NASA Technical Memorandum 109177
f"
Compendium Of NASA Data Base ForThe Global Tropospheric Experiment'sPacific Exploratory Mission West-A(PEM West-A)
G. L. Gregory and A. D. Scott, Jr.Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
(NASA-TM-109177) COMPENDIUM OF
NASA DATA BASE FOR TH_ GLOBAL
TROPOSPHERIC EXPERIMENT'S PACIFIC
EXPLORATORY MISSION WEST-A (PEM
WEST-A) (NASA. Langley Research
Center) 140 pG3145
N95-23009
Unclas
0042496
February 1995
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001
COMPENDIUM OF NASA DATA BASE FOR THE
GLOBAL TROPOSPHERIC EXPERIMENT'S
PACIFIC EXPLORATORY MISSION WEST-A (PEM WEST-A)
By Gerald L. Gregory and A. Donald Scott, Jr.Langley Research Center
SUMMARY
The report provides a compendium of NASA aircraft data that are
available from NASA's Global Tropospheric Experiment's (GTE) Pacific
Exploratory Mission West-A (PEM West-A) conducted in September and October
1991. The NASA PEM West experiments (PEM West-A and -B) are a major component
of the East Asia/North Pacific Regional Study (APARE), a project within the
International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Program. PEM West flight
experiments focused on the Pacific rim region and were primarily based at
Japan, Hong Kong, and Guam. The broad objectives of the experiments were to
study chemical processes and long-range transport associated with Asian
continental outflow over the northwest Pacific Ocean and to document the
magnitude of the human impact on the oceanic/marine atmosphere oven this
region with an emphasis on ozone and sulfur chemistry (gas). PEM West-B,
conducted in the same region during February and March 1994, studied late-
winter to early-spring meteorology during which continental outflow was
enhanced in comparison to outflow during the early-fall PEM West-A time frame.
Results from PEM West-B will become publicly available in the summer of 1995.
PEM West-A data are public domain.
The format of this compendium utilizes data plots--time series and
altitude profiles--of selective data acquired aboard the NASA/Ames DC-8
aircraft during PEM West-A. The purpose of this document is to provide a
representation of aircraft data that are available in archived format via NASA
Langley's Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The data format is not
intended to support original research/analyses, but to assist the reader in
identifying data that are of interest. This compendium is for only the NASA
aircraft data. The DAAC archived data bases include numerous supporting data
including meteorological observations/products, photochemical modeling
products, results from surface studies, satellite observations, and sondes
releases.
INTRODUCTION
The goal of the NASATropospheric Chemistry Program is to develop an
understanding of the chemical cycles that control the composition of the
troposphere and to assess the susceptibility of the global atmosphere to
chemical change. A major componentof the NASAprogram is the Global
Tropospheric Experiment (GTE), which consists of a series of field experiments
designed to (I) evaluate the capability of instrument techniques to measure,
under field conditions, the minute concentrations of key chemical species in
the troposphere; and (2) systematically address tropospheric chemistry issues
relevant to global change, through airborne sampling expeditions, coupled with
modeling and laboratory studies. GTE is primarily an aircraft-based program
supplemented by ground-based measurements. Satellite data also play important
roles. Space Shuttle observations of tropospheric carbon monoxide
distributions have been used to plan and direct the course of expeditions, for
example, over tropical rain forests and for continental outflow into the
tropical Atlantic Ocean. Landsat land-surface images have facilitated the
extrapolation of regional Arctic-tundra measurements into global-scale
conclusions. Total Ozone Measurements from Satellites (TOMS) have helped
place GTE observed ozone distributions/budgets into a global perspective
(temporal and spatial) and to guide intensive aircraft studies over the
tropical Atlantic Ocean. Weather data returned by environmental satellites
have guided flight planning for research flights. The Distributed Active
Archive Center (DAAC) data include many of the satellite, surface, and
meteorological products used to support GTE missions or analyses.
The GTE airborne expeditions have focused on studies of the remote
global atmosphere in order to provide well-documented baseline measurements of
the unperturbed environment and to fully understand the chemical cycles
underlying the natural environment. Table I and Figure I summarize GTE
missions conducted through 1994. The GTE expeditions have been conducted in a
diverse range of environments and with different scientific goals. The
Chemical Instrument Test and Evaluation (CITE) series was designed to study
our ability to measure key tropospheric gaseous species by exposing selected
instrumentation to a wide range of measurement conditions. The Atmospheric
Boundary Layer Experiments (ABLE) were designed to study the emission,
chemical processes, and dynamics of the boundary layer, and have been
conducted over ecosystems known to have significant influence on the global
troposphere. The importance of long-range transport of natural and
anthropogenic emissions on the global troposphere has been investigated in the
Pacific Exploratory Missions (PEM) and the Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry
Experiment in the Atlantic (TRACE-A).
The GTE, managed through the Tropospheric Chemistry Program in the
Mission to Planet Earth Office, NASA Headquarters, was initiated in the early
1980s. Implementation of the GTE Project is via a Project Office at the NASA
Langley Research Center, Atmospheric Sciences Division.
SYMBOLS AND UNITS
ABLE
APARE
CITE
CO
CO 2
C2CI 4
CH3CCI 3
CH3OOH
CH3COOH
CH 4
DAAC
deg.
