Prodlta4iugs � Third GtobtLl Cougreaa, HOrkotutu, HtamtLti. 8-8 NoVembar 1981

Phoebe MacLeodHeritage Resource ManagementP.O Box 7I54

BirchleighTransvaal, 1621 SOUTH AFRICA

Beauty - uglinessAntiquity - ModernityWet Zone - Dry ZoneMountains - SeaWar - Peace

BACKCROUND

Tourism enhancement for theancient site of Polonnaruwa

Sri Lanka formerly know as Ceylon in Colonialtimes! is an island full of contrasts:

Polonnaruwa, constructed in the 11th Centurywas for a brief period the capital of Sri Lanka.Around 1300 AD, the site was abandoned to thejungle

In 1980, Polonnaruwa, together with a number ofother ancient Sri lankan sites, was declared aWorld Heritage site thus attracting UNICEFfunding for excavation, restoration andinterpretation of the site. Towards the end of thefirst two phases � excavation and restoration.� theBritish Council agreed to fund the fees of anumber of specialists on short term contracts toassist in presenting these sites, to overseasvisitors in particular, The writer spent six monthsin Sri Lanka during 1989-1990 working on thisproject.

The Polonnaruwa site covers a large area, clearlydivided into secular Citadel and Quadrangle!and monastic areas.

Many of these problems apply to most of theancient sites in Srl lanka;

~ Utilised by thousands of Buddhist pilgrim~.Continually damaged by grazing goats andcattle

~ The main entrance to the sites is unattractive.Admissiori tickets ha.ve to be purchased fromthe museum approximately 2 kilometersaway.

~ lack of visitor comfort facilities - eg. notoilets, refreshments primitively provided.Intense heat during viewing in daytime.

~ Large distances between components of thesite.

~ Site Museum is poorly situated and contentsunimaginatively displayed.

~ Snakes.~ Terrorism.

The foaowing scheme has been proposed to helpovercome these probleins:

Main entrance, Existing signposting and entranceto the site is insignificant, A new entrance,resembling a pandaf with a traditionally styledbrick gatehouse for watchers standing next to it,would be appropriate,

New visitor centre. A new Visitor Centre wouldbe required close to the riew entrance. The aimof the Visitor Centre would be to provide touristswith the opportunity to enjoy a comfort stop andrefreshments and to buy publications andsouvenirs in relative coolness out of the heat ofthe sun, They would also have the chance towatch a short 15-ininute audiovisual programmewhich would place the history and backgroundof Polonnaruwa into context before they visit thesite. It is proposed that the Visitor Centre wouldbe 52 feet square in overall dimension and wouldenclose a circular atrium area which would bethe main focus of the interior providing light,airy conditions.

Citadel. lhere are plans to mace the Car Parkfrom its present position next to the Royal PalaceCoinplex to just outside the grounds of thecitadel, Visitors would probably enjoy a walkfrom the proposed Car Park to the Royal PalaceComplex in the cool of the evening. But in thehear of the day, there would be resistance fromtourists. Strategic lighting at night andinformation boards showmg a plan of the siteand an artist's impression of the way the sitemay have looked when it was occupied wouldenhance visitors' un derstan din g.

Figure 1. The Quandrangle site.

Housekee in on the Citadel Site. There area number of areas on the site which requireimmediate and simple attention:

~ barbed wire around the wells should beremoved and replaced with strong metal railshigh enough to prevent anybody from falling

~ loose bricks and stones lying around the siteshould be removed.

~ the road leading to the Council Chainbershould be repaired and made safe forvehicles and pedestrians.

~ the bath itself should be cleaned out andpartly filled with water in order to enhancethe lighting scheme,

~ all existing notices adjacent to certambuildings should be redisplayed in the newcorporate design already discussed.

~drarigle. The visitor route to follow duringeither day or night visits would start with theSiva Temple. At this point, there should again bea plan of the layout of the temple and theadjacent quadrangle with artist's impressions of

Heritage Interpretation tuternaaleaLat

its original form. This mfonnation could also be.repeated at the steps leading from the VataiLag~to the car park.

