'Comparsion Rept of 1984-1985 Analytical Results for Palo ... · Annual average PVNGS wind speed...

NUS-4897

Comparison Report of1984 to 1985 AnalyticalResults for the PVNGS

Salt Monitoring Program

Prepar ed forArizona Nuclear Power Project

March 1987

ByNUS Corporation

910 Clopper RoadGaithersburg, ND 20878

PDR ~O43O~>ohioa "Do« O~OOOSpg

F'DR

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction

2.1 Introduction2.2 Ambient Temperature2.3 Ambient Dew Point Temperature2.4 Preci pi tation2.5 Wind Speed2.6 Wind Direction2.7 Stabili ty Class2.8 Annual Data Recovery2.9 Drift Deposition

3.1 Cooling Tower Operations3.2 Drift Emissions

4.0 Dustfall De osition

4.1 Introduction4.2 Dustfall Deposition Comparisons and Methodology

~Pa e

2-1

2-12-12-12-22-22~22-22-32-3

3-1

3-13-1

4-14-1

4.2.1

4.2.2

4.2.3

4.2.4

4.2.5

Oustfall Deposition Comparisons atAgricultural SitesDustfall Deposition Comparisons atNative (Non-Agricultural) SitesDustfall Deposition Comparisons atOnsite Monitoring LocationsDustfall Depositions Comparisons atAgricultural and Native Control SitesSummary and Conclusions

4-2

4-2

4-3

4-34 4

5.0 Sus ended Particulate Matter

5.1 Introduction5.2 Suspended Particulate Matter Comparison and Methodology5.3 Suspended Particulate Concentration Comparison

6.0 Native Ve etation Anal ses

6.1 Introduction6.2 Methodology6.3 Results

6.3.1 Salt-Bush6.3.2 Creosote-Bush

5-15-15-1

6-1

6-16-16-1

6-16-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

7.0 A ricul tural Cro Analyses


7.3.1 Cotton

7.3.1.1 Plant Tissue7.3.1.2 Yiel d

8.0 Soils Analysis


8.3.1 Agricultural Sites8.3.2 Native Sites

9.0 Remote Sensing/Aerial Photogra hy

9.1 Introduction9.2 Results

10.0 Summary and Conclusion

11.0 References

~Pa e

7-1

7-17-17-1

7-1

7-17~2

8-1

8-18-18-2

8-28-2

9-1

11-1

LIST OF TABLES

Table

2-1

2-2

2-3

2-4

2-5

2-6

2-7

4-1

4-2

4-3

4-4

4-5

4-6

4-7

4-8

PVNGS and Phoenix NWS Annual and Monthly AverageAmbient Temperature, 1984-1985 Comparison

PVNGS and Phoenix NMS Annual and Monthly AverageAmbient Dew point Temperature, 1984-1985 Comparison

PVNGS and Phoenix NWS Annual and MonthlyPrecipitation Totals, 1984-1985 Comparison

PVNGS and Phoenix NMS Annual and Monthly AverageMind Speed, 1984-1985 Comparison

Annual Percent Frequency of Mind Direction fromPVNGS Site Meteorology, 1984-1985 Comparison

Annual Percent Frequency of Occurrence'of StabilityClass From PVNGS Site Meteorology, 1984-1985 Comparison

Annual PVNGS Meteorological Data Recovery Statistics1984-1985 Comparison

Dustfall Deposition Rates (lb/acre-year) 2 S.E. forAgricultural Monitoring Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison

Dustfall Deposition Rates (lb/acre-month) 4 S.E. forAgricultural Monitoring Sites for August, September,October and December, 1984-1985 Comparison

Dustfall Deposition Rates (lb/acre-year) 4 S.E. forEach Agricultural Site for Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium,1984-1985 Comparison

Dustfall Deposition Rates (lb/acre-year) + S.E. forNative Monitoring Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison

Dustfall Deposition Rates (lb/acre-month) + S.E. for NativeMonitoring Sites for August, September, October and December.1984-1985 Compari son

Annual Average Dustfall Deposition Rates (lb/acre-year) i S.E.for Each Native Site for Sodium, Potassium, and Magnesium,1984-1985 Comparison

Dustfall Deposition Rates (lb/acre-year) t S.E. forOnsite Monitoring Location Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison

Dustfall Deposition Rates (lb/acre-month) 4 S.E. forOnsite Monitoring Locations for August, September,October and December, 1984-1985 Comparison

Page

2-4

2-5

2-6

2-7

2-8

2-9

2-10

4-5

4-6

4-7

4-8

4-9

4-10

4-12

4-13

E

s

I~ ~

'

Table

5-1

6-1

6-2

7-1

7-2

8-1

8-2

8-3

8-4

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Dustfall Deposition Rates (lb/acre-year) + S.E. forAgricultur al and Native Control Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison

Mean Monthly Concentrations (pg/m3) 4 S.E. of suspendedparticulates, 1984-1985 Comparison

A Compari son of Mean Ionic Content (pg/g Dry Weight) + S.E. ofSalt-Bush (~Atri lex ~olycar al Leaf Tissue, 1994-1999

A Comparison of Mean Ionic Content (pg/g Dry Weight) ~ S.E. 'ofCreosote-Bush (Larrea divaricata) Leaf Tissue. 1984-1985

A Comparison of Mean Ionic Content (pg/g Dry Weight) + S.E.Leaf Tissue, 1984-1985 of Cotton

Ilean Cotton Yield (lb/acre) 4 S.E. at Selected MonitoringSites, 1984-1985 Comparison

Yearly Means of Parameters Measured In All AgriculturalSoils, 1984-1985 Comparison

Comparison Between Yearly Means of Soil Parameters ForIndividual Agricultural Sites

Yearly Means of Parameters Measured In All Native Soils,1984-1985 Comparison

Comparison Between Yearly Means of Soil Parameters ForIndividual Native Sites

~Pa e

4-14

5-2

6-3

6-4

7-4

7-6

8-4

8-5

8-6

8-7

0lJ

il

LIST OF FIGURES

~Fi ure

2-1 Hypothetical Onsite PVNGS Drift Deposition Estimates.

Mean Monthly Dustfall Deposition (Sodium and Potassium Only),Agricultural Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison

Mean Monthly Dustfall Deposition (Calcium and Magnesium Only),Agricultural Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison

~pa e

2-11

4-15

4-16

4-3

4

Mean Monthly Dustfall Deposition (Nitrate and Phosphate Only),Agricultural Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison

Mean Monthly Dustfall Deposition (Ammonia and TSS Only),Agricultural Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison

4-17

4-18

4-5

4-6

4-7

Mean Monthly Dustfall Deposition (Sodium and Potassium Only),Native Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison 4-19

Mean Monthly Dustfall Deposition (Calcium and Magnesium Only),Native Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison 4-20

Mean Monthly Dustfall'eposition (Nitrate and Phosphate Only),Native Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison 4-21

4-8

6-1

8-1

9-1

Mean Monthly Dustfall Deposition (Ammonia and TSS Only),Native Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison

Distribution of Vegetation Sampling Locations

Seasonal Mean Electrical Conductivity For 0-15 cm DepthSoil Samples at Selected Native Sites, 1984-1985 Comparison

Orientation of Flight Lines of the 1984 and 1985 PVNGS ColorInfrared Aerial Photomissions

4-22

6-5

8-8

9-2

1. 0 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this=report is to compare the results of 1984 and 1985.datafrom analyses performed as part of the PVNGS Salt Deposition MonitoringProgram. The PVNGS Units 1 and 2 Environmental Protection Plans, Sec-tions 4.2.2 and 5.4.1 Terrestrial Ecology Monitoring (Appendix 8 to FacilityOperating License NPF-41 and NPF-51) require a comparison of the environ-mental protection studies conducted during plant operation with preopera-tional studies. Data collected in 1984 represent a preoperational periodand those data collected in 1985 represent the first year in which at leastone unit operated for some period at or near full power.

Results presented in this report supplement those results provided in the1985 Annual Re ort for The PVNGS Salt De osition Monitorin Pro ram.Ana ytica a oratory ata or agricu tura crop, native vegetation andsoil samples collected during 1984 were not available from the (then) con-tracted laboratory at the time of preparation of the 1985 Annual Report.Thus, no compari sons were presented in the 1985 Annual Report; this sup-plemental report presents those comparisons.

Specifically, this report compares the parameters of PVNGS onsite mete-orology; plant operations; analytical results of dustfall, suspended partic-ulate matter, native vegetation, agricultural crop and soils.; and remotesensing/aerial photography for 1984 and 1985.

1-1

2.0 METEOROLOGY .

2.1 INTRODUCTION .

This chapter provides a comparison of the meteorological parameters col-lected during 1984 and 1985 as part of the PVNGS Meteorological MonitoringProgram. Corresponding data collected fr cm the Phoenix National WeatherService (NWS) Station (Sky Harbor International Airport) were comparedwhere appropriate. The meteorological parameter comparisons presented inthe following sections include: ambient temperature, ambient dew pointtemperature, precipitation, wind speed, wind direction and stability class.Comparison of PVNGS 1984 to 1985 meteorological data recovery statistics arealso provided.

2.2 AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

Annual average PVNGS temperature during both 1984 and 1985 was 71'F. ThePVNGS monthly maximum average:temperatures for 1984 and 1985 were 90'F and94'F occuring i'n July of both,'years. The PVNGS monthly minimum averagetemperatures for 1984 and 1985 'were 51'F and 48'F which occurred duringDecember 1984 and January 1'985;, respectively.

The Phoenix NWS annual average;temperature during both 1984 and 1985 was74'F; 3'F warmer than PVNGS. .Phoenix NWS maximum average monthly tempera-ture was 92'F and 95'F which occurred during July 1984 and July/August 1985,respectively. Monthly Phoenix'NWS maximum average monthly temperature was2'F warmer than PVNGS in 1984 and 1'F warmer than PVNGS in 1985. PhoenixNWS minimum average monthly temperature was 54'F which occurred in December1984 and January 1985. 'Phoenix NWS was 3'F and 6'F warmer than PVNGS formonthly minimum average temperature for 1984 and 1985, respectively,attributable to the urban heat island effect.

Table 2-1 presents the 1984 to 1985 comparison of PVNGS and Phoenix NWSannual and monthly average'mbient temperature.

I

2.3 AMBIENT DEW POINT TEMPERATURE

Annual average dewpoint temperature for PVNGS was 40'F in 1984 and 43'F in'1985. In 1984, the PVNGS average monthly dew point temperature ranged. froma maximum of 66'F in June 1984 to a minimum of 18'F in February/March 1984.During 1985, the PVNGS average monthly dew point temperature ranged frcm amaximum of 60'F in July to a minimum of 34'F in May. This variation between1984 to 1985 can be attributable to the influence of large scale synopticweather patterns which control the frequency of occurrence and amount ofmoisture being advected into the PVNGS region during the year. Both PVNGSand Phoenix NWS annual and monthly average dew point temperature data arepresented in Table 2-'2.

2-1

2.4 PRECIPITATION

Annual precipitation totals recorded at PVNGS in 1984 were 8;10 inches'and. "4.53 inches during 1985. Phoenix NWS observed 14.91 inches in 1984 and 7.92inches during 1985. Normal annual precipitation (average from Phoenix NWSfor the period 1951-1980) for this area is 7.11 inches (NOAA, 1983). Datalosses at the PVNGS site, due mainly to chart paper jams and inking prob-lems, do not allow for a direct comparison of precipitation totals fromthese two locations. Additionally, the convective precipitation character-istic of this area occurs on a localized scale. This further contributes tothe observed variance between these two locations. Table 2-3 presentsannual and monthly precipitation totals from PVNGS and Phoenix NWS for 1984and 1985.