DMS
dp
Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment
East Asia/North P__aacific Regional Study
Chemical Instrument Test and Evaluation
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
tetrachloroethylene
methyl chloroform
methyl peroxide
acetic acid
methane
Distributed Active Archive Center
degree
dimethyl sulfide
dew point temperature, degree Centigrade
Ga.Inst. of Tech.
GTE
H202HCOOH
HNO3IGAC
LaRC
N20
NASA
NIES
NOAA
NO
NO X
NOy
NCAR
O 3
PAN
PEM
ppbv
ppmv
PPN
pptv
Rel. Humidity
SO 2
T
Theta
TOMS
TRACE-A
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
Global Tropospheric Experiment
hydrogen peroxide
formic acid
nitric acid
International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Program
Langley Research Center
nitrous oxide
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
nitric oxide
nitrogen oxides (nitric oxide ÷ nitrogen dioxide)
total odd nitrogen
National Center for Atmospheric Research
ozone
peroxyacetyl nitrate
Pacific Exploratory Mission
parts-per-billion, by volume
parts-per-million, by volume
peroxypropionly nitrate
parts-per-trillion, by volume
relative humidity, percent
sulfur dioxide
air temperature, degree Centigrade
potential temperature, degree Kelvin
Total Ozone Measurements from Satellites
Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment in the
Atlantic
Univ.of CA, Irvine University of California at Irvine, California
Univ.of NH University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire
Univ. of RI University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island
Univ. University
PROGRAM AND DATA DESCRIPTIONS
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Pacific Exploratory
Mission West (PEM West) is a major component of the East Asia/North Pacific
Regional study (APARE), a project within the International Global Atmospheric
Chemistry (IGAC) program. The broad objectives of the PEM West/APARE
initiative is to study chemical processes and long-range transport over the
northwest Pacific Ocean, and to estimate the magnitude of the human impact
(specifically Asian continental outflow) on the marine/oceanic atmosphere of
the region. Specific objectives of PEM West are (I) to investigate the
atmospheric chemistry of ozone (0 3) and its precursors over the northwest
Pacific including examination of their natural budgets as well as the impact
of anthropogenic sources; and (2) to investigate the atmospheric sulfur cycle
over the northwest Pacific with emphasis on the relative importance and
influence of continental versus marine sulfur sources.
The Pacific Ocean is, perhaps, the only major region in the Northern
Hemisphere that is "relatively" free from direct anthropogenic influences. In
the remote regions of the northern Pacific and in most of the southern
Pacific, it should be possible to study the biogeochemical cycles of carbon,
nitrogen, ozone, sulfur, and aerosols in an environment which, from a global
perspective, is least perturbed by anthropogenic activities. On the other
hand, there is little doubt that long-range transport of air pollutants from
Asia and, to a lesser extent, Europe and North America is beginning to have
significant impact on the atmosphere over a large part of the Pacific. The
results from the PEM West studies provide an extensive set of baseline data
from which the anthropogenic impact of this region can be reliably assessed
for decades to come.
The overall experiment design for the PEM-West/APARE program encompassed
two field studies positioned in time such that contrasting meteorological
regimes in the northwestern Pacific could be studied. The first phase of the
Pacific Exploratory Mission West, PEM West-A, was conducted over the Pacific
Ocean off the coast of Asia during September and October, 1991. Significant
characteristics of the lower troposphere airflow during this time of year
includes periods during which the predominance of flow is from the mid-Pacific
(marine) regions and periods in which the marine flow is modified/mixed with
Asian continental outflow. Phase B of PEM West was conducted during February
and March 1994, a period characterized by maximum outflow from the Asian
continent.
The centerpiece of PEM West-A was a series of 18 research flights with
the instrumented NASA Ames DC-8. The aircraft operated from three staging
areas: Yokota Air Force Base, Japan; Kai Tak International Airport, Hong
Kong; and Anderson Air Force Base, Guam. Table 2 summarizes the flights, and
Figure 2 shows the flight regions. Flights 6-9, 12-13, and 15-17 were site-
intensive flights based from Japan, Hong Kong, and Guam, respectively.
Survey/ferry flights included (a) flights 4-5 from Ames to Japan (via
Anchorage, Alaska); (b) flights 10-11 from Japan to Hong Kong (via Okinawa);
(c) flight 14 from Hong Kong to Guam; and (d) flights 18-21 from Guam to Ames
(via Wake Island and Hawaii). Flight 20 was a Hawaiian Island flight designed
in conjunction with surface sampling conducted by NOAA/NCAR at the Mauna Loa
Observatory. While the prime objective of the survey/ferry flights was to
move the aircraft to a new base of operation, the flight plans were designed
to provide as much information on the atmospheric processes and vertical
structure of the atmosphere as possible. The intensive flights were designed
to take advantage of the geographical location of the site and prevailing
meteorological conditions in addressing science objectives. As a result of
the location of the three intensive sites (staging areas), flights covered a
latitude range of about 30 ° N to the Equator and sampled air with continental
lifetimes of (I day (i.e., passed over the Asian continent within I day of
sampling) to air which had been over the Pacific Ocean for >10 days.
