Complete Logistics Company 2012€¦ · Page 2 of 118 Table of Contents: Page: The Company Profile...

2012

The Best Practice Guide for Managing the Fleet Operations of Cowley Waste Collecting Company

Done By:

Fatima Obaid

Lama Ajawi

Marwa Abdulla

Nada Salman

Zainab Nasser

Complete Logistics Company

Nada Salman 201100832; Marwa Abdulla 201101342; Fatima Obaid 201101371; Lama Ajawi 201101603; Zainab Nasser 201101711

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Table of Contents:

Page:

The Company Profile 4

Our vision 4

Our Mission 4

Company Overview 4

Introduction 4

Purpose 4

Terms of Reference 5

Method 5

What Is Fleet Management? 6

Section 1: Human Resources (HR) 7

Employees

Wages (Salaries)

Training

Section 2: Rules & Regulations 7

Commercial Register

Licenses

Section 3: Vehicles 8

The Required Vehicles


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Vehicle Utilization

Additional Vehicles

Section 4: Information Technology (IT)

Section 5: Maintenance

The Company’s Budget

Images of Maintenance

The Workshop

Tyres

Section 6: Fuel Management

Section 7: Accidents

Section 8: Health and Safety

Section 9: Insurance

Conclusion

References


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Table of Figures:

Figure 1 The location of Complete logistics Company in Manama, Bahrain ______________ 6

Figure 2 The location of CWC Company in Al Hidd, Bahrain __________________________ 9

Figure 3 Processes or steps for establishing a new business or service in Bahrain ________ 21

Figure 4 Places where hazardous signage should be on the vehicles___________________ 23

Figure 5 Types of hazardous signage ___________________________________________ 23

Figure 6 An Interview with Mr. Abdul Rahman Al-Mawda __________________________ 25

Figure 7 Driving license form (front) ____________________________________________ 26

Figure 8 Deriving license form (Back) ___________________________________________ 27

Figure 9 Heavy license card (back) _____________________________________________ 28

Figure 10 Heavy license card (front) ____________________________________________ 28

Figure 11 The Manufacturer’s Plate ____________________________________________ 38

Figure 12 The Ministry Plate __________________________________________________ 38

Figure 11 The axle of the vehicle ______________________________________________ 38

Figure 11 The front axle, rear axle and gross vehicle weights ________________________ 38

Figure 11 Nissan dump truck fitted with a Palfinger hook loading system ______________ 40

Figure 11 Nissan dump truck fitted with 10-12cu m tipping bodies ____________________ 40

Figure 17 Nissan JDF5080ZYSZN Compression Garbage Truck _______________________ 41

Figure 18 Nissan DND1241CWB UD Septic Tank Truck _____________________________ 42

Figure 11 One type of the vehicle brushes _______________________________________ 43

Figure 22 Nissan JDF5050TSLZN Street Sweeping Vehicle (2) ________________________ 43

Figure 21 Nissan JDF5050TSLZN Street Sweeping Vehicle (1) ________________________ 43

Figure 22 DND-CWB UD40T Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Dump Truck ____________________ 44

Figure 21 Case SR200 Skid Steer Loader _________________________________________ 45

Figure 21 TOYOTA COASTER 4.2L DSL 30 STR _____________________________________ 46

Figure 21 The digital tachograph ______________________________________________ 52


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Figure 21 The analogue tachograph ___________________________________________ 53

Figure 27 The Cowley Waste Collecting Company's Model of the Workshop ____________ 64

Figure 28 The Workshop's Pit _________________________________________________ 65

Figure 21 Example of the Lifts that CWC Company would utilize for the light vehicles (1) __ 65

Figure 12 Example of the Lifts that CWC Company would utilize for the light vehicles (2) __ 65

Figure 32 The Washing Area for the Vehicles _____________________________________ 66

Figure 11 Some Provide Spare Parts, such as: tires, oil, etc. _________________________ 66

Figure 33 Driver's accident report _____________________________________________ 81

Figure 34 a truck driver______________________________________________________ 83

Figure 35 vehicle accidents chart ______________________________________________ 85

Figure 36 Number of CWC Injuries During 2012 ___________________________________ 86

Figure 37 CWC Injuries Statistics for this year and for the future _____________________ 86

Figure 38 notice boards _____________________________________________________ 87

Figure 39 traffic signals _____________________________________________________ 87

Figure 40 road signs ________________________________________________________ 88

Figure 41 danger notice signs _________________________________________________ 88

Figure 42 a hump __________________________________________________________ 89

Figure 43 hump sign ________________________________________________________ 89

Figure 44 ROSPA award logo _________________________________________________ 89

Figure 11 Institute of Advanced Motorists logo ___________________________________ 90

Figure 11 Annual Assessment tamplet __________________________________________ 90

Figure 17 employment competency checklist_____________________________________ 91

Figure 18 Another assessment review pattern Pattern _____________________________ 92

Figure 11 annual health risk assessment ________________________________________ 93


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The Company Profile

Our Vision

Our company's vision is to be the number one consulting Company in the field of logistics in

Bahrain specifically and the whole gulf generally.

Our Mission

The mission of the company is to provide effective advices, suggestions, solutions and ideas

about what are the best things to be done for terms of their staffing, future plans, projects

and logistics requirements.

Company Overview

Complete Logistics Company is one of the leading providers of

logistics solutions in the Kingdom of Bahrain, which was

established in 2005. It is located in the Diplomatic Area in the

capital, Al Manama.

As a consulting company that offers logistics advices, our list of

clients would be any enterprise that includes transportation elements in operating its

business. The list would include governmental ministries and private companies; such as:

The Ministry of Education

The Ministry of Electricity & Water

The Ministry of Health

Al Jazeera Shipping Company

Bapco

Casablanca Hotel

Figure 1 The location of Complete logistics Company in Manama, Bahrain


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Introduction

Purpose

The justification behind this report is to provide a guide of best practice for CWC “Cowley

Waste Collection Company” that contains effective advices, solutions and recommendations

for its fleet management operation. In addition, important laws and regulations will be

provided in order for the company to operate properly and legally in the country.

Terms of Reference

This report that aims to provide a best practice guide for fleet management was requested

by Ms. Lorraine Cowley, the CEO of CWC Company. It will be submitted to Ms. Cowley in the

29th of December as it was requested, so that it can be discussed and studied.

Method

The report contains much information which was gathered from different resources. The

internet and articles are included for general information. Also, investigations have been

done for detailed information about needed licenses and regulations. Besides, fleet

management course notes were considered for essential principles. Finally, many valuable

facts were collected throughout interviews and field visits to governmental and private

institutes.


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Thank You!

All thanks and gratitude is given to the CWC Company for giving us the opportunity of

providing them with the best practice guide in order to set up their own fleet management

operations. Furthermore, we would like to express our appreciation of the supportive

services and cooperation offered by a number of generous managers and supervisors from

different companies; who are:

The Transport & Maintenance Manager of Gulf City Cleaning Company, Mr. James

R. MacDonald

The Chief of Driving License Branch of the Directorate of Traffic, Mr. Abdul Rahman

Al-Mawda

The Property Manager of Bahrain Credit, Mr. Jaafar Al Oraibi

The Service Manager of Toyota Plaza, Mr. Husain Haji

The Training Supervisor of Toyota Plaza, Mr. Husain Ali


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Cowley Waste Collection

Company is one of the

eminent business enterprises

that are considering managing

its own fleet operations. This

firm is located in the industrial

area, Al Hidd.

As mentioned previously, CWC

Company hired our team to

discuss the requirements of

owning an effective fleet.

Before doing that, the reasons that make this company requires a private will be displayed

as the following:

Source: academicjournals.org (2012)

Bahrain is a very small island with a relatively high number of population, which

contributes in increasing the quantity of wastes.

Recently, the number of varied industries has increased rapidly which led to

urbanization.

There are only a small number of organisations of this type in the kingdom.

The activity of collecting waste is needed to be done every single day.

For these reasons, Cowley Waste Colleting Company should handle its own fleet operations.

Figure 2 The location of CWC Company in Al Hidd, Bahrain


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What Is Fleet Management?

According to academicjournals.org (2012), fleet management is the backbone of the

transportation of any company. It is a combination of managing all operations associated

with vehicles; such as:

Purchasing Vehicles

Maintenance

Vehicle Utilization

Information Technology

Fuel Management

Human Resources

Health & Safety Management

Rules and Regulations.

These sophisticated operations cannot be done without the efficient people for controlling

it. This will be discussed in more details in the HR section.


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Section 1: Human Resources (HR)

Employees:

The company will need to employ a number of employees that each has different job. These

are examples of the needed employees:

Mechanics

Other employees (garbage

collectors, health & safety officer)

Drivers

Fleet Manager

The Fleet Manager:

Every fleet needs a fleet manager to operate and manage. A fleet manager is the one who is

responsible for the vehicles that are owns by a firm (careers.stateuniversity.com). Besides

that, a fleet manager is responsible for the organizational and administrative processes of

transit, repair and maintenance of vehicles (thejobexplorer.com).

The fleet manager who is going to be employed to do the job in CWC Company must have a

qualified certificate from university and graduated from an appropriate major to do the

work. In addition, many skills are required to be in the fleet manager, such as:

Interpersonal skills.

Excellent verbal communication

skills.

Good written communication

skills.

Well-known with the information

technology.

Familiar with some financial

aspects.

Good knowledge about vehicles

technology.

Good managerial skills.

Self-confidence and negotiating

skills.

Good attitude and respects

workers.

Aware of the environmental

issues.


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Source :( pathfindersolutions.co.za)

All the above skills are needed to be in the fleet manager for several reasons:

To be a good manager you should have a strong and leadership personality.

Know how to communicate with the employees, administration and internal and

external customers.

Able to write monthly reports about the sector he/she works in.

Able to work with computers and have knowledge of information technology.

Know some financial issues to manage the budget and cost schedules for

maintaining vehicles.

Have information about vehicles as their job requires them to monitor and maintain

the vehicles.

Able to do all kind of scheduling and organizing the administrative reports.

The ability to negotiate with admin and employees to convince their thoughts.

Respecting people around them so they could trust them and love to work with

them.

To be environmental by using tools and equipments those are not harmful on the

environment and know some of the environmental issues like vehicle emission

standers.

Furthermore, the fleet manager has many responsibilities to take in work as he/she is the

leader such as;

A fleet manager should maintain the vehicles every period of time and make sure

that his/ her fleet is not broken the laws.

Should know what can be successful for his/her business and determine the possible

failures of the business.


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Should know about the environmental issues that are caused by his/her fleet and try

to prevent them.

Should be able to make judgments on to judge and convince their thoughts.

Should ensure the safety and happiness of his/her workers.

Should be able to evaluate their stuff performance.

Should be able to train his/her employees and assemble professional development

for them.

Should be able to deal with the financial issues and have knowledge of business and

transport laws.

Source :( CILT, 2006 a)

The Drivers:

As the fleet manager is important for managing the fleet, drivers are also more important to

make the fleet operate. A driver is the one who drives the vehicle no matter for a short or

long time. In addition, drivers who are going to do the essential job in the fleet have to be

aware of their job and get the right skills and attitude to make the fleet operate effectively.

CWC Company is recommended to choose their drivers according to some skills that the

drivers have to have:

A valid heavy driving license and special license to drive the cleaning vehicle.

At least is 25 years old and not older than 50 years and in a good health condition.

Have an experience in driving for at least 5 years and a clean driving record.

Having the sense of responsibility to do the work perfectly.

The Capability to deal fast in difficult situations.

Strong ethic to deal with people or any situations such as traffic congestion.

Knowledgeable about the traffic laws.

Knowledgeable about the country he/she is going to work in or able to read maps.


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Ability to work at night and early morning.

Familiar about the vehicle parts and deal with the vehicle smoothly.

Sources: (Conroy; humanresources.hrvinet.com)

All the previous skills are required to be in the drivers for different reasons:

Having all the valid licenses to be able to do the work every day.

Not a young boy who does not have enough knowledge about roads or an old man

who cannot drive for a long time

Think fast to deal with or avoid any situation he/she come across.

Got the strong work ethic to deal with the other employees or the police when they

stop him/her.

Know the local area to do his/her job fast and able to avoid the traffic.

Know the vehicle parts so he/she could notice any damage and able to use the

vehicle.

In addition, the driver responsibility is not just driving the vehicle but also he/she is

responsible for another work such as:

Operate with the vehicle smoothly.

Chick the vehicles parts and the safety on it before driving.

Able to provide what is required from him/her in any situation specially accidents.