2.5 WIND SPEED

Annual average PVNGS wind speed was 6.5 mph and 6.0 mph for 1984 and 1985,respectively. for Phoenix NWS, annual average wind speed was 6.3 mph and6.2 mph for the respective 1984 and 1985 periods. A comparison of PVNGSmonthly average wind speed data for 1984 and 1985 shows maximum values of8.3 mph and 7.8 mph occurring in June 1984 and July 1985, respectively.Minimum values of 4.7 mph and 3.2 mph occurred in December 1984 and 1985,respectively. Phoenix NWS monthly average wind speed data show maximumvalues of 7.9 mph and 8;0 mph occurring in June 1984 and July.1985, respec-tively. Minimum monthly average wind speeds of 3.8 mph and 4.3 mph wereobserved to occur in December 1984 and February 1985, respectively.

Good agreement between the PVNGS and Phoenix NWS is attributable to thecontrolling influence of large scale synoptic weather systems which uni-formally affect both locations. 'Micro- and mesoscale meteorologicaleffects, which are more localized in nature, do not appear to significantlyaffect the monthly average wind speeds from these two locations. Table 2-4presents summaries of annual and monthly average wind speed data for 1984and 1985 from PVNGS and Phoenix NWS.

2.6 WIND DIRECTION

Table 2-5 present frequency of occurrence data for the 16 compass winddirections and calm conditions for 1984 and 1985. During both 1984 and 1985the predominant wind direction was from the southwest, occurring 13.1 and14.7 percent of the time, respectively. Secondary peaks were from the east(9.3 percent) in 1984 and north (10.3 percent) in 1985. Both 1984 and 1985had calm conditions 0.1 percent of the time. For all wind directions,frequencies of occurrence in 1984 and 1985 were similar.

2.7 STABILITY CLASSES

The annual percent frequency of occurrence of stability classes based on thePVNGS Delta T (200-ft - 35-ft) was analyzed for 1984 and 1985. The resultof this analysis is presented in Table 2-6.

2-2

For 1984, stability class A occurred 13.77 per'cent of the time while in 1985only 4.96 percent of the time was Class A'observed. Stability, class D"had afrequency of occurrence of 19.0G percent and.24:23 percent for 1984 and1985, respectively. Additionally, stability cl'ass G occurred 23.30 percentand 26.73 percent of the time in 1984 and 1985, respectively. Thus, 1984can be characterized as having more frequent occurrences of very unstableconditions and lower frequencies of occurrence of neutral and very stableconditions, than 1985. All other stability classes (8, C, E and F) were inclose agreement when frequencies of occurrence were compared for 1984 to1985.

2.8 ANNUAL DATA RECOVERY

Table 2-7 presents annual data recovery statistics for each meteorologicalparameter collected during 1984 and 1985. The 200-foot wind speed anddirection exhibited recovery rate less than 90 percent as well as the jointDelta T and 35-foot dew point. During 1985, the parameters of Delta T,joint Delta T, 35 foot dew point, 35-foot ambient temperature and precipita-tion were all below 90 percent. In October 1985, an upgrade to the PVNGSmeteorological system was completed and data recovery rates for the remain-der of 1985 exceeded the 90 percent level.

2.9 DRIFT DEPOSITION

Drift deposition was modeled with the NUS FOG computer code using sequentialhourly onsite meteorological data sets for calendar years 1984 and 1985 topermit a direct year-to-year comparison of dispersion conditions. All ninetowers from PVNGS Units 1-3 were assumed to have operated continuously atfull power and at the tower design points over each of the years. Theresults of these drift deposition analyses are presented in Figure 2-1. Theisopleths for annual average drift deposition estimates are essentially thesame for the two years under consideration. Therefore, any differences inmeasured drift deposition -are due to causes other than dispersion conditionsfor the years 1984 and 1985.

2-3

TABLE 2-1,

PVNGS ANO PHOENIX NWSANNUAL ANO MONTHLY AVERAGE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

1984 TO 1985 COMPARISON

PVNGS Ambient Temperature ('F) Phoenix NWS Ambient Tem erature ('F)

1 984 1 985 a(1 984-1985) 1 984 1985 d(1 984-'1 985)

Jan 48b 57 54b '3i

Feb

Apr

May

56

65

68

86

53

60

73

81

60

68

71

87

57I

63P

75I

84

+3

'+5

4b

+3

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Oec

85 91

94a

89 92

85 76

68 70

60 57

51b 51

„6b

w3

~ga

0

89 92

92a 95a

95a

88 82

91

71 75

62 61'4b

56

-3

&3

4b

1

„4b

«2

Annual 71 71

aMaximum monthly averagebMi nimum monthly average

0 74 74 0

hll

2-4

TABLE 2-2

PVNGS AND PHOENIX NWS ANNUALAND MONTHLY AVERAGE AMBIENT DEW POINT TEMPERATURE


Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Jun

18b 35

18b 35

26 39

37 34b

38 40

66 a 60a

17b

-1 7b

-13

-2

64 58

PVNGS Ambient Dew-pointTemperature ('F)

1984 1985 . A(1984-1985)

30 35 -5

28 34

36

-6

-2

41 34

46 39

66a 55

66a 56a

+11

+10

Phoenix NWS Ambient Dew-pointTemperature ('F)

1984 1985 d(1984-1985)

34 36 '225b 32b -7b

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual

61

40

33

44

40

50

37

38

+11a

w 3

62

45

37

42

44

49

49

39

37

+13a

4


2-5

TABLE 2-3,

PVNGS AND PHOENIX'NWSANNUAL ANO MONTHLY PRECIPITATION TOTALS

1984 To 1985 COMPARISON

PYNGS Precipitation (inches) Phoenix NWS Precipitation (inches)1984 1985 6(1984-1985) 1984 1985 d(1984-1985)

Jan '.oob 0.28Feb

Mar

o.oob o.64

o.oob o.oob

Apr

May

Jun

0. 36

0.16

0. 01

0. 09

o.oob

O.oob

1.38

1. 01

0.25

o.oob

2.59a O.OOb

0.00

Nov 0. 38

Oec 2.21

Annual 8.10

0. 75

1.38a

1.14

4. 53


-0. 28

-0.64

0. 00

+0.27

+0.16

+0. 01

+1.13

+l. 01

+2.59a

-0. 75

-1.OOb

+1.07

+3. 57

0. 31 0. 95

0. 91

0.18

0.18

0.1 7

o.oob

o.oob

5.1 5a 0.98

0.87

3.36

0.31

0. 71

2.93

14. 91

0. 21

1.6Oa

0.92

1.59

0.86

7. 92

O.OOb O.1S

o. oob o.46

-0. 64

-0.18

-0. 46

+0. 74

+0.18

+0.18

+4.1 7a

+0. 66

+1.76

-0.61

-o.ssb

+2.07

6. 99

2-6

TABLE 2-4 .

PVNGS AND PHOENIX NWSANNUAL AND MONTHLY AVERAGE'WIND 'SPEED-


PVNGS Wind S'peed (mph)1984 1985 6(1984-1 985)

Phoenix NWS Wind Speed (mph)1984 1985 a(1984-1985)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

6.4

7.9

7..7

7.2

4.7

6.4

7.4

7.4

+1. 7a

+1. 5

+0.3

-0. 2

5.3 4.9 +0.4

7.1

6.7

7.4

7.1

5.9 4. 7

4.3b

7.7 5.7

+1.2

+2. 3

+2. 0

-0. 3

-0. 4

Jun 8. 3a 7.3 +1.0 7. 9a 5.2 -2. 7a

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

NovI

Dec

Annual

7.1

6.3

6.4

5.3

5.1

4 7b

6.5

7. 8a

6.9

6.1

5.0

5.3

3.2b

6.0

-0. P

-0. 6

+0. 3

+0. 3

-0.1

+1.5

+0. 5

7.1.

6.7

6.6

5.3

8.0a

7.6

7.3

6.2

4.3 6.5

38b 44

6.3 6.2

-0. 9

-0. 9

-0. 7

-0. 9

2 2b

-0.6

+0.1


2-7

TA8LE 2-5

ANNUAL PERCENT FREQUENCY OF WIND DIRECTIONFROM PVNGS SITE METEOROLOGY


Direction 1984 1985 6(1 984-1985)

N

NNENEENE

E

ESESE

SSES

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

CALM

8.48.56.95.19.34.73.93. 2b4.87.6

13.1a6.03.93.94.95.60.1

10.39.15.54.26.64.04.24.06.17.4

14. 7a6.64.93,4b3.85.20.1

1 9b-0. 6+1.4+0. 9+2. 7a+0. 7-0. 3-0. 8-1. 3+0. 2-1. 6-0. 6-1. 0+0. 5+1.1+0. 4

0

aMaximum percent frequencybMi nimum percent frequency

2-8

TABLE 2-6."

ANNUAL PERCENT FREQUENCY-OF OCCURRENCE OFSTABILITY CLASS FROM PWGS SITE METEOROLOGY-


YearStabi1 i ty Cl ass

A 8 C 0 E F G

1984

1985

13. 77 5.89 6.49 19.03 16. 76 14. 76 23.30

4.96 5.00 7.62 24.23 16.62 14.85, 26. 73a(1984-1985) +8.81 +0.89 -1.13 -5.20 +0.14 -0.09 -3.43

2-9

TABLE 2-7

ANNNL PVNGS METEOROGICAL DA'TARECOVERY STATISTICS


Parameter

35-ft Wind Speed

35-ft Mind Direction

200-ft Wind Speed

200-ft Wind Direction

Delta T (200-ft - 35-ft)

Joint Delta T

35-ft Dew Point Temperature

35-ft Ambient Temperature

Precipitation

92 85

88 84

87 82

93 85

94 84 +10

Recovery (%)1984 1985 6(1984-1985)

98 94 +4

97 94 +3

75 93 -18

71 94 '23

2-1 0

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ives Itwuo I

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/

Ih

~ siecle

*,Ii

~t 8/14

r~ 8 ~«c

J

80

')Os

. o './'2.

~ «i~/'.

)'I

~ .( 1 II

II

«ep;

C

cVA

efu7A'otes:

PVNCS 168INSpectre84010'1 —841231 I1 yeeri1 2,000 PMM Selt Concentration0.00@St OliftRete3 Units i9 Towersl

Unite Total Ortft Deposition,~cvcsuc a ci'urucc)c/ou4ncp

««w (

ref

10 )l 5 l 20"

l EGG QD0l CIQ I lollLQC IQC. ch Qlnihil cr cwntcn epctueclso iplstto,n

0- nnin4I QÃlnll.rstlllXotal Q cÃcttn esc.~Ql.ln.n CIILQI,li-0—Qlnl Q ClinnlllLIC4Q.I%.4 un ICI 4

Ql. 4cct scnlelln nsc0—willQQIQ QccnnlQ~snnnn I

02 ital L I I ) nno44

cp I // Nir lc'

18

8 p7. ',ICP Cil

3.0 PLANT OPERATIONS

3.1 COOLING TOWER OPERATIONS

Since Unit 1 of the Palo Yerde Nuclear Generating Station received FacilityOperating License NPF-34 on December 31, 1984, no significant heat genera-tion or operation of the cooling towers occurred in 1984.

Operation of the Unit 1 cooling towers concurrently with significant heatgeneration did not begin until August 1985, and continued intermittentlythroughout the remainder of the year, consistent with the startup testingphase of activities.

Based on the average circulating water TDS concentration of about 4300 mg/1over the last eight months of 1985 (and an average water reservoir concen-tration of 800 mg/1 over that period), an average concentration factor of5.4 was achieved in the towers.

