by 3/4 in. by 18 in.) treated with fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A (AWPA-P5 and modification) after about 30 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1959 (Plot 55)
Condition of stakes December 1989 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
retentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Stakes 2 by 4 Nominal by 18 in.
Fluor chrome arsenate 0.35 (0.22) 8 -- -- -- -- 63 -- 37 9 100 18.3 phenol (Federal Spec. 0.50 (0.31) 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 18.5 TT-W-535) (Type A) 0.75 (0.47) 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 25.1
Fluor chrome arsenate 0.35 (0.22) 9 -- -- -- -- 33 11 56 9 100 16.7 phenol (Type A) 0.50 (0.31) 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 17.5 (Modified)c 0.76 (0.47) 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 21.4
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 40 20 40 10 100 2.1
Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.
Fluor chrome arsenate 0.36 (0.22) 9 -- -- -- -- 33 33 33 9 100 7.4 phenol (Federal Spec. 0.51 (0.32) 9 -- -- -- -- 56 33 11 9 100 11.9 TT-W-535) (Type A) 0.77 (0.48) 8 -- -- -- -- 50 13 37 8 100 16.5
Fluor chrome arsenate 0.37 (0.23) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 30 50 10 100 8.3 phenol (Type A) 0.52 (0.32) 10 -- -- -- -- 20 40 40 10 100 11.6 (Modified)c 0.80 (0.38) 9 -- -- -- -- 56 11 33 9 100 15.3
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 1.4
aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides.
bWhen the number of stakes is less than 10, stakes were damaged mechanically and eliminated from test.
cSodium pentachlorophenate substituted for dinitrophenol.
This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Tabl
e 38
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
cop
per-8
-qui
nolin
olat
e af
ter a
ppro
xim
atel
y 9
year
s of
ser
vice
.St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
959
(Plo
t 54)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Nov
embe
r 196
8 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayAv
erag
e re
tent
ion
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iC
oppe
r-8-
ber
and
and
Aver
age
Solu
tion
quin
olin
olat
ein
Term
it ete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Cop
per-8
-qui
nolin
olat
e 0
.1%
in S
todd
ard
solv
ent
9.9
0.01
010
----
----
10--
9010
100
5.3
0.1
% in
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t 9
.90.
020
10--
----
--20
1070
1010
04.
2
0.1
% in
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t10
.00.
060
10--
----
1040
--50
990
5.6a
0.1
% in
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t10
.20.
123
10--
----
1060
--30
990
7.8a
0.6
% p
araf
fin, 2
%; a
nd P
enta
lyn-
H,
1
0% in
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t10
.10.
061
10--
10--
2070
----
770
8.8a
0.6
%; D
ield
rin, 0
.5%
in S
todd
ard
solv
ent
10.1
0.06
010
----
--10
70--
209
906.
6a
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
--10
----
----
--20
8010
100
2.2
a Estim
ate
base
d on
per
cent
age
of s
take
s re
mai
ning
afte
r fin
al in
spec
tion.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Tabl
e 39
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
ble
nds
of e
xtra
cts
from
Tex
as li
gnite
tar a
fter a
bout
40
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
960
(Plo
t 57)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2000
(%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
eLi
gnite
-tar e
xtra
cts
(lb/
ft3 )te
stG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Hex
ane-
solu
ble
resi
due,
25%
; and
hex
ane
5.1
10--
----
--20
--80
1010
016
.2
dist
illate
, 75%
(by
wei
ght)
10.0
10--
----
3030
--40
770
--14
.110
----
--70
30--
--3
30--
Hig
h-bo
iling
met
hano
l sol
uble
s, 2
5%; h
exan
e5.
010
----
----
----
100
1010
018
.8
dist
illate
, 75%
(by
wei
ght)
9.3
10--
----
7010
--20
330
--15
.210
----
--10
0--
----
----
--
Hig
h-bo
iling
met
hano
l sol
uble
s, 1
0%; h
exan
e-5.
110
----
----
10--
9010
100
18.8
s
olub
le re
sidu
e, 2
0%; a
nd h
exan
e di
stilla
te,
10.1
10--
----
5020
--30
550
--
70%
(by
wei
ght)
14.7
10--
----
100
----
----
----
Hig
h-bo
iling
met
hano
l sol
uble
s, 2
0%; h
exan
e-5.
210
----
----
20--
8010
100
20.2
s
olub
le re
sidu
e, 1
0%; a
nd h
exan
e di
stilla
te,
10.0
10--
----
100
----
----
----
7
0% (b
y w
eigh
t)15
.210
----
--10
0--
----
----
--
Hig
h-bo
iling
met
hano
l sol
uble
s, 1
5%; a
nd h
exan
e5.
010
----
----
1010
8010
100
22.0
di
stilla
te, 8
5% (b
y w
eigh
t)10
.210
----
--90
----
101
10--
14.9
10--
10--
90--
----
----
--
Hig
h-bo
iling
met
hano
l sol
uble
s, 2
4,5%
; hex
ane
5.1
10--
----
1030
--30
660
--
dis
tilla
te, 7
4.5%
; and
pet
role
um s
ulfo
nate
9.
910
----
--70
20--
103
30--
(M
orpe
l X-9
14),
1% (b
y w
eigh
t)15
.010
----
--10
----
----
----
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
----
--10
010
100
2.6
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Tabl
e 40
--Con
ditio
n of
1- b
y 4-
by
18-in
. sta
kes
of e
mbe
dded
fibe
rboa
rda a
nd u
ntre
ated
Dou
glas
-fir h
eartw
ood
afte
r 18
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
960
(Plo
t 58)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Dec
embe
r 197
8 (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayD
ecay
fung
iN
umbe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
ein
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
eM
ater
ial
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Embe
dded
fibe
rboa
rda
6
b--
----
--10
0c--
-- 6
100
11.3
Dou
glas
-fir h
eartw
ood
10--
----
-- 7
010
2010
100
3.0
a Wes
tern
hem
lock
stra
nds
in p
ortla
nd c
emen
t.
b Stak
es m
issi
ng a
nd e
limin
ated
from
test
.
c Failu
res
attri
bute
d m
ainl
y to
the
effe
ct o
f moi
stur
e.
Tabl
e 41
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
trib
utyl
tin o
xide
and
pen
tach
loro
phen
ol s
olut
ions
with
he
avy
and
light
pet
role
um s
olve
nts,
with
and
with
out t
he a
dditi
on o
f Die
ldrin
and
Ald
rin, a
fter a
bout
40
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S, D
ecem
ber 1
960
(Plo
t 56)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2000
(%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
it ete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
aG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Solu
tions
with
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t
Trib
utyl
tin o
xide
, 0.3
%; a
nd D
ield
rin, 0
.3%
8.0
10--
----
--90
--10
1010
04.
9Tr
ibut
yltin
oxi
de, 0
.6%
; and
Die
ldrin
, 0.3
%8.
010
----
----
90--
1010
100
6.9
Trib
utyl
tin o
xide
, 0.3
%; a
nd A
ldrin
, 0.3
%8.
010
----
----
90--
1010
100
4.6
Trib
utyl
tin o
xide
0.3%
8.2
10--
----
--80
--20
1010
04.
50.
6%7.
910
----
----
50--
5010
100
7.0
Trib
utyl
tin o
xide
, 0.6
%; D
ield
rin, 0
.3%
;
and
wat
er re
pelle
nt, 4
.7%
8.0
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
6.9
Trib
utyl
tin o
xide
, 0.6
%; A
ldrin
, 0.3
%;
a
nd w
ater
repe
llent
, 4.7
%8.
010
----
----
70--
3010
100
5.3
Die
ldrin
, 0.6
%;
8.0
10--
----
--90
--10
1010
04.
0Pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol,
5%; p
ine
oil,
5%;
an
d w
ater
repe
llent
, 4.7
%8.
0 9
----
--11
44--
448
89--
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l, 5%
; pin
e oi
l, 5%
;
Die
ldrin
0.3
%; a
nd w
ater
repe
llent
, 4.7
%8.
010
----
--10
40--
509
90--
Wat
er re
pelle
nt, 4
.7%
8.0
10--
----
--80
--20
1010
04.
3Pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol,
5%; p
ine
oil,
5%; D
ield
rin 0
.3%
s
tabi
lizer
wax
, 2%
; an
d w
ater
repe
llent
, 4.7
%8.
0 9
----
--67
33--
--3
33--
Solu
tions
with
hea
vy p
etro
leum
sol
vent
(AW
PA P
9)
Trib
utyl
tin o
xide
, 0.3
%; a
nd D
ield
rin, 0
.3%
810
----
----
100
----
1010
022
.2Tr
ibut
yltin
oxi
de, 0
.6%
; and
Die
ldrin
, 0.3
%8
10--
----
--60
--40
1010
023
.0Tr
ibut
yltin
oxi
de0.
3%8
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
020
.80.
6%8
10--
----
--20
1070
1010
024
.0Pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol,
5%8
10--
----
7010
--20
330
--Pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol,
5%; a
nd s
tabi
lizer
wax
, 2%
810
----
--80
----
202
20--
Petro
leum
sol
vent
con
tols
8 9
----
----
11--
899
100
23.3
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
--70
--30
1010
03.
1a Te
n st
akes
wer
e or
igin
ally
inst
alle
d at
eac
h te
st s
tatio
n; th
is n
umbe
r has
sin
ce b
een
redu
ced
beca
use
of fa
ilure
to lo
cate
the
stak
es
at t
he ti
me
of in
spec
tion.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y Ed
war
d Pa
nek.
Tabl
e 42
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
. and
3/4
by
3/4
in. b
y 17
in.)
treat
ed w
ith p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
inliq
uefie
d pe
trole
um g
as a
nd in
hea
vy a
nd li
ght p
etro
leum
sol
vent
s af
ter a
bout
38-
1/2
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
inst
alle
d at
Val
ley
View
Tes
tPl
ot, M
adis
on, W
I, an
d on
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Jul
y 19
61 (P
lot 5
9)
Aver
age
rete
ntio
n(lb
/in3 )
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2000
(%
)By
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--an
aly-
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayBy
wei
ght
sis
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iPe
nta-
Pent
a-be
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eSo
lu-
chlo
ro-
chlo
ro-
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
tion
phen
olph
enol
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Stak
es 2
by
4 no
min
al b
y 18
in.
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l in
MS
----
0.14
b10
----
----
10--
9010
100
18.9
liq
uefie
d pe
trole
um g
asa
MS
----
0.19
b10
----
----
10--
9010
100
15.9
MS
----
0.34
b10
----
--90
----
101
10--
MS
----
0.58
b10
----
--10
0--
----
----
--
Solu
tions
with
AW
PA P
9 (
heav
y pe
trole
um s
olve
nt)
Pen
tach
loro
phen
ol 3
.5%
(by
wei
ght)
MS
3.0
0.11
0.14
10--
----
10--
--90
990
--M
S4.
50.
190.
2210
----
--40
----
606
60--
4.2
% (b
y w
eigh
t)M
S6.
80.
290.
3210
----
--10
0--
----
----
--M
S16
.00.
670.