The Mechanics:

Moreover, as the Cowley Waste Collection Company is going to have their own fleet, they

are recommended to have mechanics to maintain their vehicles. The mechanics that are

going to be employ by the company have to have different skills so they could do what is

required from them. Some of the skills that the mechanics should have:


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Mechanics have to be graduated either from a technical high school or as a

mechanic from university.

Have good knowledge in math and physics.

Able to solve problems.

Creative and have good communication skill.

Familiar with the information technology and integrated skills.

Able to solve any problem related to vehicles by being prepared.

Know all the vehicles components and able to work with them.

Capability to teach others what he/she knows.

Sources: (Otis,2007; wisegeek.com)

The previous skills are required to be in the mechanics for many reasons:

Been educated well, so he could manage to solve many problems.

Good communicator to communicate well with the customers or drivers to know

exactly what is the problem.

Have the knowledge of information technology, so he/she could use in the work to

have the job done faster and accurately.

Garbage Collectors:

Garbage collectors are people who accompany the drivers and go out the vehicle to collect

the waste. For this job, there are no certain skills to be insure that the person who will be

employed to do the job have them because everyone has the ability to do it. However, CWC

Company has to put in mind that people who are going to work on it company has:

Good communication skills to communicate with public.

Not been in prison for criminal issues or has criminal records.


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Health and Safety Officer:

As the health and safety are all business, a health and safety officer should be employ to

look after the worker and the work place, monitor, implement and ensure that all safety

requirements are being applied (Hall,). CWC Company is recommended to choose their

health and safety officer according to many skills such as:

Having a bachelor’s degree in environmental health or any related programs.

Good communication skills.

Ability to solve problems.

Able to make reports, plans and manage the budget for health and safety

equipments.

Fundamental computer skills.

Have Good knowledge about the safety in the workplace.

Endurance to handle emergency situations and could carry health equipments.

Besides that, the health and safety officer is responsible for another work:

Capability to investigate workers when an accident happens.

Train employees to ensure the awareness on them and teach them how to act in

emergency circumstances.

Keep documentations to show to the administration and supervise employees.


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Wages (Salaries):

As a company going to employ people to do its business, the company have to pay for the

employees’ wages. Moreover, having different people doing different jobs will occur the

company to pay each person differently according to the work he/she does.

For example:

A fleet manager regarding to all his responsibilities should be paid a high salary; not

less than BD700.

The drivers with the high risk on them while doing their work should be paid fairly.

Bahraini people who are paid more can get a salary starting from BD300 per month.

Non-Bahrain drivers could be paid at least BD150 per month.

The mechanics considering the high work they do and the high risk on them have to

pay well. A salary not less than BD400 for Bahraini and BD250 for non-Bahraini.

The health and safety officer should be paid well according to his/her position and

the work he is responsible for. A salary not less than BD600.

Besides that, all employees should be paid for:

Transport Allowance.

Housing Allowance.

Cost of Living Allowance.

Bonuses.


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The organization's Expenditures on its Employees' Salaries and Wages (Schedule 1).

Cowley

Waste

Company's

Costs on

Salaries

and wages

Type of

employees

Numbers

of each

employee

The total

number of

employees

The expenses for each

employee

The total

cost for

each type

of

employee

The total

cost

Fleet Manger

One

350

workers

BD 1000

BD 1000

BD 2,000

Drivers 116 Bahraini

BD 300

(61#)

Foreigner

BD 150

(55#)

BD 50

With

bonus

BD 32,350

Mechanics 22 BD 400

(11#)

BD 250

(11#)

BD 35 BD 7,920

Garbage

Collectors

210 BD 100

(105#)

BD 70

(105#)

BH 15 BD 21,000

Health and

Safety Officer

One

BD 600

BD 600 BD 1,200

The Total Cost BD 64,470


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Training:

Most companies train their new employees to do their job in the right way which is called

orientation. Training the new employees in the beginning could avoid many defects to

happen and save money that could be spent on repairing. Also, orientation provides

knowledge and transfer experience to the new employees. Besides that, employees should

not just be trained in the beginning but also they have to be trained every period of time.

Trainings include ongoing assessment that drivers should be assist on to monitor them and

be sure of the way they are doing their job. Moreover, employees should be trained on how

to deal with any accident situation or any emergencies.


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Section 2: Rules & Regulations

Each company cannot operate in any country unless it meets the international and the

national roles and regulations. Rules and regulations are laws that are put by the

international associations and governments so it keeps the flows of operations easily

without any faults controlling everything in an organized way.

To have your own fleet for your own business, you must rely on some requirements by the

Local Law that is needed to be ensured before establishing any business.

Commercial Register:

The condition to start any business in Bahrain is the Commercial Register according to

Bahrain Ministry of Industry and commerce (MOIC).

Rules for having a commercial register:

Your age in not under 18

You must have High School Diploma

You must have in the Bank either 10000 BD or more

Required documents:

Company registration application form.

Copy of the CPR for whom requesting or copy of the passport for the foreign people.

Two copies for ownership document for the building or the rent contract.

Copy of electricity account number for the building.

Note: You have to pay 20BD for the Commercial Register.

(Reference: bahrainedb.com)


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Licenses:

All legal commercial business or service before it starts in Bahrain, must have a license from

the Municipal approving it.

The Municipal rules:

The volume of the building or the company must be suitable for the activity.

It is forbidden to show or stuck equipment or materials outside the building

without taking permission from the Municipal.

Figure 3 Processes or steps for establishing a new business or service in Bahrain


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Provide waste container suites with the volume of the garbage in the building.

It must be enough space for parking for two cars or vehicles.

It is forbidden to open building on the highway.

The Municipal laws for Industry:

The location must be in a proper area.

It must commitment to environmental controls required for the storage of

hazardous waste and poisonous.

It must have emergency exits.

All stocks and equipment must be contained inside the boundaries of the gate of

the building.

(Reference: bahrainedb.com)

Collecting hazardous waste license:

1. As a collecting garbage company, you need a license to collect hazardous waste

because it's very dangerous and not anyone can handle it.

2. You have to apply for a license to the ministry of municipality and pay fees attached

with some documents:

Document with the number of workers showing their experience handling

hazardous waste.

Provide prevention measures to prevent the leakage of dangerous waste while

collecting and moving it.

Any other documents municipality needs.

3. This license expired each year.


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Rules for collecting hazardous waste:

1. Not to carry hazardous waste without transfer form about the material and form

about safety related to it.

2. Transfer Company is not allowed to save hazardous waste.

3. Not to move dangerous waste to unlicensed dispose site.

4. Put hazardous signage on the vehicles.

5. Not to collect hazardous waste in peak hours.

6. Purge the vehicle in case of leakage.

7. Not to mix types of hazardous waste in one container.

(Reference: pmew.gov.bh)

Figure 4 Places where hazardous signage should be on the vehicles

Figure 5 Types of hazardous signage


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Workers:

For your company you may hire workers from Bahrain and from outside Bahrain. However,

Labor Market Regulatory Authority (LMRA) has a rule about the workers; in any company

the percentage of Bahraini workers must be 40%.

To recruit workers from abroad:

1. You have to apply in LMRA either by its website or by going there.

2. You must attach your apply with the commercial registry.

3. For each visa for one worker you have to pay 200BD.

(Resource: portal.lmra.bh)

Driving License:

Any person needs to have a driving license to drive in anywhere. In addition, there are many

kinds of licenses in Bahrain based on the type of the transportation. However, to collect

garbage, the organization will need to have fleet of heavy vehicles with a load of more than

3000 kilos. Therefore, it requires a heavy driving license and a special use license as it is used

for special purpose, which is waste collecting (MacDonald. J. ,2012).

Requirements needed to have heavy license and special use license:

On the 10th of December 2012, an interview was held with the Chief of Driving License

Branch; Abdul Rahman Bin Mohammed Al-Mawda asking him about the legal operations to

grant different types of licenses:

1. To have a heavy and special use license you must have a private license.

2. You must have 5 years' experience of the private license.

3. The minimum age to have a heavy license is 25.

4. Both Genders (male-female) can have a heavy license.


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5. You must have training (22 hours).

6. You have to pass driving test.

Private license:

The minimum age for this license is 18.

The processes to gain this type of license:

Fill in the driving license permit form from the General Directorate of Traffic.

Attached 2 personal picture and copy of the passport and the Identity card with the

form.

Pass the vision test.

Pay 34.500 BD.

Attend lecture for driving in the date given.

Train the driving for 22 hours.

Pay 30.000 BD for the driving test.

Pass driving tests.

Figure 6 An Interview with Mr. Abdul Rahman Al-Mawda


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In case of failing the driving test:

Trains determine hours by the traffic police who tests you.

Pay another 10 BD for the driving test.

Note: the processes of having a heavy and a special use license processes are similar to the

processes of having the private license.

Figure 7 Driving license form (front)


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Figure 8 Deriving license form (Back)


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The driver Nationality:

Mentioned processes are for Bahraini people.

If the person is from GCC, his license replaced with Bahraini license.

If the person is not from Bahrain or GCC, he must have heavy truck driver in his visa

and he must train driving for 22 hours.

Replace GCC license with Bahraini License:

Fill application form

Personal attendance and have vision test.

Having the GCC license which it must not be expired and a copy of it.

Attach personal picture and copy for the passport and Identity card with the form

noting that residency must be valid.

The age must be 25 or more.

Payment of fees.

Figure 10 Heavy license card (front) Figure 9 Heavy license card (back)


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Vehicles registration:

Every vehicle in the fleet must be registered by the General Directorate of Traffic by these

processes:

Conditions for the register:

1. To pay the fees for registering the vehicle.

2. To register vehicles in any insurance company in Bahrain.

3. The vehicles must meet the legal requirements.

Traffic and license department check the vehicles technically:

If there is something wrong they refuse the request giving the detailed reasons.

If the owner of the vehicle didn't show up on the right time at the right place for the

checking, he must pay new fees.

If the owner delayed in picking his vehicles he must pay daily fees.

The Last process: Traffic department produce plates for vehicles.

(Resource: moic.gov.bh)

Some vehicles’ rules:

(According to Mr. Abdul Rahman Al-Mawda)

The maximum speed for the vehicle is 80 km\hour in the highways and main roads.

The minimum speed for the vehicle is 30 km\hour in residential areas.

Vehicles must take the right side in roads.

It is not allowed to the vehicles to work in peak hours:

From 06:30 am to 07:30 am

From 01:30 pm to 02:30 pm


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Vehicles must have a license from the Municipality to operate at night; this license

expired each 6 months.

Working Hours for the employees:

For private sector:

From Saturday to Thursday

One day per week off

Work starts commonly at 8:00 am until 1:00 pm as the first shift and the second shift

starts at 3:00pm and end at 6:00 pm

(Resource: bahrainedb.com)

Labor laws:

(Resources: portal.lmra.bh - gccbh.com)

It is illegal to make the worker work for more than 8 hours daily or more than 48

hours weekly.

In Ramadan It is illegal to make the worker work more than 6 hours daily or 36 hours

weekly.

It is illegal to make the worker work for more than 6 consecutive hours without at

least half hour break.

Work hours and break hours must organize so workers don't stay at work placement

for more than 11 hours daily.

It is legal to make the worker work extra hours if it is for the good of the work but:

Work hours mustn't be more than 60 hours weekly.

Worker wage must be the same wage plus at least 25% for each extra daytime hour.


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Worker wage must be the same wage plus at least 50% for each extra nighttime

hour.

Worker wage must be equivalent to 150% of his normal wage for working on the

weekly day off and working in an official holiday or manager can give him another

comfort day.

It is illegal to make the worker works on the weekly day off more than two

consecutive times without worker approval.

It is legal to deduct wage if sick leaves are more than 182 days in the year.

The worker who worked for one consecutive year has the right to have holiday at

least 21 day and each year it increase.

Muslim workers can have leave without pay to go to Al-Hajj for period not more

than month once in his work term.

The worker has the right to have holiday in some cases:

1. 3 days for getting marriage.

2. 3 days in relative dead until the fourth class.

3. 1 day when having a baby.

Note: the worker must give his boss evident documents.