Special PEM West-A sampling events or targets of opportunity included
(I) two "fly-bys" of Taiwan [flights 12 and 13, with flight 12 including a
ground station flyby], (2) the first known airborne study of trace gases in a
typhoon [flight 9--typhoon Mireille and flight 14--typhoon Orchid], and (3)
the already noted Mauna Loa Observatory experiment of flight 20. Typhoon
Mireille, a category 4 typhoon, struck the western side of Japan on September
27, 1991. As Mireille approached the coast of Japan, the DC-8 conducted
flight 9 to study the roles of typhoons in the transport of trace gases,
measuring both the inflow to the typhoon at low altitudes and the outflow
within the eye at high altitudes. Sampling of typhoon Orchid, which occurred
as a secondary objective of flight 14, was confined to sampling the high-
altitude outflow in much lesser detail than for Mireille.
The core set of measurements aboard the aircraft focused on ozone and
sulfur chemistry issues (gaseous). The aircraft data included a suite of
chemical measurements which included ozone, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide,
total odd or "reactive" nitrogen gaseous species, sulfur trace gases (sulfur
dioxide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and carbonyl sulfide),
peroxyacetyl nitrate or PAN, peroxypropionly nitrate, methane, carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, nonmethane hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, acetic acid,
formic acid, nitric acid, hydrogen and methyl peroxides, and aerosol
number/size distribution. Table 3 identifies investigators responsible for
the measurements, and Figure 3 shows a schematic of the aircraft instrument
plan.
The aircraft platform as used in PEM West-A had a cruise speed at
altitude of about 12 km/min and a maximum flight duration and ceiling of about
8-9 hours and 13 km, respectively. Survey flights were generally long-
duration flights at high altitude (10 to 13 km) with (generally) at least one
descent (spiral or ramp in addition to takeoff and landing) to about 150 to
300 m above sea level. Intensive flights combined numerous ramps, profiles,
and level-flight legs to meet planned objectives. Generally, altitude
profiles (spirals or ramps) were flown with ascent/descent rates of 150 to 300
m/min.
The PEM West-A DAAC data archive includes (I) data taken aboard the NASA
Ames DC-8 aircraft; (2) data measured at surface sites throughout the Pacific
rim basin; (3) sondes released from multiple locations in support of the
aircraft flights; (4) photochemical modeling products used in analyses of
results; and (5) numerous meteorological, land-use, and satellite data
products used in flight (field) planning and post-mission analyses.
The data plots for the PEM West-A missions are given in Appendix A. For
each flight, five pages of time series plots are provided: page I -- a
pictorial diagram of the flight region and time series plots of altitude,
temperature (T), dew point temperature (dp), relative humidity, and potential
temperature (theta); page 2 -- ozone (03) , carbon monoxide (CO), carbon
dioxide (C02,) methane, nitrous oxide (N20) , and benzene; page 3 -- nitric
oxide (NO), nitrogen oxides (N0×), total odd or "reactive" nitrogen gas
species (NOy), peroxyacetly nitrate (PAN), and nitric acid; page 4 --
acetylene, ethane, propane, tetrachloroethylene (C2C14) , and methyl chloroform
(CH3CCI3); and page 5 -- sulfur dioxide (S02) , dimethyl sulfide (DMS),
ethylene, hydrogen peroxide (H202) , and methyl peroxide (CH3OOH). The species
were selected to provide the reader with information on both the source
characteristics and photochemical history of the air. Figure numbers
correspond to flight numbers; e.g., Figure A4.2 represents page 2 of the plots
for flight #4. Selected profile plots follow the time series plots as, e.g.,
Figure A4.6 is the first page of profile plots for flight 4. Profile plot
sets include temperature, dew point temperature, ozone, carbon monoxide, and
methane data plotted to the same altitude scale. One to three sets of
profile plots are provided (format of two sets per page) for each flight.
Table 4 summarizes the profiles selected. There are no figures with the
prefix of At, A2, or A3. Flights I to 3 were instrument checkout flights
9
based at Ames and data were not archived. Data plots are in standardized
format as discussed in Appendix A. The DAAC archive includes measurements
aboard the DC-8 aircraft during PEM West-A which are not plotted in
Appendix A.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
This compendium of data from NASA's Global Tropospheric Experiment's
Pacific Exploratory Mission West-A provides only a representation of aircraft
data that are available in archived format from NASA Langley's Distributed
Active Archive Center (DAAC). The presented data are not intended to support
original research/analyses, but serve as an overview of the PEM West-A data
and provide some assistance to the reader in identifying data that are of
interest and which may be obtained from Langley's DAAC archive. This
compendium covers only selected NASA DC-8 aircraft data. The archived data
bases include other data measured on board the aircraft as well as numerous
supporting data including meteorological observations/products, photochemical
modeling products, surface station observations, satellite observations, and
sondes releases. GTE-sponsored analyses/results from the PEM West-A
expeditions have been accepted for a Special Issue of the Journal of
Geophysical Research - Atmospheres scheduled for publication in 1995.
Questions or information regarding the Langley DAAC archive should be
directed to Langley DAAC User and Data Services, Mail Stop 157B, NASA Langley
Research Center, Hampton, Virginia 23681-0001. A brief description of the
DAAC, log on procedures, and data bases is given as Appendix B.