6910
21
--70
----
----
----
Solu
tions
with
Sto
ddar
d so
lven
t
Pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol,
4.0%
;M
S3.
60.
140.
1410
----
----
10--
9010
100
13.7
p
araf
fin, 2
%; a
ndM
S4.
60.
180.
1810
----
----
----
100
1010
015
.9
Pen
taly
n-H
, 10%
(by
wei
ght)
Pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol,
5%;
MS
7.6
0.38
0.39
10--
----
20--
--80
880
--
par
affin
, 2%
; and
MS
13.5
0.67
0.70
10--
----
100
----
----
----
P
enta
lyn-
H, 1
0% (b
y w
eigh
t)
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsM
S--
----
10--
----
--30
3040
1010
02.
1
(Pag
e 1
of 2
)
Tabl
e 42
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
. and
3/4
by
3/4
in. b
y 17
in.)
treat
ed w
ith p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
inliq
uefie
d pe
trole
um g
as a
nd in
hea
vy a
nd li
ght p
etro
leum
sol
vent
s af
ter a
bout
38-
1/2
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
inst
alle
d at
Val
ley
View
Tes
tPl
ot, M
adis
on, W
I, an
d on
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Jul
y 19
61 (P
lot 5
9)--c
oncl
uded
Aver
age
rete
ntio
n(lb
/in3 )
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2000
(%
)By
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--an
aly-
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayBy
wei
ght
sis
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iPe
nta-
Pent
a-be
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eSo
lu-
chlo
ro-
chlo
ro-
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
tion
phen
olph
enol
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)St
akes
3/4
by
3/4
by 1
7 in
.
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l in
MS
----
0.15
c10
----
----
40--
6010
100
5.5
liq
uefie
d pe
trole
um g
asa
WI
----
0.15
c15
----
----
100
----
1510
010
.0M
S--
--0.
19c
8d--
----
--50
--50
810
04.
6W
I--
--0.
19c
14d
----
----
100
----
1410
012
.4M
S--
--0.
31c
9d--
----
--22
1167
910
011
.9W
I--
--0.
31c
13d
----
----
100
----
1310
013
.7M
S--
--0.
48c
8d--
----
--38
1250
810
014
.9W
I--
--0.
48c
7d--
----
--10
0--
--7
100
17.5
Solu
tions
with
AW
PA P
9M
S3.
20.
14--
9d--
----
--11
--89
910
014
.5 (
heav
y pe
trole
um s
olve
nt)
WI
3.3
0.14
--5d
----
----
100
----
510
016
.4 P
enta
chlo
roph
enol
MS
3.8
0.16
--10
----
----
1010
8010
100
14.5
4.2
% (b
y w
eigh
t)W
I3.
90.
16--
7d--
----
--10
0--
--7
100
15.8
MS
5.7
0.24
--4d
----
----
25--
754
100
18.4
WI
5.5
0.23
--5d
----
----
100
----
510
017
.8M
S16
.70.
70--
4d--
----
----
100
410
030
.4W
I17
.20.
73--
4d--
----
--10
0--
--4
100
22.4
Solu
tions
in S
todd
ard
solv
ent
P
enta
chlo
roph
enol
, 4.0
%;
MS
3.5
0.14
--9d
----
----
4411
449
100
5.6
para
ffin,
2%
; and
WI
3.0
0.12
--11
d--
----
--10
0--
--11
100
10.8
Pent
alyn
-H, 1
0% (b
y w
eigh
t)M
S3.
90.
16--
10--
----
--30
--70
1010
04.
9W
I4.
00.
16--
13d
----
----
100
----
1310
010
.8
Pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol,
5.0%
;M
S6.
40.
32--
9d--
----
--22
--78
910
014
.4
pa
raffi
n, 2
.0%
; and
WI
6.6
0.33
--14
----
----
100
----
1410
014
.4
Pe
ntal
yn-H
, 10%
(by
wei
ght)
MS
14.4
0.72
--4d
----
----
50--
504
100
24.9
WI
14.6
0.73
--5d
----
----
100
----
10
021
.0U
ntre
ated
con
trols
MS
----
--10
----
----
4030
3010
100
1.5
WI
----
--15
----
----
100
----
1510
04.
0a It
has
been
repo
rted
that
the
form
ulat
ion
of tr
eatin
g so
lutio
n in
liqu
efie
d pe
trole
um g
as h
as b
een
chan
ged
sinc
e th
e st
akes
wer
e tre
ated
.b Fr
om th
e an
alys
is o
f com
posi
te s
ampl
e of
cro
ss-s
ectio
n w
afer
s ta
ken
at m
idpo
int f
rom
ten
2- b
y 4-
by
18-in
. sta
kes
and
mat
ched
to th
e 10
sta
kes
treat
ed fo
r ins
talla
tion.
Bec
ause
rete
ntio
ns w
ere
not d
eter
min
ed fo
r ind
ivid
ual t
est s
take
s, e
xtra
sta
kes
wer
e no
t tre
ated
to p
rovi
de a
sel
ectio
n, a
ccor
ding
to re
tent
ions
, for
the
test
inst
alla
tion.
c Base
d on
ana
lysi
s by
Bel
l Tel
epho
ne L
abor
ator
ies
of 2
-in. s
ectio
ns c
ut a
djac
ent t
o th
e te
st s
take
s.d St
akes
inju
red
mec
hani
cally
and
elim
inat
ed fr
om te
st.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
(Pag
e 2
of 2
)
Tabl
e 43
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
cop
per-8
-qui
nolin
olat
e an
d pe
ntac
hlor
ophe
nol i
n he
avy
petro
leum
solv
ent a
fter 3
7 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Dec
embe
r 196
3 (P
lot 6
2)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2000
(%
)Av
erag
e re
tent
ion
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--C
oppe
r-8-
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayqu
inol
inol
ate
Num
-D
ecay
fung
ior
pen
ta-
ber
and
and
Aver
age
Solu
tion
chlo
roph
enol
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 ) (l
b/ft3 )
test
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Solu
tions
with
hea
vy p
etro
leum
sol
vent
(A
WPA
P9)
:Cop
per-8
-qui
nolin
olat
e
0.15
%9.
40.
014
10--
----
1020
1060
990
--
0.3%
10.1
0.03
010
----
----
20--
8010
100
27.3
0.6%
9.9
0.05
910
----
--10
50--
409
90--
1.2%
10.3
0.12
49a
----
--10
0--
----
----
--
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l 4.9
8%10
.60.
540
10--
10--
90--
----
----
--
Petro
leum
sol
vent
con
trols
8.5
--10
----
----
3010
6010
100
20.9
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
--10
----
----
20--
8010
100
2.9
a Ten
stak
es o
rigin
ally
inst
alle
d; e
limin
ated
sta
kes
rem
oved
for c
ause
s ot
her t
han
deca
y or
inse
ct a
ttack
.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y L.
R. G
jovi
k.
Table 44--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with heptadecyltrimethyl-tetrahydropyrimidine(HTP) in No. 2 fuel oil after about 37 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,Saucier, MS, December 1963 (Plot 63)
Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage retention ber and and Average
(lb/ft3) in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative Solution HTP test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
HTP, 2.5%, No. 2 fuel oil 6.0 0.150 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 12.5
HTP, 5%, No. 2 fuel oil 8.1 0.406 10 -- -- -- 30 -- -- 70 7 70 --
HTP, 5%, No. 2 fuel oil 10.0 0.498 10 -- -- -- 60 20 -- 20 4 40 --
Untreated controls -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 2.3
This study was initiated by H. L. Davidson.
Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)
Table 45--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 by 16 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in liquefied petroleum gas and in heavy and light petroleum solvents after about 35 years of service. Stakes placed in test on theHarrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1963 (Plot 61)
Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
(lb/in3) Num- Decay fungiPenta- ber and and Average
Solu- chloro- in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative tion phenol testc Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Stakes 2 by 4 in.
Pentachlorophenol in -- 0.34a 10 -- -- -- 10 40 -- 50 9 90 --
liquefied petroleum gasb -- 0.49a 10 -- -- -- 90 10 -- -- 1 10 ---- 0.65a 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
-- 0.39a,d 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
Pentachlorophenol, 5% in heavy petroleum oil 10.6 0.53a 10 10 10 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Heavy petroleum oil 8.0 -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 19.7
Untreated controls -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 2.5
Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 in.
Pentachlorophenol in -- 0.34a 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 8.6
liquefied petroleum gasb -- 0.40a 8 -- -- -- -- 75 -- 25 8 100 7.2-- 0.59a 6 -- -- -- -- 67 -- 33 6 100 9.1-- 0.70a 8 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 8 100 16.5
Pentachlorophenol, 5% in heavy petroleum oil 10.8 0.54e 4 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 4 100 20.7
Heavy petroleum oil 8.3 -- 8 -- -- -- -- 75 25 -- 8 100 6.6
Untreated controls -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 40 10 50 10 100 1.4
aBy x-ray analysis of samples from pieces from which stakes were cut.
bWith cosolvent of isopropyl ether.cWhen the number of stakes is less than 10, stakes were damaged mechanically and eliminated from test.
dTreated in commercial charge with poles and crossarms.eComputed.
This study was initiated by J. Oscar Blew.
Average retention
Tabl
e 46
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
cop
per-c
hrom
e-bo
ron
and
acid
cop
per c
hrom
ate
pres
erva
tives
afte
r 30
year
s of
ser
vice
. St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st o
n th
e H
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal
Fore
st, S
auci
er, M
S, J
anua
ry 1
967
(Plo
t 66)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
1997
(%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nain
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
ePr
eser
vativ
e (l
b/ft3 )
test
bG
ood
Dec
ayat
tack
atta
ckfu
ngi
atta
ckat
tack
Num
ber
%(y
ear)
Cop
per-c
hrom
e-bo
ron
0.25
(0.
13)
10--
----
--60
--40
1010
03.
9 (
a pr
oduc
t of
0.30
(0.
16)
10--
----
--60
--40
1010
04.
9 D
r. W
olm
an, G
mbH
, 0.
60 (
0.31
)10
----
----
100
----
1010
05.
5 S
inzh
eim
, Ger
man
y,1.
11 (
0.58
)10
----
--10
90--
--9
90--
cov
ered
by
U.S
. pat
ent
1.24
(0.
65)
911
22--
1144
--11
556
-- N
o. 3
,007
,844
)1.
64 (
0.86
)10
2020
--20
40--
--4
40--
Acid
cop
per c
hrom
ate
0.30
(0.
14)
10--
----
--10
0--
--10
100
6.1
(AW
PA P
5-68
)0.
60 (
0.29
)10
----
----
100
----
1010
04.
6
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
--10
90--
1010
02.
6
a Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es a
re b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
b Ten
stak
es o
rigin
ally
inst
alle
d; e
limin
ated
sta
kes
rem
oved
for c
ause
s ot
her t
han
deca
y or
inse
ct a
ttack
.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.