3.2 DRIFT ENISS IONS

During the last five months of 1985 (except for November during which. theUnit was not operated), the average drift emission rate was calculated to beabout 0.02 pounds/minute, compared to the value of about 0.35 pounds/minuteover a full year used for the prediction of impacts from all three units atthe ASLB hearing in June 1985. On this basis alone, drift during 1985 wouldbe calculated to have averaged about 1/50 of that used in the 3-unitpredictive model.

3-1

4.0 DUSTFALL DEPOSITION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Monthly deposi ti on rates of drift constituents ca 1 cul ated from samples col-lected during 1984 and 1985 from the dustfall jars at the 44 monitoringlocations were analyzed to determine whether differences exist between thetwo years. The two annual data sets were compared statistically to deter-mine whether any differences were significant. Comparisons were made forthe ionic constituents present in the cooling tower basin water as well asfor total suspended solids (TSS). These selected i ons are expected toconstitute the major portion of the salt drift from the cooling towers. Asevidenced by the annual reports for 1984 and 1985 (NUS 1986b,a), large vari-ability in dustfall deposition occurs by site and by month for any parti-cular year. Accordingly, comparisons are provi ded for nearly homogeneoussite groups (both agricultural and native (non-agricultural) sites) as wellas by month. In addition, comparisons were made for agricultural and nativecontrol sites for the two years.

For a discussion of the sampling methodology and a presentation of all themonthly deposition analyses by monitoring location, the respective 1984 and1985 annual reports should be consulted.

4.2 DUSTFALL DEPOSITION COMPARISONS AND METHODOLOGY

Monthly deposition values were analyzed to examine the differences in depo-sition rate between the years 1984 and 1985. The data for each constituentwere examined individually by monitoring location and by month.

Many of the monthly samples produced concentrations at or below the detec-tion limit of the laboratory analysis procedures. Of the 14 parameters mea-sured in each sample, fluoride, chloride (1984 only), carbonate and bicar-bonate (1985 only) were routinely below their analytical detection limits.Values below detection limits were not included in any subsequent analyses.Therefore, the constituents which were compared in the dustfall analysesincluded sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, phosphate, ammoniaand TSS.

The monitoring locations were divided into groups consisting of agriculturalsites, native sites and locations on the PVNGS site (i .e., within the siteboundary). For comparison, deposition measured at the four control sites(two native and two agricultural sites) were also examined. The statisticalsignificance of differences in the monthly means of each consti tuent betweenthe years 1984 and 1985 was determined using the two sample t-test. Depend-ing on the differences in the variances between the 1984 and 1985 means, thecalculation of the t-statistic assumed either the pooled-variance t-test orthe separate-variance t-test. The pooled-variance t-test was used when thevariances of the 1984 and 1985 data sets were statistically equal at the 95confidence level. The separate variance estimate was used when the twovariances were unequal statistically. All data were analyzed using SPSS/PC+(Norusis, M. J ., 1986).

4-1

4.2.1 Dustfall De osition Com arison at A ricultural Sites

Table 4.1 presents the mean annual deposition rates and.-standard errors for..the seven measurable ions and total suspended solids for all agriculturalsites (Sites 7, 11-13, 23-25, 28, 30-'32, 43, and 45) for. 1984 and 1985. Ascan be seen, only the increase in sodium and decrease in magnesium deposi-tion rates are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level between1984 and 1985.

Figures 4-1 through 4-4 show the monthly deposition rates for 1984 and 1985for the combined agricultural sites. These figures reflect the large month-to-month variability in measured deposition rates. Generally, increases indeposition rates from 1984 to 1985 occurred during the summer and wintermonths. Table 4-2 provides the mean monthly deposition rates and indicatesthe statistical significance of apparent differences between 1984 and 1985for the combined agricultural sites for the months of August, September,October and December. These four months represent the period of significantUnit 1 operation in 1985. As indicated in the table, only the decrease indeposition rate of magnesium from 1984 to 1985 was determined to be statis-tically significant.Table 4-3 presents annual dustfall deposition rates and their standarderrors for sodium, potassium, and magnesium for each agricultural site for1984 and 1985. Also included in the table is an indication of those siteswhich had statistically significant changes from 1984 to 1985. These threeions were examined since tIIey had the largest percentage change in deposi-tion rate from 1984 to 1985 when all monitoring sites are considered.Sodium demonstrated a statistically significant increase from. 1984 to 1985only at Sites 11 and 32. These two sites are located approximately twomiles to the northwest and four miles to the southeast of the Unit 1 coolingtowers, respectively. Changes in the deposition rate of potassium were notstatistically significant at any agricultural site. Decreases in magnesiumwere statistically significant only at Sites 12 and 31. Site 12 is locatedapproximately 4.5 miles northwest of the cooling towers, and Site 31 islocated approximately 1.25 miles east of Site 32.

4.2.2 Dustfall Oe osition Com arison at Native (Non-A ricultural) Sites

Table 4-4 presents the mean annual deposition rates and standard errors forthe seven measurable ions and total suspended solids at the combined nativesites (Sites 1-6, 8-10, 14-22, 26, 27, 33-42, and 44). Unlike the agri-cultural sites, the changes from 1984 to 1985 in deposition rates for allions except for ammonia are, statistically significant.

Figures 4-5 through 4-8 show the monthly deposition rates for 1984 and 1985for all the native sites. As with the agricultural sites, a large variabi-lity in deposition rates is evident from month-to-month for both years formost ions. No consistent pattern exists as deposition rates increase ordecrease from 1984 to 1985 throughout the year for any individual ion.Table 4-5 provides the mean monthly deposition rates and indicates thestatistical significance of differences between 1984 and 1985 for all native

sites for the months of„ significant Unit 1 operation in 1985 —August,September, October and December. As shown in the table, the increase inpotassium and the decreases in magnesium and TSS are statisticallysignificant.

Table 4-6 presents annual average deposition rates and standard errors forsodium, potassium, and magnesium for each native site for 1984 and '1985.The table also identifies sites which had statistically significant changesfrom 1984 to 1985. For potassium, this increase was statistically signifi-cant only at Site 18 approximately three miles west of the Unit 1 coolingtowers. Sites 3 (onsite PVNGS, northwest of the cooling towers), 20(onsite, west), 22 (east of PVNGS), 33 (southwest), 39 (southwest) and 44(northwest) showed statistically significant increases in sodium from 1984to 1985 but are randomly located throughout the monitoring area. Of thesesix monitoring locations, Site 3 is the closest to the cooling towers at 0.4miles while Site 39 is the furthest, 11.9 miles. Decreases in magnesiumwere statistically significant at Site 1 (onsite, 0.9 miles northeast of theUnit 1 cooling towers) and Site 10 (onsite, 1.3 miles northeast).

4.2.3 Dustfall De osition Com arison at Onsite Monitorin Locations

If the drift from the cooling towers was affecting the amount or the ionicmake-up of the dustfall, then differences between 1984 and 1985 should bemost evident at the onsite monitoring locations. Table 4-7 presents themean annual deposition rates and standard errors at onsite locations for theseven measurable ions and total suspended solids. This table indicates thatall ions and TSS decreased except for sodium, potassium and phosphate. Theincrease in sodium was statistically significant while there was no changein potassium or phosphate.

Table 4-8 presents the 1984 and 1985 monthly mean dustfall deposition ratesfor the onsite monitoring locations for the months of significant Unit 1operation in 1985-August, September, October and December. These data showthe only statistically significant changes from 1984 to 1985 were decreaseswhich occurred in the deposition rates of magnesium, ammonia, and TSS.

The annual dustfall deposition rates of sodium and potassium for the elevenonsite monitoring locations are presented in Table 4-6. Only Sites 3 and 20had a statistically significant change in deposition rates between 1984 and1985; an increase in sodium, which is consistent with all other nativesites.

4.2.4 Dustfall De osition Com arison at A riculturaland Native Contro S>tes

The salt deposition monitoring network includes two sets of neighboringagricultural and native control sites. The purpose of the control sites isto measure natural background levels and distribution of salt deposition atdistances unlikely to be affected by PVNGS cooling toWer emissions. Thesepaired monitoring locations are Sites 25 and 40 located approximately 20miles to the northwest of PYNGS, and Sites 42 and 43 located approximately15 miles to the southeast; Sites 25 and 43 are the" agricultural sites.

4-3

Table 4-9 presents the annual mean and standard error of the dustfall depo-, .sition'rates at both the agricultural, and,native paired, control ..sites.Changes in deposition rate were not.statistically significant .for any ion or.TSS for either native or agricultural sites.

4.2.5 Summary and Conclusions

Based on analyses of the dustfall deposition data for the years 1984 and1985, the following conclusions can be drawn:

o An increase in annual mean deposition rates of sodium was statisticallysignificant for all native sites combined, all agricultural sites com-bined and all onsite monitoring locations combined. For individualsites, the increase in sodium was statistically significant at only ei ghtof the forty-four monitoring sites.

o The increase in annual mean potassium deposition rates was statisticallysignificant for all native sites combined only. For individual sites,the increase was statistically significant at only one of the forty-fourmonitoring sites.

o Analyses of data for the months of August, September, October andDecember (only months of significant Unit 1 operation in 1985) showedthat only an increase in potassium for all native sites was statisticallysignificant over that in the corresponding period in 1984. Decreases inmagnesium (all sites), ammonia (onsite only) and TSS (native and onsite)were statistically significant.

o No statistically significant changes occurred at the agricultural andnative control sites. Comparisons between control sites and non-controlsites are more consistent for native sites than for the agriculturalsites probably due to variations in farming practices at the agriculturalsites.

o Statistically significant variations in deposition rates between 1984 and1985 display no evident trend which can be correlated with location.However, fewer significant changes are noted at the agricultural sites.

o Variability exists in monthly deposition rates for each year andlocation.

o No increase in ionic deposition occurred which can be attributed to theoperation of the Unit 1 cooling towers in 1985. The deposition rate ofmost ions decreased in 1985 while any increases were at randomly locatedsites.

TABLE 4-1

DUSTFALL DEPOSITION RATES (LB/ACRE - YEAR) + S.E.FOR AGRICULTURAL MONITORING SITES

1984-1985 COMPARISON

1984 1985Standard Error Standard Error

Parameter Deposition Rate (Number of Samples) Deposition Rate (Nuoher of Samples)

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Nitrate

Phosphate

Ammoni a

TSSb

5.8a

7.5

26.2

8.0a

2.7

1.0

12.6

641.7

0.3 (142)

0.5 (141)

1.7 (144)

0.6 (132)

0.1 (130)

0.1 (108)

1.7 (103)

47.9 (132)

8.3a

9.1

23.1

6.2a

2.5

1.0

13.3

575.1

0.5 (146)

0.8 (119)

1.8 (150)

0.7 (137)

0.2 (149)

0.1 (104)

1.6 (110)

60.0 (136)

aDeposition rates between years are significantly different. at the 95% confidence levelbTotal suspended solids

TABLE 4-2

DUSTFALL DEPOSITION RATES (LB/ACRE - MONTH) + S.E.FOR AGRICULTURAL MONITORING SITES FOR AUGUST,

SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER AND DECEMBER

1 984-1 985, COMPAR ISON

1984 - 1985-Standard Error Standard Error

Parameter Deposition Rate (Number of Samples) Deposition Rate (Number of Samples)

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Nitrate

Phosphate

Ammonia

TSSb

0;56

0.67

2.1

0. 67a

0.22

0.11

1.4

56.8

0.05 (47)

0.08 (45)

0.3 (47)

0.09 (37)

0.02 (46)

0.02 (38)

0.3 (39)

7.8 (36)

0.58

0. 74

1.5

0 45a

0.19

0. 08

0.81

38.8

0.05 (50)

0.08 (41)

0.2 (48)

0.06 (46)

0.01 (49)

0.01 (33)

0.1 (38)

6.1 (42)

aDeposition rates between years are significantly different at the 95% confidence levelbTotal suspended solids