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Bahrain Traffic and Contravention Laws:

(Resource: hellobahrain.com)

Contraventions paid 5.000 BD

1 Passing Wrong

2 Obstructive the Road

3 Contravention Trailer to the law

4 Unclear plates number

5 Fix damaged car without making a report for the accident

6 Don't fix damaged car after reporting accident

7 Broken Vehicle lights and not lighting well

8 Non-covered loaded Goods

9 Driving without carrying truck documents and license

10 Not putting medical glasses

11 Not putting seat belts

12 Having child less than 10 years in front

13 Parking in " No Park " sign

14 Taking two parks

15 Driving with using mobile phones

The contraventions that would cost the violator 5.000 BD (schedule: 2)


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Contraventions paid 10.000 BD

1 Not giving the name and the address

2 Not allowing to see the documents

3 Not caring about controlling traffic laws

4 Not caring for the traffic signs

5 Leaving Animals carriage on road

6 Driving with no lights at night

7 Putting dark stickers obscured vision

8 Speed

9 Don't stop in red lights and crossing it

10 Incoming no thorough road

11 To do U turn when it's not allow

12 Make an accident and don't wait

13 Not telling the police about accidents

14 Not helping injured people in accident

15 Giving wrong information

16 To Park in " No Parking Crane "

17 Driving with an expired license

18 Vehicle's emission is so dense

The contraventions that would cost the violator 10.000 BD (schedule: 3)


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Public prosecutor

1 Fake Number Plate

2 Allowing someone without license to drive a vehicle

3 Driving with no license

4 Using the car to do illegitimate works

5 Driving no registration car or vehicle

6 Driving under effect of drugs

7 Driving while drinking Alcohol

8 Hurting or Killing someone while driving under the effects of Alcohol or drugs

9 Driving under legal age

10 Driving vehicle without having permission from its owner

The violations that impose meeting the Public prosecutor (schedule: 4)

Company Rules:

As a manager in a company having its own fleet, you have to make sure that your fleet is

organized. Besides Bahrain rules and regulations, you can have your own rules as long as

they are complying with the laws:

Note: If any employee or driver got 10 points in his record, manager stops his work for

week without payment.


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If the driver does not have his driving licenses "private, heavy and special use", he

gets two points in his record.

If the driver does not put the seat belt he gets 2 points in his record.

If the driver does not have hazardous waste documents while he collecting it,

manager stops his work for three days without payment.

If the driver does not put hazardous signage on the vehicles, he gets 5 points in his

record.

If the driver collects hazardous waste in peak hours, he gets fired.

If the driver had an accident and did not report it, he gets fired.

If the driver had an accident and it is his fault, the manager stops his work three

days without payment.


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Section 3: Vehicles

Vehicles are the most essential part in fleet management operations. In order for the

company to have an efficiant fleet, a number of vehicles that are required for operating the

business must be owned. Furtheremore, there are many critical points that must be

considered before and after buying the vehicles. These points can be devided into three

princible areas: lagality, effeciency and economy(CILT,2006 j).

1. Legality Points:

The legal points will be devided into two categories, before and after buying:

a) Before buying the vehicle:

Residence Permit:

A residence permit1 must be owned by the buyer if he was not a Bahraini

citizen.

Vehicle spesifications:

Make sure that the specifications of the vehicle meets the restrictions of

the Kingdom of Bahrain. Also, it is recommended to know the Curb Weight

of the vehicle. The curb weight stands for the actual vehicle weight not

1 A residence permit is a visa for the foreigners who wish to live in Bahrain. It can be required from

the General Directorate of Immigrations and Passports or its representative (moic.gov.bh, 2011).

•Residence Permit

•vehicle spesifications(emissons, wiehgts..etc)

Befor Buying The Vehicle

• Licenses/ Plates

•Wieghts After Buying The Vehicle


Page 37 of 118

including fuel, cargo, passengers...etc (sweetcoco, 2012). Therefore, it is

important not to choose a vehicle with heavy curb weight.

b) After buying the vehicle:

Licenses:

1. The vehicle must be taken to the General Directorate of Traffic that is

located in Isa town to be checked and assesed regarding it’s weight.

2. The vehicle must be registered in the Directorate of Traffic and a plate that

shows the gross vehicle wieght should be taken from there.

3. All vehicles must be fitted with two types of plates; the Manufacturer’s Plate

and the Ministry Plate (as shown in figure no. 11 and 12).

Wiehgts:

The vehicle wieght is very critical and it must be taken into account to

ensure regulations and safe loading limits. You must take in consideration:

1. Gross Vehicle Weight:

It is the absolute weight of the vehicle including all other components and

loads like cargo and passengers.

2. Axle Weights:

a. To know the axle weight, axles must be defined. According to

wisegeek.com, an axle is a straight shaft which keeps the wheels fixed in

their position and helps controlling them (figure13).

b. On the other hand, axle weight is the maximum weight that can be

carried on each axle of the vehicle (lnwrs.org.uk, 2004).

c. Never maximize the axle weight in order for the gross weight to be legal.


Page 38 of 118

THE GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT AND AXLES WEIGHT MUST BE CONSIDERED BEFORE LOADING

THE VEHICLE, TO KNOW HOW MUCH TO PUT INTO THE TRUCK AND PREVENT ANY WEIGHT

VIOLATION.

Figure 11 The Manufacturer’s Plate Figure 12 The Ministry Plate

Figure 11 The axle of the vehicle Figure 11 The front axle, rear axle and gross vehicle weights


Page 39 of 118

2. Effeciency Points:

Fuel efficiency:

The chosen vehicle should be efficient regarding fuel which means that it consumes

only a little amount of fuel to operate. As cited in carbondiet.ca (2011), fuel

efficiency can be known with this rating of Miles per Gallon or Liters per 100

Kilometers.

Engine Specifications:

Vehicle engine must operate with minimal disruption and provide optimum

performance. These things can be assured when choosing the appropriate engine

type and manufacturer (CILT, 2006 j).

3. Economy Points:

Fit for purpose:

While choosing the vehicle, the purpose of buing it must be considered. It must be

suitable for its intended use or else it will not be effectively useful.

The Required Vehicles:

It is recommended for CWC copmany to have 120 vehicles to cover all these areas in

Bahrain: residential areas, educational areas, industrial areas, business and diplomatic areas,

hospital and entertainment zones. The following companies were suggested by the

transport and maintenance manager of the Gulf City Cleaning Company Mr. James

MacDonald:

Yusuf Khalil Almoayed

Companies from the Middle East, such as: KSA and Kuwait. For example, the Kuwait

National Cleaning Company that is a common huge firm.

The vehicles will include more than one type and model.


Page 40 of 118

1. Nissan Dump Truck/ Tipper

This truck is very useful and easy to use for any hauling and dumping activities. It is

suggested for the company to have vehicles of this model as it will form a base of the

business. They are a six wheels tipping truck that is very useful in removing garden and loose

bulky wastes. 10 vehicles of this type are enough in our opinion.

A. Two of these vehicles are advised to be fitted with a Palfinger hook loading system.

B. On the other hand, the other 8 are advised to be fitted with 10-12cu m tipping

bodies.

General details:

Source: alibaba.com

Nissan 6x4 UD3459DR dump truck Drive Type 6x4

Fuel Type Diesel

Gross Vehicle Weight 24000 kg

Curb Weight 10000 kg

Emission Standard Euro 2

Allowable Passengers In Cab 3 Passengers

Number Of Axles 3 Axles

Front Axle-Load 6000 kg

Rear Axle-Load 18000 kg

Chassis Model DND3241CWB452H

Tire Number 10

Tire Specification 11.00-20

Front Tread 2,015mm

Rear Tread 1,860mm

Max Speed 90 km/h

Permissible Chassis Loading Capacity 12000kg

Price: US$87,400 / BD 32,913

Figure 11 Nissan dump truck fitted with a Palfinger hook loading system

Figure 11 Nissan dump truck fitted with 10-12cu m tipping bodies


Page 41 of 118

2. Nissan Garbage Compactor Truck

This is as much as good as the Nissan 6x4UD3459DR dump truck. However, it is smaller with

only one refuse compactor. It is recommended to have 25 of these vehicles to send it for the

smaller areas with less waste or tight urban areas.

General details:

Source: alibaba.com

Nissan JDF5080ZYSZN Compression Garbage Truck

Drive Type 4x2

Fuel Type Diesel


Curb Weight 4985 kg






Chassis Model ZN1080A5ZJ

Tire Number 6

Tire Specification 7.00-16LT

Max Speed 95m/h

Price: US$36,120 / BD13,603

Figure 17 Nissan JDF5080ZYSZN Compression Garbage Truck


Page 42 of 118

3. Nissan Septic Tank Truck

This vehicle is used to suck all kinds of waste water, sewage, rain remnants and sludge. It

works as a vacuum which sucks the water waste very effectively. To have 15 vehicles of this

type is recommended.

General details:

Source: alibaba.com

Nissan DND1241CWB UD Septic Tank Truck

Drive Type 6x4

Fuel Type Diesel

Gross Vehicle Weight 24000 Kg




Axle-Load ---

Chassis Model UD DND1241CWB

Tire Number 10

Tire Specification 11.00_20

Tank Volume 8m3

Price: US$82,600/ BD31,105

Figure 18 Nissan DND1241CWB UD Septic Tank Truck


Page 43 of 118

4. Nissan Street Sweeping Vehicle

This vehicles works as a sweeper to clean the roads. It is provided with brushes down the

vehicle that sweeps all kinds of dirts in open-areas roads. In addition, there are many types

of brushes for different surfaces. It is recommended to have 15 of these sweepers.

General details:

Source: alibaba.com

Nissan JDF5050TSLZN Street Sweeping Vehicle

Drive Type 4x2

Fuel Type Diesel


Curb Weight 4860 kg





Front Tread 1562 mm

Rear Tread 1458 mm

Max Speed 95 km/h

Price: US$52,300/ BD19,695

5. Nissan 6x4 Truck fitted with Dennis Eagle

Figure 21 Nissan JDF5050TSLZN Street Sweeping Vehicle (1)

Figure 11 One type of the vehicle brushes

Figure 22 Nissan JDF5050TSLZN Street Sweeping Vehicle (2)


Page 44 of 118

Phoenix 25cu m compactor bodies

These vehicles will form the basis of the waste collection fleet, they will be fitted with a

large hopper to collect and compact waste as well as hydraulic automatic bin

lifting/emptying system for large 1100 steel drums as well as smaller plastic bins in 240

litters and 120 litter sizes. It is estimated that Cowley Waste will require 50 of these.

General details:

Source: alibaba.com

DND-CWB UD40T Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Dump Truck Drive Type 6x4

Fuel Type Diesel


Curb Weight 12305 kg






Chassis Model DND3251CWB459H

Tire Number 10

Tire Specification 11.00-20

Front Tread 2045 mm

Rear Tread 1860 mm

Max Speed 96km/h

Price: US$ 96,095 / BD58243

Figure 22 DND-CWB UD40T Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Dump Truck


Page 45 of 118

6. Skid Steer Loader

This vehicle is used for open land clearance. It is also advised for the company to have 5 Skid

Steer Loaders to load the Dongfeng Nissan Dump Truck with the bulky waste.

General details:

Sources: alibaba.com; simplyskidsteers.com

Case SR200 Skid Steer Loader Engine Model 432T/M3

Fuel Type Diesel

Operating Capacity 2200 lbs

Operating Weight 3130 kg

Tipping Load 1814 kg

Allowable Passengers In Cab 1 Passenger

Wheelbase 1130 mm

Operating Height 3900 mm

Tire size 10 x 16.5

Price: US$38,000/ BD14,309

Figure 21 Case SR200 Skid Steer Loader


Page 46 of 118

7. Toyota Coaster

It is suggested for the company to have a small quantity of these Toyota Coaster buses, in

order to transport its labor on the different contracts. For the moment, 5 are enough.

General details:

Sources: alibaba.com; toyota.com.bh

TOYOTA COASTER 4.2L DSL 30 STR

Drive Type 4x2

Engine Type 3RZ-FE 4-cylinder, in-line DOHC

Fuel Type Diesel


Curb Weight 3190 kg



Wheel Base 3935 mm

Front Tread 1690 mm

Rear Tread 1490 mm

Tire Number 6

Tire Specification 7.00-16LT

Price: US$52,000/ BD19,578

Figure 21 TOYOTA COASTER 4.2L DSL 30 STR


Page 47 of 118

CWC's Expenditures on its Purchased Vehicles (Schedule 5).

C

ow

ley

Was

te C

om

pan

y C

ost

on

Bu

yin

g V

ehic

les

( A

ll P

rice

s in

Bah

rain

i D

inar

)

Type of Vehicles Number of Each

Type

The Total

Number of

Vehicles

The Expenses on Each Type of

Vehicle

The Expenditures on

Each Type of Vehicle

The Total Cost

Nissan 6x4 dump truck/ tipper

10

120 vehicles

32,913 329,130

4,512,790

Case SR200 Skid Steer Loader

5 14,309 71,545

Toyota coaster 4.2L DSL 30 STR

5 19,578 97,890

Nissan JDF5080ZYSZN Compression Garbage Truck

25 13,603 340,075

Nissan UD Septic Tank Truck DND1241CWB

15 31,105 466,575

Nissan 4*2 street sweeping vehicle JDF5050TSLZN

15 19,695 295,425

DND-CWB UD40T Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Dump Truck

50 58,243 2,912,150


Page 48 of 118

Vehicle Utilization:

In order for the business to gain profit and create a competitive advantage over rivals, the

valuable assests of it must be used to the maximum advantage (CILT, 2006 h). Vehicles forms

an important and a huge part of the company’s assets. Therefore, they must be monitored

and utilised properly not only to cover the operating costs, but for maximising the profits as

well.