Des
troye
d by
--
Tabl
e 47
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
11
stan
dard
woo
d pr
eser
vativ
es a
fter a
bout
35
year
s of
ser
vice
.St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st in
Nov
embe
r 196
7 at
Lak
e C
harle
s, L
A, in
an
area
infe
sted
by
Form
osan
term
ites
and
on th
eH
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S (P
lot 6
7)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2002
(MS)
and
Jan
uary
198
4 (L
A) (
%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iAv
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eAW
PAre
tent
iona
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Stan
dard
Loca
tion
(lb/
ft3 )te
stb
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Cre
osot
e, c
oal-t
arP1
-65
LA 4
.910
10--
--50
40--
--4
40--
10.2
1060
20--
20--
----
----
--15
.010
100
----
----
----
----
--M
S5.
110
----
--40
50--
106
60--
9.7
10--
10--
90--
----
----
--15
.410
--40
--60
----
----
----
Cre
osot
e-co
al-ta
rP2
-68
LA4.
710
----
--60
40--
--4
40--
sol
utio
n (7
0-30
)9.
910
9010
----
----
----
----
14.9
1010
0--
----
----
----
----
MS
3.9
10--
----
2050
--30
880
--10
.710
1040
--50
----
----
----
16.2
1020
80--
----
----
----
--
Cre
osot
e-pe
trole
umP3
-67
LA5.
810
1010
--40
30--
104
40--
sol
utio
n (5
0-50
)12
.110
7010
--20
----
----
----
18.3
1010
0--
----
----
----
----
MS
6.0
10--
----
3050
--20
770
--12
.110
1030
--60
----
----
----
18.5
1010
6010
20--
----
----
--
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l,P8
-64
and
LA5.
810
40--
--60
----
----
----
5%
in h
eavy
pet
role
um P
9-67
9.9
1070
10--
20--
----
----
-- 1
5.1
1080
20--
----
----
----
--M
S
7.0
10--
----
8010
--10
220
--
9.5
10--
----
100
----
----
----
14.
69
--22
--78
----
----
----
Acid
cop
per c
hrom
ate
P5-6
8LA
0.50
(0.2
5)10
----
----
3060
1010
100
8.5
1.00
(0.5
0)9
--11
--78
----
111
11--
1.49
(0.7
4)9
2010
--60
----
----
----
MS
0.51
(0.2
5)10
----
--30
60--
107
70--
1.01
(0.5
0)10
4020
----
40--
--4
40--
1.54
(0.7
6)9
56--
1111
22--
--2
22--
Amm
onia
cal c
oppe
r ars
enat
eP5
-68
LA0.
25 (0
.24)
10--
----
1070
--20
990
--0.
46 (0
.44)
10--
----
8020
----
220
--0.
67 (0
.63)
1010
1070
10--
--1
10--
MS
0.26
(0.2
5)10
--10
--60
20--
103
30--
0.48
(0.4
5)10
--60
--30
10--
--1
10--
0.70
(0.6
6)10
1030
--60
----
----
----
(Pag
e 1
of 2
)
Tabl
e 47
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
11
stan
dard
woo
d pr
eser
vativ
es a
fter a
bout
35
year
s of
ser
vice
.St
akes
pla
ced
in te
st in
Nov
embe
r 196
7 at
Lak
e C
harle
s, L
A, in
an
area
infe
sted
by
Form
osan
term
ites
and
on th
eH
arris
on E
xper
imen
tal F
ores
t, Sa
ucie
r, M
S (P
lot 6
7)--c
oncl
uded
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2002
(MS)
and
Jan
uary
198
4 (L
A) (
%)
Serv
icea
ble
but
Des
troye
d by
--sh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
Num
-D
ecay
fung
iAv
erag
ebe
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eAW
PAre
tent
ion
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
Stan
dard
Loca
tion
(lb/
ft3 )te
stb
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enat
eP5
-68
LA0.
40 (0
.23)
10--
----
7010
1010
330
-- t
ype
A0.
76 (0
.44)
1050
10--
40--
----
----
--1.
11 (0
.64)
1090
10--
----
----
----
--M
S0.
39 (0
.22)
10--
2010
3030
--10
440
--0.
76 (0
.44)
1050
--40
--10
----
110
--1.
14 (0
.66)
810
0--
----
----
----
----
Chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enat
eP5
-68
LA0.
25 (0
.23)
10--
----
8010
--10
220
-- t
ype
B0.
44 (0
.40)
1020
30--
50--
----
----
--0.
65 (0
.59)
1080
10--
10--
----
----
--M
S0.
25 (0
.23)
10--
20--
5030
----
330
--0.
42 (0
.38)
10--
20--
6010
10--
220
--0.
61 (0
.55)
1030
5020
----
----
----
--
Chr
omat
ed z
inc
chlo
ride
P5-6
8LA
0.76
(0.4
6)10
----
----
--80
2010
100
6.0
1.02
(0.6
2)10
----
----
1060
3010
100
7.2
1.50
(0.9
2)9
----
----
1167
229
100
8.3
MS
0.76
(0.4
6)10
----
----
30--
7010
100
13.8
1.02
(0.6
2)10
----
----
30--
7010
100
14.9
1.57
(0.9
6)10
----
----
70--
3010
100
17.8
Fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol
P5-6
8LA
0.35
(0.2
2)10
----
--10
5020
209
90--
typ
e A
0.50
(0.3
1)10
----
--20
1010
608
80--
1.11
(0.6
9)10
----
--30
70--
--7
70--
MS
0.36
(0.2
2)10
----
----
60--
4010
100
19.3
0.51
(0.3
1)10
----
--10
60--
309
90--
1.16
(0.7
2)10
----
--50
40--
105
50--
Fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol
P5-6
8LA
0.35
(0.2
1)10
----
--10
2010
609
90--
typ
e B
0.50
(0.3
0)10
----
--20
60--
208
80--
1.12
(0.6
8)10
1010
--50
30--
--3
30--
MS
0.35
(0.2
1)9
----
----
4411
449
100
19.2
0.51
(0.3
0)10
----
--20
70--
108
80--
1.19
(0.7
2)9
--11
--56
33--
--3
33--
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsLA
--10
----
----
1090
--10
100
2.3
MS
--10
----
----
3020
5010
100
2.3
a Ret
entio
n va
lues
in p
aren
thes
es a
re b
ased
on
pres
erva
tive
oxid
es.
b Ten
stak
es o
rigin
ally
inst
alle
d; e
limin
ated
sta
kes
rem
oved
for c
ause
s ot
her t
han
deca
y or
inse
ct a
ttack
.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y J.
Osc
ar B
lew
.(P
age
2 of
2)
Tabl
e 48
--Con
ditio
n of
Sou
ther
n Pi
ne s
take
s (2
by
4 in
. nom
inal
by
18 in
.) tre
ated
with
cop
per c
hrom
e ph
osph
orus
and
chr
omat
ed c
oppe
rar
sena
te ty
pe II
I pre
serv
ativ
es a
fter a
bout
29
and
20 y
ears
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Exp
erim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
Dec
embe
r 197
1, a
nd M
adis
on, W
I, M
ay 1
972
(Plo
t 68)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Janu
ary
2000
(MS)
and
Oct
ober
199
2 (W
I) (%
)Se
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
show
ing
som
e--
Dec
ayN
um-
Dec
ayfu
ngi
Aver
age
ber
and
and
Aver
age
rete
ntio
nin
Term
itete
rmite
Dec
ayTe
rmite
term
iteTo
tal r
emov
edlif
e
Pres
erva
tive
Loca
tion
(lb/
ft3 )te
stc
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Cop
per c
hrom
e ph
osph
orus
MS
0.26
a10
----
--40
60--
--6
60--
WI
0.27
a 9
--33
----
67--
--6
67--
MS
0.46
a10
1010
1020
50--
--5
50--
MS
0.75
a10
5010
20--
20--
--2
20--
WI
0.74
a10
7030
----
----
----
----
MS
1.50
a10
50--
--30
20--
--2
20--
Chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enat
e ty
pe II
IM
S0.
20b
1010
----
90--
----
----
--
(Fed
. Spe
c. T
T-W
-550
)W
I0.
20b
1020
80--
----
----
----
--
MS
0.40
b10
8010
10--
----
----
----
WI
0.40
b10
100
----
----
----
----
--
MS
0.60
b10
9010
----
----
----
----
WI
0.60
b10
9010
----
----
----
----
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
lsM
S--
10--
----
--10
--90
1010
02.
9W
I--
9--
----
--10
0--
--9
100
7.4
a Ret
entio
n ba
sed
on O
smos
e C
ompa
ny's
ana
lysi
s of
pre
serv
ativ
e ox
ides
.
b Ret
entio
n ba
sed
on p
rese
rvat
ive
oxid
es.
c Ten
stak
es o
rigin
ally
inst
alle
d; e
limin
ated
sta
kes
rem
oved
for c
ause
s ot
her t
han
deca
y or
inse
ct a
ttack
.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y L.
R. G
jovi
k.
Tabl
e 49
--Con
ditio
n of
asp
en p
artic
lebo
arda s
take
s (3
/4 b
y 4
by 1
8 in
.) tre
ated
with
chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enat
e ty
pe II
I, flu
or c
hrom
e ar
sena
te p
heno
l
type
A, a
nd p
enta
chlo
roph
enol
in e
than
ol o
r min
eral
spi
rits
afte
r abo
ut 2
5-1/
2 ye
ars
of s
ervi
ce.
Stak
es p
lace
d in
test
on
the
Har
rison
Ex
perim
enta
l For
est,
Sauc
ier,
MS,
May
197
3 (P
lot 7
0)
Con
ditio
n of
sta
kes
Febr
uary
199
8 (%
)Av
erag
eSe
rvic
eabl
e bu
t D
estro
yed
by--
rete
ntio
nsh
owin
g so
me-
-D
ecay
base
d on
Num
-D
ecay
fung
ipr
eser
vativ
e be
ran
dan
dAv
erag
eox
ides
inTe
rmite
term
iteD
ecay
Term
itete
rmite
Tota
l rem
oved
life
Pres
erva
tive
(lb/
ft3 )te
stb
Goo
dD
ecay
atta
ckat
tack
fung
iat
tack
atta
ckN
umbe
r%
(yea
r)
Flak
es tr
eate
d be
fore
fabr
icat
ion
into
par
ticle
boar
dc
Chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enta
te ty
pe II
I0.
25 9
--22
--11
67--
--6
67--
(Fe
d. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
50)
0.40
10--
10--
3060
----
660
--0.
8010
1080
----
10--
--1
10--
Fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol t
ype
A0.
2510
----
----
90--
1010
100
6.0
(Fe
d. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
35)
0.50
10--
----
--90
--10
1010
08.
8
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l (Fe
d. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
70)
0.25
10--
----
--40
--60
1010
05.
5 i
n et
hano
l 0.
4010
----
----
50--
5010
100
7.5
0.80
10--
----
1050
--40
990
--
Pres
sure
-trea
ted
parti
cleb
oard
Chr
omat
ed c
oppe
r ars
enta
te ty
pe II
I0.
26 8
----
--10
0--
--8
100
19.7
(Fe
d. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
50)
0.41
9--
11--
6722
----
222
--0.
8410
6030
10--
----
----
----
Fluo
r chr
ome
arse
nate
phe
nol t
ype
A0.