TABLE 4-3

OUSTFALL OEPOSITION RATES (LB/ACRE - YEAR) x S.E. FOR EACH ~AGRICULTURAL SITE FOR SOOIN, POTASSIN, ANO MAGNESIIH


Ion

Sodium 1984

Sodiom 1985

Potassi ua 1984Potassiua 1985

Hagnesi ua 1984Magnesiua 1985

Site 7

3.6 x 0.9 (10)a6.1 t 1.0 (10)4.5 x 0.6 (12)7.1 I 1.6 (9)

4.6 s 1.1 (10)2.1 e 0.4 (9)

Site ll3.6 q 0.5 (12)c75 q13 (12)c

8.0 R 1.3 (12)8.9 s 2.4 (9)

9.2 I 1.6 (11)6.3 e 1.7 (11)

Site 12

6.4 s 1.8 (12)7.3 I 1.2 (11)5.6 x 1.1 (12)6.0 s 1.5 (9)

7.5 q 1.5 (11)c31 q06 (9)c

Site 13

4.7 s 0.9 (12)8.0 s 2.6 (11)

7.0 i 1.0 (12)6.2 I 2.3 (6)

8.7 t 2.0 (11)5.0 R 2.2 (8)

Site 23

3. 7 x 0.8 (8)7.9 s 2.2 (9)

9.2 x 1.4 (7)18.0 I 5.3 (8)

11.3 I 2.1 (8)15.1 s 4.3 (10)

Sodium 1984Sodiua 1985

Potassiua 1984Potassiua 1985

Hagnesiua 1984Hagnesiun 1985

Sodiun 1984Sodiun 1985

Potassiun 1984Potass I ua 1985

Hagnesium 1984Magnesiun 1985

Site 24

7.4 x 2.1 (11)7.5 s 1.6 (12)

10.1 i 3.2 (12)5.6 x 2.1 (10)

11.5 x 4.8 (11)2.8 t 0.4 (11)

Site 32

1 q06 (12)c9.8 q 2. 0 (12) c

6.4 i 1.1 (11)9.7 i 2.9 (10)6.5 x 1.5 (11)4.8 x 1.2 (10)

Site 25b

6.3 x 1.7 (ll)8.4 a 1.5 (11)

8.7 *1.4 (ll)13.0 i 2.7 (12)11.6 t 2.3 (10)13.6 t 2.5 (12)

Site 43b

7.6 x 1.3 (12)10.1 I 2.5 (12)11.3 x 2.8 (12)8.7 s 2.4 (10)

4.7 a 0.9 (11)3.7 s 0.8 (ll)

Site 28

4.9 s 1.0 (12)6.0 a 1.1 (12)

6.1 s 1.5 (12)4.4 t 0.9 (9)

5.9 a 1.4 (11)3.2 I 0.7 (12)

'ite

45

7.2 x 1.3 (6)10.3 i 2.0 (12)5.5 ~ 1.1 (5)8.0 s 1.5 (9)

5.4 s 1.6 (5)4.1 s 1.0 (12)

Site 30

7.2 I 1.0 (12)10.5 a 2.3 (11)

10.0 I 1.3 (11)16.2 R 5.2 (9)

12.4 s 2.1 (11)13.3 s 3.9 (I 1 )

Site 31

7.7 s 1.0 (12)7.5 I 1.3 (11)4.5 x 0.5 (12)5.6 t 1.0 (9)

4 7 x 0 9 (ll)c2 5 q 0 5 (11)c

aNumber of samplesbAgricultural control sitescOeposition rates between years are significantly different at the 95K confidence level

TABLE 4-4

DUSTFALL DEPOSITION RATES (LB/ACRE - YEAR) + S.E.FOR NATIVE MONITORING SITES




Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Nits ate

Phosphate

Ammonia

TSSb

4 5a

4.1a

12. 7a

4. Oa

2.3a

0.5a

6.4

326.3a

0.2 (332)

0.2 (336)

0.6 (363)

0.3 (323)

0.08(284)

0. 02(182)

0.3 (185)

18.5 (308)

6.6a

5 3a

10.8a

2.5a

2.0a

0.6a

5.7

209.4a

0.2 (332)

0.3 (257)

0.6 (348)

0.1 (2 71 )

0.05(340)

0.04(154)

0.3 (152)

7.8 (297)

aDeposition rates between years are significantly different at the 95% confidence levelbTotal suspended solids

TABLE 4-5

DUSTFALL DEPOSITION RATES (LB/ACRE — MONTH) + S.E.FOR NATIVE MONITORING SITES FOR AUGUST, SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER AND DECEMBER


1984 1985Stan ar Error Standar Error

Parameter Deposition Rate (Number of Samples) Deposition Rate .(Number of Samples)

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Nitrate

Phosphate

Ammonia

0.45

0 35a

0.95

0 33a

0.18

0.05

0.56

0.03 (123)

0.02 (119)

0.07 (121)

0;03 (97)

0;01 (107)

0.003 (57)

0.03 (89)

0.46

0.51a

0.82

0.21a'.18

0;06 "

0.51

0.02 (115)

0.04 (89)

0.05 (111)

0.01 (104)

0.01 (113)

0.01 (37)

0.08 (42)

lSSb 27.0a 2.9 (89) 14.8a 0.87 (93)

Deposition rates between years are significantly different at the 95% confidence levelbTotal suspended solids

TASLE 4-6

ANNUAL AVERAGE OUSTFALL DEPOSITION RATES (LB/ACRE-YEAR) t S.E. FOR EACH NATIVE SITE .FOR SODIUM, POTASSIUM, and HAGNESIUM1984-1985 COMPARISON

Ion

Sodium 1984Sodium 1985

Potassium 1984Potassium 1985

Hagnesium 1984Hagnesium 1985

Site ld

4.1 4 0.8 (10)a6.6 t 1.6 (12)3.4 t 0.5 (12)6.3 t 2.0 (7)4.4 f 0.9 (11)c2.2 i 0.4 (10)c

Site 2d

4.4 t 1.2 (ll)7.7 4 1.1 (11)

3.7 4 0.5 (12)6.0 ~ 1.5 (7)

4.2 t 1.1 (10)2.1 4 0.5 (7)

Site 3d

4.8 t 0.6 (11)c7.6 4 1.1 (11)c

7.2 i 1.7 (12)4.3 t 1.4 (9)

10.1 i 4.1 (11)2.2 4 0.5 (11)

Site 4d

3.8 i 0.8 (10)5.6 i 1.1 (12)3.9 i 0.5 (9)8.4 t'.5 (8)3.6 i 0.8 (11)2.1 i 0.4 (8)

Si te 5d

4.3 4 1.0 (12)5.9 t 1.4 (ll)4.4 i 1.2 (10)5.3 t 2.1 (8)4.9 1 1.8 (10)2.4 S 0.4 (7)

Site 6d

5.7 S 1.2 (11)8.1 i 1.3 (10)3.8 t 0.6 (10)3.1 t 0.6 (9)3.5 t 0.8 (11)2.1 ~ 0.4 (8) .

Sodium 1984Sodiun 1985

Potassium 1984Potassium 1985Hagnesium 1984

Hagnesium 1985

Sodium 1984Sodium 1985

Potassium 1984Potassium 1985

Hagnesium 1984Hagnesium 1985

Site 8

5.0 X 1.2 (11)5.3 t 0.9 (12)5.0 L 1.0 (9)5.7 k 1.3 (7)3.5 i 1.5 (9)2.3 S 0.4 (7)

Site 17

8.0 % 3.3 (9).6.7 X 1.5 (10)

5.7 S 1.2 (11)7.6 i 1.6 (8)4.4 > 1.3 (10)3.2 i 0.8 (10)

Site 9

4.5 S 1.3 (1116.4 4 1.1 (12)

4.3 4 0.7 (11)6.0 t 1.4 (8)4.2 i 1.0 (11)2.2 i 0.5 (9)

Site 18

3.9 % 0.8 (9)5.7 t 1.1 (11)2.6 f 0.4 (12)c4.2 i 0.7 (10)c2.6 t 0.5 (12)2.2 t 0.5 (9)

Site 10d

4.2 S 1.2 (11)5.4 i 1.2 (ll)3.2 i 0.3 (11)3.2 X 0.5 (8)4.1 k 0.7 (11)c2.2 2 0.4 (9)c

Site 19

3.9 k 1.1 (10)5.5 i 1.6 (7)5.0 i 0.9 (11)6.1 i 2.1 (4)5.4 t 1.5 (11)3.9 t 1.3 (7)

Site 14d

6.0 k 1.7 (11)7.5 f. 1.4 (11)

4.5 i 0.6 (11)5.7 k 1.3 (9)5.4 i 1.2 (12)4.4 + 0.9 (12)

aSite 20

3.6 k 0.7 (12)c7.2 i 1.3 (ll)c4.2 4 0.5 (12)4.2 f 0.5 (12)3.9 i 0.7 (12)2.5 t 0.4 (12)

Site 15

4.0 k 0.8 (ll)6.4 i 1.0 (10)3.6 t 0.4 (12)5.4 t 1.3 (7)3.6 i 0.7 (10)2.4 + 0.6 (7)

Site 21

4.0 L 0.9 (10)6.3 i 1.4 (ll)3.4 I 0.7 (11)4.3 4 1.0 (8)

3.2 t 0.6 (10)2.3 t 0.3 (9)

Site 16d

4.6 X 1.0 (12)6.7 i 1.2 (12)2.6 t 0.3 (12)5.0 i 1.2 (10)3.8 t 0.9 (11)2.6 i 0.7 (10)

Site 22

3.4 4 0.6 (ll)c7.0 k 1.2 (9)c

3.4 i 0.5 (12)7.8 ~ 2.7 (7)

2.6 i 0.3 (10)1.7 i 0.3 (8)

TABLE 4-6

ANNUAL AVERAGE DUSTFALL DEPOSITION RATES (LB/ACRE-YEAR) s S.E. FOR EACH NATIVE SITE FOR SODIN, POTASSIN, and HAGNESIIH

1984-1985 COHPARISON (Continued)

Ion

Sodi us 1984Sodi ua 1985

Potassi ua 1984Potassiun 1985

Hagnesiua 1984Hagnesium 1985

Site 26

6.4 t 2.1 (9)6.6 i 1.1 (10)3.0 t 0.3 (11)3.8 t 1.0 (8)2.7 i 0.5 (10)2.2 * 0.5 (7)

Site 27d

3.9 s 0.8 (11)5.7 s 0.8 (12)

6.9 i 2.2 (11)4.4 s 1.0 (9)

7.9 x 3.7 (ll)2.1 i 0.4 (10)

Site 33

3.6 q 0.7 (12)c6.4 > 1.0 (12)c

4.6 a 0.7 (12)4.9 s 0.9 (9)

3.6 t 0.8 (ll)2.8 x 0.5 (9)

Site 34

4.2 s 0.9 (ll)6.6 L 1.1 (10)

4.0 x 0.8 (ll)5.1 x 1.4 (8)

2.6 J 0.6 (10)1.6 x 0.3 (7)

Site 35

5.2 x 1.7 (12)6.5 s 1.4 (10)

4.7 s 1.0 (11)8.9 L 1.9 (8)

4.8 s 2.1 (10)3.0 s 0.6 (10)

Site 36

4.4 t 1.2 (11)4.9 x 0.9 (12)

3.0 t 0.4 (ll)4.4 x 0.9 (9)

2.2 x 0.5 (10)2.0 x 0.6 (7)

Sodiua 1984Sod(un 1985

Potassiun 1984Potassi us 1985

Hagnesi us 1984Hagnesiun 1985

Site 37

4.9 s 1.7 (10)7.9 s 1.6 (9)