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TABLE 4. PEM West-A Profiles
Flight Date Time Latitude,°N Longitude,°E
4 September 16
4 September 16
4 September 16
1715 38.4 -122.6
1930 50.0 -137.4
2130 55.7 -153.4
5 September 16 1900 60.8
5 September 16 2215 52.5
5 September 17 0300 36.6
6
6
7
7
September 22
September 22
September 24
September 24
September 25
September 25
8
8
0415 29.1
0830 29.6
0300 35.1
0815 36.8
1930 30.1
2200 27.9
9 September 27 0400 29.0
9 September 27 0730 35.3
10 October 1 0300 34.7
10 October I 0700 19.3
10 October 1 0915 25.4
11 October 2 0015 25.3
11 October 2 0215 21.7
12 October 4 0900 21.9
13 October 6 0445 29.3
13 October 6 0645 23.4
-150.9
176.2140.7
148.5
147.6
144.7
144.8
147.1
147.0
134.3
138.6
139.6
126.0
126.9
127.0
114.8
120.4
126.2
119.1
Times are GMT
14
TABLE 4. Profiles continued.
Flight Date Time Latitude,°N Longitude,°E
14 October 8
14 October 8
14 October 8
15 October 12
15 October 12
16 October 13
16 October 13
17 October 14
17 October 14
17 October 15
18 October 18
18 October 18
18 October 18
19 October 19
19 October 19
20 October 20
0200 21.6
0700 17.0
0945 14.2
0315 0.4
0715 13.2
0400 4.1
0800 13.5
2015 15.0
2300 14.9
0200 14.1
0115 12.9
0230 13.1
0330 18.8
0100 15.8
0315 20.9
1545 18.6
21 October 21 1930 21.3
115.0
128.0
144.1
161 .7
145.5
124.9
144.9
142.0
139.5
144.1
155.8
162.9
166.2
-155.4
-157.6
Times are GMT
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Figure 2. Flight tracks for the DC-8 aircraft
during the PEM West-A mission.
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APPENDIX A: PEM WEST-A DATA PLOTS
Plots are presented in a standardized format, and the data (unedited)
are from the Langley DAAC archive. Relative humidity and potential
temperature are calculated from measurements made on the aircraft. In some
cases (mostly for moist, boundary layer conditions) relative humidity may
exceed 100% (not plotted) as dew point temperature exceeded air temperature by
a few degrees (assumed to be the result of instrument measurement/calibration
uncertainty). For time series plots, abscissa time scales for a given flight
are identical, and ordinate scales (for a given parameter) are identical among
all flights. Ordinate scales were selected to best represent all the data for
a specie measured during the expedition; thus, some data may be off-scale. As
a result of the software used for the plots and the data archive use of codes
(in place of valid data) for data taken (I) during instrument calibration, (2)
when measurements were at "detection limit," and/or (3) when measurements were
invalid, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the plots if data are
off-scale or coded as invalid. For example, a symbol without an attached line
may either mean that adjacent data are off-scale or have been coded as
invalid. Inspection of the other plotted data often provides information
which resolves the uncertainty. For profile plots, altitude scales are
identical for all plots and the specie scales are those selected for the time
series plots. In order to maintain the standardized format, plots for flights
in which a specie data were not reported are plotted with the axes and a "NO
DATA" entry.
Given below are the beginning page numbers for each flight's sequence of
plots:
Flight 4 - page 23
Flight 5 - page 31
Flight 6 - page 39
Flight 7 - page 45
Flight 8 - page 51
21
Flight 9 - page 57
Flight 10 - page 63
Flight 11 - page 71
Flight 12 - page 77
Flight 13 - page 83
Flight 14 - page 89
Flight 15 - page 97
Flight 16 - page 103
Flight 17 - page 109
Flight 18 - page 117
Flight 19 - page 125
Flight 20 - page 131
Flight 21 - page 137
22
15
6 10
:_ 5
0
PEM (A)
Flight 4
PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 4
Ames
Research Center,
California
I I I I I
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23
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345
1900 -
1775
1650
315 -
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305 =
3O0
150 -
_ -_ -
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017
Figure A4.2
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 4
I S°lid = 0C30Broken
I I I I I I
NO DATA
I I I I I I
I I I I I
NO DATA
I I I I I I
GMT Time
24
c_Z
OZ
100 --
5O
0
200 -
100 -
0
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:
No GIT Data
Symbol - Nagoya
O
@
FLIGHT 4
O
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Symbol = Nagoya
o _on*oo e
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, 600 l300
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Figure A4.3
1 I I 1
210 2'1GMT Time
25
213
1000 -
_ -_ -_ _
6 -500 -
_ _0_ -
0
2000 --
_ -_ -
_ 1000
0
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 4
_--:_ " '_.-L
I I I I r'- I I
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6
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60-I I I I- I I
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_ -_ -
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0
1
Figure A4.4
L..._.M-
I I I I'_ I I
I_ i_ _'o _'I 2_ 2'3GMT Time
26
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500 -
250 -
0
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 4
I I I I 1 I200 -
_ -I_ -
_ 100 -
1=1 -
I I I I I I
500 --
6 250
0
8000 -
_ -_ -
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01
Figure A4.5
I 1 1 I 1
27
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m)I 'apnl.rlIV
28
III I I I :l I Ji i i i i .