2610
----
----
70--
3010
100
7.5
(Fe
d. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
35)
0.54
9--
----
--10
0--
--9
100
11.3
Pent
achl
orop
heno
l (Fe
d. S
pec.
TT-
W-5
70)
0.22
10--
----
--70
--30
1010
05.
55%
in m
iner
al s
pirit
s an
d 4%
pin
e oi
l0.
4010
----
----
80--
2010
100
8.5
0.82
10--
----
3050
--20
770
--
Unt
reat
ed c
ontro
ls--
10--
----
--10
1080
1010
02.
4
a Den
sity
40
lb/ft
3 .b Te
n st
akes
orig
inal
ly in
stal
led;
elim
inat
ed s
take
s re
mov
ed fo
r cau
ses
othe
r tha
n de
cay
or in
sect
atta
ck.
c Flak
es s
pray
ed w
ith p
rede
term
ined
am
ount
of p
rese
rvat
ive
solu
tion
whi
le b
eing
tum
bled
in s
cree
n.
This
stu
dy w
as in
itiat
ed b
y L.
R. G
jovi
k.
Table 50--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with propylene oxide, butylene oxide, andepichlorohydrin/propylene oxide combinations after 17 and 21 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, October 31, 1974, and September 1978 (Plot 71)
Condition of stakes August 1995 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--
Average showing some-- Decayloading-- Num- Decay fungiWeight ber and and Averageadd-on in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Nontoxic preservatives (%) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Propylene oxide 15-27 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 2 100 2.229-33 3 -- -- -- -- 33 -- 67 3 100 6.2
Butylene oxide 17-22 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 2 100 4.737-40 3 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 3 100 12.231a 15 -- 7 -- 53 33 -- -- 5 33 --
Epichlorohydrin, 1 part; 10 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 1 100 9.2 propylene oxide, 2 parts 26 1 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 1 100 5.2
Controls -- 16 -- -- -- -- 56 -- 44 16 100 3.0
aFifteen butylene-oxide-treated stakes installed in Mississippi, September 1978.
Data presented in this table are part of a larger study under the guidance of R. M. Rowell.
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)
Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Southern Pinea,b nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised
Chromated copper MS 0.23 10 20 60 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.14 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type III MS 0.28 10 70 10 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 0.19 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.48 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.29 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
None MS -- 10 -- -- -- 10 20 10 60 9 90 --WI -- 10 -- 50 -- -- 50 -- -- 5 50 --
Southern Pinea,b nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. incised
Chromated copper MS 0.27 10 70 10 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.19 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type III MS 0.47 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 3.30 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.62 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.37 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Southern Pinea 3/4- by 3-1/2 by 18-in. plywood
Chromated copper MS 0.39 10 20 30 -- 20 30 -- -- 3 30 -- arsenate WI 0.38 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type IIIc MS 0.80 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 0.78 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.22 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.17 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
None MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 2.8WI -- 9d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 5.8
Chromated copper MS 0.36f 9d 11 44 11 22 11 -- -- 1 11 --
arsenate WI 0.36f 9d 22 78 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type IIIe MS 0.75f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 0.75f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.16f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 1.16f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper MS 0.36f 9d 33 56 -- 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.36f 9d 67 33 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type IIIg MS 0.75f 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 0.75f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.16f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.16f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
(Page 1 of 6)
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)--continued
Serviceable but Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Southern Pinea,b nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.11 10 -- 10 -- -- 20 10 60 9 90 -- arsenate WI 0.07 10 10 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 0.30 10 -- 70 -- 10 10 10 -- 2 20 --WI 0.16 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.42 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.26 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Southern Pinea,b nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. incised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.14 10 -- 40 -- 10 50 -- -- 5 50 -- arsenate WI 0.07 10 20 70 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --
MS 0.30 9d 56 33 -- 11 -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.15 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.65 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.39 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Southern Pinea 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.39 10 -- 40 -- -- 60 -- -- 6 60 -- arsenatec WI 0.38 10 10 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 0.81 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.79 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.19 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.15 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.38f 10 -- 20 -- 10 70 -- -- 7 70 -- arsenatec WI 0.38f 9d -- 89 -- -- 11 -- -- 1 11 --
MS 0.77f 10 30 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.77f 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.08f 10 30 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.08f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.38f 10 -- 10 -- 10 70 -- 10 8 80 -- arsenatec WI 0.38f 9d 11 89 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 0.77f 10 20 70 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --WI 0.77f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.08f 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.08f 9d 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
(Page 2 of 6)
Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)
showing some--Destroyed by--
Total removed
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)--continued
DecayNum- Decay fungi
Average ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Douglas-fir nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised
Chromated copper MS 0.66 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.55 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type III MS 1.24 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 0.82 9d 89 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.62 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.11 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
None MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 4WI -- 10 -- 20 -- -- 80 -- -- 8 80 --
Chromated copper MS 0.66 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.56 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type III MS 1.28 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 0.96 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.88 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.28 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Douglas-fir 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood
Chromated copper MS 0.62 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.62 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type IIIc MS 1.25 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 1.22 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.88 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.83 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
None MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 20 60 10 100 3WI -- 8d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 8 100 6
Chromated copper MS 0.60f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
arsenate WI 0.60f 8d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
type IIIe MS 1.21f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 1.21f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 1.82f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 1.82f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper MS 0.60f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
arsenate WI 0.60 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
type IIIg MS 1.21f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 1.21f 8d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 1.82f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 1.82f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
(Page 3 of 6)
Total removed
Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)Serviceable but showing some--
Destroyed by--
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)--continued
DecayNum- Decay fungi
Average ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Douglas-fir nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.61 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 1.42 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.29 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 2.14 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.95 9d 78 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Douglas-fir 2- by 4-in. nominal by 18-in. incised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.62 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 1.41 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.26 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 2.17 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 2.00 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Douglas-fir 3/4- by 3-1/2- by 18-in. plywood
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.63 10 60 30 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenatec WI 0.62 10 40 60 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 1.30 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.27 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.97 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.93 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.64f 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenatee WI 0.64f 9d 33 67 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 1.30f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.30f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.97f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.97f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.64f 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenateg WI 0.64f 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 1.30f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.30f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.97f 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.97f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
(Page 4 of 6)
Total removed
Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)
showing some--Serviceable but Destroyed by--
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)--continued
Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Engelmann spruce nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised
Chromated copper MS 0.31 10 80 -- -- 10 -- -- 10 1 10 -- arsenate WI 0.21 8d 88 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type III MS 0.50 10 50 10 10 10 10 10 -- 2 20 --
WI 0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.65 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.48 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
None MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 3.3WI -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 7.5
Engelmann spruce nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. incised
Chromated copper MS 0.41 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.28 9d
78 22 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type III MS 0.66 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 0.56 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.02 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.86 10 90 -- -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --
Engelmann spruce 3/4- by 3-1/2-in. by 18-in. plywood
Chromated copper MS 0.71 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.70 9d 89 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type IIIc MS 1.38 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 1.34 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 2.03 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.82 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
None MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 2.6WI -- 8d -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 8 100 3.1
Chromated copper MS 0.67f 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.67f 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type IIIe MS 1.25f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 1.26f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.76f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.76f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper MS 0.67f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.67f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- type IIIg MS 1.25f 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
WI 1.25f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.76f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.76f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
(Page 5 of 6)
Table 51--Condition of Southern Pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce heartwood stakes treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after approximately 26 years of service. Stakes placed in test at Madison, WI, May 1976, and on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 72)--concluded
Condition of stakes January 2000 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative Location (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Engelmann spruce nominal 2- by 4-in. by 18-in. unincised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.26 9d11 89 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
arsenate WI 0.20 10 30 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.63 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.50 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.03 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.75 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Engelmann spruce nominal 2- by 4-in.by 18-in. incised
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.42 10 40 60 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate WI 0.30 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 0.97 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 0.81 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 1.41 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.16 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Engelmann spruce 3/4- by 3-1/2-in. by 18-in. plywood
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.70 10 20 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenatec WI 0.68 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 1.42 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.35 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 2.14 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 2.08 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.65f 10 10 90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenatee WI 0.65f 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 1.29f 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.29f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 2.02f 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 2.02f 8d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ammoniacal copper MS 0.65f 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenateg WI 0.65f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MS 1.29f 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 1.29f 8d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 2.02f 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --WI 2.02f 9d 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
aSome Southern Pine contained a small amount of sapwood, and the Southern Pine plywood was mixed heartwood and sap.bResin content of Southern Pine ranged from 0.87% to 27.4%.cTreated as 3/4- by 3-1/2 by 18-in. stakes.dTen stakes originally installed; eliminations were for causes other than decay or insect attack.eStakes cut from treated 2- by 4-ft panel.fRetention by weight of panels from which stakes were cut.
in which the panels were treated.This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
(Page 6 of 6)
gStakes cut from treated 2- by 4-ft panel; all cut surfaces given a liberal brush coat of a 4.5% solution of the preservative
DecayNum- Decay fungi
Average ber and and Averageretentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Ammoniacal copper 1.33 20 85 10 -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- borate 0.66 20 50 25 -- -- 25 -- -- 5 25 --
0.45 20 25 60 -- 15 -- -- -- -- -- --0.33 20 20 40 -- 10 30 -- -- 6 30 --0.22 20 5 25 -- -- 70 -- -- 14 70 --0.17 20 -- 25 -- -- 70 -- 5 15 75 --
Ammoniacal copper 1.35 20 55 45 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- arsenate 0.66 20 35 65 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
0.46 20 25 75 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --0.33 20 -- 75 -- 20 5 -- -- 1 5 --0.23 20 -- 50 -- 20 25 -- 5 6 30 --0.17 20 -- -- -- 5 50 -- 45 19 95 --
Untreated controls -- 20 -- -- -- -- 5 20 75 20 100 2.6aRetention based on preservative oxides.
This study was initiated by B.R. Johnson.
Table 52--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with ammoniacal copper borate and ammoniacal copper asrsenate after approximately 25 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the
showing some--
Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1975 (Plot 73)
Condition of stakes June 2002 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--
Table 53--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with fire-retardant chemicals after about 17-1/2 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,
Condition of stakes December 1993 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
UDFP fire 2.8 9 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 9 100 4.8 retardanta 6.0 10 -- -- -- -- -- 90 10 10 100 9.7
9.5 10 -- -- -- -- 30 40 30 10 100 15.4
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 2.5
aReported to contain urea, dicyandiamide, formaldehyde, and phosphoric acid.
This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Saucier, MS, May 1976 (Plot 74)
Table 54--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in light cycle oil and copper-8-quinolinolate after 17 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1976 (Plot 75)
Condition of stakes December 1993 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Stakes 2 by 4 by 18 in.Pentachlorophenol 0.48 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --
Copper-8-quinolinolatea 1.12 10 -- -- -- 60 10 -- 30 4 40 --Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 2.5
Stakes 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.