3.4 s 0.7 (9)5.7 t 1.9 (7)2.3 t 0.4 (9)2.3 x 0.6 (7)

Site 38

4.2 x 0.9 (11)7.0 s 1.3 (10)

4.9 s 1.4 (11)6.6 s 1.4 (8)

2.3 x 0.4 (11)2.2 x 0.3 (6)

Site 39

3 7 q 1.0 (12)c8,4 q 1 3 (10)c

3.8 a I).7 (9)5.8 x 1.7 (9)

2.8 s 0.5 (9)2. 7 x 0.5 (9)

Site 40b

4.7 x 1.4 (11)7.5 s 1.7 (12)

4.4 s 0.7 (12)4.3 s 1.0 (10)

5.0 i 1.3 (12)4.8 s 1.2 (10)

Site 41

4.8 i 1.6 (10)5.5 x 1.0 (11)

3.1 s 0.6 (10)5.4 x 1.5 (9)

3.4 s 0.7 (10)1.8 I 0.3 (11)

Site 42b

4.9 x 1.4 (11)5.8 s 0.8 (10)

2.9 x 0.3 (ll)3.8 x 0.8 (8)

2.6 s 0.4 (10)1.8 ~ O.l (9)

Site 44

34>05 (8)c92 q 1 6 (10)c

3.1 c 0.5 (6)4.9 t 1.2 (9)2.6 i 0.6 (7)2.1 t 0."3 (9)

aNumber of observationsbNative control sitecDeposition rates between years are significantly different at the 95% confidence leveldOnsite Ioc'ation

TABLE

4-7'USTFALL

DEPOSITION RATES (LB/ACRE — YEAR) + S .E.FOR ONSITE MONITORING LOCATIONS SITES


1984 1985

Standard Error Standard ErrorParameter Deposition Rate (Number of Samples) Deposition Rate (Number of Samples)

Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Nitrate

Phosphate

Ammonia

TSS

4 5a

16.1a

5 1a

2.3a

0.5

7.1a

388.2a

0.3 (122)

0.3 (123)

1.5 (132)

0.6 (121)

0:1 (100)

0.04 (74)

0.6 (68)

41.3 (113)

6.7a

5.0

11.3a

2.5a

1.9a

0.5

5 3a

201.9a

0.4 (124)

0.4 (96)

0.8 (128)

0.2 (104)

0.08 (127)

0.04 (59)

0.4 (57)

10.8 (108)

aDeposition rates between years are significantly different at the 95'4 confidence levelTotal suspended solids

TABLE 4-8

DUSTFALL DEPOSITION RATES (LB/ACRE - MONTH) + S.E.FOR ONSITE MONITORING LOCATIONS FOR AUGUST, SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER AND DECEMBER




Sodium

Potassium

Calcium

Magnesium

Nitrate

Phosphate

Ammoni a

TSSb

0.46

0.40

1.2

0.42a

0.18

0.05

0 57a

31. 9a

0.04 (44)

0.03 (43)

0.14 (44)

0.05 (35)

0.01 (39)

0.01 (21)

0.06 (33)

6.0 (33)

0.46

0.47

0.96

0.24a

0.1 7

0. 05

0.42a

15.4a

0.04 (42)

0.06 (33)

0.12 (40)

0.03 (36)

0.01 (42)

0.01 (15)

0.04 (17)

1.6 (35)

aDeposition rates between years are significantly different at the 95K confidence levelbTotal suspended solids

DUSTFALL DEPOSITION RATES (LB/ACRE - YEAR) i S.E.FOR AGRIC(ATNAL AHD NATIVE CONTROL SITES

1984-1985 COHPARISON

Agr fcultural Control Sites (Sites 25 and 43)a

1984

Standard ErrorParameter Deposition Rate (Huaber of Samples)

1985Standard Error

Deposition Rate (Nuaber of Samples)

Sodf um

Potassfua

Calcium

Hagnesfum

Nitrate

Phosphate

Anaonf a

TSSb

6.9

10.1

19.4

8.0

2.3

1.5

2 7.6

685.0

1.0 (23)

1.6 (23)

2.9 (23)

1.4 (21)

0.3 (19)

0.4 (21)

8.6 (17)

104.9 (22)

9.3

11.0

27.6

8.8

2.5

20.1

900.1

1.5 (23)

1.9 (22)

4.1 (24)

1.7 (23)

0.2 (23)

0.2 (20)

5.8 (18)

160.4 (23)

Native Control Sf tes (Si tes 40 and 42)a



Sodfua

Potassfua

Calcfua

Hagnesfua

Nitrate

Phosphate

Ammonia

TSSb

4.8

3.7

11.0

3.9

2.0

0.5

6.4

332.6

1.0 (22)

0.4 (23)

1.4 (24)

0.8 (22)

0.2 (19)

0.07 (15)

1.3 (13)

50.4 (21)

6.7

4.1

10.6

3.4

2.2

6.3

275. 7

1.0 (22)

0.6 (18)

1.4 (24)

0.7 (19)

0.3 (24)

0.3 (13)

0.6 (13)

54.9 (22)

aHo deposition rates between years are sfgnf ficantly different at the 95't confidence levelbTotal suspended solids

FIGURE 4-1MEAN MONTHLYDUSTFALLDEPOSITION (SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ONLY)

AGRICULTURALSITES1984-1985 COMPAR ISON

2.0

LB/ACRE-MONTH

SODIUM1984

POTASSIUM1984

SODIUM1886

POTASSIUM1986

1.0

0.6

/

i'/l l/

FIGURE 4-2MEAN MONTHLYDUSTFALLDEPOSITION (CALCIUMAND MAGNESIUMONLY)

AGRICULTURALSITES1984-1986 COMPARISON

LB/ACRE-MONTH

CALCIUM1984

4.0

MAGNESIUM1984 3.0

CALCIUM1986 2.0

MAGNESIUM1985

1.0

0.6

0.0JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

MONTH

0

FIGURE 4-3MEAN MONTHLY DUSTFALLDEPOSITION {NITRATEAND PHOSPHATE ONLY)


0.60LB/ACRE-MONTH

NITRATE1984

PHOSPHATE1984

NITRATE1986

0.26 /3!

PHOSPHATE1986 /X

J0.00

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT

MONTH

NOV DEC

FIGURE 4-4MEAN MONTHLYDUSTFALLDEPOSITION (AMMONIAAND TSS ONLY)


1000.0LB/ACRE-MONTH

AMMONIA1984

600.0

200.0

100.0 .

TSS

198460.0

t

I

C0

AMMONIA1986~O~O~

20.0

10.0

6.0

TSS

1986

2.0

1.0~~y

0.6

0.2


MONTH

FIGURE 4-5MEAN MONTHLYDUSTFALLDEPOSITION (SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ONLY)

NATIVESITES1984-1985 COMPARISON

LB/ACRE-MONTH

SODIUM1984

POTASSIUM1984 1.0

SODIUM1985

POTASSIUM'I986~%~A

0.6

jr

r


MONTH

FIGURE 4-6MEAN MONTHLYDUSTFALLDEPOSITION (CALCIUMAND MAGNESIUMONLY)


CALCIUM1984

MAGNESIUM1984

CALCIUM1986

3.0

2.6

2.0

1.6

LB/ACRE.MONTH

/ t/tt

fr

rMAGNESIUM

1986

1.0

0.6

.w(0.0

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL

MONTH

AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

FIGURE 4-7MEAN MONTHLYDUSTFALLDEPOSITION (NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE ONLY)


o.eo

LB/ACRE.MONTH

NITRATE1984

PHOSPHATE1984

NITRATE1986~O~~

0.26

PHOSPHATE1986

0.00JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

MONTH

OCT NOV DEC

0

FIGURE 4-8MEAN MONTHLYDUSTFALLDEPOSITION (AMMONIAAND TSS ONLY)


100.0'B/ACRE-MONTH

AMMONIA1984 60.0'0.0

TSS

1984 10.0

6.0

AMMONIA1986

2.0

TSS

1986

1.0

0.6

0.2

0.1JAN fEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL

MONTH

AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

0

5.0 SUSPENDED. PARTICULATE MATTER

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Concentrations of airborne particulate matter, which is collected at Sites8, 9, 10, 20, 21, and 27 with low-volume (low-vol) air samplers, wereanalyzed statistically to determine if significant differences exist betweendata collected in 1984 and 1985. For a discussion of the sampling method-ology and a presentation of all the monthly concentration analyses for eachmonitoring site, the respective 1984 and 1985 Annual Reports shoul d beconsulted (NUS 1986 b,a).

5.2 SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER COMPARISONS AND METHODOLOGY

Monthly concentrations were analyzed to examine the differences between datacollected in 1984 and 1985. Low-vol filters are analyzed for calcium,chloride, iron, fluoride, potassium, magnesium, sodium, nitrate, sulfate andtotal phosphate. However, many analyses for concentrations of iron, potas-sium and phosphate were below detectable limits and these ions were notincluded in any comparative evaluations.

The statistical significance of differences in the monthly concentrations ofeach ion between the years 1984 and 1985 was determined using the same pro-cedures as were used for dustfall.

5.3 SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION COMPARISONS

Table 5-1 presents the monthly mean air concentrations and the standarderror for each of seven measurable ions for 1984 and 1985. The table indi-cates that increases for sodium and calcium and decreases for chloride andfluoride are statistically significant from 1984 to 1985. The increase insodium from 1984 to 1985 paralleled an increase in sodium in the dustfallthroughout the monitoring area (see Chapter 4.0).

The small standard errors for both 1984 and 1985 for sodium, fluoride andchloride indicate that the increase or decrease in concentrations of theseions was relatively uniform for all six sites. Examination of the meansfor each site provided in the 1984 and 1985 Annual Reports does show auniform distribution of concentrations for all the sites. Calcium, on theother hand, showed more variability in the mean concentration between moni-toring sites.

In 1984, maximum concentrations of most ions occurred at Site 9 near thenorthern PVNGS site boundary (maximum concentrations of fluoride andchloride occurred at Site 21, approximately 1.5 miles east of the PVNGS siteboundary). In 1985, most maximum concentrations occurred at Site 21.

5-1

TABLE 5-1

MONTHLY MEAN CONCENTRATIONS (ug/m3) + S.E.OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATESa


1984

Standard ErrorParameter Concentration (Number of Samples) Concentration

1985

Standard Error(Number of Samples)

Sodium

Calcium

Magnesium

Nitrate

Chloride

Fluoride

Sul fate

0.77b

1.57b

0.09

0.41

4;09b

0.22b

1. 66

0.08 (72)

0.08 (72)

0.01 (62)

0.06 (72)

0.97 (40)

0.06 (66)

0.14 (62)

1.21b

2.10b

0.10

0. 34

1.28b

0. 09b

2.25

0.08 (72)

0.15 (72)

0.01 (72)

0.02 (67)

0.18 (39)

0.01 (67)

0.31 (66)

aSites 8, 9, 10, 20, 21 and 27 combinedbConcentrations between years are significantly different at the 95'X confidence level

6.0 NATIVE VEGETATION .ANALYSES'. 1 INTRODUCTIONEight native plant communities in. the vicinity of the PVNGS were quantita-tively monitored in 1984 and 1985. Sites 2, 3 and 44 (control) aredominated by salt-bush (Atri lex olycar a). Creosote-bush (Larreadivaricata) characterizes on> onng >tea t, a, 6, 40 and 42~ice 40 and42 serve as controls (Figure 6-1). Sampling and analytical methodologiesare presented in the respective 1984 and 1985 annual reports (NUS 86b,a).

6.2 METHODOLOGY

Data were analyzed using the SPSS PC+ statistical software. Variability wasdetermined using a factorial analysis of variance in a completely randomizeddesign. Hain effects were year, location and season. Differences betweenmeans were determined using Least Significant Differences (LSD) and unlessstated otherwise, were considered significant at the 95 percent confidencelevel.

