OUR PRESENTATION

Contribution of medicinal plants to modern medicine

Course Title: Complementary & Alternative MedicineDepartment Of PharmacyStamford University BangladeshPrepare By:

Name IDMd.Tanvir Hossain

BPH 05106825

INTRODUCTION: Plants and man are inseparable. Because

plants not only provides man with food, shelter and medicine, but also the life sustaining oxygen gas.

Since disease, decay, and death have always co-treatment at the dawn of human intellect. Thus the human race started using plants as a means of treatment of diseases and injuries from the early days of civilization on earth and in its long journey from ancient time to modern age.

MEDICINAL PLANTS: Roughly 50,000 species of higher plants

(about 1 in 6 of all species) have been used medicinally. This represents by far the biggest use of the natural world in terms of number of species.

Most species are used only in folk medicine, traditional systems of formal medicine using relatively few (e.g. 500-600 commonly in Traditionally Chinese Medicine).

Around 100 plant species have contributed significantly to modern drugs.

Physically

Mentally

Spiritually

DRUG DISCOVERY FROM HERBAL MEDICINE Today, approximately 80% of antimicrobial,

cardiovascular, immunosuppressive, and anticancer drugs are of plant origin; their sales exceeded US$ 65 billion in 2003.

. It is widely accepted that more than 80% of drug substances are either directly derived from natural products or developed from a natural compound.

And, in fact, around 50% of pharmaceuticals are derived from compounds first identified or isolated from herbs/plants, including organisms, animals, and insects, as active ingredients

Drug discovery from herbs may be divided into two stages,

•predrugstage

•quasidrugstage

PREDRUG:

Three approaches, which are closely related to diet (foodstuffs), medical practice (folk and traditional medicines), and scientific research (phytochemical analysis), can be adopted to explore the value of herbal preparations.

Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) and Indian herbal medicine (IHM), which were highly developed in ancient China, Japan, Korea, and India, are still influencing the modern healthcare

herbal medicines provide primary healthcare for approximately 3.5 to 4 billion people worldwide, and about 85% of traditional medicine involves the use of plant extracts, which may be called “modern herbal medicine.”

WHO Estimates

QUASI DRUG: Phytochemical study Glycosidic bonds Water and organic extraction

AIM: The aim of the quasidrug stage of drug

discovery from herbal medicines is to search for an active herbal ingredient or lead compound from herbs or plant materials for further drug development.

ANTIMALARIAL DRUG:

Malaria, which is currently the most prevalent and devastating infectious diseases, is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus Plasmodium.

40%,90%,20%

The direct approach in drug discovery from herbal medicines is to isolate active ingredient from the respective herbs or plant source. Whether or not this approach is feasible mainly depends on

The concentration of the bioactive components in the herb or plant.

The degree of difficulty in purification and.

The availability of the herb or plant, in particular whether the plant is anendangered species.

SYSTEMS OF PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY FROM HERBAL MEDICINE :

The typical drug development process from herbal medicines includes at least four differential aspects:

Isolation •Isolation or artificial synthesis of bioactive ingredients in herbal medicines.

Evaluation •Evaluation of safety and efficacy using systems pharmacological methods•Evaluation of safety and efficacy by means of conventional pharmacological methods and.

Regulatory •Regulatory approval of the therapeutic agent to be used in the market and postmarket monitoring.

HERBAL PREPARATION: There are many forms in which herbs

can be administered, the most common of which is in the form of a liquid that is drunk by the patient, either an herbal tea or a (possibly diluted) plant extract.

Fig:Leaves of Eucalyptus olida

Herbal teas, or tisanes, are the resultant liquid of extracting herbs into water, though they are made in a few different ways.

Infusions are hot water extracts of herbs, such as chamomile or mint, through steeping.

Maceration is the old infusion of plants with high mucilage -content, such as sage, thyme, etc.

Tinctures are alcoholic extracts of herbs, which are generally stronger than herbal teas.

USE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS:

Food: Many of the herbs and spices used by humans to season food also yield useful medicinal compounds. The use of herbs and spices in cuisine developed in part as a response to the threat of food-borne pathogens.

Antimicrobial:the spices with the most potent antimicrobial activity tend to be selected. In all cultures vegetables are spiced less than meat, presumably because they are more resistant to spoilage.

Angiosperms :Angiosperms (flowering plants) were the original source of most plant medicines.

Common weeds: Many of the common weeds that populate human settlements, such as nettle, dandelion and chickweed, have medicinal properties.

Animals or non –human primates: animals such as non-human primates, monarch butterflies and sheep are also known to ingest medicinal plants to treat illness.

HISTORY:

AncientTime

Middle Age

EarlyModern

Era

ANCIENT TIMES: In ancient times,

Fig: The Ebers Papyrus (ca. 1550 BCE) from Ancient Egypt has a prescription for Cannabis sativa (marijuana) applied topically for inflammation.

The essential oi of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), contains 20-54% thymol. Thymol, is a powerful antiseptic and antifungal that is used in a variety of products. Before the advent of modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to medicate bandages. Thymol is also used to treat respiratory infections. A tea made by infusing the herb in water can be used for coughs and bronchitis.

Fig: (Thymus vulgaris)

In India, Ayurvedic medicine has used many herbs such as turmeric possibly as early as 1900 BC. Earliest Sanskrit writings such as the Rig Veda, and Atharva Veda are some of the earliest available documents detailing the medical knowledge that formed the basis of the Ayurveda system

The mythological Chinese emperor Shennong is said to have written the first Chinese pharmacopoeia, the "Shennong Ben Cao Jing’’.

MIDDLE AGE: Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) contains a

large number of pharmacologically active compounds, and has been used for centuries as an effective laxative and diuretic, and as a treatment for bile or liver problems.

Fig: Taraxacum officinale

At the same time, folk medicine in the home and village continued uninterrupted, supporting numerous wandering and settled herbalists.

Among these were the "wise-women" and "wise men", who prescribed herbal remedies often along with spells, enchantments, divination and advice.

At 12th-century Benedictine nun, she wrote a medical text called Causae et Curae.

At 12th-century Benedictine nun, she wrote a medical text called Causae et Curae.

Fig: Dioscorides Materia Medica, c. 1334 copy in Arabic, describes medicinal features of cumin cand dill .

EARLY MODERN ERA: The 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries were the

great age of herbals, many of them available for the first time in English and other languages rather than Latin or Greek.

The first herbal to be published in English was the anonymous Grete Herball of 1526. The two best-known herbals in English were The Herball or General History of Plants (1597) by John Gerard and The English Physician Enlarged (1653) by Nicholas Culpeper.

The Age of Exploration and the Columbian Exchange introduced new medicinal plants to Europe. The Badianus Manuscript was an illustrated Mexican herbal written in Nahuatl and Latin in the 16th century.

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