Site Retail Sales Area. At present there are. ~small souvenir kiosks and two larger onesadjacent to the quadrangle: one sells drinks aranCultural Triangle publications, the other stan~empty. They look tatty and unloved. Eiectricat~and water should be provided to this area tosupport new refreshment, refrigeration andvisitor comfort services. The six small souveaaarkiosks are underutilised and should be replas~with market stall structures. It would also bshelpful if seatirig were provided near the crsld-drinks stand for visitors.

Housekee in on the uadran e Site. ~nwith the Citadel, there are a number of area>which should be improved immediately:~ existing signs should be removed and

replaced with the new designs.~ the Cultural Triangle Donation boxes skics~g

be cleaned up and painted If they areineffective, they should be reinoved.

s ti3Proaeedinga � Third Global Congress. Hottolulu, Havrait. $-8 November 199l

Toarisnr ertlerricement for the artciertt site of Polottriaruroa, Ceylon

~ the area around the steps leading from thecar park up to the quadrangle should becleaned and tidied up.the thorn branch placed across the steps ofthe Chapter House should be removed and adifferent barrier erected to prevent peoplefrom climbing the steps similar railings tothose for the wells should be considered.!

~ during the installation of the new lightingscheme, aU old unsightly conduit piping andwires should be removed and properly laid.

~ consideration should be given torepositioning coping stones and similarfeatures which are present being used asartificial boundaries for ancient buildings.

Two Hindu Shrines. These two shrines he someway off the road to the east of the north/southroad, within the outer perimeter walls of thecitadel. As with other attractions their place inthe overall scale and scheme of the citadel shouldbe demoristrated. They are particularly tranquilplaces, perhaps because few people visit them.

Monastery area. Rankot Vihara, At this stage, alighting scheme has beert designed to light upthis huge stupa with dramatic effect. During theday, vehicles stop close to the newly-paintedjunction of the centenary road. Visitors descendfrom their coaches and waUc past the ltankotVihara, along the avenue past the ancienthospital site to the LankatUIika area. Once again,a certain amount of information is required toprime the visitors with enough information tomake more sense of the function of this monasticarea as a vibrant, busy university. An ideal spotfor the boards would be under the beautifulshade tree which graces the approach to thestupa.

Hos ita nkatiUika Site, The tree-linedavenue past the hospital leading to the ponds isparticularly pretty. I believe that student Ufe inthese surroundings would have been extremelypleasant and the aim should be to convey thismessage to visitors. The Chapter House,lankatillika, and Kiri Vihara aU lend themselvesto theatrical Ulumination at night and a lightingscheme has been tested most successfu'lly.

Housekee in of the Area. The same generalcomments referring to the Citadel and

Quadrangle apply in particular to the sales outletby the Car Park, Hose to Gal Vihara. There isample space to convert one of the larger kiosk.sinto toilet facilities, to upgrade the CulturalTriangle shop as discussed earlier, and to providepower for refrigerators in the cool spots. Thesame treatment, as recommended earlier for thekiosks at the quadrangle, should be given here.

Gal Vihara. To many visitors, this area is themost dramatic. The route commonly used byvisitors ieads along the bund of the sinall tank,down steps to a sand path, An alternative routeto Gal Vihara is being considered by theauthorities, However, thought should be given tothe inconveniences of this alternative approachto the Car Park. As the existing circuitous routewhich gradually reveals the wonder of thestatues provides fuU impact of the drama of thepalace only when one reaches the front of thewhole panorama. Thus, apart from the lighting,which is being modified at present, and the cagearound the Bo tree, which wili eventually beremoved, Caf Vihara should be left as it is, opento the elements.

Ttuvanka Image House. This site is usually thelast to be visited by most people. The ImageHouse itself is under reconstruction and it ishoped that it wiU ultimately provide shelter forthe paintings which have been deterioratingrapidly froin the weather. Information could beprovided about the Image House and thepaintings in a building adjacent to the existingone. It is anticipated that visitors would leave thesite via the propased Visitor Centre.