6.3 RESULTS

6.3.1 Salt-Bush

As the result of a change of laboratories and modifications of the procedurefor the analysis of native vegetation ti ssue in 1985, a comparison study wasperformed to assess whether any significant differences exist between 1984and 1985 results from changes in analytical procedures. The result of thisstudy yielded no statistically significant differences between analyticalresults of native vegetation tissue samples from 1984 and 1985.

Table 6-1 shows the concentration of selected ions in salt-bush leaf tissueat three monitoring locations for 1984 and 1985. Generally, the concentra-tions of selected cations in salt-bush leaf tissue did not differ signifi-cantly between years whereas anionic concentrations wer e significantlyhigher in 1985 than in 1984. Sodium content increased significantly from1984 to 1985 at Sites 3 and 44; however, no significant increase occurred atSite 2. Concentrations of potassium, calcium and magnesium did not differsignificantly between years at all three monitoring locations.

Concentrations of chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate and fluoride weresignificantly higher in 1985 than in 1984 at each monitoring location.Chloride and sulfate concentrations were 2 to 3 times hi gher in 1985; fluo-ride content was approximately twice as high. Nitrate concentrations weresix times higher 'in 1985 than in 1984.

6.3.2 Creosote-Bush

Five creosote-bush communities were monitored in 1984 and 1985. Three sitesoccur in the vicinity of the PVNGS and two (Sites 40 and 42) serve as con-trois (Figure 6-1). Table 6-2 lists the concentrations of selected ions in

~ creosote-bush at these locations in 1984 and 1985. Sodium content was sig-: nificantly higher at each monitoring location in 1985 whereas potassium was

significantly lower. With the exception of Site 6, calcium did not vary

6-1

significantly between years.- Magnesium concentrations'at Sites 1 and.4 weresignificantly lower in 1985, but. showed no significant di'fference "at .-Sites 6, '40, and 42. Chloride, nitrate and fluoride content were signifi-cantly higher in 1985 at each of the five monitoring locations. Sites 4 and6 were .the only sites at which sul fate concentrations were not significantlyhigher in 1985. Phosphate content did not differ significantly betweenyears at Sites 1, 4, and 42, but was significantly higher at Sites 6 and40. In general, the concentration of selected ions in creosote-bush leaftissue was higher in 1985.

6-2

TABLE 6-1

A COMPARISON OF MEAN IONIC CONTENT (eg/g DRY WEIGHT) + S.E.b of SALT-BUSH(~Atri Iex ~elycar al LEAF TISSUE, 1984-1985

Ion

Ca+2

Monitorin Site 21984 1985

48841 + 4 50627 + 3

14036 + ll 15750 + 713538 + 20 12008 + 7

Monitorin Site 31984 1985

49567f + 4 55282f + 3

18222 + 10 19580 + 5

15946 + 27 12825 + 8

Monitoring Site 441984 1985

30972f + 4 36155f + 4

22191 + 10 23034 + 6

8479f + 5 9871f + 5

Mg+2 4474 + 9 4706 + 10 5428 + 4 5811 + 9 10098 + 36 5979 + 5

Cl

S04-2

27236f + 21 72950f + 4

6108 + 14 12865f + 6

37640f + 13 69500f + 4

4766f + 17 11356f + 6

34677f + 6 46180f + 9

5804f + 10 16596f + 7

N03 76c f + 13 673f + 5 132Caf + 29 747f + 7 147d f + 37 519f + 12P04 3 912f + 8 1400f + 3 814f + 9 1164 + 4 1243f + 10 1631f + 4

F 4.2e f + 24 9.5f + 2 4.8e.f + 25 10.2f + 3 5.5e.f + 20 9.8f + 4aUnless othe@vise indicated, n = 20bStandard errors are expressed as a percent of the sample meanen=15dn=13en=10fFor individual locations, means are significantly (Pteen years

TABLE 6-2

A COPARlSOH OF NEAMa 1081C CONTENT (>gig ORY MEIGNT) q S E.b of CREOSOTE-BUSH(Larrea dlvarlcata) LEAF TlSSUE, 1984-1985

ionHonltorln Site 1

1984 1985

Honl torln Site 41984 1985

Honl torln Site 61984 1985

Nonl torln Sl te 401984 1985

Honltorln Site 421984 1985

Ha+ 1674 a 13 5134 a 5 237d a 10 5304 s 5 162d q 14 4284 1 3 1014 s 15 5384 x 12 864 4 23

In

rla—

v ~

N25

. 40

T~

~ ~

t~ j

44 .

12a

~ r

jgjj(Iwv l=g11aI l

~ 1

s

4 tS

9I

"23

826

31s ri321. v'

~ ~ v ~ ~ ~

j ~

0 (s

43M

'II TIAPERTURE

CARD

Legends

A - Sxtsttno Net tve Vetretetton Plots ISI/Site 5 Not Sempled Presently Due to pire~ - Attrtcutturat Crops (13)+ - Netive Vettetetion Control Sites (31

o e

~ ~

Aho APSIIaMtt p>APertttrr. 1~8

F IGUIIE6-1DISTIIIBUTIONOF VEGETATIONSAMPLING LOCATIONS

qvo506,03't3-O z

6-5

7.0 AGRICULTURAL CROPANALYSES'.

1 INTRODUCTION

The distribution of the 13 agricultural monitoring sites (7, ll, 12, 13, 23.,24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 43 and 45) for the PVNGS and vicinity is shown inFigure 6-1. Monitoring Sites 25 and 43 serve as control sites for cottonand alfalfa, respectively. Sampling and analytical methodologies arepresented in the respective 1984 and 1985 annual reports (NUS, 86b,a).

7.2 METHODOLOGY

Data were analyzed using the SPSS PC+ statistical software. Variability wasdetermined using a factorial analysis of variance in a completely randomi zeddesign. Main effects were year, location and quarter. Differences betweenmeans were determined using Least Significant Differences (LSD) and, unlessstated otherwise, were considered significant at the 95% confidence level.

7.3 RESULTS

7.3.1 Cotton

7.3.1.1 Plant Ti ssue

As the result of a.change of laboratories for 1985, a comparison study wasperformed to assess whether any significant differences exist between 1984and 1985 results from changes in analytical procedures. The results of thisstudy yielded no statistically significant differences between analyticalresults of agri cul ture tissue samples from 1984 and 1985.

The concentration of selected ions in cotton leaf tissue for 1984 and 1985at eight monitoring sites in the vicinity of the PVNGS is given inTable 7-1. Variability in ionic content between locations within a year hasbeen previously described (NUS 1986b,a). Generally, the concentration ofions in cotton leaf tissue was significantly higher in 1985 than in 1984,and this variability appeared to be randomly distributed among locations.Additionally, there was no obvious trend for the individual ions.

Sodium content was significantly higher in 1985 at all monitoring sitesexcept Sites ll, 12 and 24; these three sites showed no significant differ-ence between years. Potassium content was significantly higher in 1985 at .Sites 11, 23 and 24, but significantly lower in 1984 at Site 25. Potassiumcontent at Sites 12, 13, 31 and 32 was not significantly different betweenyears. Calcium, which showed the most consistent trend, was significantlyhigher at all, monitoring sites in 1985 with the exception of Site 12, whichshowed no significant difference between years. The mean concentrations ofmagnesium at Sites 12, 13 and 24 were significantly higher in 1984 than in1985; magnesium content at Site 23, however, was significantly higher in1985. There was no significant difference in magnesium concentration atmonitoring Sites 11, 25, 31 and 32 between years.

With the exception of Sites 11, 12 and 13, the mean concentrations ofchloride were significantly higher in 1985. There were no significant dif-ferences in mean chloride concentrations between years at Sites 11 and 13;

7-1

chloride content at Site 12.was significantly higher in 1984. Sulfateconcentrations were also significantly. higher in 1985 at all'monitoring .."-sites except Sites 11, 12 and 13. No, real differences between years- werefound at Sites 12 and 13; sulfate concentrations at Site. 11 weresignificantly higher in 1984.

The mean concentration of nitrates did not differ significantly betweenyears at four of the eight monitoring sites. Nitrate content was signifi-cantly higher in 1985 at Site 23, and significantly higher in 1984 atSite 25. No comparisons were possible at Sites 11 and 24 because nitrateconcentrations were at or below detectable limits.

Phosphate was the most consistent of the measured ions. There were no sig-nificant differences between years at all but two sites. The mean concen-tration of phosphate at Site 24 was significantly higher in 1984, whereas atSite 31 the average concentration was higher in 19Ub. The mean concentra-tion of fluoride was at or below detectable limits at half the sites. Ofthe remaining sites, the average content of fluoride was significantlyhigher in 1984 at Sites 11 and 13; no real differences were noted forSites 23 and 32.

Based on the number of ions showi ng no significant differences betweenyears, some monitoring sites appeared more variable than other s. Sites ll,12, 13 and 32 had a greater frequency of nonsignificant differences than theother sites. The most variable monitoring sites were 23, 24 and 25. 'singa similar criterion, phosphate, nitrate, magnesium and potassium showed theleast real differences between years among sites. Calcium, chloride,sulfate and fluoride were the most variable of the measured ions.

7.3.1.2 Yi el d

A comparison of mean cotton yields (lbs/acre) for monitoring sites plantedwith short-staple and long-staple (Pima) cotton in 1984 and 1985 is given inTable 7-2. Monitoring sites that were either fallow or were mechanicallyharvested before sampling was completed are denoted by a hyphen. In 1984and 1985, Sites 24 and 25 were planted with long-staple (Pima) cotton; allother sites were planted with short-staple cotton.

Based on those monitoring sites planted with short-staple cotton in 1984 and1985, the mean yield was not significantly different (P

The mean yield of long-staple (Pima) cotton at control Site 25;wassignificantly higher in 1985 than 1984., There,was no significant differencebetween years at Site 24, the only other. site planted with Pima cotton.These values compare to an average yield in 1984 of 1300 lbs/acre for Pimacotton in Maricopa County, and a statewide average of 841 lbs/acre .(Brantner, 1985). The average yield of long-staple (Pima) cotton in 1985for Maricopa County was 1030 lbs/acre; the statewide yield was.927 lbs/acre(Brantner, 1986). Estimated yield (1204 lbs/acre, n = 20) frcm fieldstudies in 1984, therefore, compares closely to 1984 county averages. The1985 estimated yield (1678 lbs/acre, n = 20) of Pima cotton from twomonitoring sites was higher than county and statewide averages.