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Figure A4.7
29
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 5
I I I I I I I I I
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I II I I I
2', 2'2 2_ _'4 2'5 2'8 2_GMT Time
Figure A5.1 __
i_._ _ _
_,_ _
31
200
100
P,
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360 -
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 5
I I I I I I I I I I
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1650
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NO DATA
I I I I I I I I I I
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NO DATA
I I I I I I I I I I
32
¢k
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 5
100 _ No Grr Data
Symbol = Nagoya _
50_ _ %00" _ °o
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0
2000 -
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I I I I I I i
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Figure A5.3
i'9GMT Time
2_ 2_
33
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 51000 -
500
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1000
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Figure A5.4
34
500 -
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 5
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I 1 I
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Figure A5.5
35
Figure A5.6
36
4
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37
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 6
Flight 6 ,i_........ <..... ,_" _
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Figure A6.1
PAGE_ _ !I'JTE,_!TIO_LLYBLANK
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 6
Solid = 03
Broken -_t COt II Ifm
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360 -
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Figure A6.2
4O
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 6
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Figure A6.3
41
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 6
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Figure A6.4
GMT Time
42
f_
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 6
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44
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 7
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GM_I' Time
45
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 7I - II
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Figure A7.2
G_£r Time
46
Z
¢k
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 7
100 Line - GIT
Symbol = Nagoya
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47
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 7
I I I I I I I I
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Figure A7.4
48
500 -PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 7
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Figure A7.5
GMT Time
49
Figure A7.6 60
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 8
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51
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200-
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PEM
,1(A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 8
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52
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:
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Figure AB.3
53
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54
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 8
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55
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56
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57
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:
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58
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Figure A9.3
GMT Time
59
1000 -
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 9
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Figure A9.4
60
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 9
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Figure _9.6 6R
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63
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT I0
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64
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65
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 10
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66
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67
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69
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72
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:
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Figure A11.3
73
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 111000 -
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Figure All.4
74
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4000 :0
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 11
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Figure A11.5
75
Figure AI 1.676
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 12
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Figure A12.1
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77
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Figure A12.2
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:
_, I i.,._lI r_ _ ,.w I . , i .r _L)I
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FLIGHT 12I
Solid ,= 03
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I I I I I i I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I i l I I I I I I I
GMT Time
78
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 12
100 Line - GITT
Symbol = _agoya _ o o o
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0
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Figure A12.3
111
79
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2000 -
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Figure A12.4
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 12
I I I I I I I I I I
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GMT Time
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0
Figure A12.5
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 12
I I I I I I I I 1
I I ..... -"= I " I----I I
I I I I I I I I I I
GMT Time
111
81
I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I
0
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Figure A12.6
82
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15-_
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I
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:
Flight 13
\I I I I I I I
!
',_'-";.,-_. _ ':*..--._;A.,_ Solid = T
Broken = dp
I I I I I I I I100 -
50-
I
0 I I
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I I I I I370 -
I
320 -
270
GMT Time
Figure A13.1
83
I>,
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100 -
0
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 13
Solid ! =
_. I I, _roken' --. I tat I I'. ,,. I I
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360 -
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350 -
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1900 -
1775 -
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c_N
315 -
310 -
305 -
300I I I I I I I I
150 -
_ -_ -_ -
100 -
N50-
0
Figure A13.2
GM'I' Time
84
Z
100
5O
0
!
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 13Q O
Line= GIT _. SSym_1 =AN_osa
o_O / o_%oOOS o | _ _ 00 9o_ °_o _o rv_ o oo
I I I I I 1 I I
0Z
200 -
100 -
0 I I I I I I I I
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2000 -
1000 -
0
Line = GIT
Symbol = Nagoya
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I I I 1 I I I I
,p,,4
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600 -
300 -
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500 --i
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0
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I I
Figure A13.3
85
1000 --_ -1_ -I_ _
6 -=:1 500 -¢_
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<I -0
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 13
I I I I I I I I
2000 -
1000
0 I I I I I I I I500 --
_ -_ -_ -
6 -=:1 250 --
0
I_
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0
Figure A13.4
GMT Time
86
500 -
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0
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 13
I I I I I I I I200 -
_ -I_ -
r_ 1oo -
_ -
0
500 -
_ _I_ -
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2000 -
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, _ _ _ f*
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Figure A13.5
87
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Figure A14.1
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 14
Flight 14 _:!_:_ :":;-_i_,i_'';;:_............