Potgul Vihara. This site is separated from thosealready described by approximately 4 kms.Because it is off the beaten track, most touristsare not taken to see it, It does, however, havesome interesting features and the drive along thebund is particularly pleasant. It should, therefore,have the same treatment as the rest of the sitesand be included in the guide books and on theitinerary of the longer tours

Management and marketing of the site, Theongoing good management and marketing of thesite and Visitor Centre are fundamental to thesuccess of thi» and any other heritage project. AManager should be appointed with responsibiliity

Heritage haterpretatioa jnteruaSoaal

for the tourist elements including generalhousekeeping, security, effKient managementand thorough maintenance of the site and VisitorCentre equipment

IdeaHy, this person would be experienced inbusiness management, understand the necessitiesfor a marketing functicm, and be sensitive to theacademic requirements of the presentations bothon the site and in the Visitor Centre. It will alsobe important to employe skilled technician toensure regular routine maintenance ofequipment Provision of a well designed, easilyread Guide book is also essenNaL

Proceedings � Thtrd Global coiiirress, Honolulu, Hawatt, 8-8 November 1991

Musical theatre in interpretation:the Kananaskis country model

Scott Mat'r

Kananaskis East District

Bag 1Bragg Creek, Alberta TOL OKOCANADA

Claadette LandryPeter Lougheed Provincial ParkBox 130Kananaskis Village, Alberta TOL 2,HOCANADA

fnterpretatinri is something without taken within andshared with magic Ron Chamney!

I heard that definition of interpretation at myvery first training workshop. I reinember itbecause of its poetry and because of its truth.Magic makes interpretation special. A locationcan be so magical that everyone immediatelyrecognizes and appreciates it. But ofteninterpreters must show the visitors the magic-magic that the visitors may no longer be able torecognize on their own.

We assume that because we recognize what isspecial about our sites, we have only to tell ourvisitors about it and they too will join in thecelebration. If the majority of our visitors cannothear the poetic eloquence of the land, why dowe think that simply telling them about it willwork?

To get our message across, we must deliver it inways attractive to our audience~. This is thephilosophy that has directed interpretiveprogramming in Kananaskis Country, atwo-thousand-square-mile multi-use recreationarea on the eastern slopes of Alberta's RockyMountains. The assuinption we operate with is: ifthe audience responds enthusiastically to thepresentations and each year more and more ofthe available audience attends the programs, weare doing something right.

As part of the parks system in the Province ofAlberta, we initially performed traditional

interpretive programs: prop talks, slide shows,campfires, etc With theatrically inclined seasonalinterpreters and encouragement frommanagement, 'skits' became an integral, albeitlimited, part of our interpretive events in the late'70s. The warm response of our visitors ensuredthat these dramatic techn.iques would beincreasingly important in interpretation inAlberta parks.

The development of Kananaskis Country as apark also had a significant impact on theevolution of interpretation in Alberta. A largenumber of programming interpreters were nowconcentrated in one area; icleas could be easilyshared; brainstorming with large nuinbers ofcreative people became practicaL' skills andprogram development resources were shared andbartered, and most importantly, our staff had achance to see other interpreters interpreting.

Being able to see peers in action was crucial tothe development of our programs, First, it is anavenue for sharing new techniques - to see whatworked, what didn' t, and why. It stimulatesexperimentation, an exploration of theboundaries of what interpretation can be, Mostimportantly, it is an opportunity for feedback

The program supervisors ensured that thisopportunity for honest, constructive feedbackwas pursued, lt's easy for people to tell you whatthey like about your performance but mostpeople are reluctant to tell you what doesn' twork, and understandably so � inost people don' twant to hear that! The supervisors ensured weheard the good arid the bad.

These formal critique sessions became a part otevery presentation. Initially, when the techniqueswere new and the staff inexperienced ~ thecritiques were long and often emotionally painfulfor both performers and critics. But the criticismwas constructive, and the result was improvedprograms. Seasonal interpreters beca me moreskilled at developing and presenting programs,and supervisors became more efficient at guidingthe program development process and evaluatingpresenta hons.