This cannot be achieved unless all the vehicles are being used properly everyday at

every seconed- excluding the ones that are under repair-. Buying a vehicle to be kept

at the workplace without being used is certainly not acceptable as it causes more

costs to the business instead of making profits.

There are many tools that helps monitoring vehicle utilisation such as Tachographs,

GPS systems and IT packages, and they will be explained in detail in the ICT section

on page number (48).

The main reason behind designing these tools is to maximize vehicle utilization by:

1. Maximizing driver utilization:

This means getting the best of your drivers regarding efficiency and

knowledge. They spend almost all of their day in roads driving their vehicles.

Hence, they can have valuable information of the most suitable routes to

reach the intended point with less effort, time and cost. Therefore, it is very

wise to put these points into consideration and take advantage of them.

2. Maximizing load utilization:

All the vehicles must be fully loaded when collecting the waste in order for

the utilization to be effective. The existence of the business will be

threatened if there were many vehicles collecting waste from different areas

but they go to the landfill half-loaded only. This problem could be solved by

the suitable route planning to collect from more than one area. Also,


Page 49 of 118

vehicle’s payload capacity can be monitored by the ratio of the actual

payload on the vehicle to the maximum payload that could be carried which

is called the load factor (CILT, 2006 h).

3. Minimizing mileage:

By minimizing the distance travelled by each vehicle, the business will be

saving money, saving time and saving the environment by reducing carbon

emissions. On top of that, fuel will be less consumed by the vehicles which

will result in reducing the cost. Again, this problem could be solved by the

suitable route planning.

4. Ensuring the service quality:

Using the vehicles for their intended use effectively will help maintaining the

quality of the service which in turn will lead to efficient vehicle utilization.

If achieved, these four will result in an efficient fleet with optimum operating levels.

The Load Factor =

Actual Payload Carried

Maximum Payload Capacity


Page 50 of 118

Additional Vehicles:

In waste colleting business, there will be some special seasons every year in which as the

demand will rapidly increase and the company resources might not be able to cover it; like

religious and local occasions. As these occasions happen annually, there will not be a need

for buying more vehicles while they are not used. Some examples of these events are:

Ramadan, Ashoora, Bahrain National Day, Eid, etc; the percentage of the garbage during the

previous mentioned occasions increase to 35pc, which means that there is 10pc more than

the thrown garbage in the normal days (m.gulf-daily-news.com, 2012). For this reason, the

fleet manager will need to consider adding more vehicles to the fleet.

As given in this table, there are two main options that CWC as - a small company - can use:

Source: (CILT, 2006 i)

Buying Vehicles OR Hiring Vehicles

This means to buy a new vehicle and

add it to the fleet permanently.

It is a serious decision that needs to

be studied regarding cost and the

life cycle costing.

Before buying any new vehicle, the

existing vehicle must be utilized to

the maximum.

This means that the vehicle will be in

the fleet for a limited period of time.

It is expensive. Therefore, it should

be kept to the minimum.

The hired vehicle must be chosen

wisely regarding the fleet needs.

A safety test must be done before

hiring the vehicle.

There must be an updated record of

the hired vehicles while in use.

A general check should be done

before returning the hired vehicles

to the supplier.

A copmarison between buying and hiring vehicles (schedule 6)


Page 51 of 118

Section 4: Information Technology (IT)

Information technology has developed a lot in the last century and still developing to

produce products and systems that makes the business much easier and more profitable.

Today, every single enterprise must have advanced technology systems in order to improve

the efficiency of its operations. For CWC company , there are many different products/

systems that could be installed. For monitoring vehicle utilisation:

1. The Tachograph

There are two types of tachograph, analogue tachograph and digital tachograph:

Sources: RSA.ie; ukmotorists.com; europa.eu

Comparisons Analogue Tachograph Digital Tachograph

Year of producing 1985 2006

De

scri

pti

on

A wax-coated chart

that shows marks and

records made by three

different styluses.

The driver must

write information on

the inner side of the

tachograph (like

name, start + end

point, date).

On the back side of it

there is a space for

the driver’s manual

entries.

A digital device that

stores date once the

vehicle starts to run.

The data is stored in

the driver’s card and

the vehicle unit

memory “VU” until it

gets full and then

replaced (driver’s

card: after 28 days;

VU: after one year).

It includes a small

printer which is very

useful for road side

inspections.


Page 52 of 118

Fun

ctio

n

It records:

Driving time

Speed

Travelled distance

Driver's activity (rest

periods, breaks )

Stopping times

It records:

Vehicle license

number

Driving time (for the

past 24 hours).

Speed

Travelled distance

Driver's activity (rest

periods, breaks )

Stopping times

Availability periods

Delays and driver’s performance can be showed by both types of the tachographs

which can help the fleet manager in many areas.

Drivers’

responsibility

More responsibility on the

driver.

Less responsibility on the

driver.

Time / efficiency More time/ Less efficient. Less time/ More efficient.

A comparison between the analogue and the digital tachographs (schedule 7)

Figure 21 The digital tachograph


Page 53 of 118

2. GPS

It stands for “Global Positioning System” and it is a navigation system which is

satellite-based. According to Garmin.com (2012), it forms a network consisting of 24

satellites placed into orbit. The GPS can position any vehicle everywhere on earth by

working 24 hours a day in all weather conditions. There are many types of GPS’s

nowadays and they vary in the specifications and the prices.

3. IT Packages

An IT package is a number of software programs that operates together to perform

comparable functions. Also, they are set together and sold as a software package

(webopedia.com, 2012).

Figure 21 The analogue tachograph


Page 54 of 118

“GPS Fleet Management Software” is an example of an IT package that is provided

by the prominent fleet management systems provider in Bahrain, Security 1. As

cited in security1.com.bh (2012), GPS Fleet Management Software is a very simple

tool that will help decreasing the vehicles costs, fuel costs and even salaries!

Source: security1.com.bh

GPS Fleet Management Software

Overview

The special feature about this system is the ability of accessing the

online platform to monitor the vehicle anytime, anywhere, with

only a secure username and password.

Features

Vehicle tracking and map viewing.

Showing vehicle history and drivers behavior.

Vehicle data and alarms.

Effective detailed reports.

Benefits

Maximizing Productivity

Minimizing Overtime

Reducing Fuel Costs

Reducing Communication Costs

Lowering Private Use

Increasing Security

Speeding turnovers

More

Lowest monthly fees

Support team availability 24/7

Chance for free trial period

A model of an IT package (schedule 8)


Page 55 of 118

Section 5: Maintnance

The Company’s Budget

Starting a business needs lots of work to do and significant things to consider; one of these

basics for Cowley Waste Company is its capital and budget, which everything else depends

completely on it. Money starts a business, builds it, supplies it, improves it and expands it.

Hence, the best thing to be done at the beginning is to plan the budget and identify the

areas, times, equipment and people that need specific amounts of expenses for various

reasons and causes, as it is shown in Schedule 9:


Page 56 of 118

The Areas that the Budget of Cowley Waste Company should Cover (Schedule 9)

Co

wle

y W

aste

Co

mp

any'

s C

ost

s an

d B

ud

get

(All

figu

res

are

BH

D)

The Company's Requirements

The

expenses of

each

requirement

The total

costs

The Expenses of Purchasing

Vehicles. 4,512,790 4,512,790

The Salaries and the Wages

of employees. 64,470 64,470

Information Technology

Software. 200,000

Workshop's tools and

equipment (spare parts, tyres,

oil, etc.)

158,800

426800

New equipment and

advanced tools, when

necessary.

Regular maintenance for the

tools.

Providing training courses for

mechanics. 180,00

Purchasing a piece of land

and establishing offices,

workshop & yard

250,000 Total

5,204,060


Page 57 of 118

Images of Maintenance:

Maintenance is the backbone of the sustainability of any organization in general and Cowley

Waste Company in particular; maintenance has various images of implementation, which all

are required to keep vehicles and equipment efficient for a longer period. Some of these

images are to:

Provide maintenance services to the utilized vehicles every three months or 6,000

miles to keep them roadworthy as it is citied in the CILT(2006 d), as it is shown in

schedule 2 each 10 vehicles would be maintained in a particular month and the

highlighted ones would be examples of the type of service that they would have:


Page 58 of 118

January February March April May June

Vehicle's

Plate

Number

12345

23456

34567

45678

56789

67890

98765

54321

43210

32109

4567

5678

6789

7890

1357

3579

2468

4680

5791

7913

1993

9139

1994

9197

7993

2020

1988

9994

2626

2030

5020

5437

8876

7009

1914

9482

4576

3321

5665

9019

21098

10987

76543

13579

24680

97531

86420

1234

2345

3456

9753

8642

6420

4208

2086

1123

1312

4151

7181

9181

4035

7788

2009

2486

1948

8208

4334

7050

4444

7273

123

234

345

456

678

789

890

901

812

723

220

575

312

423

534

645

756

978

867

900

12345

909

165

230

305

698

708

498

275

333

000

66665

34343

50004

23032

46116

82530

21493

17388

30377

71491

39383

93050

39095

38217

73790

91335

22344

14330

20103

The

Firs

t 4

0 V

eh

icle

s th

at w

ou

ld b

e M

ain

tain

ed

The

Sec

on

d 4

0 V

eh

icle

s th

at w

ou

ld b

e M

ain

tain

ed

The

Th

ird

40

Ve

hic

les

that

wo

uld

be

Mai

nta

ined

July August September October November December


Page 59 of 118

Maintenance Service Schedule for the Cowley Waste Company's Vehicles (Schedule 10).

As it is clear in Schedule 7, every forty vehicles would be maintained in one month, this

means that each vehicle would require almost one whole day for maintenance, and to be

more specific ten vehicles would be maintained in each week that ends with maintaining

two vehicles. So, having one day would be enough to cover two vehicles. There would be

almost two to three mechanics working on one vehicle according to the Training Supervisor

of Toyota Plaza, Mr. Husain Ali and the rest of the mechanics would have other companies'

vehicles to maintain as well especially, that there are 22 mechanics that the CWC is

recommended to hire.

Vehicle's Plate

Number

The First 40 Vehicles

That would be

Maintained

The Second 40

Vehicles That would

be Maintained

The Third 40

Vehicles That would

be Maintained

The First 40 Vehicles

That would be

Maintained

The Second 40

Vehicles That would

be Maintained

The Third 40

Vehicles That would

be Maintained


Page 60 of 118

The highlighted vehicle's plate numbers would be utilized as examples of the type of service

that all the vehicles would go through in a specific month; that would be analyzed in the

next table:

The Highlighted Vehicles' Plate Numbers

Type of

Maintenance

Service

12345 23456 4151 7181 4444 7273 333 12345

Tyres

Oil

Filter

Suspension

Breaks

Wipers

Engine belts

Radiator

Lights' Bulbs

Others

A model of maintenance service's types that could be done to the CWC's vehicles (Schedule 11).

Let the drivers check the condition of the vehicles' accessories before utilizing them

in each time, to avoid any advanced problems when they are used for operating.

Each vehicle would have its own file that contains its own checklist and records

about the vehicle, which is very essential when it comes for selling the vehicle or

when the police ask for it (CILT, 2006 d).


Page 61 of 118

A model of a driver's checklist (Schedule 12).

Vehicles' Accessories Yes No

The Side Mirrors

The Front Mirror

The Lights

The Wipers

The Seat belt

The Break

The Motor Engine

Others

http://www.google.com.bh/imgres?q=side+mirrors+for+trucks&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1017&bih=453&tbm=isch&tbnid=dsppqlspEJpV0M:&imgrefurl=http://www.novitatech.com/sideeyes.html&docid=t9yJAOjrBnrRTM&imgurl=http://www.novitatech.com/Images/truck_mirror.gif&w=245&h=600&ei=JBzGUK-vNYn30gG9qYGwBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=2&vpy=-26&dur=565&hovh=352&hovw=143&tx=41&ty=300&sig=112775498058341489012&page=1&tbnh=152&tbnw=62&start=0&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:78


Page 62 of 118

Arrange a regular meeting or more that suit the working schedules of the fleet

manager, the mechanics and the drivers to discuss the following:

Discuss the roadworthiness and any problem of vehicles based on the

completed maintenance services and the checklists.

Make a decision on purchasing a new vehicle or maybe more depending

on the vehicles' files.