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Ho "_Kong
:::::::::::::::::::::
/I I I I
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I I I I I I I I I I
I I II I I I I I I
GMT Time
89
200 -p,
do 100 --
f.,0
P_Q
0
360 -
355
350
345
1900 -
1775 --
1650
315 --
310 --
Z 305 -Z
3OO
150_ -_ -
100
N_ 50
0
Figure A14.2
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 14
Solid = 03
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I i I I I I I
I I I I I I ! I I I
"%,,.,.,,
I I I I I I I I I I
GMT Time
90
Z
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 14
100 Line = GIT
Symbol = Ndigoya [
I •
o -_I I I I I - I - F _1- - I
200 -
_ -I_ -
_ lOO -0 -Z
0
2000 -
1000 -OZ
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Symbol = Nagoya
8_
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Figure A14.3
91
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0
500 -
_ -1_ -I_ _
6 -250 -
a
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0
60-
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 14
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I
I I
3o-r..)OJr.3
0
500 -
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Figure A14.4
92
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0
2000 -
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0
Figure A14.5
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 14
I I I I 1 I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I - I " I
I I
GMT Time
93
iii
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Figure A14.6
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Figure A14.7
OBO
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95
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:
Flight 15
FLIGHT 15
Guam _
15-
¢; 10-
:_ 5-
0
30-_ -
_ -_ -
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_I _ID
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-70
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Broken = dp
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Figure A15. Ir_ .i£(0 "'-"_:'97
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Figure A15.2
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 15
Solid =Broken =
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I I I I I I I I
GMT Time
98
dZ
O
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100 --
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0
200 -m
100 --
0
2000 11000
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:
Line = GIT
Symbol = Nagoya
FLIGHT 15
O
I I [ [ [---I - I- I I
I I I [ I I I I I
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0
800 -
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Figure A15.3
I '1
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.......... _" . .... _ _.'H'._ _"- I I .... "] .... V l - I
2_ 217 218 219 310 311
GMT Time
99
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1000 -
500 -
0
2000 -
1000
0
500 -
250 -
0
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3O
0
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02
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 15
"1 Ir*l. / .... _,I 1...... I I I [ I
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Figure A15.4
I00
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0
8000 -
_ -_ -
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0
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1ooo0003I:=r_
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Figure A15.5
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 15
I I I I I I 1 I I
I I I I I I I " I
I I I I I I I I
214 2'5 z_ 2_, 2_8 2'9 3'0 3'1GMT Time
I01
o
0
0
0
b_
b,
0
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Figure AtS.6
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 16
Flight 16
<:::-_ >::_Guam
_4
4
15-
10-
5-
0
30-
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_ -,pul
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_ -
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n=dp
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I II I I I
GMT Time
Figure A16.1
103
200 -
100 -
0
Q0
360 -
>
_ 355 -_ -
_ -0 -
350 -
345
1900 ->
_ -
1650
315 --
310 -
305 --
3OO
150 -
-_ -_ -
I00 --Z
N50 -
O
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 16
Solid = 03Broken = CO
t /I _r'.. _'
i I I f I I I i I
I I 1 i i I I i [
I 1 I I I I I I
GMT Time
Figure A16.2
104
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 16
100_ Line = (lIT o
Symbol = oNagoya _bI|o
o o lip
200 -
100 -0Z
0
2000 -
_ -_ -_ -
1000 -0
OJ
600-
300
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0
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0
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Symbol = Nagoya
___'_-----.:r- -__,_
I I I I I I I I I
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I I " I ..... 1".... ] ..... I " I
GMT Time
Figure A16.3
105
o
1000
5OO
2000
1000 -_
0
500 -
-
_ -250 --
O
;_
0
60-
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 16
I I I I I I I ---- 1 -]
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r_
0
500 --
-_ -1_, -
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t
0
I I I¢-"*'- IT " _- :'_ '--"_/'_............. [_ :"_" i e _i''_'* I
GMT Time
Figure A16.4
106
500 -PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 16
250 --
o- _'_"__ __"_I I
_°° 1 .
_'°° 10 I I 1 I " I I I I I
_ 5001
1i I .... I T 'l --r-- i
8000 -m
_ -_ -
4000 =0
0
2000 -
_ -_ -_ _
_ 1ooo -O -O .
0
I I I
GMT Time
I I
Figure A16.5
107
Figure A16.6 ].OB
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 17
Flight 17
_Guam W
15-
10-,_
:_ 5-
0
30-_ -
_ -_ -
_ -_ -20-_ -_, _
_t __ -
-70
100 -
-"_ so 2
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320 -
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Figure A17.1
I I I I I I I I
SolidBroken
I I I I I I I I
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=T
I I I I I I
109
dp
I
200 -
-_ -
_ 100 -
k -0
Q -0
380 --
_ 355 --_ -
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345
1900 --
6
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310 --
3O5
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150 -
_ -_ -
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N50 -
m Z
0
1B
Figure A17.2
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 17
Solid = 03Broken = CO
#..,......._' ,_.,......I.-^_ • ',.....,,"'..',_,......_,:,,, .... \_..,,:.
I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I
l I l l I l l I l
110
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oZ
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:
I00_ Line = GIT
Symbol = Nagoya
O
50 -t o
FLIGHT 17
0 O0 0
0 o o
200 -
100 -
0
2000 -
1000 -
m
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Figure A17.3
111
1000 -_ -I_ -_ _
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_ -_ -_ -
1000 -
Fa3
0
500 -_ -I_ -1_ _
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0
0
60-
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 17
I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
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m
¢k¢k
,,; 30-
¢_1
0
500 -
_ -I_ -I_ -
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Figure A17.4
I I I I I I I I I
112
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 17
I I I I I I I I I
I I I 1 I I _ I I
8000 -_
-4000
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0
2000 -
_ -_ _
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0
1
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Figure A17.5
113
Fig_e _/.6 114
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Figure A17,7
115
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 18
Flight 18
Wake Island _.