What started out as traditional prop talks withskits soon developed into collections of sceneslinked with narration. Then in the summer of1981, Kananaskis Country programs sudden lv

Mair & Laridry

became slivws. They became plays withdeveloped characters, rising action, climax andresolution. Audience response was so enthusiasticthat use of story lines was soon standard forweekend evening programs. The use of musicwas einbraced by our staff and audiences andnow it is not unfair to caH our programs musiosls.

The programs became more and moreprofessional each year: AH programs are nowscripted - gone are the days of ad libbing onstage. Dress rehearsals one week before the firstpublk performance give staff time to repairproblems identified by supervisors and cntiquesof each performance still contmue. Thetechnology has also become more and moresophisticated. Music samplers, sequencers andsynthesizers, flash pots and fog machines haverepLiced our dissolve units, slide and moviepro] ectors.

This kind of programming is expensive but notin terins of money. We can operate without theequipinent and the facilities. This kind ofprograinrning costs time. In 1980, each staffmember produced ten different programs in aseason. Today they develop four. Despite this,we reach many more people today. We believethis is because we are offering our audiencessomething special - somethmg magicaL

We believe this style of programming is moreattractive to the ienamverted - the people we talkso much about in interpretation These are thepeople who are not reaHy interested in theenvironment. 11iese are the people whointerpretation must reach. Do we reach them?We don't know for sure; after aH, how do youidentify the uricoriverted, However, if everyone inthe campground finds the programs attractiveenough to leave the campfire and join us, weconsider ourselves successful. We pay closeattention to the ratio between the number ofpeople in the campground the potentialaudience! and actual audience sizes. This per ceiitattendanm figure operates independently ofvanables such as weather, staffmg changes,facility closures, etc. We use it to judge howsuccessful we are at getting the message out andto estiinate the quality of our programs if eachyear a greater percentage of your availableaudience attends the programs we believe this

Heritage Interpretatioa InteruattoaaI

reflects positively on the quality of thoseprograms!.

In Kana naskis East District, per cent attendancefigures have been compiled since 1984. It isespeciaHy challenging to attract visitors tomterpretive programs in this district due to itsproximity to a large urban centre and thespecialized facilities offered the district includesa major campground for off-highway vehicleusers and another for equestrian users!. In 1955,the programs became more theatrical than theyhad been since programming started here in1980. That year the per cent attendance figuresjumped from 16.5% to 323%. This numberremained stable unbl 1989 the year music beganto be extensively incorporated into the programs!when per cent attendance jumped to 38.6%%uo. In1990, per cent attendance was 435% and in thesummer of 1991, S2.7%.

But do people learn anything? The shows arefun, the characters are cute and the songs arecatchy... but does the message get through?Alberta Government policy prohibits park stafffrom surveying our audiences without ministerialapproval so we can't be sure. However, we thinkthey do. We know that information hung on theframework of a story is easier to rememberbecause iYs easy to remember story lines. Ouraudience response in 1981 supports this. Weknow that music evokes strong emotions andlinking your message with these emotions makesthem more memorable. What better way to learnsomething than with a catchy tune? Theadvertising industry knows this and ouraudience response in 1989 certainly supports it,

However, it's when you run across someone whodescribes the program they saw you deliver threeyears ago in greater detail than you canremember, when parents tell you their kidshaven't stopped talking about the program theysaw last year, when you hear someone on thetrail singing the song you sang in last night' sshow; when you can finally remember the agesof the rocks in your park because of a catchytune a staff member wrote - that's how we know

our message is getting through.