Have a discussion with the mechanics and the drivers to identify the

reason of the problem that could occur (whether the obstacle is in the

drivers, the routes, the mechanics, the trucks, etc.

Update the drivers with the procedures that should be taken when the

vehicle is broken down.

According to CILT (2006 e), making a preventative maintenance to the vehicles

during the regular tests or services, would help in finding out the exact problem and

solving it in an earlier stage and qualify the trucks to operate for a longer period.


Page 63 of 118

The Workshop:

In order to keep these vehicles maintained, in the case of having 120 garbage vehicles, CWC

would have two options which are either to have its own workshop or to send the vehicles

to an external one (CILT, 2006 e):

The advantages and the disadvantages of owning a workshop or using an external workshop

(Schedule 13).

Internal Workshop External Workshop

Has a complete control of time (do not have to wait for servicing other firms' vehicles).

The maintenance service would be available for the vehicles, whenever it is required.

Saving the company's expenditures on maintaining its vehicles.

When companies head to the workshop for maintenance, it would become a profit center and could even expand in the long term.

Mechanics, who work there, are specialists and experts in their field.

The expenses would be less, when excluding all the related expenditures of having an in-house workshop. For instance: the costs of building a workshop, providing it with mechanics, tools and regular maintenance for the equipment.

The cost of constructing a workshop is very high.

Providing the workshop with well- trained and skilled mechanics is expensive.

Supplying the workshop with advanced equipment, which is not cheap.

These tools would need to be maintained to operate efficiently, which would cost a lot of money as well.

If the service level was more than three hours, then vehicles at the service are late for doing their job and that could cost the CWC plenty of its money and reputation. That means the CWC has less control of time.

A big amount of the company's costs and expenditures would go on maintaining the vehicles.

There is a big possibility to be cheated (e.g.: selling a spurious rather than a needed OEM, such as a break, with a high cost).


Page 64 of 118

When choosing the external workshops as an alternative, these are some recommended

workshops for maintenance (MacDonald, 2012):

Khalil Almoayed Workshop.

Nass Central Workshop.

However, it is recommended to CWC to construct its own workshop for all the previous

mentioned advantages, and because of having a large number of fleet that would cost a lot

of the company's budget; however, establishing a workshop and supplying it with all the

required tools and equipment would be extremely expensive as well but it provides three

basic elements that the company would really need:

Time Sensitive.

Workshop Availability.

Profit for the long term.

This is a general image of the internal workshop that would be built:

Figure 27 The Cowley Waste Collecting Company's Model of the Workshop


Page 65 of 118

In addition to that, these are some equipment and tools that should be provide and supplied

to CWC Company's Workshop:

There would be six pits in the workshop, because most of the purchased vehicles

would be heavy ones.

Also, there would be some lifts, about four that would be provided with cranes.

Figure 28 The Workshop's Pit

Figure 21 Example of the Lifts that CWC Company would utilize for the light vehicles (1)

Figure 12 Example of the Lifts that CWC Company would utilize for the light vehicles (2)


Page 66 of 118

Furthermore, spare parts, which are the key element in the workshop, would be

provided with.

Besides, there would be a prepared area for cleaning the vehicles called "The

Washing Area".

Figure 32 The Washing Area for the Vehicles

Figure 11 Some Provide Spare Parts, such as: tires, oil, etc.


Page 67 of 118

Tyres:

One of the vital procedures when picking the vehicles is to ensure that the tyres are

perfectly matching with the vehicles, which means that the sizes of both the vehicles and the

tyres should be suitable for each other, as it is shown in the Schedule 8:

Type of

Vehicle Picture of Vehicle

Type of

Tyre

Picture of

Tyre

Depth of the

Tread

Nissan 6x4

dump

truck/

tipper

11.00-20

Front

tread: 2,015m

m

Rear

tread: 1,860m

m

Nissan

JDF5080ZY

SZN

garbage

compactor

truck

7.00-16LT

-

Nissan UD

Septic Tank

Truck

DND1241C

WB

11.00_20

Front

tread: 2,015mm

Rear

tread: 1,860mm


Page 68 of 118

The Tyres' Specifications of the Purchased Vehicles (Shedule14).

Nissan 4*2

street

cleaning

vehicle

JDF5050TS

LZN

-

Front

tread: 1562 mm

Rear

tread: 1458 mm

Case SR200

Skid Steer

Loader

12-16.5

Tread Depth:

23/32PSI

TOYOTA

COASTER

4.2L DSL 30

STR

4.2L

Front

Tread:

1690 mm

Rear

Tread:

1490 mm

DND-CWB

UD40T

Dongfeng

Nissan

Diesel

Dump

Truck

11.00-20

Front

Tread:

2045 mm

Rear

Tread:

1860

mm


Page 69 of 118

It can be inferred from (section 3: vehicles, part: the required vehicles) that all of the

considered vehicles weight more than 3500 kilograms, which interprets the fact of having

the tread depths of the tyres more than 1.0 mm (CILT , 2006 g).

As it was demonstrated previously tyres is one of the important elements that should be

maintained and checked regularly; some of the points that should be considered when

checking the tyres would be clearly shown in the next table (CILT, 2006 g):

Tyres'

Conditions Picture of Possible Errors Yes No

The inflation

of tyres.

The visibility

of tyres'

treads.

The

volumetric

consistency

between the

vehicle and its

tyres.

Basic Points that should be Noticed When Checking the Tyres by the Drivers (Schedules 15).


Page 70 of 118

Section 6: Fuel Management

Fuel is another aspect that should be put into consideration; it is the backbone element that

vehicles depend on when moving, so it is an essential source that CWC Company cannot

move on without it.

In order to manage the fuel as it is cited in CILT (2006 k), there are two options that could be

implemented; either to have:

A fuel tank, which is similar to the petrol stations; however, it is smaller for an

identified use.

OR

An agency card, which is a kind of payment for the vehicles that allow them to pay

by a card rather than cash. These vehicles are allowed to use this kind of card

because of a contract between the vehicles' company and companies that have

petrol stations spread in many places, such as: Bapco and Tatweer.


Page 71 of 118

This table shows a comparison between the two options, the fuel tank and agency cards, as

following:

Fuel Tank (Small Station)

A large fleet requires a fuel tank because:

There would not be a need for

consuming too much of the vehicles'

fuel, because the fuel tank would be

near to the workshop.

However, because it is a flammable,

valuable and dangerous element, it

would need:

An insurance that is too high.

A high safety and security.

Besides, the raw materials that are used

in constructing the fuel tank are very

expensive.

Agency Card

It is very practical when drivers have

no cash to pay.

The fleet manager would need to

have a look at certain records from

the petrol stations that he had a

contract with; these records include:

The amount of expenses spent on

fuel of each vehicle accurately.

From these records the manager could

identify some problems that the vehicles

have because of the big use of fuel as an

example.

The distance from the workshop to the

petrol station would consume a specific

amount of fuel that depends on the

length of the distance.

The advantages and the disadvantages of having either a Fuel Tanker or an Agency Card (Schedule16).


Page 72 of 118

What is recommended?

The best alternative would be using the agency cards at the beginning of the business in

order to save the expenses for things that are more important to be well provided, such as:

buying the ideal vehicles. However, when the business improves and starts to gain more

profits then, it would be better for the company to have its own fuel tank. The reason

behind doing this is ensuring that the flexibility of the financial situations can cover all the

establishing, safety and insurance costs without pushing onto the company's budget.


Page 73 of 118

Section 7: Acciedents

As any vehicle drivers of CWC Company might involve in accidents, many Procedures should

be followed by the drivers and the business fleet manager. Firstly, accidents cannot take

place and considered as an accident according to CWC Company unless (CILT, 2006 L):

It Harms another vehicles like trucks, cars, buses …etc..

The accident caused damages to roads properties, such as road lights, trees, signals

…etc..

It harms other people other than the vehicle driver itself.

It harms particular animals, such as …..

The CWC Company vehicle exists in the accident location whether the drive inside

the vehicle or not. For instance, a drive may park the vehicle in wrong or dangerous

area and get away from it, if an accident is made, the driver will be responsible for

that.

When CWC Company involve in any accident, then several procedures should be applied:

(CILT, 2006 L)

Firstly, when anyone was injured from that accident, the details should be reported

to the police after a while or within the same accident day.

Furthermore, accident information beside a sketch (if available) should be finished

wholly.

After that, the vehicle should be checked by CWC Company before applying them

and any damages or defects in that vehicle should be reported fully as well to the

police and CWC Company fleet manager.

In addition, CWC Company should punish their drives if they do not stop after

making the accident or do not report that accident. According to Yathreb Jameel,


Page 74 of 118

Bahraini lawyer, “the maximum offences for these two previous crimes are

proximately BHD 2450” (Yathreb Jameel).

The Required Procedures at the moment of Accident: (CILT, 2006 L)

To talk in details, there are different vital procedures which must be applied by CWC

Company drivers at the accident scene. Firstly, when the accident is made, the

drivers should follow these procedures orderly:

CWC Company driver must stop directly when he involve in an accident.

Then, according to Kingdom of Bahrain law, the driver is free to leave

continue waste collecting journey if no harms or damage happen to the

driver or his vehicle beside all people who are involve in that accident with

their vehicles, however, the driver must go to the nearest police department

to inform about the accident if it is simple and nobody is harmed. On the

other hand, if anyone is injured the driver should call both the police plus

the ambulance to save others life (Yathreb Jameel).

Only continue with the journey if they are completely satisfied that the

vehicle is entirely roadworthy and that any damage is not serious.

After that, if possible the driver should give the other drive some important

information, like his name and his personal address (Abd Al.rahman

Al.Maawda).

Furthermore, if possible the driver has to collect much information from

both the other driver and drivers who involve in the accident and the

accident witnesses before they go away from the accident location (Yathreb

Jameel).


Page 75 of 118

As well as these the driver should record the main information about the

circumstances of the accident.

Also, the driver is responsible for contacting with the garage if anything

needs to be fixed whether it is external or internal garage ("Drivers

Responsibilities").

Beside these, if the drivers think that he might delay, the driver should call

CWC Company transport department to inform them and the company

should provide another truck to collect wastes in order to cover the required

areas on time.

The driver is responsible for the truck safety, so the driver should stay with

the vehicle until finishing the accident produces if possible or the driver can

leave after he ensure that the vehicle’s doors and windows are locked.

Secondly, due to several unknown factors which could affect on the accident, CWC Company

drivers should not examine the accident reasons to people except policemen. Some of these

indefinite factors might be: (CILT, 2006 L)

Mechanical breakdown.

The other vehicle might break the roles. For instance, the other car might be

stolen, without MOT certificate, or uninsured.

Also, the driver might have been drinking or using medication or drugs,

Furthermore, the driver may be under the legal age for driving, not be

licensed, not well qualified for driving, not in good health case or mad

("Driving regulations").

Also drivers in some cases may be illusory that they caused the accident and

they are the biggest offender in that situation.


Page 76 of 118

There are many reasons beyond avoiding any conversations related to the accident, the

most important reasons are: (CILT, 2006 L)

Motor insurance organization might not compensates CWC Company for the

accident harms.(Jaafer Al oraiby )

Policemen might not believe CWC Company driver due to the spread of rumors

between the accident witnesses beside their sayings differentiation. (Abd Al.rahman

Al. Moawda)

Thirdly, CWC Company drivers should be ready to transfer the accident details to the

concerned party such as insurance company or law courts if it needs after the accident in

order to discover circumstances of incident. Thus, the drivers should do these things: (CILT,

2006 L)

Noting the accident details like the location, exact time and some picture by mobile

phones .

Furthermore, drivers should note the accident witnesses details.

In addition, they should record the witnesses vehicle registration number and if

possible their mobile number.


Page 77 of 118

The required Information at accident the Scene: (CILT, 2006 L)

Different kinds of information are required to be recorded by the driver who is involve in an

accident, these information are:

Name beside of the other driver address.

Name beside address of the owner of the other vehicle.

Names beside addresses of the accident witnesses.

The other Vehicle or vehicles registration numbers.

Name of the other vehicle’s insurer.

Damages of all vehicles which involve in the accident.

Accident location.

Direction of all vehicles which involve in the accident plus their speed.

Road signs which are exist before and in the accident location.

Position of turning, traffic signs and roads and their impact on the accident.

The weather and lighting conditions.

Reporting Accidents: (CILT, 2006 L)

Reporting any accident is an important action for CWC Company. It helps policemen and the

insurance company to investigate clearly in circumstance of incident. So, CWC company

drivers are responsible for collecting the required details to write accident reports as they

face accidents and deal with the situation. There are different instructions that drivers

should follow to have good accident reports:


Page 78 of 118

In terms of reporting accidents to police, drivers should:

Provide just the important details to police without unbeneficial

information.