Guam_ ,_ / _ "
15-
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10-
:_ 5-
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_ --20--_ -I_ _
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Figure A1B.I
, 117
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100 -
0
360 -
355 -
350 -
345
1900 --
1775 --
1650
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310-
305 -
3O0
150 --
100 --
50_
02
A18.2
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 18
Solid =Broken =
.t" t," *lJ'Lt . _411_,_, ._t w'_*. . r.. . .'. P ,.hlja.
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
GMT Time
118
03CO
c_Z
OZ
O
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION:100 -
_ Line = GIT
_ Symbol = Nagoya
50
m
0
200 -
100 --
0
2000 -
I000 -
0
600 -
FLIGHT 18
o
o°o o o
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0
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0
2
I
NO DATA
GMT Time
Figure A1B.3
119
1000 -
_ -1_ -I_ _
6 -_ 5OO -
__ _
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20OO -
1000
0
500 -
_ -I_ -_ -
6 -_ 25O -_ _
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 18
I I I I I
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Figure A18.4
120
0
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0
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250
0
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100 -
0
500 -
250 -
0
8000 -
4000 -
0
2000 -
1000 -
0
23
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 18
I I I I I
I I I
T
l..... "' l .......:::::_I
I I I I
2_ 2_ 2_GMT Time
2_ 2'8
Figure A18.5
121
Figure A18.6 122
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Figure A18.7
123
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 19
Flight 19
Hawaii
w._.-_-_ _/_Island
N
_d
5
15--
10-5______/
0
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- !_
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Figure
370 -
320 -
2702
A19.1
125
GMT Time
c_
o
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2OO
100
0
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 19
l Solid _ 03
Broken F CO
|
,,, . ,,,%,_ Iv''. '. t'"- .... w
I I I I I I
0
360
355
350
345
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m
I I I I I I
l>
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6
1900 --
u
1775 --
1650I I I I I I
b.J=
laq
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315 -
310
305 -
n
3OOI I I I I I
6
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150 -
100 -
50-n
0
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Figure A19.2
126
d2:
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PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 19
100 Line = GIT o
Symbol = Nagof_oo Lo'_
o.o_ oO'_" _ °
0 I I ----1 I -- I - I
200 -
100 -
0 I I 1 I 1 I
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2000 -
1000 -
0
600 -
Line = GITSymbol = Nagoya
I I I I I I
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O°P,4
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Figure
300 -
0
500 -
250 -
02
A19.3
.. -- _. _ ..... . ..... .__I I ..... I I '1
GMT Time
127
1000 --
_ 500 -
_ -
0.,_ -
0
2000 -
1000
0
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 19
I I I I I
I I I I I I500 -
_ -_ -_ _
_ -g 25O -a _
0 -1,4
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Figure A19.4
I I I I I I
GMT Time
128
0¢/3
500 -
250 -
0
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 19
I I I I I I
Ocq
OOt_
Figure
200 -
100 -
0
500 -
250-
0
8000 --
4000
u
0
2000 -
1000 -
02_
A19.5
i I I i I
I I I I I
2'3 2_ _'5 2'8 2_G]IKr Time
2'8
129
130
PEM (A) PACIFIC MISSION: FLIGHT 20
g
5"O
6
g[-_
15-
10-
5-
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0
30-
-7O
Flight 20
I
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I!
1 I I I I
Solid = TBroken = dp
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_ -,_ -
g 5o-_ -
,-; _
_ -0 I I I I I I I
370 -
bd
320 -=_¢)
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1
Figure A20.1
GMT Time
131
1'9 2'0
200 -
-I_ -
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142
APPENDIX B: LANGLEY DAAC DATA ARCHIVE
System Description
The Langley Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), located at the
NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, is responsible for
archiving and distributing NASA science data in the areas of radiation budget,
clouds, aerosols, and tropospheric chemistry. This DAAC will also archive some
of the data sets which result from the E0S program and other elements of
Mission to Planet Earth. The DAAC has developed an on-line computer system
which allows the user to log on, search through the DAAC's data inventory,
choose the desired data sets, and place an order. Data may be received either
electronically (via FTP) or on media such as 4mm tape, 8mm tape, or CD-ROM
(prepackaged datasets only).
Log On Procedures
I. Users with an X-Windows terminal (e.g., Motif) or a Sun Open Windows
display system with access to Internet, may log onto the system by entering:
xhost + eosdis.larc.nasa.gov
(or: xhost + 192.107.191.17)
telnet eosdis.larc.nasa.gov
login name: ims
password: larcims
At the prompts, enter x for the X-Windows interface and then your display name
(name of your workstation followed by ":0" or Internet address followed by
":0").
2. Users with access to NCSA Mosaic can use the following URL address:
http://eosdis.larc.nasa.gov/
143
3. Users without access to a terminal with an X-Windows display system but
who have access to Internet may log onto the system by entering:
telnet eosdis.larc.nasa.gov
login name: ims
password: larcims
At the prompt, enter c for the character interface and then press return.