PrOCXSeXttrr~Third &1Obal Carrgreaa, HarrOlutu, HaWatt. 8-8 NOVeaaber 18tr 1 25 7

Cultural interpretation: preserving a"sense of place": comments oncaring for Hawai'i's uniqueness

Xepa MalyCultural Resources Specialist lk InterpreterPHRI INC,, Archaeological Consultants305 Mohouti St.Hilo, Hawai'i 96720 USAPhone: 808! 935-6816

Home!554 Keonaona StreetHilo, Hawai'i 96720 USAPhone: 808! 959-6829

ALOHA! We have gathered here to sharecommon concerns for "Tradition" and to plan forchange. At first glance, "Tradition" and "Change"appear to be at odds with one another, but"change" is a natural part of the humanexperience. People and their culture are asdynamic as the environinent which created them,and the 'tradition" of change is one which isshared by aU people. Indeed, we are creatingtomorrow's traditions, and this is where webegin to experience conflict, as we examine theinheritance of our future. If the qualities andresources which make each place unique are notunderstood, valued, and cared for by those who'create" tomorrow's communities, there is littlethought given to erasing the very essence of anative people and their environment. And themoral implications of erasing a people's identityare staggering. Through interpretation we seek tocreate an awareness which will bring aboutappreciation, and thus foster preservation.

HAWAIIAN INTERPRETATIONS OF CREATION

As darkness cleared from the surface of the sea,light shown and the creative forces of naturelooked across the ocean's expanse, there was noland, When Haunieir-nui-hanarr-uxr-tixr The womanearth born time and time «gain! joined with hermale companion Waketx Expanse af the sky!,their first child was the island of Hawai'i.Kaho'oiawe followed but was conceived too

soon, and was born as a miscarriage � "He 'ulawale naP'. Wakes and Haumea then joined withother creative forces, thus Maui, Lana'i, Moloka'i,O'ahu, and Kaua'i were born; Ni'ihau and "Nanicks rnananiana' The Leeward Islands! were theafterbirth. Natures' various forms were the'embodiments" of other 'god beings" and lesserspirits. So it was believed that every part ofnature, from mountain peaks to ocean depths,was alive and that aU things were related,

Haumea and Wakea were reunited and Ha-loa-Iau-kapalili Ha-Ioa the quivering leaf! wasconceived, but "Harimea' miscarried, and tliischild was buried outside the door ot his parentshouse. Thus Haloa sprouted forth and became"Kalo" the taro!. The last child born to this god-woman was a human; he too was caUed "Haloa"and became the progenitor of the Hawaiianpeople Ka Labe Hawai 'i!. Thus, the islands, a Uforms of nature, and people were related, a partof an extended family.

Being a part of this family, it was only naturalthat the Hawaiian people would learn to"respect" their elder 'nature" siblings. Respectingthe gods and spirits resources! of land and seameant that people would, in turn, be respectedby nature. Good growing seasons, successfulharvests, and the continuation of the Hawaiianrace were the benefits of "resourcesmanagement", or caring for the island setting.

These islands were home to a people who betterunderstood the wealth and limitations of theirenvironment. The "Kupiina" Hawaiian Elders!acknowledged that they were a part of the islandsetting, rather than apart from it. Any peoplewith intelligence recognizes that island resourcesare limited It was this "Aloha", or "respect" whichgave direction, integrity, and value to Hawaiianlife. Aloha nurtured both the environment andna kupa o ka 'aina those who were of the land!

"MAI KA UIA'I NA lWI 0 NA KUPUNA 1 KA LA"

ln 213 years since Western Contact, Hassai'i hasexperienced change like no other changes in thehistory of these islands. While there is much topraise, one cannot help but wonder about theprice paid by the indigenous people of Hawai'i.Since Western contact, 50% of Hawai'i's endemic

plant and animal species have becoine extinct,

Mafy

and 50% of what remains is on the verge ofextinction.

During this same period, foreign land usepatterns have destroyed approximately 80'3L ofHawai'i's cultural resources. This fact is revealedin the land use patterns of Hawai'i's coastalregions and plains land, as plantations, ranches,coinmunities, and resorts have spread across theface of Hawai'i. According to the State HistoricPreservation Office �~989, CuratorshipWorkshop; Lihu'e, Kaua'i!, as each newdevelopment breaks ground, the "historicpreservation review process" identifies anaverage of only 20% of existing Hawaiian culturalresources as "significant" i.e, worthy ofpreserva tion!. Thus the permitting processesaUow another 80% of remaining Hawaiianfeatures to be destroyed after documentation iscompiled on paper. If this process continues,little more than 7S% of native Hawaiian culturalsites will remain as evidence of nearly 2AXN yearsof habitation.