7-3

,pl

t

0

TABLE 7-1

A COHPARISON OF HEANa IONIC CONTENT (pg/9 DRY NEIGNT) s S.E.bOF COTTON LEAF TISSUE, 1984-1985

Monitor in Site 11 Honitorin Site 12 Monitorin Site 13 Honi torin Site 23Ion 1984 1985 1984 1985 1984 1985 1984 1985

ka+ 2890c q 14 2136 - 12 2423 a 8 2422 i 11 2390 t 7 4230f i 1010235c>f a 9 15573f a 4 18754 x 6 19712 x 3 17930 i 5 15956 N 4

1039f t 8

16953f x 7

2902f x 5

21645f x 5

Ca 30460cef a 6 35633f ~ 4 29333 a 3 31504 ~ 6 31196f ~ 6 36475f ~ 2 30428f a 5 44666f ~ 4

Mg+2 5171c a 7 4777 t 3 5250f x 3 4439f a 5 6225f i 3 4532f a 2 5534f a 3 6274f a 4CI

504 2

13306c s 7 13630 a 3 17519f x 7 14700f s 2 15974 a 6 16780 s 4 17427f s 5 24115f a 5

44260c sf w 8 27270f c 6 32183 x 8 28567 1 12 34821 i 6 32379 E 8 31240f f 4 145135f

N03

P04 3

F

2085c q 8

1011 I 15

2147 R 6

14 s

3'03ct 30

2433 i ll1172 i 9 496d x 182727 I 4 1846 x 11

13e a4

1817 s 3

134 3

2676 x 12

846 a 24 173df a 30 2383f - 20

2526 s 10

35 t 20aUnless otherwise indicated, n ~ 20bStandard errors are expressed as a percent of the sample meancn ~ 10dn ~12en ~15fFor individual locations, means are significantly different (P

TABLE 7-1

A COMPARISON OF MEAN IONIC CONTENT (ug/9 DRY NEIGNT) ~ S.E.OF COTTON LEAF TISSUE, 1984-1985 (Continued)

Honitorin Site 24= Monitorin Site 25 Monitor>n Site 31 Moni torin Site 32Ion 1984 1985 1984 1985 1984 1985 1984 1985

Na+ 831c+ 21 889 s 8 303f i 10 716f a 39499c»f + 14 17411f a 5 21136f + 7 15200f s 6

8654 > 5 " 13119 +-11 . 9615 < 13= = -12603;1 .14..„. 18831 I 15 15867 I 13

Hg 2 4901c»f t 10 3995 t 5 3345 a 3 3757 x 6 6450 x 6

50759f i 12 24403 a'7330 s 10 6156 w 5

Ca+2 24330c f a 6 37118f s 5 28005f i 3 45200f x 4 26000f a 6-.

14035 f s 10

11222 s 11

.38727f s 6

5731 s 7

Cl

S04 2

9738c» i 11 16660f a 5 13030f x 4 18860f s 3 13159f s 8 22365f s 9 12740f x 8 20965f s 713136c»f a 9 36660f s 10 20786f t 3 39225f a 4 35592f t 7 82210f a 12 40005f s 10 83022f x 10

N03

P04 3

F

644 N 19 1405cf s 18

2544 a 4

17m 3

3268c»f ~ 5 2155f s 5

742f x 21 229c q 42 623 j 20

15' 33 a 12

2238 s 9 1815f a 5 3228 a 15

887c s 24

2119 s 5

1006 s 21

2168 i 734 a 15

aUnless otherwise indicated, n 20bStandard errors are expressed as a percent of the sample meancn =10dn 12en~15fFor Individual locations, means are significantly different (P

TABLE 7-2

MEAN COTTON YIELD (LB/ACRE) - S.E.a AT SELECTED MONITORING SITES


Moni tori ngSi tes

12

13

23

24

28

30

31

32

45

1984(n = 10)

2787 + 5

3202 + 3

1375 + 9

948+ 6

1460 + 5

1595 + 4

1330 + 13

2486 + 8

2294 + 8

Year1985

(n = 10)

2314 + 9

1894 + 16

1423 + 25

2880 + 8

2470 + 7

1169 + 12

2002 + 11

aStandard errors are expressed as a percent of the sample mean

7-6

8.0 SOILS ANALYSES

8.1 INTRODUCTION

Soil samples were collected at each of the 44 monitoring sites in„1984 and1985 using the procedures identified in the 1985 Annual Report for the PVNGSSalt Deposition Monitoring Program (NUS, 1986a). Twelve soil samples werecollected from each agricultural site during each year, corresponding to tworeplicates at two depths for each of three seasons. Eight samples werecollected from each native site during each year, corresponding to tworeplicates at two depths for each of two seasons. Each sample was analyzedfor nineteen parameters, five of which were chosen as indicator parametersfor the purpose of comparing 1984 data to 1985 data: electrical conductiv-ity, and soluble calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium.

8.2 METHODOLOGY

A change in laboratories and a modification to the method of soil analysisused by the respective laboratories in 1984 and 1985 imposed addi tionalrequirements in or der to compare the 1984 results to the 1985 results. In1984 the indicator parameters were determined from a 1:1 (soil:water)extract, and in 1985 they were determined frcm a 1:2 extract. This modifi-cation was made to increase the volume of solution needed for analysis andto decrease the amount of time required for the analysis of each soilsample. However, the amount of soluble salts extracted from desert soilstypically depends on the soil to water r atio as the result of the dissolu-tion of low solubility sulfate and carbonate salts ( USDA, 1969). Accountingonly for the change in dilution factors will not adequately equate theresults from the two extraction oethods. Therefore, a "calibrationtechnique" was used to determine the relationship between results frcm the1:1 and 1:2 extraction methods.

To perform the calibration, thirty soil samples from 1985 were analyzed forelectrical conductivity and soluble calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potas-sium using the 1:1 and 1:2 extraction methods. For each parameter, therelationship between the 1:1 and 1:2 methods was determined by a least-squares linear regression analysis, forced to include the origin (x=0,y=0). The regression equations that were used to relate the results fromthe 1984 method to those from the 1985 method are shown below wi th theircorresponding correlation coefficients:

EC(1.2) = 1.189 x EC(1.1)Ca(1 2) = 1.049 x Ca(1 ] )g(l:2 ) x Mg(1:1 )

Na(1:2) = 1.235 x Na(1:1)K(1 2) = 1.349 x K(1 1)

r2 = 0.997r2 = 0.990r2 = 0.986r2 = 0.997r2 = 0.994

The high correlation coefficients suggest that these linear regression equa-tions can be used with confidence to extrapolate the results obtained withthe 1984 analytical methods for the purpose of comparing 1984 data to 1985data.

8-1

Statistical comparisons of the 1984 and,1985 data were computed with theStudents' statistic, using a 95 percent confi'dence level, to test forsignificant differences between yearly'mean values of each i.ndicator param-eter. Mean values for each year at individual monitoring locations werecompared usi'ng the t-test, as were group means for all agricultural sitesand all native sites.

8.3 RESULTS

8.3.1 A ricultural Sites

Table 8-1 presents the yearly mean values and standard 'errors, based onthirteen agricultural sites, for each indicator par amet'er'. The mean valuesfor electrical conductivity, sodium, and potassium are si'gnificantly lowerin 1985 than in 1984; there is no significant difference, between years forcalcium or magnesium.

J

The salinity status for each agricultural site i's i;ndicated by the yearlymean electrical conductivity values listed in Table'-2. A comparisonbetween years for each agricultural site indicates 'that. Sites 11, 30, and 43primarily are responsible for the lower group means, in 1985. The levels ofelectrical conductivity, sodium and potassium were'significantly lower in1985 at Sites 11, 30, and 43 by approximately 100 peI cent. These sameparameters also were significantly lower in 1985 at Site 24. A change inthe crop status at Sites 11 and 30 may be responsible for the differencebetween years. Sites 11 and 30 were fallow in 1984 'and planted to cotton in1985. The application of irrigation water in 1985 may have leached solublesalts below the sampling depth, and may account for the sharp decrease ofthese parameters. Site 43 is a control site that was planted in alfalfa inboth years, and.Site 24 was fallow in both years. An explanation of theobserved differences at these sites is not apparent from two years of data.Significantly higher means were observed in 1985 than in 1984 for electricalconductivity, sodium, and magnesium at Sites 23; 32, and 45. Similarly, anexplanation for these differences is not apparent; however, changes inirrigation management or fertilizer application may account for the varia-tion between years.

8.3.2 Native Sites

Table 8-3 presents the yearly mean values and standard errors, based ontwenty-nine native sites, for each indicator parameter. Sites 3 and 16 werenot used in calculating the means because, they were identified as statis-tical outliers for several parameters in the Annual Report for 1985 (NUS,1986a). The results of the t-test, also shown in Table 8-3, indicate thatthere is no significant di fference between years for oaan values of sodiumand potassium. Mhen compared to the 1984,data, mean values of electricalconductivity are significantly lower in 1985, and man values of calcium andmagnesium are significantly higher.

The yearly mean values for each native site are shown in Table 8-4.Electrical conductivity is significantly lower in 1985 than in 1984 forSites 3, 10, 18, and 44. Site 17 is the only monitoring location whereelectrical conductivity significantly increased in 1985. Significantincreases for calcium, magnesium, and sodium also are observed for Site 17

8-2

in 1985. The soil sampling transects at„Site 17 w'ere moved approximately50 feet in 1985 when'he. original location-'was'etermined to be.too'lose to'a wash. Soil'- properties at the original location are,'apparently differentthan those at the new location, and a comparison between years may not beval i d.

The mean values of calcium and magnesium are significantly higher in 1985 at13 and 16 of the 31 native sites, respectively. Sodium is significantlyhigher in 1985 at five sites and lower at one site. Potassium is signifi-cantly higher at three sites and lower at nine sites in 1985.

It is expected that potential impacts from salt deposition would be firstdetected in surface soils at monitoring locations that are nearest to thecooling towers. Figure 8-1 shows the mean seasonal electrical conductivityof soil samples collected at the 0-15 cm depth at several native siteslocated near the cooling towers and at the two control sites (Sites 40 and42). Sites 1, 10 and 20 are located on-site and Site 9 is located off-site,north of the plant. In general, the highest electrical conductivity valuesfor the sites shown in Figure 8-1 are observed in March 1984 after which thevalues decrease to August 1985 levels. This trend also is evident at thetwo control sites. Based on these results, operation of the plant does notappear to have significantly increased the salt content of surroundingsoils.

8-3

TABLE 8-1

YEARLY MEANS OF-'PARAMETERS MEASUREO -'"

IN ALL AGRICULTURAL SOILS

1984-1 985 COMPAR ISON

Mean + Standard Error

Parameter

EC (mmhos/cm)

Calcium (ppm)

Magnesium (ppm)

Sodium (ppm)

Potassi um (ppm)

1984(n=152)

1.62 + 0.11 a

56 +

7.8 + 0.8

288 +-18a

30+ 2a

1985(n=l56)

1.19 +- 0.07a

45+2

7.0 -+ 0.4

234 + 13a

19+ 2a

aIndicates a significant difference (P

TABLE 8-2

CNPARISON BETWEEN YEARLY HEANS OF SOIL PARAHETERSFOR INDIVIOUAL AGRICULTURAL SI TESb

Electr(cal Conduct(vlt (nmhos/cm) Soluble Ca)clum ( ) Soluble Ha nes(um ( m)SIte 1984 1985 1984 1985 1984 1985

~ Soluble Sod(um ( )1984 1985 1984 1985

Soluble Potass(um ( m)

12

13

23

24

25

28

30

31

32

43

45

1.61 i 0.29 0.97 t 0.162.02 e 0.18a 0.91 t 0.06a1.81 t 0.280.91 t 0.10

1.63 t 0.370.75 a 0.03

0.93 i 0.06a 1.47 t 0.24a0.93 i 0.07a 0.72 f 0.02a1.19 i 0.100.74 ~ 0.07

0.99 x 0.08

0.71 * 0.04

5.25 s 0.28a 2.69 x 0.39a

0.91 t 0.10 0.75 * 0.051.08 i 0.08a 1.49 4 0.18a2.45 i 0.48a 0.82 s 0.06a0.98 i 0.09a 1.52 t 0.14a

37' 29 x 2 7.6 x 1.2 5.0 x 0.3 308 x 63 215 x 37 12 x la56 110 43 x3 5.2 a 0.6a 3.5 i 0.2a 338 1 20a 174 x 18a 49 x 4a

73'

19'

64 ~ ll51 a8 6.5 x 1.1 352 x 559.9 t 1.9 285 x 66130x4

281 ~ 45a

126 a 5a

135 x 13

151 x 12

2.2 4 0.3a 3.8 i 0.2a 181 i 284.1 s 0.6a 8.7 i 1.2a 173 i 17a

19 4 2a 29 N la

49 xl4 64 BIO29 x 4 35 x 3

19'34 t 3a164 x loa

149 x 11

3.1 x 0.3

ll el5.1 x 0.9

11 x I6416

19 a 3

38 * 2a

8.5 x 0.6

Bi ~ 2a

6.2 a 0.3a

6415

27a2 1.7 a 0.2a 3.8 t 0.5a 157 a 1313 x 2a244 x 21a 90 x 14a 34 x la 835 t 64a 536 x 75a