4. Users who cannot access the system or who have any questions concerning
the Langley DAAC may contact:
Langley DAAC User and Data Services
Mail Stop 157B
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, VA 23681-0001
Phone: (804) 864-8656
FAX: (804) 864-8807
email: [email protected]
DAAC Data Bases
I. ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment)--Data were collected from three
satellites (ERBS, NOAA-9, NOAA-10) carrying two ERBE instruments (scanner,
nonscanner). The objective is to measure global albedo, fluxes, and solar
incidence.
2. ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project)--ISCCP focuses
on the study of the distribution and variation of cloud radiative properties.
The objective is to improve the understanding and modeling of the effects of
clouds on climate and also to elucidate the role of clouds in the radiation
balance and improve our knowledge of the long-term global hydrologic cycle.
144
3. SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment)--SAGE I gathered data
concerning the spatial distribution of stratospheric aerosols, ozone, and
nitrogen dioxide on a global scale. The goals of SAGE II are to determine the
spatial distributions of stratospheric aerosols, ozone, nitrogen dioxide,
water vapor, and cloud occurrence by mapping vertical profiles and calculating
monthly averages of each.
4. SRB (Surface Radiation Budget)--The SRB data sets were calculated using
inputs from ISCCP and ERBE data. They are designed to give global daily and
monthly averages of the albedo, irradiance, cloud properties, and meteorology.
5. FIRE (First ISCCP Regional Experiment)--This series of experiments
includes aircraft, satellite, and surface-based measurements of cirrus and
marine stratocumulus cloud parameters. The purpose of this program is to
validate and improve ISCCP data products and cloud/radiation parameterizations
used in general circulation models (GCMs).
6. GTE (Global Tropospheric Experiment)--Data were collected primarily from
aircraft and ground-based instruments from a variety of areas such as the
Amazon Rain Forest and the northern tundra and boreal forest. Many parameters
were measured including 03, CH4, PAN, CO, NO, NO2, C02, and aerosols.
7. MAPS (Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites)--Data were collected
during Space Shuttle flights in 1981, 1984, and 1994. The main pollutant
measured was carbon monoxide (CO).
8. SAM II (Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement)--This instrument was flown on
board the Nimbus-7 satellite and consisted of a one-spectral channel Sun
photometer, centered at 1.0 um, which viewed a small portion of the Sun
through the Earth's atmosphere during spacecraft sunrise and sunset. The data
obtained from this instrument were used to determine the vertical distribution
of stratospheric aerosols in the polar regions of both hemispheres.
145
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEForm ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188
Pub ¢ repot_r_ burden for thim¢olkK_tionof information is sstimzted,to avsfago 1 hour per relponp, incdudlngthe tlrr_ for re_ewtng instructions, parching exilting dela _Jr.c_. s,gathering and makltain_ng the data needed, and completing and reviewing the oollectJon of kllormatlOn. Sendcommeflts rel_ardtngthis,burden e_lmakg or any othe_a_. ol thiscollection of informMion, including Juggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directo(Me for Information upecat!ons ano Mepo_(_ 1_:_:_Jenefson DavisHighway, Suits 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Managen_nt and Budget, P_rwork Reduct¢_l Projecl (0704-0188), Wsldl_gton, OC 20 .
1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
February 1995 Technical Memorandum4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS
Compendium of NASA Data Base for the Global Tropospheric WU 464-54-03-70Experiment's Pacific Exploratory Mission West-A (PEM West-A)
6. AUTHOR(S)
Gerald L. Gregory and A. Donald Scott, Jr.
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESSEES)
NASA Langley Research CenterHampton, VA 23681-0001
9. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Washington, DC 20546-0001
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER
10. SPONSORING/MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER
NASA TM-109177
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
12a.DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITYSTATEMENT
Unclassified - Unlimited
Subject Category 45
12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 wotcla)
This compendium describes aircraft data that are available from NASA's Pacific Exploratory Mission West-A
(PEM West-A). PEM West is a component of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry's (IGAC) EastAsia/North Pacific Regional Study (APARE) project. The PEM- West program encompassed two expeditions tostudy contrasting meteorological regimes in the Pacific. Objectives of PEM West are to investigate theatmospheric chemistry of ozone over the northwest Pacific--natural budgets and the impact of anthropogenicsources; and to investigate sulfur chemistry--continental versus marine sulfur sources. PEM West-A wasconducted in September 1991 during which the predominance of tropspheric air is from the mid-Pacific (marine)
regions, but (at times) is modified/mixed with Asian continental outflow. PEM West-B was conducted duringFebruary 1994, a period characterized by maximum continental outflow. PEM-B data (not included) will becomepublic domain during the Summer of 1995. PEM West-A flight experiments were based at Japan, Hong Kong,and Guam. This document provides a representation of NASA DC-8 aircraft data that are available from NASA
Langley's Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), which include numerous data such as meteorologicalobservations, modeling products, results from surface studies, satellite observations, and sonde releases.
J14. SUBJECT TERMS
Troposphere chemical compositionArctic troposphereAircraft tropospheric meaurements
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONOF REPORT OF THIS PAGE
Unclassified Unclassified
NSN 7540-01-280-5500
19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONOF ABSTRACT
Unclassified
15. NUMBER OF PAGES
146
16. PRICE CODE
A07
20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
Standard Form 298 (Ray. 2-89)PretK_dbedby ANSI Std. _18298-102