While speaking about the ongoing consumptionof Hawai'i's cultural resources with Kahu Reverend! Abraham Akaka we discussed currentdevelopments and the implications of thishunger which even devours the graves ofHawai'i's ancient people, To make a point, Kahuasked me if I remembered the Hawaiian sayingwhich reflected the hope of Hawaiians in the'188ys?: "Ua pan vcr Iiala lafrou a koe no na pua' Theancestors are gone, aII have passed, but theflowers remain!. Kahu then said: This isn't true!If they dig up aU of our burials, they cut awaythe roots, and the flowers chUdren of the land!will die.'

ARRIVING AT THIS POINT IN iSLANDHISTORY

On Friday, March 13, 1959, worship services wereheld at Kawaiaha'o Church. Hawai'i had justbeen accepted as the 50th state. In the servicesKahu Akaka offered his prayer and thoughts forHawai'i's future, and his hope that people wouldremember that, "Aloha is the unconditional desireto promote the true good of other people... withno conditions attached...". And recognizing thatnew values would exert control over Hawai'i and

Herttage Interpretation Iateraattoaal

her people. Kahu went on to say: "Aloha does-not exploit a people and keep them in ignoranceand subservience..."

In the 1990's, in this land � v here for some,"Aloha has become business' rather than a wayof life � those words echo as a prayer in hopethat Hawai'i and her people would be treatedwith respect and dignity, that they would be ableto participate in determining their destiny Thesewords also seem to offer a cautious warning thatwe keep our vision farsighted,

Unfortunately, the rush for a quick return hastaken its toll and is severely impacting everyfacet of Hawai'i today, The impacts of excessivedevelopment are stripping Hawai'i and herpeople of their past, and stealing from the future.While it is true that recently some developmentshave been coerced into saving "significantHawa iian features, many people ask, "significant"by whose values7 Everywhere you look, you cansee the vivid examples of problems statewidewhich threaten Hawaiian places, people, and ourisland identity. What remains of our family ofcultural and natural resources is irreplaceable andmust be cared for.

Our modern boundaries, property lines, andvalues do not respect those who carne before us,'%e narrow "site" by "site" definition applied tocultural and natural resources dissects "HistoricComplexes' and 'Natural Ecosysterns", leavingthe fabric of these resources further fragmented,if not unrecognizable. If we are to save whatremains, we must encourage activism in ourcommunity planning processes and bring to 4ghtthe sense of "Stewardship' that individuals, localcommunities, government agencies, developers,and visitors aU must share.

HAWAI'I'S EXTENDED FAMILY

Hawaiian cultural resources are evidence of thequality of Hawaiian life. We must begin treatingour archaeological resources as "fixed constraintsin the planning and development processes.These resources are rnernbers of our "extendedfamily". The Hawaiian concept of the "extendedfamily' responsibly addresses the relatiortshipsand interdependence of one historic site and

Prooaadtu~Tbtrd Global Congreaa, Hoaolulu. HaveatL 8-8 November 1981

resource to another, In a traditional perspective,a "complex' of sites is like a body with itsextensions as a part of the complete being. Eachincursion into a traditional site or complex takesmore of its' life, These "Historic Complexes"consist of: burial sites, temples shrines, housesites, platforms, walls shelters, artifacts, mounds,middens, work sites, trails, agricultural andaquacultura1 features, etc.

They also include points of historic or legendaryimportance, whether or not they are 'abovesurface", The topography, natural resources, theirtraditional uses, and landscape of the landssurrounding sites are integral to 'site integrity"and 'preservation' as weII. Thus we must teachdevelopment to take into account the "lay of theland", and a historic sites position within itssetting. Each individual component is a part of acomplex intertwining of many resources, Anexample of the depth of traditional relationshipsmay be seen in Hawai'i's coastal regions. Thecoastal zone also offers a graphic example ofdevelopments' impact on the environment andpsyche of Hawai'i and her people. For in ancientHawai'i, coastal communities were oftenassociated with features we now call "burialdunes',

Living and working amongst these dunes, thepeople of ancient Hawai'i communed with theirancestors as they shaped the human bone withwhich they made some of their fish hooks. Thewinds carried their prayers, and the spirits oftheir ancestors to the rich fishing grounds whichwere harvested. This interaction of gods, nature,bone, and ancestral spirits allowed the Hawaiiansto identify with their ancestors, and kept the'Po'e Kahitro' traditional people! alive as apromise to nurture the future.