Also, they should issue a Certificate of Security or a Certificate of Insurance

when the accident causes harms, injury or death to the other party.

When that certificate is not available, CWC Company drivers must provide it

to police as an original copy during seven days from the accident.

In terms of reporting accidents to the insurance company, CWC Company drivers

must:

Tell the insurance company about the accident within 24 hours of the accident day.

Make interviews with witnesses to collect the required information.

Send the accident report to the insurer after ensuring that it contains all beneficial

information for investigation.

Write the accident report and finish it as soon as possible as he still remembers

what happened exactly in the accident.

In addition, CWC Company can send this accident report to the insurer before a court.

Beside this, CWC Company can give this formal document to the third party representative

as an evidence for the case. The report can be brought before a court or disclosed to the

legal representatives of the other drivers as evidence.

The exceptional cases: (CILT, 2006 L)

On the other hand, if CWC Company drivers are unable to finish the accident report as he

was injured or died because of the accident, CWC Company fleet manager will be

responsible to do this task be visiting the accident location or let another employee to do

this job("Fleet Manager Duties").


Page 79 of 118

The ways of representing the accident report forms:

In terms of the ways of representing the accident report forms, CWC Company can create

this form as a hard copy and give them to their drivers, or it can create the form as soft

copies and let their drivers to access them via smart phones (Health and Safety Executive of

UK).

Perfect forms.com is recommended for CWC Company to deal with in order to get solution

regarding Workflow forms, especially the accident report as they are the most professional

website regarding this kind of document (Perfect Forms). The following are layout pattern of

soft copy of accident reports which are available at that website:


Page 80 of 118


Page 81 of 118

Figure 33 Driver's accident report

CWC Company drivers, fleet manager or anyone who is responsible for filling out this report

should follow these instructions according to CILT (2006 L):

Finish all form section and write ‘N/A’ or not applicable in boxes that do not use.

Provide just the necessary information.

Be accurate in writing.

Use formal writing style.

Finally, according to the same source, after finishing the accident report CWC drivers and its

line manager should: (CILT, 2006 L)

Add their telephone number, signs and signings dates.

Forward the accident report to the company motor insurer as soon as possible.


Page 82 of 118

Waiting for the insurer telephone calls and their notices.

Procedures to avoid accidents, damages and repetition: (CILT, 2006 M)

Many instructions should be followed by CWC Company drivers in order to reduce

the future damages, accidents and repetition as mentioned below:

1. Regarding vehicle damages and inspection:

If CWC Company owns the damaged vehicles which involved in

accidents, they should check them before letting drivers to use them

again.

If CWC Company already hired these damaged vehicles, the drivers

are responsible for following these procedures.

Before repairing any of these damaged vehicles, all repair facilities

should be already ordered to get authority for implementing as well

as avoiding wrong invoicing and additional cost.

2. Regarding claims against CWC drivers:

Drivers must be advised to notify their managers directly when they

receive a claim regarding damages or a notice of intended

prosecution.

CWC Company must not accept responsibility for any driver actions

who acts outside the scope of his duties like using the company

trucks without permission.


Page 83 of 118

3. Regarding Driver Discipline: (CILT, 2006 M)

Punishments of CWC drivers must be:

Warning.

Retraining.

Firing.

They are different according to accident seriousness level.

Figure (34): a Truck Driver http://www.celebritynetworth.com/articles/how-

much-does/truck-driver-salary/

Figure 34 a truck driver

http://cdn.cnwimg.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/truckdriver.jpg

http://www.celebritynetworth.com/articles/how-much-does/truck-driver-salary/

http://www.celebritynetworth.com/articles/how-much-does/truck-driver-salary/


Page 84 of 118

According to Low of Bahrain, several drivers’ crimes that drivers must be fined (Yathreb

Jameel):

Crime Name Its Punishment

Get Drunk While Driving

Fine minimum BHD 100 + Prison for

one month (could be differentiate

according to the case).

Passing the red traffic signal. Fine BHD 100 + Prison for one month

(could be differentiate according to

the case).

In spite any driver might beseech in ejecting case, CWC fleet manager must not sympathize

with that driver as providing safety for the company, public properties and others must be

the biggest target for him. Furthermore, any unqualified and careless driver could make a

very bad image for CWC Company as they represent the front office of the company (“The

Case for Hiring 'Under-Qualified' Employees, 2012”).

Also, the fleet manager should not blame him-self after taking decision to punish any of CWC

drivers as this decision is taken after studying the case carefully and making interview with

the driver before (CILT, 2006 M).

According to the accident seriousness level penalty should be taken. Thus, the fleet

manager must take the right decision, follow the right penalty and he/she should be aware

that removing any driver from his duties does not form an action of disciplinary and also

driving allowance is not a part of contractual entitlement (CILT, 2006 M).


Page 85 of 118

4. Regarding Accidents analysis:

This process assists to reduce the number of accidents, injuries and harms in future and it

might be helpful for developing CWC local system capable of comparing depots and/or types

of vehicles involved in accidents to enable the fleet manager to compare CWC vehicle

accident statistics as the following:

Source: today.slac.stanford.edu

Figure 35 vehicle accidents chart


Page 86 of 118

In addition, CWC fleet manager can compare injuries number from time to time to develop

the safety of the company. The following is an example:

Figure 36 Number of CWC Injuries During 2012

Seriously injured

simple injury

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Serious Injuries

Simple Injuries

Figure 37 CWC Injuries Statistics for this year and for the future


Page 87 of 118

Reducing Accidents: (CILT, 2006 M).

CWC fleet manager must do everything to assist avoiding any accident which might cost

CWC lots of money as accidents affect vehicles, people and properties. As a result, this could

affect badly on the business market. Furthermore, the fleet manager should be the pattern

of discipline for other business employees like drivers by applying some ideas to reduce

accidents:

Putting results of accidents on notice boards and avoid confusing by avoiding using

normal graphs.

Source: 1stwykeregisguides.weebly.com

Motivating CWC drivers to follow ‘defensive driving’ culture.

Source: asenseofhumordriving.com

Figure 38 notice boards

Figure 39 traffic signals

http://www.asenseofhumordriving.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/c451134_l1.jpg


Page 88 of 118

Working on observation and do not ignore the business problems.

Working on drivers evaluating and training.

Using warning notices of potential dangers.

Source: openclipart.org

Putting mirrors around CWC buildings and its site.

Applying road signs.

Source: s3.freefoto.com

Figure 41 danger notice signs

Figure 40 road signs


Page 89 of 118

Introducing speed humps in CWC roads.

Source: en.wikipedia.org

Also, according to ehow.com, there are other ways to avoid accidents like:

(“How to Reduce Traffic Accidents”)

Allow cars to park at the curb which will make people drive city streets as cautiously

as neighborhood roads besides making sidewalks safer for pedestrians by creating a

buffer.

Consider removing traffic lights altogether which would make drivers force to pay

attention and yield all time.

Enough spaces for movement of fire tenders should be available.

In addition, there are some initiatives which could help reducing number of

accidents:

ROSPA awards: (ROSPA) Stand for The Royal Society for The

Prevention of Accidents. It offers awards for drivers who have not been

involved in ‘blameworthy’ accidents before (“How to entre”).

Figure 43 hump sign Figure 42 a hump

Figure 44 ROSPA award logo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Road_sign_Humps_for_1_mile_Lilley_Hertfordshire_2011-06-17.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asphalt_Speed_Hump.jpg


Page 90 of 118

Source:rospa.com

Local competitions: (CILT, 2006 M)

CWC Company could arrange their own competitions to offer points to its drivers for:

Safe.

Economic practices.

Good driving records in terms of good behaviors for example.

By creating the spirit of competing among the drivers, the productivity will increase and the

number of accidents will minimize.

Institute of Advanced Motorists:

CWC Fleet manager should motivate the drivers to become

members of the IAM which helps them to improve their skills and

driving abilities (IAM).

Source: .highgatehouse.co.uk

Annual reassessment: (“Annual Assessment”)

It is another helpful way to avoid accidents by display all result in particular writing

style as the following:

Source: img.docstoccdn.com

Consist of

Figure 11 Institute of Advanced Motorists

logo

Figure 11 Annual Assessment tamplet

http://www.highgatehouse.co.uk/images/O-IAM-TD2_a.jpg


Page 91 of 118

Figure 17 employment competency checklist


Page 92 of 118

Figure (): Another assessment review pattern Pattern

http://www.nap.edu/openbook/12531/png/34.png

Figure 18 Another assessment review pattern Pattern

http://www.nap.edu/openbook/12531/png/34.png


Page 93 of 118

Traffic accident system: (CILT, 2006 M)

It assists in analyzing traffic accident information and finds the poor areas where

CWC drivers should pay extra attention to let the fleet manager follow right steps

for improvements.

Rewards for safe drivers. CWC drivers can be rewarded for professional driving with

special duties, such as chauffeuring visiting VIPs (CILT, 2006 M).

Local focus groups. By this group CWC drivers could work hardly to encourage

defensive driving and developing the accident record (CILT, 2006 M).

By using these initiative combinations besides following correct procedures in CWC

Company, accidents and its human and financial cost might be minimized to satisfactory

levels.

Figure (): Annual Assessment by statistic

-http://www.networkhealth.com/_files/_graphics/_charts/millennium

Assessment.jpg-Risk-Health-Annual-A-Group-eInsuranc-Health-results/Millennium

Figure 11 annual health risk assessment

http://www.networkhealth.com/_files/_graphics/_charts/millennium-results/Millennium-Health-Insurance-Group-A-Annual-Health-Risk-Assessment.jpg

http://www.networkhealth.com/_files/_graphics/_charts/millennium-results/Millennium-Health-Insurance-Group-A-Annual-Health-Risk-Assessment.jpg


Page 94 of 118

For all CWC Company employees:

Traffic actions table (schedule 17)

Case Action

1 When CWC driver see an ambulance behind him with its siren on.

Changing to the right lane along the pavement, and then stop

2 At junctions when the light changes to green and there is heavy traffic.

CWC drivers must Do not enter the yellow-lined area unless your traffic line is clear.

3 In case CWC drivers are involved as a vehicle driver in a minor accident with no injuries,

The drivers must move the vehicles off the main road, stop outside the road, and wait for the police to come.

4 As vehicle driver, what should you do if you approach an area for pedestrian crossing controlled by a light signal if the light is green?

Slow down, give way for pedestrians to cross and alert other drivers to the fact that pedestrians are crossing.

5 What should CWC vehicle drivers do near schools and through residential areas?

Not to use the horn unnecessarily to avoid disturbance.

6 If CWC drivers see a school bus and a "stop" sign coming out of it near the driver’s window.

Stop completely and wait for the children to cross.

7 Where is the safest place for children to sit in the car? The back seat.

8 At residential, densely populated areas and near schools, what is the speed the drivers should drive at?

40 kilometers/hour generally and 30 kilometers/hour according to Low of Bahrain.

9 If drivers are driving at 80 kilometers/hour on a four-lane street where the speed limit is 120 kilometers/hour, what should you do?

Use the slow lane.

10 What does the green signal mean? Make sure that the way to the junction is clear, and then cross the junction.

11 If the drivers are driving your vehicle at 80 kilometers/hour, how much should the distance between you and the car in front be?

5 cars, which is 25 meters approximately.

12 Under normal conditions when should the car lights be turned on?

Before sunset and till sunrise

13 When there is fog, what should the vehicle driver do? Turn the car lights on and slow down

14 On a four-lane street, what should the driver of a heavy vehicle do?

To use the right lane only.

15 When you approach a junction, and the signal is green, what should you do?

Slow down and to cross while the light is green, and to prepare for a stop when it turns red.

16 If your vehicle breaks down, what should you do? Alert other drivers of danger by using the hazard signal and the danger triangular sign, if available, or any other means.


Page 95 of 118

Section 8: Health & Safety

As CWC is considered as a small company, establishing Health and Safety

Office will be enough to provide the required safety, however, the

company should deal with external Health and Safety centre to control

the safety of the business as risks become higher (Husain Ali).

Recently, Health and Safety office of CWC Company should consider providing safety for

Fuel Tanker as the biggest concerns for the company as fuel tanker has a very high risk and it

could cause many problems like fires. Indeed, all CWC staff is responsible for providing

safety and security, however, Health and Safety Office job is manage process of providing

safety and security (Husain Haji).Also, CWC Health and Safety Office is responsible for the

following:

Speed Limit:

They should tell the company truck drivers that the maximum speed limit is 80 in

highways and their truck speed limit should not be 30 in residential area in order

to increase safety (Abd Al.rahman Al.Maawda).