Pentachlorophenol 0.21 8 -- -- -- -- 25 -- 75 8 100 13.20.31 10 -- -- -- 30 40 10 20 7 70 --0.38 10 -- -- -- 30 30 -- 10 4 40 --0.47 10 -- -- -- 70 20 -- 10 3 30 --0.67 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --
Copper-8-quinolinolatea 0.34 9 -- -- -- -- 11 44 44 9 100 3.30.38 10 -- -- -- -- 30 30 40 10 100 3.80.50 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 4.60.94 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 6.21.16 7 -- -- -- -- 43 -- 5 7 100 8.01.30 9 -- -- -- -- 44 11 44 9 100 7.31.84 8 -- -- -- -- 25 -- 75 8 100 8.6
Untreated controls -- 8 -- -- -- -- 38 12 50 8 100 2.3
aWater-soluble form containing 1.07% copper metal (PQ-8).bTen stakes originally installed; eliminations were for mechanical damage or causes other than decay or insect attack.This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Table 55--Condition of Southern Pine and Douglas-fir Comply stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with chromated copper arsenate and ammoniacal copper arsenate after about 20 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1978 (Plot 78)
Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)Average Serviceable but retention showing some-- Decaybased on Num- Decay fungi
preservative ber and and Averageoxides in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Southern Pine
Chromated copper arsentate type III 0.25 10 10 80 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --0.40 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --0.77 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 2.5
Douglas-fir
Chromated copper arsentate type III 0.26 10 -- 90 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --0.60 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ammoniacal copper arsenate 0.25 10 -- 30 -- 10 60 -- -- 6 60 --0.39 10 -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --0.62 9 30 60 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 3.5
aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.
This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Destroyed by--
Table 56--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (3/4 by 3/4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with butylene oxide after 10 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1979 (Plot 79)
Condition of stakes December 1989 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--
Average showing some-- Decayloading-- Num- Decay fungiWeight ber and and Averageadd-on in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (%) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Butylene oxide 33.2 20 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 20 100 3.5
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 1.9
Data presented in this table are part of a larger study under the guidance of R. M. Rowell.
Table 57--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.) treated with chromated copper arsenate type Cusing conventional full-cell (FC) process and Mississippi State University (MSU process--empty cell) after about 22 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, April 1980 (Plot 80)
Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Chromated copper arsenate type C 2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes
Full cell 0.14 10 10 20 -- 70 -- -- -- -- -- --0.27 10 50 40 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --0.40 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --0.62 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --0.79 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. stakes
0.14 9 -- -- 10 40 20 20 -- 4 44 --0.27 10 10 30 -- 50 10 -- -- 1 10 --0.40 9 55 22 11 11 -- -- -- -- -- --0.61 10 70 10 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- --0.80 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes
Empty cell 0.15b 10 10 10 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --0.26 10 10 80 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --0.33 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --0.59 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --0.78 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. stakes
0.14c 10 -- 10 -- -- 30 10 50 9 90 --0.27 10 -- -- -- 10 40 30 20 9 70 --0.40 10 -- 20 10 50 20 -- -- 2 20 --0.61 10 10 70 -- 10 10 -- -- 1 10 --0.80 9 55 33 -- -- -- -- 11 1 11 --
2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 2.3
3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. stakes
-- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 1.9aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.bThe retentions are based on chemical analysis after treatment.cThe retentions are estimates based on the full-cell treatments.
This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)
diluted with mineral spirits and water-dispersible pentachlorophenol after 20 years of service. Stakes placed in
Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termitetermite DecayTermitetermite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Water-dispersible 0.10 10 -- -- -- 10 -- -- 90 9 90 -- pentachlorophenol 0.18 9 -- -- -- -- 33 -- 67 9 100 11.9
0.35 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --0.37 10 -- -- -- 70 -- -- 30 3 30 --0.74b 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --
Penta P9 in mineral 0.09 10 -- -- -- 10 -- 10 80 9 90 -- spirits 0.18 10 -- -- -- 80 -- -- 20 2 20 --
0.33 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --0.78 10 20 40 10 30 -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 2.1
aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.
bConcentrate diluted in tap water. At all other retentions of water-dispersible pentachlorophenol, concentrate was diluted in a 50/50 dionized tap-water solution.
This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)
test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, June 1980 (Plot 81)
Table 58--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in P9 oil
chromated copper fluoride (CFK) after approximately 20 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, June 1980 (Plot 82)
Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretentiona in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testb Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes
Chromated copper 0.28 10 10 -- -- 50 10 -- 30 4 40 -- fluoride (CFK) 0.58 9 -- 22 22 56 -- -- -- -- -- --
1.22 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1.57 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 1.9
2.5- by 5.0- by 50-cm stakes
Chromated copper 0.30 10 -- -- -- 30 30 -- 40 7 70 -- fluoride (CFK) 0.62 10 20 30 -- 40 10 -- -- 1 10 --
1.26 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --1.69 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 1.6
aRetention based on preservative oxides.bTen stakes were originally installed at each test station; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.
Table 59--Condition of Southern Pine stakes ( 2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in. and 2.5 by 5.0 cm by 50 cm) treated with
Table 60--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with water-dispersible pentachlorophenolafter 19 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,
Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Water-dispersible 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 40 10 50 10 100 11.9 pentachlorophenol 0.18 10 -- -- -- 20 10 -- 70 8 80 --
0.43 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --0.84 10 10 10 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --1.75 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 20 50 10 100 2.4
Saucier, MS, May 1981 (Plot 83)
Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Active Num- Decay fungiAverage ingre- ber and and Averageretention dient in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Didecyl dimethyl ammonium 0.19 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 4.8chloride, 50.0% 0.41 0.21 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 9.8
0.60 0.30 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 14.90.78 0.39 10 -- -- -- 50 -- -- 50 5 50 --
Coco dimethyl benzyl ammonium 0.45 0.06 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 4.3 chlorides, 9.8% + 3.8% 0.81 0.11 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 8.8copper as the metal 1.19 0.16 9 -- -- -- 11 77 -- 11 8 89 --
1.62 0.22 9 -- 11 -- 33 44 -- 11 4 44 --
Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 0.40 0.11 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 7.5 20%, + 6.3% copper as the metal 0.81 0.21 10 -- -- -- 40 50 -- 10 6 60 --
1.21 0.32 10 -- 10 -- 60 30 -- -- 3 30 --1.60 0.42 8 -- 25 -- 75 -- -- -- -- -- --
Dimethyl cocoamine 2-ethyl hexoate, 0.30 0.08 10 -- -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 3.220%; copper 2-ethyl hexoate, 21.0% 0.61 0.16 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 6.3(3.8% metallic copper) 0.90 0.24 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 10.1
1.20 0.32 10 -- -- -- 10 60 -- 30 9 90 --Copper 2-ethyl hexoate, 35.0% 0.40 0.17 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 5.5
(6.3 metallic copper) 0.80 0.33 10 -- -- -- 20 80 -- -- 8 80 --1.20 0.50 10 -- -- -- 10 80 -- 10 9 90 --1.61 0.66 10 -- -- -- 10 70 -- 10 8 80 --
Pentachlorophenol, 21.9%, and 0.82 0.20 10 -- -- -- 20 20 -- 60 8 80 --2.4% other chlorophenols 1.66 0.40 8 -- -- -- 87 -- -- 10 1 13 --
3.23 0.78 10 -- 50 -- 50 -- -- -- -- -- --4.12 1.00 10 -- 50 -- 50 -- -- -- -- -- --
Pentachlorophenol, 27.6%, and 0.65 0.20 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 --3.1% other chlorophenols 1.30 0.40 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- --
2.60 0.80 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --3.27 1.00 10 -- 60 -- 40 -- -- -- -- -- --
Tri-n-butyl tin oxide, 9.5%, dimethyl 0.40 0.20 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 4.8benzyl ammonium chloride, 20%, 0.81 0.40 10 -- -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 10.1and dimethyl ethyl benzyl ammonium 1.21 0.60 9 -- -- -- 33 22 -- 44 6 67 --chloride, 20% 1.63 0.81 9 -- 11 -- 78 11 -- -- 1 11 --
Diluted in toluene
Copper-8-quinolinolate, 0.675% 1.50 0.01 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 5.9 (0.12% metallic copper) 2.96 0.02 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 12.1
8.75 0.06 10 -- 30 -- 70 -- -- -- -- -- --17.50 0.12 8 37 25 10 37 -- -- -- -- -- --
Pentachlorophenol, 6.3%, and 2.86 0.20 10 -- -- -- 60 10 -- 30 4 40 -- other chlorophenols, 0.7%, 5.73 0.40 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- in No. 2 diesel fuel 11.44 0.80 10 30 40 10 20 -- -- -- -- -- --
14.29 1.00 10 60 20 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- 25 -- 75 20 100 2.4 aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.This study was initiated by R.C. DeGroot.
Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)
Table 61--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with eight water-based formulations of wood preservatives and with Cu-8-quinolinolate and pentachlorophenol in toluene after about 21 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1981 (Plot 84)
Table 62--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA) after 21 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,
Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 16.0 zinc arsenate 0.25 10 -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
0.40 10 20 60 10 -- -- -- 10 1 10 --0.60 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1.22 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 2.0
This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Saucier, MS, December 1981 (Plot 85)
Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiPenta- ber and and Average
Solu- chloro- Creo- in Termitetermite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative tion phenol sote test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Emulsified pentachlorophenol- creosote
Pentachlorophenol 17.90% 0.50 0.10 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 6.0
Other chlorophenols 2.10% 1.02 0.20 0.20 10 -- -- -- 50 10 -- 40 5 50 --P-1 creosote 20.0% 2.00 0.40 0.40 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
2.98 0.60 0.60 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --4.00 0.80 0.80 10 10 10 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --
Pentachlorophenol 21.76% 0.40 0.10 0.04 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 6.9Other chlorophenols 2.56% 0.84 0.21 0.08 10 -- -- -- 80 20 -- -- 2 20 --P-1 creosote 20.0% 1.65 0.41 0.16 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
2.49 0.62 0.25 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --3.29 0.82 0.33 10 -- 10 -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- 20 10 70 10 100 2.0
This study was initiated by by R.C. DeGroot.
Table 63--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with water-based emulsions of pentachlorophenol and creosote after 14-1/2 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1982 (Plot 86)
Average retention (lb/ft3)
Table 64--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol emulsion and pentachlorophenol in P9 type A oil diluted with mineral spirits after 14-1/2 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1982 (Plot 87)
Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Emulsified 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 7.7 pentachlorophenol 0.20 10 -- -- -- 80 -- -- 20 2 20 --
0.40 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --0.60 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --0.80 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
Pentachlorophenol 0.10 10 -- -- -- 70 10 -- 20 3 30 -- in P9 oil and 0.20 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- mineral spirits
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 1.6
This study was initiated by R. C. DeGroot.
