Completely Idiosyncratic

History of the Web

“Tomorrow is our permanent address.”– Marshall McLuhan

“Technology is the campfire of the global village.”- Marshall McLuhan

After WWII, TVs became 'must have' item.

Explosion of sales late 40s.

Color TVs were introduced in the mid-50s, but were not commonplace until the 1960s.

1946 ENIAC • On of the first electronic, large scale, general-purpose computer • University of Pennsylvania• $500,000 = $5 million in today’s $• 30 ton machine • 50 x 30 feet• 19,000 vacuum tubes • 6,000 switches• No software• Human programmers read wiring diagrams and adjusted each switch.• Could add 5,000 numbers in a second• Performed initial calculations for the H-bomb

1950s -1960s UNIVAC• First commercially successful computer• Introduced in 1951 by Remington Rand• Over 40 systems • Used punch cards

1952“On election night, November 4, CBS News borrowed a UNIVAC to make a scientific prediction of the outcome of the race for the presidency between Dwight D. Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson. The opinion polls predicted a landslide in favor of Stevenson, but the UNIVAC´s analysis of early returns showed a clear victory for Eisenhower. Its sharp divergence from public opinion made newscasters Walter Cronkite and Charles Collingwood question the validity of the computer's forecast, so they postponed announcing UNIVAC´s prediction until very late. “

1950s UNIVAC was synonymous with computer

PR effort for a society threatened by the computer age?

IBM was involved in making this movie.

Female character’s name is Bunny Watson. Founder of IBM is Thomas Watson.

Late 1950s

By 1956, IBM had 85% of the U.S. computer market even though their computer was considered inferior to Univac

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MlD_fEgoCc&feature=related1963. IBM Research building designed by Eliot Noyes

Punchcard = Storage MediumIBM made punch card technology ubiquitous in industry and government.

By the mid-50s, IBM was for all practical purposes the computer industry.

1960s1963 The terms hypertext and hypermedia coined by Ted Nelson

1967 IBM creates the first floppy disk.

1967 IBM creates the first floppy disk.Newspapers, magazines start to digitize production.

1968 Doug Englebart publicly demonstrates Hypertext

1969 UCLA puts out a press release introducing the public to the Internethttp://www.engineer.ucla.edu/stories/2004/intern et1969.htm

THE DEMO

December 9, 1968

Douglas C. Engelbart and the group of 17 researchers at Stanford presented a 90-minute live public demonstration of the online system, NLS, to 1,000 computer professionals.

• debut of the computer mouse

• hypertext

• object addressing

• dynamic file linking

• shared-screen collaboration

• different sites communicating over a network with audio and video interface.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6epbmU7_fvg&feature=related

1968

2001: A Space Odyssey

Over 700 million people viewed the event on television, a new record at that time.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RM INSD7MmT4

July 1969

1970s1972 Half the TVs in homes are color sets.

Pong becomes the first video game to win widespread popularity1973 Giant screen projection TV is first marketed.1976 Sony introduces betamax, the first home video cassette recorder

JVC introduces VHS videotape 1977 Apple, Radio Shack, and Commodore

all introduce mass-market computers

Internet before the Webhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMzgp7xTp1k

1981 IBM PC Home Computer

Microsoft DOS Operating System

1983 Cellular phones begin to appear

1984 Macintosh Released

First computer with graphical user interface. In six months sales reached 100,000.

1985 Microsoft Windows

CD-ROMs begin to be sold.

1980s

1983

Computer jargon: hacker is a person who specializes in work with the security mechanisms for computer and network systems

Mass media and popular culture:hackers are young people who break into security systems for fun

Gang of teenage hackers in Milwaukee (The 414s), led by 17- year-old Neal Patrick broke into computer systems throughout the US and Canada. Cover story in Newsweek: "Beware: Hackers at Play“

Not much public awareness about such activities until the release of the movie WarGames

1983

Hackers = Geeks = Danger

1983War GamesPopularized conception of a hacker as a teenage boy hunched over his computer

Matthew Broderick plays a young computer genius breaks into his school's computer system, book free flights to Paris and pushes the world to the brink of global thermonuclear war, all while sitting in his room.