Tools and Equipment:

In order to provide safety all different tools and equipment's which are used in

the company should be original, especially the workshop tools and equipment's

as they could cause accidents and injuries to the staff (Ryan, 2003).

Stuff uniform, gloves, glasses , shoes and helmets :

CWC staffs who deal with waste, maintenance and repairing must wear

uniforms, gloves and special shoes to protect them from any danger. Also,

workshop staff should wear glasses and helmets to protect their eyes and heads

from any harm (The University of Edinburgh).

SPEED

LIMIT


Page 96 of 118

Training:

All CWC staff should trained, especially the workshop staff and the drivers To

increase safety CWC Company should provide periodic training courses for the

workshop staff and choose leaders who should lead the employees in the

workshop and control the workshop maintenance(Husain Haji, Manager Service

at Toyota). For more safety, the workshop leader should not let new employees

to work alone and they should work with a second hand tools and equipment

until they become well qualified (“Safety in the Workshop”).

Employees health case:

All CWC employees must be in good health. They must not be suffering from

contagious diseases (University of Virginia). Also, employees should be

responsible for other employee's health (CILT, 2006 N).

First Aid:

CWC Company must have a health centre which should be have all the required

first aid kit in order to treat injurers. Beside this, first aid boxes should be

provided in all company departments for safety (Husain Haji).

Figure (): Mechanic Guys.

http://www.technologystudent.com/health1/safetyr1.htm

Figure ():http://www.mayoclinichealthsolutions.com/products/Health-

Assessment-Personal-Health-Report.cfm

http://www.technologystudent.com/health1/safetyr1.htm

http://narsako.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/first_aid_kit.jpg

http://www.mayoclinichealthsolutions.com/siteimages/prod_Health-Assessment.jpg


Page 97 of 118

Usage of x-hoses pipes and showers in the workshop:

If CWC Company constructs a workshop, x-hoses pipes should be provided for

air purring. Also, showers must be available there for emergency. For example if

chemicals fell on an employee, he could wash this body quickly. Furthermore,

the workshop and offices waste should be removed to provide a clean

environment (Hussain Haji).

Fire Extinguishers: (The Fire Protection Association)

The following picture says that:

There are 4 types of fire extinguishers.

All of them are red, however, ach one has different lines colors (coding).

Each one has different usage and warnings.

-facts-aid-first-10-http://narsako.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/topFigure ():

fallacies/-and

Figure ():http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/images/graphics/fire_extinguishers.gif

-hose-http://www.redmen.com.au/fireFigure (): Fire Hose:

reels.php

http://narsako.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/top-10-first-aid-facts-and-fallacies/

http://narsako.wordpress.com/2012/02/06/top-10-first-aid-facts-and-fallacies/

http://www.google.com.bh/imgres?imgurl=http://www.redmen.com.au/images/hydrant_pic.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.redmen.com.au/fire-hose-reels.php&usg=__gYC6fdb6qQhDdOznNTKPiXa5dz8=&h=400&w=300&sz=51&hl=ar&start=3&zoom=1&tbnid=eXxBnp3OzN5o8M:&tbnh=124&tbnw=93&ei=-1LeUK35HZCV0QXm5oCICw&prev=/search?q=fire+hose&hl=ar&gbv=2&tbm=isch&itbs=1

http://www.redmen.com.au/fire-hose-reels.php

http://www.redmen.com.au/fire-hose-reels.php


Page 98 of 118

Also, Fire hoses and fire protection are used for fires. Thus CWC should use all of these kinds

according to its usage (Husain Ali):

Location What and why Quantity

CWC Departments Depend largely on Fire Protection as building consist of roofs + few Fire Hoses if fire protection do not work and Fire extinguishers

(Carbone Dioxide CO2 because it is standard).

Fire Protection in all roofs + if CWC consists of one building it needs 4 fire extinguishers + 5 Fire Hoses.

Workshop Power Fire Extinguishers as they are used for both liquid and electricity. Fire Protection as the very high multi risks in workshop+ fire Hoses for fire protection breakdown cases.

Trucks Fire Extinguishers

Near Parking Area Fire extinguisher + fire Hoses.

All of fire extinguishers need be to maintained by CWC Health and Safety

Offices.

Fire Alarms:

The company needs to provide more than one fire alarm for emergency and to

let all staff hearing the alarm (klaxon Signals).

-fire-http://larsondarby.com/services/engineeringFigure (): Fire Protection

protection

http://larsondarby.com/services/engineering-fire-protection

http://larsondarby.com/services/engineering-fire-protection


Page 99 of 118

Fire assembly points: (TCOB Ltd).

Fire assembly point’s locations need to be chosen to tell staff about it by putting

panels and advices. The selecting of these locations depends on these points:

Size, it should be wide.

Locations safety, it should be far away from flammable things.

It must be outside buildings.

CWC Company must have 2 fire Assembly Points

Figure ():http://www.klaxonsignals.com/


Page 100 of 118

According to this map:

As CWC Company has flammable materials, the risk of fire is very high. Therefore, fire

assembly points must take place in the planning design. The fire assembly point is an area

CWC Company is recommended to re=,figuwhere people gather in case of fire. As shown in

have two fire assembly points. The first point is for people who are in the CWC Workshop

and the car parking area. The second point is a gathered area for people who are in the

departments, resting area and Truck parking area.

The Flow of the workshop, entrance and exit gates:

Near to the Company entrance Gate

Near to the company Exit

Gate


Page 101 of 118

Throw Flow should be followed in CWC Company in order to avoid accidents in the

workshop, entrance and exit gates (CILT, 2006 N).

Exit Doors:

Exit doors should be available in all CWC Company building as it is important for

emergencies like fire. About the exit doors at the company workshop, they

should be only opened from inside for more security and safety (Husain Ali).

Exit Door= for emergency

In and Out Door = for staff flexibility movement.

Exit door example in the workshop

Quick Service for Trucks:

To increase the safety level of CWC Trucks, Quick services should be provided by

CWC workshop, drivers and mechanics guys. These services should take short

Figure ():http://www.123rf.com/photo_15537893_emergency-fire-exit-door-and-exit-door-

sign-with-human-figure.html

The Workshop

CWC Company

http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/photoraidz/photoraidz1210/photoraidz121000001/15537893-emergency-fire-exit-door-and-exit-door-sign-with-human-figure.jpg


Page 102 of 118

time and help to discover any breakdown quickly before drivers go to collect

waste in order to replace that truck which has defect with another truck (The

Original Truck Dealers).

CWC internal roads lines:

Health and Safety Office must ensure that CWC internal road lines are clear and

re-pained from time to time to avoid vehicles accidents (Gov.uk)

Speed of unloading wastes:

CWC Drivers should not unload waste quickly as it might cause accidents and

injuries for staff or animals that are approach or in unloading area. Also, it

should be lift in a safe area far away from people (The University of Lowa, 2000).

Figure ():http://bestclipartblog.com/31-truck-clip-art.html/truck-clip-art-

19

Figure ():http://goodwinroadlines.blogspot.com/

Figure():http://www.painetworks.com/previews/gt/gt1760.html

http://www.google.com.bh/imgres?imgurl=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CySrlFRImAY/T403dEmcK3I/AAAAAAAAAAs/Ke-WqEUPjyg/s1600/165915_middle_of_road_yellow_lines23680_400+katie+welsh.jpg&imgrefurl=http://goodwinroadlines.blogspot.com/&usg=__SYme3cPW_4mNIHW1SrLDm3N-XNY=&h=510&w=680&sz=66&hl=ar&start=2&zoom=1&tbnid=Le3YGghBIfTdQM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=139&ei=6hrbUIjSCeiX0QX1toDABA&prev=/search?q=road+lines&um=1&hl=ar&gbv=2&tbm=isch&um=1&itbs=1


Page 103 of 118

Seat Belt: (CILT, 2006 F).

Seat belt is very critical. All CWC drivers should use it while driving for safety and

CWC health Office should encourage drivers to use it by putting rules signs. If

drivers do not follow these rules signs CWC Safety and Security office should

follow these standard procedures:

In the first time, they should recommend drivers to use Seat belt standard rules.

In the second time, drivers must given a warning formally,

In the third time, drivers must be withdrawn from driving.

In the fourth time, drivers might lose his job.

Workers place at CWC Truck:

workers who are responsible for collecting waste directly from garbage place to

the truck should not stand at the back of the truck while the driving in public

roads and highways, however, they can stay there if the driver drive in

residential area and his limit speed not more than 30 (Abd Al.rahman

Al.Maawda).

Vehicles Parking Area:

Health Safety and Security Office should ensure that each kind of vehicle have

private parking areas. The following are the distribution of parking areas:

Safety in Fuel stations:

Drivers are responsible for safety in fuel stations. When they go there to fill

trucks fuel, they should turn their trucks mobiles off. Also, they should not

smoke there (CILT, 2006 N).

5%

21%

74%

Car Parking Area Distribution

Visitors parking area

employees parking area

Trucks parking area

http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-images/Arts/Arts_/Pictures/2007/03/06/mobile460.jpg


Page 104 of 118

Material used to cover the CWC floor: (Husain Ali)

CWC workshop must be covered by Asphalt to avoid accidents as it is used for

heavy vehicles, could be cleared easily and it is not slippery. Other buildings

floors can be covered with ceramics as it is cleaner than carpets but warning

signs should be provided to inform staff to be careful and not wear slipper and

unsuitable shoes.

Work Safe System:

CWC staff must be informed to carry out tasks safely. For instance, they should

not ride on the fork of the forklift as they can be broken Furthermore, Safety

Policy Statements, Safety Representatives and Safety Committees must be set up in the

company to increase staff awareness (CILT, 2006 N).

CWC Responsibilities:

CWC Company is responsible for: (CILT, 2006 N)

Identifying and controlling hazards.

Organizational structure, monitoring and reviews of health and safety.

agreements.

Health surveillance like exposure to adverse conditions.

Health and safety assistance by providing appointment of competent

health and safety staff.

Risk and prevention Information to employees.

Figures () ():http://www.seton.net.au/service-station-signs-switch-off-engine-no-smoking-

s9655.html

flooring.com/floors.html-Figure():http://www.cnf

http://static.seton.net.au/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/5e06319eda06f020e43594a9c230972d/S9655.jpg


Page 105 of 118

Staff training.

Having temporary workers for emergency.

Employees’ duties. Thus it should build up requirements to co-operate.

Risk assessments importance to CWC safety: (CILT, 2006 N)

It is an important element of CWC Safety.

It concerns with assessing all CWC vehicles and equipments before using them.

It highlights hazards to people who might be on-site, or in a vehicle, whether responsible

for risk or not.

All CWC risk assessments should be recorded and saved for future to be used in

investigations and increasing future safety level.

Also, they must be updated when work system or equipments change and when new

vehicles and equipments are hired.

Other health and safety regulations : (CILT, 2006 N)

These rules are involved with CWC fleet manager position:

Reporting all CWC accidents, injuries and risks.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health.

Health and Safety Checklist: (CILT, 2006 N)

Two reasons behind using Checklist by CWC fleet manager:

To identify risks involved with vehicle activities.

To evaluate whether existing backup are enough or more backup are

needed.

Checklists Types: (CILT, 2006 N)

Checklists

Workplace

Checklists

Employees

Checklists

Vehicle Activities Checklists


Page 106 of 118

Workplace Checklists:

The required layout of CWC vehicle roads should be check in this checklist type

beside

the

pedestrian activities inside the company. According to CILT (2006 N), some

examples of things which need to be checked are:

Also, CWC employer must check if the routes of vehicle traffic are proper for the used vehicle

quantity and type. For instance: (CILT, 2006 N)

CILT (2006 N) states that some points regarding proper provided safety features

need to be checked like:

Are road marked where important like are the way right at road junctions?

Direction signs, speed limit signs are they important? Where appropriate, signs

like Give Way, No Entry etc?

Features like a fixed mirror is it important to be provided greater?

the safety and Furthermore,

CWC vehicles for suitability of

need to be checked. the work

2006 N): Like (CILT,

http://webdev.polytechnic.bh/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?id=3054Taken from:

Retrieved from:

http://webdev.polytechnic.bh/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?id=3054




Page 107 of 118

In addition, CWC vehicles should be checked if it is yield to suitable maintenance

procedures or not by answer some questions like: (CILT, 2006 N)

Does the driver carry out basic safety checks before driving vehicles?

Are there any regular preventative maintenance programs for each truck,

carried out at before periods of time or mileage?

Employees Checklists: (CILT, 2006 N)

For example:

Do you check the previous experience of CWC drivers and test them to

ensure they are well qualified?

Do you train staff on how to perform the job, and information about

particular risks, speed limits, the appropriate parking area etc?