Table 65--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol, tetrachlorophenol, and tetrachlorophenol plus copper oxide in water and ammonia after 14-1/2 years of service.Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1982 (Plot 88)
Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Pentachlorophenol in 0.13 10 -- -- -- -- -- 20 80 10 100 4.2 water and ammonia 0.26 10 -- -- -- -- 60 10 30 10 100 7.6
0.40 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 9.70.62 10 -- -- -- 90 10 -- -- 1 10 --1.03 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --1.49 10 -- 20 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --
Tetrachlorophenol and 0.12 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 5.7 copper oxide in water 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 9.6 and ammonia 0.41 10 -- 10 -- 50 20 -- -- 2 20 --
0.62 10 40 20 30 10 -- -- -- -- -- --0.98 10 80 -- -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --
Tetrachlorophenol 0.25 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 6.90.40 10 -- -- -- 10 20 -- 70 9 90 --0.60 10 -- -- -- 30 10 -- 60 7 70 --1.02 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --1.52 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 10 40 10 100 2.3
This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Table 66--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with 2% sulfur in creosote after
Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Coal-tar creosote with 2.01 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 9.5 5% sulfur in toluene 3.19 8 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
4.43 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --6.28 9 -- -- 33 67 -- -- -- -- -- --9.20 10 40 10 -- 50 -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 2.8
This study was initiated by L.R. Gjovik.
14-1/2 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1982 (Plot 89)
Table 67--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with phenol-formaldehyde resin after about 17 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest,
Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Phenol-formaldehyde 1.00 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 3.2 resin 1.90 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 3.2
3.01 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 5.06.15 10 -- -- -- 10 40 10 40 9 90 --
10.22 9 -- -- -- 22 56 -- 22 7 78 --
Phenol-formaldehyde resin 0.08 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 2.5 and pentachlorophenol 0.14 10 -- -- -- -- 50 10 40 10 100 3.7
0.30 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 4.80.49 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 7.40.79 10 -- -- -- 10 20 -- 60 8 80 --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 3.4
aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.
This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)
Saucier, MS, December 1982 (Plot 90)
pentachlorophenol-creosote emulsion, ammonium pentachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol in P9 oil after 12 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1983 (Plots 92 and 93)
Condition of stakes August 1995 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
2- by 4- by 18-in. stakes
Pentachlorophenol 0.14 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 7.0 emulsion 0.20 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
0.28 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --0.40 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --0.56 10 10 -- -- 90 -- -- -- -- -- --0.81 10 10 10 -- 80 -- -- -- -- -- --
Pentachlorophenol-creosote 0.14 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 6.5 emulsion diluted with 0.20 10 -- -- -- 10 10 -- 80 9 90 -- 3% ammonia 0.28 10 -- -- -- 70 -- -- 30 3 30 --
0.40 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --0.55 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --0.85 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
Ammonium 0.16 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 6.6 pentachlorophenol 0.20 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 6.1
0.27 10 -- -- -- 10 30 -- 60 9 90 --0.38 10 -- -- -- 90 -- -- 10 1 10 --0.55 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --0.77 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
Pentachlorophenol in P9 0.14 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- oil and toluene 0.20 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --
0.28 10 -- -- -- 100 -- -- -- -- -- --0.40 10 30 10 10 50 -- -- -- -- -- --0.56 10 60 10 10 20 -- -- -- -- -- --0.80 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Toluene only 30.70 10 -- -- -- -- 10 10 80 10 100 2.7
Mineral spirits only 26.00 10 -- -- -- -- 10 20 70 10 100 3.3
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- 10 90 10 100 1.7
(Page 1 of 2)
Table 68--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol emulsion,
Condition of stakes August 1995 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
3/4- by 3/4- by 18-in. stakes
Pentachlorophenol 0.14 25 -- -- -- -- 24 -- 76 25 100 3.4 emulsion 0.21 25 -- -- -- 4 52 -- 44 24 96 --
0.28 25 -- -- -- -- 40 4 56 25 100 6.60.40 25 -- -- -- 28 16 4 52 18 72 --0.56 24 -- -- -- 72 8 -- 16 6 25 --0.81 25 -- -- -- 92 8 -- -- 2 8 --
Pentachlorophenol-creosote 0.14 25 -- -- -- -- 24 -- 76 25 100 2.7 emulsion diluted with 0.21 25 -- -- -- -- 36 -- 64 25 100 3.5 3% ammonia 0.30 25 -- -- -- -- 40 4 56 25 100 5.1
0.46 25 -- -- -- 4 32 -- 64 24 96 --0.58 24 -- -- -- 47 33 -- 21 13 54 --0.87 23 -- -- -- 96 -- 4 -- 1 4 --
Ammonium 0.16 24 -- -- -- -- 4 8 88 24 100 2.7 pentachlorophenol 0.22 24 -- -- -- -- 21 4 75 24 100 3.5
0.28 25 -- -- -- -- 48 4 48 25 100 4.30.42 25 -- -- -- 4 32 8 56 24 96 --0.63 25 -- -- -- 40 28 -- 32 15 60 --0.89 23 -- -- 4 83 4 -- 9 3 13 --
Pentachlorophenol in P9 0.16 24 -- -- -- 8 32 -- 60 22 92 -- oil and toluene 0.20 25 -- -- -- 36 20 8 36 16 64 --
0.27 25 -- -- -- 84 4 -- 12 4 16 --0.40 24 -- -- 4 88 8 -- -- 2 8 --0.56 25 20 4 8 60 8 -- -- 2 8 --0.80 25 40 20 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 25 -- -- -- -- 32 8 60 25 100 1.1
This study was initiated by by R.C. DeGroot.(Page 2 of 2)
service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1983 (Plots 92 and 93)--concluded
Table 68--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol emulsion, pentachlorophenol-creosote emulsion, ammonium pentachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol in P9 oil after 12 years of
Table 69--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol in P9 oil and toluene,tetrachlorophenol in P9 oil and toluene, and P9 oil and toluene after about 16 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1984 (Plot 94)
Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Pentachlorophenol in P9 oil 0.10 10 -- 20 -- 10 30 -- 40 7 70 -- and toluene 0.24 10 -- 30 -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- --
0.40 10 40 60 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --0.60 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1.24 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Tetrachlorophenol and P9 oil 0.10 10 -- -- -- 10 30 -- 60 9 90 -- and toluene 0.25 10 -- 40 -- 50 10 -- -- 1 10 --
0.40 10 -- 40 -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- --0.60 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1.25 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
P9 oil and toluene 1.34 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 8.43.50 10 -- 20 -- 30 30 -- 20 5 50 --5.83 10 -- 20 -- 50 30 -- -- 3 30 --8.70 10 50 30 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- --
18.03 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 40 50 10 100 1.6
This study was initiated by L. R. Gjovik.
Table 70--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with creosote coal-tar, coal-tarcreosote and 2% sulfur, coal-tar creosote and phentachlorophenol with inhibitor, after about 18 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1984 (Plot 95)
Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Creosote coal-tar 1.69 10 -- -- -- 10 50 -- 40 9 90 --3.31 8 -- -- -- 13 87 -- -- 7 87 --4.93 9 -- -- -- 33 67 -- -- 6 67 --6.59 10 -- 20 -- 60 20 -- -- 2 20 --
Coal-tar creosote 2.23 10 -- -- -- 10 70 -- 20 9 90 -- plus 2% sulfur 3.48 10 -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 13.6
4.93 9 -- -- -- 11 89 -- -- 8 89 --6.58 10 -- -- -- 10 80 -- 10 9 90 --
Coal-tar creosote 2.11 9 -- -- -- 44 -- 56 9 100 13.1 and pentachlorophenol 3.57 9 -- -- -- 44 56 -- -- 5 56 -- with inhibitor 4.70 10 -- 10 -- 80 10 -- -- 1 10 --
6.83 10 -- 10 -- 70 20 -- -- 2 20 --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 1.9
aTen stakes originally installed; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes
This study was initiated by L.R. Gjovik.
at the time of inspection.
Condition of stakes January 1996 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Penta amine 0.14 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 2.3 in water 0.21 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 10 100 3.4
0.28 10 -- -- -- -- 20 -- 80 10 100 4.20.39 10 -- -- -- 10 50 -- 40 9 90 --0.57 9 -- -- -- -- 33 -- 67 9 100 5.40.80 10 -- -- -- -- 50 10 40 10 100 7.0
Pentachlorophenol 0.14 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 7.4 in P9 oil and toluene 0.21 10 -- -- -- 30 10 10 50 7 70 --
0.28 10 -- -- -- 70 10 -- 20 3 30 --0.44 10 -- -- -- 90 10 -- -- 1 10 --0.55 10 -- 10 50 40 -- -- -- -- -- --0.80 10 30 10 -- 50 10 -- -- 1 10 --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 20 30 10 100 1.1
Table 71--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (3/4 by 3/4 by 18 in.) treated with penta amine in water and pentachlorophenol in P9 oil and toluene after approximately 12 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, December 1984 (Plot 96)
This study was initiated by R.C. DeGroot.
by 18 in.) incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 17 years.Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1985 and near Portland, ME, August 1985 (Plot 97)
Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and January 2002 (MS) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
Loca- retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative tion (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
White pine--unincised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.32 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.26 10 -- 40 -- 10 40 -- 10 5 50 --ME 0.38 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.42 9 33 56 -- 11 -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.71 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.72 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.30 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.31 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.46 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.44 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.66 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.65 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
White pine--incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.32 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.26 10 70 20 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --ME 0.44 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.42 10 80 10 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --ME 0.80 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.73 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.32 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.33 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.47 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.52 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.72 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.74 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls ME -- 10 10 50 -- -- 40 -- -- 4 40 --MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 2.4
Red pine--unincised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.29 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.29 10 -- 30 -- 10 40 -- 20 6 60 --ME 0.38 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.30 10 40 50 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --ME 0.67 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.44 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Table 72--Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal
(Page 1 of 5)
Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and January 2002 (MS) (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
Loca- retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative tion (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Red pine--unincised--con.
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.18 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.23 10 60 30 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.33 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.32 9 78 11 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.70 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.46 10 90 -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --
Red pine--incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.26 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.31 10 30 50 -- -- 20 -- -- 2 20 --ME 0.45 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.40 10 90 -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.53 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.64 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.23 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.25 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.45 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.78 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.55 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls ME -- 10 -- 80 -- -- 20 -- -- 2 20 --MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 3.7
Eastern spruce--unincised--con.
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.13 10 30 70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.16 10 -- -- -- 10 30 -- 60 9 90 --ME 0.21 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.25 10 -- 10 -- -- 40 20 30 9 90 --ME 0.26 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.39 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
by 18 in.) incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 17 years.Table 72--Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal
(Page 2 of 5)
Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1985 and near Portland, ME, August 1985 (Plot 97)--continued
Table 72--Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 17 years.
Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
Loca- retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative tion (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Eastern spruce--unincised--con.