Respectful and honored use of bones was atraditional practice. Proper prayers, and thesetting free of burdens allowed the past tosustam the future. The burials of Hawaiians are asacred trust between those who came before ustheir gods, the environinent which gave theintheir essence, and Hawai'i's future. Hawaiianburials are part of a bond between fainiTies, theeleinents of nature, and the creative forces ofnature which the Hawaiians worshipped.

Cultural interpretation: preserving a 'sense of place"

Developments' manipulation of Hawaiian burialsis nothing more than 'desecration".

The impact of development on Hawai'i'straditional sites, burials, and natural resources isstealing from both the past and the future, Theloss is painful and irreparable Once Hawai'i'spast and unique cultural and natural resourcesare destroyed, we wi0 be destitute in every senseof the word. The desecration of Hawaiian buriaLsis a breach of an ancient trust, a blemish on thespirit of the past, And the destruction ofHawai'i's natural resources is no less adesecration. This desecration tears at the psycheof "the flowers who reinain .

"KEEP IT HAWAI'I" NEEDS TO BE MORETHAN A SLOGAN

All of us who touch these islands must assume a'Stewardship" for Hawai'i. The same must besaid for any tourism oriented community ordeveloping nation!, for once our cultural andnatural resources are destroyed, they wiII be lostforever. "Keep it Hawai'i" must be more than the'window dressing" or fluff that "destination"developers think visitors want. " Keep it Hawai'i,Hawai'i Visitors Bureau adopts a new slogan",Stanley Hong, Honolulu Star-BuiletinfAdvertiser,Sept. 30, 1990.! Care for Hawai'i's "Hawaiian-ness' is not a choice; it is a requireinent forsurvival. If justification is necessary for changingdevelopers' "Island Sense" for 'Keeping ItHawai'i", remind them that their "dollars andcents' are at stake, too. For when Hawai'i'svisitors find us too "coinmon, or too much 'likehome", they wiU go soinewhere else. Then wewill all lose as another island industry fails, andthe Hawaiians are left in resort ghettos, To "Keepit Hawai'i" will not stifle growth or development,instead it will allow growth to occur.Communities must challenge investors,developers, architects, planners and engineers towork within the wealth and limitations of theirHawaiian resources. Architecture which isembraced by its natural and cultural resources isaward-winning, "hJawai ho'i 'ole ke akarnai i na atahete o'u man tcupanaP'

Heritage Iaterp rrrtatton Interaatlorial

Too much of a good thirlg:papulatiorl preaaure and tOuriarn inthe Third World

Robert B. Afuecell, Professor of GeographyArrdrezv A. Nazzaro, Professor of GeographyBarbarl A. Wagrrer, Lecturer in Travel and

TourismEastern Michigan UniversityGeography and Geology DepartmentYpsilanti, MI 48197 USAPhone: f313! 487-0218FAX: �13! 481-1095

INTRODUCTION

What constitutes too much of a good thmg?Perhaps any amount that is more than optimumis "too much'. Optimum size is somewhere nearthe point of diminishing return. Commonagreement on where that pomt may be is acontinuing problem.

Kenya, Nepal, and Puerto Rico share the need todefine the point beyond which "too much"becomes a problem. Our concerns deal with howmany tourists can be accommodated withoutreducing the quality of life, of either hosts orguests. We feel that each place needs to identifywarning signals that announce the point ofdiminishing returns. Several basic questions areraised that give dimension to the issue of whatconstitutes "too much'; what impacts willincreased tourism have on the local citizenry? onthe physical environment?'and on the economy?