Raised public belief that computer security hackers (especially teenagers) could be a threat to national security.

George Orwell’s

1984(written in 1948)

Movies: 1956 and 1984

• Big Brother • Cameras and computers spy on everyone all the time

60 second television commercial for Apple shown during the Super Bowl.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYecfV3ubP8

“You’ll see why 1984 won’t be like 1984.”

Hypercard Came with All Macs

First cyberpunk series

Innovative new video editing techniques

Computer graphics

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BD0xb5A8WY4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSvAWOFdNJk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZgFXdqDCRM

1987Max Headroom

HTMLHyperText Markup Language

<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content Type"

content="text/html; charset=windows- 1252">

<title>Example page</title></head><body>

Tim Berners-Lee invented this.</body></html>

1989-91

Early 1990s1991 Tim Berner’s Lee releases the

WWW

1994 Netscape Navigator releases an enhanced graphical web browser

1994 Yahoo starts as a simple directory of websites

1994 VP Al Gore coins term “information superhighway”

1995 Craig's List and Ebay start

1995 Amazon launches

“Now imagine a medium that combines the switching and routing capabilities of phones with the video and information offerings of the most advanced cable systems and data banks. Instead of settling for whatever happens to be on at a particular time, you could select any item from an encyclopedic menu of offerings and have it routed directly to your television set or computer screen. A movie? Airline listings? Tomorrow's newspaper or yesterday's episode of Northern Exposure? How about a new magazine or book? A stroll through the L.L. Bean catalog? A teleconference with your boss? A video phone call with your lover? Just punch up what you want, and it appears just when you want it.

Welcome to the information highway. It's not here yet, but it's arriving sooner than you might think.”– from Time Magazine cover article, April 12. 1993

1994Marc Andreessen launched the revolutionaryNetscape Navigator Web browser (based on Mosaic) with a graphical interface.

Netscape Navigator browser was named the Top Tech Product of All-Time by PC World Magazine in 2007.

Cartoon by Peter Steiner. New Yorker, July 5, 1993 made it’s way around the Internet all through the 90s.

1994

March 1995July 1995

1995Thriller focused on paranoid fantasies about the computer age.

She’s the geek, but in the stroke of a keyboard all official documentation of her life was erased.

1995Soon after the MGM/UA set up a website for the movie, it was hacked by a group calling itself the Internet Liberation Front.

They changed “this is going to be an entertaining, fun promotional site for a movie,” to “this is going to be a lame, cheesy promotional site for a movie!‘”

The site remained in its altered form."

The authenticity of this "hack" is questioned. Was it an elaborate publicity stunt.

Movie developed a cult following because of its portrayal of hacking and hacker culture.

Late 1990sWidespread Commercialization of the Web

1998 Google launches

1999 Napster, peer-to-peer file sharing software, launches and goes bankrupt in 2002.

1999-2001

Dot-com Boom

2000 New words added to the dictionary include dotcom, FAQ, HTTP, HTML, homepage, information superhighway, MP3, search engine, spam, smiley face, snail mail.

Seventeen dot-com companies each pay over $2 million for a 30-second spot on the Superbowl show.

Northern Light, largest search engine

2000-2002

Dot-com bust. Nasdaq loses 78% of its value.

1998

The Web Becomes Ubiquitous

dot c

om b

ust

TheMatrix

1999

2001 The Web Becomes Ubiquitous and Participatory Applications Explode

Wikipedia launches

2003 First profitable year for AmazonFirst bloggers to be officially accredited at a political conventionMySpace launches Del.icio.us pioneers "tagging" and "social bookmarking”

2004 Role of blogs mainstream and political candidates use them for outreachFacebook launches Flickr launches

2005 Free web email services (i.e. Hotmail)YouTube launchesFirst Web 2.0 conference. Web. 2.0 becomes a common shorthand term for websites that go beyond simply linking and delivering documents.