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.10 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.14 10 -- 10 -- 60 20 -- 10 3 30 --ME 0.13 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.20 10 70 10 10 -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --ME 0.53 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.71 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Eastern spruce--incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.20 10 20 80 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.24 10 10 70 -- 10 10 -- -- 1 10 --ME 0.28 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.28 10 50 20 -- 10 20 -- -- 2 20 --ME 0.39 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.48 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.20 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.25 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.28 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.35 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.54 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.78 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls ME -- 10 -- 40 -- -- 60 -- -- 6 60 --MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 40 30 30 10 100 2.2
Balsam fir--unincised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.20 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.26 10 -- 30 -- -- 30 -- 40 7 70 --ME 0.25 10 70 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.32 10 30 50 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.42 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.59 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.19 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.59 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and January 2002 (MS) (%)
(Page 3 of 5)
Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1985 and near Portland, ME, August 1985 (Plot 97)--continued
Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
Loca- retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative tion (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Balsam fir--incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.31 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.29 10 60 30 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --ME 0.35 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.47 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.73 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.29 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.53 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.73 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls ME -- 10 -- 60 -- -- 40 -- -- 4 40 --MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 3.8
Eastern hemlock--unincised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.22 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.20 10 50 40 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.38 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.32 10 10 60 -- -- 30 -- -- 3 30 --ME 0.36 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.37 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.20 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.30 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.41 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Eastern hemlock--incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.28 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.34 10 60 30 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --ME 0.41 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.38 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.56 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.68 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.25 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.38 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.57 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and January 2002 (MS) (%)
by 18 in.) incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 17 years.Table 72--Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal
(Page 4 of 5)
Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1985 and near Portland, ME, August 1985 (Plot 97)--continued
Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Average
Loca- retention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed lifePreservative tion (lb/ft3) test Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Eastern hemlock--incised--con.
Untreated controls ME -- 10 10 40 -- -- 50 -- -- 5 50 --MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 3.7
Eastern larch--unincised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.15 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.18 10 -- 10 -- 50 20 -- 20 4 40 --ME 0.23 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.20 10 30 20 -- 30 10 -- 10 2 20 --ME 0.24 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.41 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.10 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.18 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.33 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Eastern larch--incised
Ammoniacal copper arsenate ME 0.16 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.25 10 20 40 -- 30 -- -- 10 1 10 --ME 0.25 10 90 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.32 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.32 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --MS 0.60 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Chromated copper arsenate III ME 0.14 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.28 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --ME 0.49 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls ME -- 10 10 70 -- -- 20 -- -- 2 20 --MS -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 3.9
aTen stakes originally installed; eliminations were for causes other than decay or insect attack.
This study was initiated by L.R. Gjovik.
Condition of stakes September 1995 (ME) and January 2002 (MS) (%)
by 18 in.) incised and unincised, treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate III after 10 and 17 years.
(Page 5 of 5)
Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, May 1985 and near Portland, ME, August 1985 (Plot 97)--concluded
Table 72--Condition of balsam fir, eastern hemlock, eastern larch, eastern spruce, red pine and white pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termitetermite DecayTermite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Southern Pine--Southern Pine--Southern PineCut from 4 by 4 treated panel
Ammoniacal copper 0.09 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 5.3 arsenate 0.20 9 11 11 -- 22 44 -- 11 5 56 --
0.40 10 -- 40 30 -- -- 30 -- 3 30 --0.58 10 -- 40 -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --1.18 10 -- 20 -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated
0.09 10 -- 20 -- 10 70 -- -- 7 70 --0.20 10 50 10 -- 20 -- 20 -- 2 20 --0.41 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --0.58 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --1.24 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2
Treated as stakes
0.33 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --0.52 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel
Chromated copper 0.09 10 -- -- -- -- 10 -- 90 10 100 5.8 arsenate III 0.19 10 10 40 10 20 -- 20 -- 2 20 --
0.40 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --0.59 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --1.18 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated
0.10 10 10 20 -- 20 10 -- 40 5 50 --0.19 10 40 10 10 10 10 10 10 3 30 --0.40 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --0.59 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --1.18 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --
Treated as stakes
0.41 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --0.59 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 1.7(Page 1 of 5)
Table 73--Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 16-1/2 years. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1985 (Plot 98)
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termitetermite DecayTermite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Southern Pine--Southern Pine--SweetgumCut from 4 by 4 treated panel
Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 4.4 arsenate 0.20 10 -- -- -- 20 70 10 -- 8 80 --
0.40 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --0.61 10 30 10 -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --1.25 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated
0.10 10 10 -- -- -- 80 -- 10 9 90 --0.20 10 -- 20 -- 40 20 20 -- 4 40 --0.41 9 44 -- -- -- -- 56 -- 5 56 --0.61 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --1.25 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --
Treated as stakes
0.42 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --0.62 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel
Chromated copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 6.1 arsenate III 0.20 10 -- 20 -- 50 20 -- 10 3 30 --
0.41 10 70 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 3 30 --0.61 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --1.22 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated
0.10 9 -- -- -- 11 44 -- 44 8 89 --0.20 10 20 30 -- 20 -- 20 10 3 30 --0.40 10 10 10 -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --0.61 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --1.22 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --
Treated as stakes
0.41 10 40 10 -- -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --0.58 10 20 -- -- -- 10 70 -- 8 80 --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 70 10 100 1.4
Table 73--Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,
(Page 2 of 5)
treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 16-1/2 years. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1985 (Plot 98)--continued
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Total removed Averageretention in Termitetermite DecayTermite termite life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Southern Pine--Sweetgum--Southern PineCut from 4 by 4 treated panel
Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 5.0 arsenate 0.19 10 -- 10 -- 10 50 -- 30 8 80 --
0.40 10 40 10 -- -- 10 30 10 5 50 --0.61 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --1.24 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated
0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 7.90.19 10 -- 20 40 30 10 -- 4 40 --0.40 10 30 30 -- -- 10 30 -- 4 40 --0.62 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --1.24 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --
Treated as stakes
0.39 10 60 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 4 40 --0.61 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel
Chromated copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 60 10 100 6.2 arsenate III 0.19 10 30 -- 10 30 20 10 -- 3 30 --
0.40 10 30 10 10 -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --0.63 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.21.22 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated
0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 20 20 60 10 100 5.80.19 10 30 -- -- 20 30 20 -- 5 50 --0.40 10 70 -- -- -- -- 30 -- 3 30 --0.62 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --1.20 10 10 -- 10 -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --
Treated as stakes0.41 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --0.59 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 1.2(Page 3 of 5)
Table 73--Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 16-1/2 years. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1985 (Plot 98)--continued
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termitetermite DecayTermite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Southern Pine--Southern Pine-Yellow PoplarCut from 4 by 4 treated panel
Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 5.4 arsenate 0.20 10 -- 50 -- 20 10 20 -- 3 30 --
0.40 10 10 20 -- 10 -- 50 10 6 60 --0.62 10 30 -- -- 10 -- 60 -- 6 60 --1.27 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated
0.10 10 -- -- -- 20 70 -- 10 8 80 --0.20 10 10 40 -- 10 20 20 -- 4 40 --0.40 10 30 20 -- -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --0.62 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --1.27 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --
Treated as stakes
0.40 10 40 10 -- 10 -- 40 -- 4 40 --0.64 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel
Chromated copper 0.10 8 -- -- -- -- 25 -- 75 8 100 7.2 arsenate III 0.20 10 -- 50 10 30 10 -- -- 1 10 --
0.40 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --0.62 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --1.23 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated
0.10 9 -- -- -- -- 56 44 5 9 100 8.10.20 10 10 -- 10 60 10 10 -- 2 20 --0.40 10 30 20 -- -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --0.62 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --1.23 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2
Treated as stakes
0.43 10 60 -- -- -- -- 40 -- 4 40 --0.63 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 30 10 100 1.1(Page 4 of 5)
Table 73--Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 16-1/2 years. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1985 (Plot 98)--continued
Condition of stakes January 1999 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termitetermite DecayTermite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Southern Pine--Yellow Poplar--Southern PineCut from 4 by 4 treated panel
Ammoniacal copper 0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 4.2 arsenate 0.20 10 -- -- -- 60 40 -- -- 4 40 --
0.41 10 40 -- -- -- -- 50 10 6 60 --0.62 10 30 20 -- -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --1.25 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated
0.10 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 8.00.20 10 10 30 -- -- 30 10 20 6 60 --0.41 10 30 -- -- -- -- 70 -- 7 70 --0.62 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.21.24 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2
Treated as stakes
0.38 10 40 -- -- -- -- 50 10 6 60 --0.59 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panel
Chromated copper 0.10 9 -- -- -- -- 22 -- 78 9 100 6.2 arsenate III 0.20 10 10 -- -- 50 30 10 -- 4 40 --
0.41 10 30 -- 20 -- -- 50 -- 5 50 --0.62 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --1.20 10 -- -- -- -- -- 100 -- 10 100 13.2
Cut from 4 by 4 treated panels, cut edge dip treated
0.10 9 -- -- -- -- 44 -- 56 9 100 6.90.20 10 50 -- 10 20 20 -- -- 2 20 --0.41 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --0.62 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --1.21 10 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 9 90 --
Treated as stakes
0.45 10 40 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 6 60 --0.63 10 20 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 8 80 --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 50 -- 50 10 100 1.4
aTen stakes were originally installed. This number has been reduced for causes other than decay or insect attack.
This study was initiated by R.C. DeGroot and L.R. Gjovik.(Page 5 of 5)
treated with ammoniacal copper arsenate and chromated copper arsenate after about 16-1/2 years. Stakes placedin test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, November 1985 (Plot 98)--concluded
Table 73--Condition of three-ply plywood, layed up in combinations of Southern Pine, sweetgum, and yellow poplar,
Table 74--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with copper carbonate and copper oxide in combination with pelargonic acid and octanoic acid after about 13 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, April 1987 (Plot 99)
Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termitetermite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)
Copper carbonate/ 0.10 9 11 11 -- 33 44 -- -- 4 40 --pelargonic acid 0.25 10 30 20 -- -- 50 -- -- 5 50 --
0.40 10 60 20 -- -- 20 -- -- 2 20 --0.60 10 60 10 -- -- 20 -- 10 3 30 --1.00 9 89 -- -- -- 11 -- -- 1 11 --
Copper carbonate/ 0.10 9 -- 22 11 44 22 -- -- 2 22 --octanoic acid 0.25 10 20 30 -- 10 40 -- -- 4 40 --
0.41 9 56 11 -- -- 33 -- -- 3 30 --0.59 9 78 -- -- -- 22 -- -- 2 22 --1.00 10 70 -- -- -- 30 -- -- 3 30 --
Copper oxide/ 0.10 10 20 40 -- 10 30 -- -- 3 30 --pelargonic acid 0.25 10 40 20 -- -- 40 -- -- 4 40 --
0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --0.60 10 50 -- -- -- 50 -- -- 5 50 --1.00 10 50 20 -- -- 30 -- -- 3 30 --
Copper oxide/ 0.10 10 -- 30 10 40 10 -- 10 2 20 --octanoic acid 0.25 10 30 10 -- 10 30 -- 20 5 50 --
0.41 10 80 10 -- -- 10 -- -- 1 10 --0.59 8 63 -- -- -- 37 -- -- 3 37 --1.01 9 67 11 -- -- 22 -- -- 2 22 --
Chromated copper 0.10 9 -- 22 -- 56 11 -- 11 2 22 --arsenate 0.25 9 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
0.40 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --0.60 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- 30 10 60 10 100 2.3
aTen stakes originally installed; eliminated stakes removed for causes other than decay or insect attack.