Do you have a refresher training planned program for drivers the staff to

ensure their continued competence?

Furthermore, the fleet manger should check what CWC staff does when

undertaking their work activities by answering some questions like:

Does staff drive with cars and use right routes, rules, instructions, etc?

Do they park in safe locations at all times safely?

Are the employees using safe working practices like loud and unload?

Also, he should in debate with your employees, about his control/supervision

management level like:

Are his employees aware of the site rules and aware of their

responsibilities regarding maintaining a safe workplace beside safe

working practices?

Retrieved from:




Page 108 of 118

Are the employees supervised and held answerable for their

responsibilities, and are penalties systems enforced when staff fails to

maintain standards?

Vehicle Activities Checklists: The fleet manager should check that reversing maneuvers are kept to a

minimum, and that, where reversing is necessary, it is undertaken safely in safe

areas like

Is there chance for introducing one-way systems on roads to avoid the

need for reversing maneuvers?

Can the fleet manager exclude non-essential personnel from areas?

Is there a need to identify and mark ‘reversing areas’ to be clear to both

pedestrians and drivers?

Furthermore, he should check if drivers take care when parking their vehicles,

and their own private cars, and they park in safe locations like:

Do drivers use the designated parking areas?

Do they ensure that trucks are broken and secured before leaving them?

Are vehicles always parked in secure location, or guarded sites, as required?

Also, he should check that loading and unloading operations are carried out safely and correctly like:

Section 9: Insurance

Insurance is a promise to return and pay for any unexpected loss happen in the future with a

periodic payment (investorwords.com). The aim of insurance is to protect the business from

collapsing and protect the people and the work place from anything that could happen.

As Cowley Waste Collection Company are going to own a fleet of truck, it is their

responsibility to insure that the trucks will be able to work without any contraindications.

Moreover, the company should also insure the safety and health of its drivers and

employees. In addition, the insurance is very important specially for the drivers that spends


Page 109 of 118

all their time driving the vehicles which could put them in the risk of any injuries or death

risk if any accident happen.

It is recommended for the CWC Company to use the AXA financial service insurance because

it is known world widely as an excellent insurance company provide protection and

recoveries if any loss occur. Moreover, it provides a special kind of commercial insurance

vehicle called fleet insurance for fleets that contains of more than four vehicles. (axa.co.uk,)

The fleet manager is responsible to choose the insurance company and decide what policies

that the company is going for to satisfy its demand. Vehicles and people are the main things

for the company that must be cover under insurance.

Vehicles:

Vehicles must be insured from any damage could happen to them such as fire, theft or

accidents. After a contract between the company and the insurance company it is the

responsibility of the insurance company to fix the damage in the vehicles when a fire or an

accident occurs and to return or provide if it is possible a vehicle when it is theft.

People:

All people in the workplace (drivers, visitors, and employees) must be insured from any

injuries or death risks. Many offers are provided by the insurance companies to insure the

safety of people and the workplace.

The fleet manager is responsible for purchasing the insurance and to choose the best

insurance that covers all the company needs and to renew the policies of the insurance

every year. In addition, the insurance is going to be expensive as it is a commercial

insurance.


Page 110 of 118

Conclusion:

In conclusion, there would be two basic possibilities for CWC Company’s fleet; either to

succeed or to fail. This table is interpreting the three scenarios and what should be done in

each case:

In Case of Success

Being successful and at the top does not mean that you are finished. You have to keep growing and developing more and more, because success is not only about being number one, but also to keep improving.


Page 111 of 118

In Case of Having A Competitor

Competition is the energy for your company. If you have a very good competitor, you have to imagine yourself in a battle and fight for your life or you will lose it. So, fight for your success or you will get out from the battle.

In Case of Failure

There must be something wrong that is needed to be discovered and fixed. Have hope, believe in your employees' abilities and face failure. Try to study all the reasons that led to this situation and find the solutions using better strategies to help you stand and walk in the way of success.

References:

Websites:

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n/InvestorsGuide.pdf

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Public Commission for the Protection of Marine Resources, (2006). Hazardous waste

management. Retrieved from: http://www.pmew.gov.bh/lawsPDF/PMEW/010.pdf

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Equipment-/

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http://www.pathfindersolutions.co.za/index.php?page=fleet_management_skills

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Centers/BahrainInvestorsCenter/Post Registration Services/ResidencePermit/

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needed-for-mechanical-engineer-employment.htm

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nk_Truck.html

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Course notes:

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) a: (session1) “Vehicle and

Business Insurance”. Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) d: (session4) “Vehicle

Maintenance (1)”. Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) e: (session5) “Vehicle

Maintenance (2)”. Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) f: (session6) “Weights”.

Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) g: (session7) “Tyres and

Seatbelts”. Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) h: (session8) “Vehicle

Utilization”. Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) i: (session9) “Additional

Vehicles - Hiring”. Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) j: (session10) “Additional

Vehicles - Acquiring”. Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) k: (session11) “Fuel

Management”. Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) l: (session.12) “Road Traffic

Accidents 1”. Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/680362993/Nissan_6x4_dump_truck_tipper.html

http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/680362993/Nissan_6x4_dump_truck_tipper.html







Page 116 of 118

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) m: (session13) “Road Traffic

Accidents 2”. Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. (2006) n: (session14) “Health Safety &

Security”. Retrieved from Moodle database, Bahrain Polytechnic.

Pictures:

Figure 13: “The axle of the vehicle”. Retrieved from:

http://www.smallfordspares.co.uk/m/fitting_instructions/bearing-fit-6.jpg

Figure 14: “The front axle, rear axle and gross vehicle weights”. Retrieved from:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Axle_groups.svg/300

px-Axle_groups.svg

Figure 15: “Nissan dump truck fitted with 10-12cu m tipping bodies”. Retrieved from:

http://image.made-in-china.com/4f0j00yMvaNjbnlTWg/DongFeng-Nissan-Diesel-

Mining-Dump-Truck-6x4.jpg

Figure 16: “Nissan dump truck fitted with a Palfinger hook loading system”.

Retrieved from:

http://extranet.palfinger.com/evo/web/palfinger/5954_EN.jpeg?exp=24538727229

119

Figure 17: “Nissan JDF5080ZYSZN Compression Garbage Truck”. Retrieved from:

http://upload.ecvv.com/upload/Product/201112/China_Nissan_JDF5080ZYSZN_garb

age_truck201112615215110.jpg

Figure 18: “Nissan DND1211CWB UD Septic Tank Truck”. Retrieved from:

http://i01.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/581331837/Nissan_UD_Septic_Tank_Truck.jpg

http://www.smallfordspares.co.uk/m/fitting_instructions/bearing-fit-6.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Axle_groups.svg/300px-Axle_groups.svg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Axle_groups.svg/300px-Axle_groups.svg

http://image.made-in-china.com/4f0j00yMvaNjbnlTWg/DongFeng-Nissan-Diesel-Mining-Dump-Truck-6x4.jpg

http://image.made-in-china.com/4f0j00yMvaNjbnlTWg/DongFeng-Nissan-Diesel-Mining-Dump-Truck-6x4.jpg



http://upload.ecvv.com/upload/Product/201112/China_Nissan_JDF5080ZYSZN_garbage_truck201112615215110.jpg

http://upload.ecvv.com/upload/Product/201112/China_Nissan_JDF5080ZYSZN_garbage_truck201112615215110.jpg

http://i01.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/581331837/Nissan_UD_Septic_Tank_Truck.jpg


Page 117 of 118

Figure 19: “One type of the vehicle brushes”. Retrieved from:

http://i01.i.aliimg.com/img/pb/358/993/465/465993358_544.jpg

Figure 20: “Nissan JDF5050TSLZN Street Sweeping Vehicle (2)”. Retrieved from:

http://hbjndf.en.alibaba.com/product/565956844-

200809161/JDF5050TSLZN_Nissan_4_2_font_b_street_b_font_font_b_cleaning_b_f

ont_font_b_vehicle_b_font_road_sweeper.html

Figure 21 “Nissan JDF1212TSLZN Street Sweeping Vehicle (1)”. Retrieved from:


Figure 22: “DND-CWB UD40T Dongfeng Nissan Diesel Dump Truck”. Retrieved from:

http://www.gulfcitycleaning.com/gallery.html

Figure 23: “Case SR222 Skid Steer Loader”. Retrieved from:

http://images.autoline.info/s/construction-equipment-skid-steer-loader-CASE-SR-

200---1_big--11102813075054696700.jpg

Figure 24: “TOYOTA COASTER 4.2L DSL 30 STR”. Retrieved from:

http://image.b2bweb.co/gontrade/images/359/gontrade_327522.jpg

Figure 25: “The digital tachograph”. Retrieved from:

http://www.ukmotorists.com/motoring/tacho1.jpg

Figure 26: “The analogue tachograph”. Retrieved from: http://www.digital-

tachograph.co.uk/files/0001/Instr.jpg

Figure 3: “Processes or steps for establishing a new business or service in Bahrain”.

Retrevied from:

http://www.bahrainedb.com/uploadedFiles/BahrainEDB/Doung_Business_in_Bahrai

n/InvestorsGuide.pdf

Figure 4: “Places where hazardous signage should be on the vehicles”. Retrevied

from: http://www.google.com.bh/imgres?hl=ar&tbo=d&tbm=isch&tbnid=u-

GQY_Jba1GziM:&imgrefurl=http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop05029/a


http://hbjndf.en.alibaba.com/product/565956844-200809161/JDF5050TSLZN_Nissan_4_2_font_b_street_b_font_font_b_cleaning_b_font_font_b_vehicle_b_font_road_sweeper.html




http://www.gulfcitycleaning.com/gallery.html

http://images.autoline.info/s/construction-equipment-skid-steer-loader-CASE-SR-200---1_big--11102813075054696700.jpg

http://images.autoline.info/s/construction-equipment-skid-steer-loader-CASE-SR-200---1_big--11102813075054696700.jpg

http://image.b2bweb.co/gontrade/images/359/gontrade_327522.jpg

http://www.ukmotorists.com/motoring/tacho1.jpg

http://www.digital-tachograph.co.uk/files/0001/Instr.jpg

http://www.digital-tachograph.co.uk/files/0001/Instr.jpg



http://www.google.com.bh/imgres?hl=ar&tbo=d&tbm=isch&tbnid=u-GQY_Jba1GziM:&imgrefurl=http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop05029/appendix_b.htm&docid=Fw9c80kYJ9wkOM&imgurl=http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop05029/images/fig_b3.gif&w=466&h=273&ei=gMHYUOT8OvK00QX_t4CYBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=475&vpy=281&dur=216&hovh=172&hovw=293&tx=185&ty=105&sig=106559171332465393808&page=1&tbnh=128&tbnw=218&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:0,i:115&biw=1252&bih=585



Page 118 of 118

ppendix_b.htm&docid=Fw9c80kYJ9wkOM&imgurl=http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publicat

ions/fhwahop05029/images/fig_b3.gif&w=466&h=273&ei=gMHYUOT8OvK00QX_t4

CYBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=475&vpy=281&dur=216&hovh=172&hovw=293&tx=1

85&ty=105&sig=106559171332465393808&page=1&tbnh=128&tbnw=218&start=0

&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:0,i:115&biw=1252&bih=585

Figure 5: “Types of hazardous signage”. Retrevied from:

http://www.google.com.bh/imgres?hl=ar&tbo=d&tbm=isch&tbnid=mKGfYUZUMTJx

pM:&imgrefurl=http://www.safetysignsuk.co.uk/health-

safety&docid=354jzNzOWst7VM&imgurl=http://www.safetysignsuk.co.uk/images/h

azardous-substance-

signs.gif&w=577&h=243&ei=gMHYUOT8OvK00QX_t4CYBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=

550&vpy=101&dur=494&hovh=146&hovw=346&tx=261&ty=66&sig=106559171332

465393808&page=1&tbnh=111&tbnw=264&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0,i

:133&biw=1252&bih=585

Figure 33: “Drivers accident report”. Retrevied from:

http://www.quask.com/common/samp les_accident_report.asp






http://www.google.com.bh/imgres?hl=ar&tbo=d&tbm=isch&tbnid=mKGfYUZUMTJxpM:&imgrefurl=http://www.safetysignsuk.co.uk/health-safety&docid=354jzNzOWst7VM&imgurl=http://www.safetysignsuk.co.uk/images/hazardous-substance-signs.gif&w=577&h=243&ei=gMHYUOT8OvK00QX_t4CYBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=550&vpy=101&dur=494&hovh=146&hovw=346&tx=261&ty=66&sig=106559171332465393808&page=1&tbnh=111&tbnw=264&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0,i:133&biw=1252&bih=585








http://www.quask.com/common/samp%20les_accident_report.asp

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