2006 Google docs launchesGoogle buys YouTube for $1.65 billion

2007 Political campaigns routinely held on YouTubeCraig's List annual revenue around $150 million--from advertising

2000 - Present

Characteristics of the Web 2.0

(the Participatory Web)

Hundreds of free webtools currently available. More launching all the time.

According to a recent Pew study, 64% percent of teens are creating their own web content.

EXAMPLE #1

Blogs = Instant Publishing

Upwards of 57 million blogs

Blogosphere is doubling about every 236 days.

Started as a place for personal reflection, storytelling, etc. but they've turned into powerful content management spaces, websites, and journalistic publications.

Interface well with other Web 2.0 technologies

User-Created Content

EXAMPLE #2

Wikis = Collaborative WritingBrowser-based editing and instant publication.

The most familiar example is Wikipedia. Ranked as the 8th most popular website

The number of full-time paid employees at Wikipedia recently doubled to 10.

An unprecedented phenomenon, a massive community of volunteer "editors" and administrators.

And, there is no advertising on the site.

User-Created Content cont.

The most popular websites encourage users to participate and even contribute content in some way, even if simply by commenting.

User as Contributor

Rich User ExperiencePersonalization and CustomizationAdding a rich variety of the types of content such as slide shows, podcasts, and streaming video enhances user experience.

E-commerce, instant messaging and/or chat applications provide ways for users to interact with the organization and its faculty and staff.

EXAMPLES

Amazon.com offers other books of interest

Build your own car, boot, etc.

Social Networking & ConnectingMost popular websites:

MySpace #3

YouTube #4

Facebook #5

Bloggers read each other's blogs, write comments, and publish blogrolls (links to other blogs).

Flickr, YouTube, and Del.icio.us all have powerful networking tools.

According to a Pew Study, email communication is not the preferred method of communication among students.

The study claims that students are much more comfortable with txt messaging, iChats, and sites like Facebook.

Article from the Chronicle of Higher Education, 2006

Decentralization&

Democratization

Small Pieces Loosely Joined

Image SharingFlickr, one of many online services

Upload, storage, manage, share photos

Tagging your photos

Conversations (social networking)

Groups, like Otis and Tell a Story in 5 Frames

“Hot spots" to add additional content

Creators sharing for non- commercial purposes

Content AggregationFeeds i.e. RSS, Atom

Aggregation technology

Enable users to choose and collect content from elsewhere and automate its appearance on another website.

Feeds can be embedded on websites, blogs, etc.

MashupsWeb applications that combines data from more than one source into a single integrated tool.

“Programmable Web”Widgets

Perpetual BetaChange is rapid, can’t keep up

Improvements, upgrades, new technologies are constant

Requires an attitude of flexibility

Systems often deployed early

Users expected to contribute to development

MobilityOver 97% of young people own a cell phone.

Cell phone and WiFi technologies the way people access the web

Shift over the next 3 years will be very dramatic

Critical mass of people will access the web via mobiles devices

Virtual WorldsMassively Multiplayer Online Role Playing

Millions of people of diverse backgrounds from all over the world, collaborate, socialize, and learn together in these environments. The social interaction is a critical factor.

“The new golf" (Wired Magazine)WoW most popular discussion topic around the water cooler

Club Penguin launched in late 2005 as a free virtual world for children. In 2007, purchased by Disney for $700 million.

Launched 2003

50 million residents

NOT a game

Creativity

Build things, own land, explore

Real economy

$35 MILLION real dollars spent daily

Second Life

Tagging and FolksonomiesTagging is said to be giving the web a human meaning.

Finding information on the Internet used to be only through the complex automated algorithms of search engines. Tagging has quickly gained popularity because it allows people to bring intuitive organization to what otherwise would be largely anonymous entries in an endless sea of data. As you assign your own one word descriptors, you create your own "folksonomy."

http://del.icio.us/suemaberry

2007Evil hackers vs. young hacker

Cyber terrorists

2007On the wall outside his former residence - flat number 27B - where Orwell lived until his death in 1950, an historical plaque commemorates the anti-authoritarian author. And within 200 yards of the flat, there are 32 CCTV cameras, scanning every move. (Britain has 4.2million CCTV cameras)