Condition of stakes June 2000 (%)
with xylene insolubles less than 0.1% (clean creosote) plus additives of chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil after about
Condition of stakes January 2002 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) testa Good Decay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)AWPA P1-13 creosote 1.0 9 -- -- -- -- 67 -- 33 9 100 8.7 with xylene insolubles 2.0 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 11.7 less than 0.1% 4.0 10 -- 30 40 -- 30 -- -- 3 30 --
6.2 10 10 60 -- 10 20 -- -- 2 20 --8.5 10 10 70 -- 20 -- -- -- -- -- --
+0.5% chlorpyrifos 1.0 10 -- -- -- -- 80 -- 20 10 100 9.12.0 10 -- -- -- 10 90 -- -- 9 90 --3.9 10 -- 40 -- 30 30 -- -- 3 30 --6.0 10 -- 90 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --8.3 10 -- 70 -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- --
+0.78% chlorpyrifos 1.0 10 -- -- -- -- 90 -- 10 10 100 8.42.0 10 -- -- -- -- 100 -- -- 10 100 12.64.0 10 -- 20 -- 20 60 -- -- 6 60 --6.0 10 -- 60 -- 40 -- -- -- -- -- --8.2 10 -- 70 -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- --
+2% chlorothalonil 1.0 10 -- -- -- -- 60 10 30 10 100 9.72.0 10 -- 10 -- -- 90 -- -- 9 90 --4.0 10 -- 60 -- 30 10 -- -- 1 10 --6.0 10 -- 90 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --8.2 10 40 50 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- --
Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 10 80 10 10 100 1.7
aTen stakes were originally installed; this number has since been reduced because of failure to locate the stakes at the time of inspection.
Table 75--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with toluene-diluted AWPA P1-13 creoso
14 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, April 1988 (Plot 100)
Table 76--Condition of Southern Pine stakes (2 by 4 in. nominal by 18 in.) treated with pentachlorophenol (manufactured 24 years apart) after 9 years of service. Stakes placed in test on the Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, MS, April 1989 (Plot 101)
Condition of stakes February 1998 (%)Serviceable but Destroyed by--showing some-- Decay
Num- Decay fungiAverage ber and and Averageretention in Termite termite Decay Termite termite Total removed life
Preservative (lb/ft3) test GoodDecay attack attack fungi attack attack Number % (year)Pentachlorophenol 0.1 10 40 40 10 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- (1965 manufacture 0.2 10 50 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- date) in 20% P9 oil 0.4 10 60 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- and toluene 0.6 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --Pentachlorophenol 0.1 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- (1989 manufacture 0.2 10 90 -- 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- date) in 20% P9 oil 0.4 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- and toluene 0.6 10 80 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --20% P9 oil and toluene 0.6 10 100 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --Untreated controls -- 10 -- -- -- -- 60 -- 40 10 100 2.0
This study was initiated by L.R. Gjovik.
Table 77--Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippiwith wood preservatives in general use
DataAverage from Averageretentiona table life
Preservative (lb/ft3) number (year) Remarks
Acid copper chromate 0.25 (0.13) 15 11.6 -- (Fed. Spec. TT-W-546) 0.30 (0.14) 46 6.1 --
0.51 (0.25) 47 -- 70% failed after 35 years0.51 (0.26) 15 -- 70% failed after 55 years0.60 (0.29) 46 4.6 --0.75 (0.37) 15 -- 50% failed after 55 years1.01 (0.50) 47 -- 40% failed after 35 years1.54 (0.76) 47 -- 22% failed after 35 years
Ammoniacal copper borate (0.17) 52 -- 75% failed after 25 years(0.22) 52 -- 65% failed after 25 years(0.33) 52 -- 25% failed after 25 years(0.45) 52 -- No failures after 25 years(0.66) 52 -- 15% failed after 25 years(1.33) 52 -- No failures after 25 years
Ammoniacal copper arsenate 0.17 52 -- 95% failed after 25 years (Fed. Spec. TT-W-549) 0.23 52 -- 30% failed after 25 years
0.25 (0.24) 14 -- 89% failed after 55 years0.26 (0.25) 47 -- 30% failed after 35 years0.48 (0.45) 47 -- 10% failed after 35 years0.53 (0.51) 14 -- 10% failed after 55 years1.01 (0.97) 14 -- No failures after 55 years1.29 (1.25) 14 -- No failures after 55 years
Chromated copper arsenate 0.26 (0.15) 15 28.7 -- Type I (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.39 (0.22) 47 -- 40% failed after 35 years
0.50 (0.29) 15 -- 30% failed after 55 years0.76 (0.44) 47 -- 10% failed after 35 years0.78 (0.44) 15 -- 20% failed after 55 years
Type II (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) 0.25 (0.23) 47 -- 30% failed after 35 years(0.26) 20 -- No failures after 46 years(0.37) 20 -- No failures after 46 years(0.52) 20 -- No failures after 46 years(0.79) 20 -- No failures after 46 years(1.04) 20 -- No failures after 46 years
Type III (Fed. Spec. TT-W-550) (0.14) 57 -- No failures after 22 years(0.20) 48 -- No failures after 29 years(0.25) 55 -- No failures after 20 years(0.27) 57 -- No failures after 22 years(0.40) 48 -- No failures after 29 years(0.40) 55 -- No failures after 20 years(0.40) 57 -- No failures after 22 years(0.60) 48 -- No failures after 29 years(0.62) 57 -- No failures after 22 years(0.77) 55 -- No failures after 20 years(0.79) 57 -- No failures after 22 years
(Page 1 of 4)
Table 77--Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippiwith wood preservatives in general use--continued
DataAverage from Averageretentiona table life
Preservative (lb/ft3) number (year) Remarks
Chromated zinc arsenate (former Fed. Spec. TT-W-538) 0.22 (0.11) 24 22.1 --
0.33 (0.22) 4 33.0 --0.44 (0.29) 4 39.3 --0.38 (0.20) 24 -- 40% failed after 45 years0.77 (0.40) 24 -- No failures after 45 years1.01 (0.53) 24 -- No failures after 45 years0.58 (0.38) 4 51.7 --0.78 (0.52) 4 -- 30% failed after 60 years1.06 (0.70) 4 -- No failures after 60 years
Chromated zinc chloride 0.49 (0.30) 2 14.2 -- (Fed. Spec. TT-W-551) 0.76 (0.47) 2 20.2 --
0.76 (0.46) 47 13.8 --1.03 (0.63) 2 20.1 --1.02 (0.62) 47 14.9 --1.50 (0.92) 25 23.4 --1.57 (0.96) 47 17.8 --2.91 (1.78) 25 32.7 --6.00 (3.67) 25 -- No failures after 45 years
Copper-8-quinolinolate 0.01 38 5.3 -- Stoddard solvent 0.02 38 4.2 --
0.06 38 5.6 --0.12 38 7.8 --
Copper-8-quinolinolate 0.01 43 -- 90% failed after 37 years AWPA P9 heavy petroleum 0.03 43 27.3 --
0.06 43 -- 90% failed after 37 years0.12 43 -- No failures after 37 years
Copper naphthenate 0.11% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.3 (0.012) 7 15.9 -- 0.29% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.2 (0.029) 7 21.8 -- 0.57% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 10.6 (0.061) 7 27.1 -- 0.86% copper in No. 2 fuel oil 9.6 (0.082) 7 29.6 --
Creosote, coal-tar 3.3 6 24.9 -- 4.1 17 14.2 -- 4.2 4 17.8 -- 4.6 5 21.3 -- 7.8 6 -- 70% failed after 54-1/2 years 8.0 4 -- 90% failed after 60 years 8.3 20 -- 50% failed after 46 years 10.0 5 -- 90% failed after 55 years 11.8 4 -- 50% failed after 60 years 13.2 6 -- 20% failed after 54-1/2 years 14.5 5 -- No failures after 55 years 16.5 4 -- 10% failed after 60 years
(Page 2 of 4)
Table 77--Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippiwith wood preservatives in general use--continued
DataAverage from Averageretentiona table life
Preservative (lb/ft3) number (year) Remarks
Creosote, coal-tar--continued
Low residue, straight run 8.0 18 17.8 --
Medium residue, straight run 8.0 18 18.8 --
High residue, straight run 7.8 18 20.3 --
Medium residue Low in tar acids 8.1 18 19.4 -- Low in naphthalene 8.2 18 21.3 -- Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.0 18 18.9 --
Low residue Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.0 18 19.2 --
High residue Low in tar acids and naphthalene 8.2 18 20.0 --
English vertical retort 5.3 19 -- 90% failed after 50 years8.0 18 18.9 --10.1 19 -- 80% failed after 50 years15.0 19 -- No failures after 50 years
English coke oven 4.7 19 16.3 --7.9 18 13.6 --10.1 19 -- 70% failed after 50 years14.8 19 -- 80% failed after 50 years
Fluor chrome arsenate phenol type A (Fed. Spec. TT-W-535) 0.20 (0.12) 2 10.2 --
0.30 (0.19) 2 18.0 --0.35 (0.22) 37 18.3 --0.50 (0.31) 37 18.4 --0.61 (0.38) 2 24.1 --
Pentachlorophenol (various solvents)b
Liquified petroleum gas 0.14 42 18.9 --0.19 42 15.9 --0.34 42 -- 10% failed after 38-1/2 years0.34 45 -- 90% failed after 35 years0.49 45 -- 10% failed after 35 years0.58 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years0.65 45 -- No failures after 35 years
Stoddard solvent (mineral spirits) 0.14 42 13.7 --0.18 42 15.9 --0.38 42 -- 80% failed after 38-1/2 years0.67 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years4.00 17 13.7 --4.10 22 9.5 --8.00 22 15.5 --
(Page 3 of 4)
Table 77--Summary of 2- by 4-in. stake selected results obtained in Mississippiwith wood preservatives in general use--concluded
DataAverage from Averageretentiona table life
Preservative (lb/ft3) number (year) Remarks
Heavy gas oil (Mid-United States) 4.10 17 -- 89% failed after 50 years7.90 17 -- 80% failed after 50 years
12.00 17 -- 20% failed after 50 years
No. 4 aromatic oil (West Coast) 4.20 22 21.0 --8.20 22 -- 70% failed after 50 years
AWPA P9 (heavy petroleum) 0.11 42 -- 90% failed after 38-1/2 years0.19 42 -- 60% failed after 38-1/2 years0.29 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years0.53 45 -- No failures after 35 years0.67 42 -- No failures after 38-1/2 years
Tributyltin oxide 0.015 36 6.4 -- Stoddard solvent 0.030 36 7.2 --
0.045 36 7.4 --7.900 41 7.0 --8.200 41 4.5 --
AWPA P9 (heavy petroleum) --3% 8.00 41 20.86% 8.00 41 24.0 --
Petroleum solvent controls 4.00 17 7.6 --4.10 17 4.4 --4.00 17 12.9 --7.70 23 14.6 --7.90 17 -- 90% failed after 50 years8.00 45 19.7 --8.00 41 23.3 --8.00 17 14.6 --8.10 18 3.4 --8.50 43 20.9 --9.80 5 6.3 --
12.00 17 17.1 --12.10 17 -- 80% failed after 50 years19.40 5 9.1 --
Untreated stakes -- Misc. 1.8 to --3.6
aRetention values in parentheses are based on preservative oxides or copper metal.
bSee Tables 5 and 17 for pentachlorophenol in other solvents.(Page 4 of 4)