166 x 1312 a 2a 32 t 4a36 R 17 25 i 2 353 ~ 41a 3.5 t 0.384 a 24

12x559 x 5

21t219t5 10 x 1 422 x 70a 142 s 15a 38+ 4a

1.0 e 0.0a 4.9 x 0.8a 215 i 14a 348 * 29a 3.7 s 0.3

1.3 e O.la 7.9 i 1.9a 189 i 182.1 x 0.3a. 4.3 a 0.8a 232 x 17a

7.7 x 0.8a

22 s 2a

63 s 14

17'17'25 t 3a

20~ 3a

9.3 x 1.9

29 a 3a

10 ~ la

4.9 x 0.9

13 * la

8.8 t 2.6alnd(cates a sign(ficant d(fference ( P

TABLE 8-3

YEARLY MEANS OF PARAMETERS MEASUREDIN ALL NATIVE SOILS

1984-1985 COMPARISONb

Mean + Standard Error

Parameter

EC (ethos/cm)

Calcium (ppm)

Magnesium (ppm)

Sodium (ppm)

Potassi um (ppm)

1984(n=228)

0. 72 + 0.06a

43 + 3a

3.9 + 0.2a

86 +10

22+2

1985(n=232)

0 55 + 0 04a

52 + 3a

7 ~ 3 + 0,7a

69+7

22 + 2

aIndicates a significant difference (P

,

TABLE 8-4

COHPARISON BETNEEN YEARLY MEANS OF SOIL PARAHETERSFOR INDIVIDINL NATIVE SITESb

EIectrical Conductivity(nmhos/cm) Soluble Calcium ( m)

Site 1984 1985 1984 1985Soluble Ma nesium ( m)

1984 1985Soluble Sodium ( m)

1984 1985

Soluble Potassium( m)

1984 1985

CCI

1

2345689

10141516171819202)2226273334353637

.383940414244

1.13 I 0.291.15 x 0.539.35 t 2.18a0.34 t 0.010.65 i 0.060.33 a 0.021.38 a 0.360.59 x 0.090.48 ~ O.osa1.94 x 0. 710.43 t 0.057.34 t 2.480.39 s 0.03a0.38 x 0.03a0.46 * 0.060.52 I 0.060.76 s 0.150.27 t 0.030.34 x 0.022.19 x 0.570.25 x 0.060.32 t 0.020.26 a 0.030.95 t 0.320.32 x 0.010.62 t 0.081.44 t 0.350.41 4 0.041.60 ~ 0.440.32 t 0.030.79 t O.lla

1 ~ 330.613. 080.360.570.360.660.440.340. 710.353.380.670.300.390.460.490.280.290.970.200.320.200.340.320.602.200.360. 710.280.45

s 0.22a 0.10x 0.69a~ 0.03x 0.05x 0.02a 0.13a 0.02x 0.02ax 0.04x 0.03x 0.76k 0.09aa 0.0»x 0.03a 0.03a 0.06x 0.02a 0.03a 0.14t 0.0t 0.03x 0.0i 0.04x 0.04x 0.09L 0.80s 0.02x 0.14t 0.01x 0.02a

115 a 3118 ~ 3a54 R 1242 i la16 s la28 ~ 4a15 * la58 x 1655 a 1350 t 1264 4 1238'43 a 3a46 a 4a35 a 313 ~ 2a19t437 x 3a60 11721 a3a28 a342 x2a34 t375 x1849 ala18 11043 i 1857 t255 a2044 12a84 a56

145 t 2654 t 10a48 11563 x4a30 x 2a47x3a30 a 2a54 x 550 x 343 a 355 x 425 t 277 ~ 6a58 s 2a43 x 263 ~13a24a349 a2a52x340 a 6a32 il55 i 5a33 el43x570'a17 a 2

113 i 5863 x234 t255 s 2a33 k2

8.1 x 1.63.1 t 0.78.7 t 2.33.4 x 0.4a2.6 t 0.52.5 x 0.5a2.6 ~ 0.3a6.6 x 0.4a7.7 s 1.16.6 s 0.84.1 t 0.55.8 x 1.13.9 t O.la3.7 a 0.2a3.6 x 0.3a2.4 t 0.5a2.7 a 0.5a2.7 x 0.4a3.2 x 0.3a3.1 t 0.6a2.7 a 0.43.4 x 0.2a2.6 x 0.35.3 s 1.43.2 ~ 0.2a1.2 ~ 0.4a4.6 x 1.54.6 x 0.24.8 i 0.52.7 ~ 0.2a6.2 a 0.6

10 t 220 i 1135 t13

5.3 x 0.3a4.5 a 0.34.1 * 0.4a4.9 t 0.2a8.4 ~ 0.5a6.0 i 0.48.4 x 0.85.1 a 0.33.9 x 0.314 s 3a

4.5 x 0.2a5.1 x 0.2a30 t 10a

6.9 x 0.5a4.1 x O.la4.5 t 0.2a9.5 t 2.4a3.0 s 0.04.5 t 0.2a3.0 t 0.04.0 ~ 0.44.6 s 0.3a4.6 ~ 0.8a13m 7

4.8 t 0.23.8 t 0.34.1 ~ O.la5.5 + 0.4

9.4 x 1.51,561 a 369

9.6 x 0.4a13'19 t 396 F13

136 t 376.5 t 0.7a

16 t 2469 t 111llt78.1 ~ 1.3a6.9 t 0.7

95 ~ 426.6 x 0.6a149 x 24259 ~ 68

12 t 3293 x 92

12 x 276x30

102 t 25109 a 33

1,632 ~ 257a7.6 x 0.6a109 i 1837'

264 a 6947m 1531 x 667x12

117 x 29110 a 35722 a 152a15 ~ la

115 x 1948x8

131 x 3434'23k 267 t 1011 x I

796 t 19014 ala15'31t882 11291 x lg11 x la19 x 2

230 t 328.9 i 0.817'a8.0 x 0.3

39 x llll i la148 1 29396 ~ 12514'

146 x 4012sl50 F10

9.4 a 1.118'31 t 315'414 t 2

2.9 x 0.5a43 a 2645 t 519 ~"2a9711134 s 5a87 a 12a32 ~ la12 s 2a58 x 525 a 3a23 k 2IOa2

9.6 i 1.0a15 i 111 t 1

7.4 ~ 0.614 a 2a14 ~ la

7.1 a 1.03.2 s 0.28.4 i 0.9

26''3

x 2a8.3 s 0.9

88 ~ 5a

11 t230'41 L II17'13 s 2

5.1 4 0.8a1'4 i240 x 313 ~ la92 t IO19 12a44 s.6a78 t 16a

7.6 a 0.9a48 i 244 t 5a1912

9.0 i 1.15.9 ~ 1.1a17',.8.'5 t 0:56.9 t 0.87.5 x 0.4a8.3 x 0.9a4.9 x 1.13:6 s 0.5ll s 3

23 i 28.0 ~ 0.9a6.9 i 0.5:60 ~ 2a

alndicates a significant difference (P

FIGURE 8-1SEASONAL MEAN ELECTRICALCONDUCTIVITYFOR

0-15 cm DEPTH SOlL SAMPLES AT SELfCTED NATIVESITES1984-1985 COMPARISON

2.00EC (MMHOS/CM)

MARCH1984

1.76

AUGUST1984

1.60

1.26

MARCH1986 1.00

AUGUST1986

0.76

.0.60

0.25

0.0010 20

SITE NUMBER40 42

9.0 REMOTE SENSING/AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

9.1 INTRODUCTION

The PVNGS and vicinity were aerially photographed with-color infrared filmin September of 1984 and 1985. Photographic coverage included the areawithin a 5-mile radius of the PVNGS cooling towers and the four controlsites located approximately 20 miles to the northwest and southeast of PVNGS(Figure 9-1). Specifications and associated data for both photomissionswere presented in earlier reports (NUS 1986b,a). Because the infrared bandof the electromagnetic spectrum exhibits a high level of reflectance fromliving vegetation, including agricultural crops, it can indicate physi-ological and morphological changes. Thus, color infrared photography is auseful tool for monitoring environmental change, and is particularly appli-cable in identifying vegetative stress and mortality.

9.2 RESULTS

Examination of the 1984 and 1985 color infrared exposures failed to discloseany evidence of widespread vegetative stress in either agricultural crops orindigenous plant communities. Patterns of agricultural vegetative gr owth in1985 were generally similar to those observed in 1984. These patterns werenot only consistent when identical crops were present, but also appearedsimilar between cotton and alfalfa. This consistency suggests that theobserved tonal signatures were associated with soil fertility and drainagerather than widespread vegetative stress attributable to salt drift. Vege-tative stress in agricultural crops and indigenous vegetation can be causedby drought, poor drainage, nutrient deficiencies associated with varyingsoil fertility, disease or insect damage, weed competition, and otherfactors that alter a plant's normal physiology. Stress conditions attribu-table to salt typically include chlorosis of the leaves, marginal necrosis,premature leaf drop, wilting, and sidespread mortality. Although sofia ofthese symptoms (such as insect damage, wilting, and marginal necrosis) wereobserved, most of these occurences were isolated, and are not consideredtypical of conditions associated with salt toxicity from drift dispersion.

9-1

I ~ '

I

~V

4

10 rsO

0 f II 0 f

I. 5

I~

Is

, rII

I

I II

I~I'

I ~\ '.- It 7~~~

tI

fs

r~+

gf

IS

;( " I0~

I~

II[I

0

I ~

Is

l5 III

1

Ie I711

t7 lfls

10''a

IgI %f

III

I0III

7 II,0

'

I

4

h

I~ I~t

5

I ~

~0

I5 I

I~

I

I IOi

I~ A,

~ W r

~~ Plant Sita

I

7

I

.aI~

~ tlr

SO 'Srlh

0

~ If

goal II II

Is 1I~.r

h ~ ~

Scale (miles)

2

I~

~ ~ II

I

.!I

FIGURE 9-1. ORIENTATION OF FLIGHT LINES OF THE 1984 AND 1985PVNGS COLOR INFRARED AERIALPHOTOMISSIONS

(Note: Exposure numbers are from the 1985 Photomission)

9-2

10.0 SUMMARY ANO CONCLUSIONS

This report has compared the results of sampling.and.analysis. of environ-.mental media in the areas surrounding PVNGS for the years 1984 and 1985.Examinations of. these comparisons for each of the media are summarizedbelow.

With respect to the meteorological parameters, a comparison of the onsitedeposition isopleths for the hypothetical design basis cooling towerreleases indicates that the dispersion/deposition conditions between 1984and 1985 were not significantly different. Although there was no signifi-cant emission from the cooling towers in 1984, 1985 emi ssions were also verysmall, about 1/50th of the design basis.

Variations between the measured deposition rates are highly variable bothwith location and by month. Statistically significant increases in sodiumdeposition rates from 1984 to 1985 occurred at two (of thirteen) agricul-tural sites and six (of 31) native sites. Magnesium deposition ratesdecreased from 1984 to 1985 at two agricultural sites and decreased at two(onsite) native sites. Potassium deposition increased at one native site.

Suspended particulate measurements at six locations in the vicinity of thesite periphery show much more uniformity between sampling locations for aparticular sampling period, permitting more meaningful comparisons betweenannual mean values of monthly measured parameters. These values displayincreases in sodium and calcium concentrations between 1984 and 1985, anddecreas

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