The three territories exhibit similarities whichmay help determine what constitutes "too much".Each shows strong signs that the land carryingcapacity is dimmishing. Rapid population growthis occurring where tourism is most important.Each territory serves tourists who are in transit asweU as tourists who make the area their onlydestination, Though both types of tourist sharecertain common needs, each also has specialneeds. These may have different unpacts, botheconornicaUy and environrnentaUy. We wiB nowexamine issues which impact on optimumtourism development in the three areas.

THE ATTRACTION OF INTERNATIONALTOURISTS

Why do tourists come to Kenya? To paraphrasethe famous real estate statement, the answer is'wildlife, wildlife, wildlife." When Kenya beganto develop international tourism, the governmentoNce in charge was the Ministry of Wildlife andTourism. Both the variety and large number ofwild animals made Kenya a choice destinatiorifor tourists usua Uy European!. The perception ofunlimited wddlife attracted both photo-tourists as.well as hunting tourists.

International visitors come to Kenya because ofits 25 national parks, 23 game reserves, andthanks to recent marketing, its Indian Oceancoast. Because the climate of' Kenya iscomfortable nearly year-round, tourists comethroughout the year. In the late 1980s, Kenya'slargest source of foreign exchange shifted totourism. Though the number of North Americanshas grown, European tourists predominate.Perhaps there is an added attraction now becauseof the drasticaUy reduced animal populations. Tomany tourists there is an urgency to visit Kenyabefore the last great African animals are gone.

In addition to wildlife, the Kenya Coast has beenwidely advertised in Europe as a tropicalparadise. With good roads, gentle ocean breezes,coral reef-protected beaches, elegant and evenopulent! lodging, and good food and drink, theCoast attracts Europeans especially. In Malindi,north of Mombasa, there are reports that "wildlife" of a different sort attracts internationalsThough natural features are highlighted in mosttourist brochures, Kenya also has sites of culturaI,historic, and archeological mterest. Culturaltourism is a potential growth area.

In Nepal, two types of tourism dominate thescene. The first is run by traditional overseas toiazoperators. It inchides Nepal as part of a largeritinerary to South andjor Southeast Asia. In this«ase, the tour groups spend a few dayssightseeing in the Kathmandu Valley withperhaps an overnight extension to one of the'safari" camps in the Terai region of southernNepaL

Recently, the tourism industry has begun tobuild on the improved relations between Nepal

263Frooeerttugs � Thtrd Global Coriitaaa, Honolulu, Hawaii, a-8 Noveurber 199<

ECOLOC CAL BAIANCE

TNr rriucfr tf a good thirig: populrrfiori pressure arrd tourisrrr irr tire Third World

and China. Nepal has successfully negotiated forKathmandu as a transit point to Tibet. Nowgroups can travel overland from Kathmandu toLhasa, In transit, they spend some of their dollarsin Nepal's capital.

The second type of tourism � adventuretraveMfocuses on Nepal as the primedestination, Trekking is the main activity, buthigh-altitude climbing, river rafting, and evenrock climbing near Kathrnandu Valley areattractions for the "hard" adventure visitor,

The physical beauty and diversity of the country,the richness of many cultural traditions, and thewelcoming attitude of the people are allattractions that invite the international visitor.Nepal does not budget Large sums to promotetourism, Foreign and local tour operators, foreignpublications, and word-of-mouth advertisementsbring a steady stream of visitors, Recentmarketing targets visitors who can spend more inNepal.

Because of its proximity to the United States,Puerto Rico is host to a large number of touristsfrom there. An additional reason for Puerto Ricobeing a choice destination is its role as an"intervening opportunity': it provides the closestalternative for sunseekers to the EasternCaribbea~ i,e., the Lesser Antilles!. Anotherfactor in Puerto Rico's popularity is its politicalstatus, This alone encourages U,S. tourists. Nopassport requirement, the same currency,bilingual hosts, and familiar hotel chains, allproclaim that Puerto Rico is open for U. S,business,

Puerto Rico offers more than "just beaches". Forsome, visiting El Yunque a tropical ram forest!and exploring the island's many coloniallandinarks are important. These attractions aresupervised by the U.S. Forest Service and theU.S. National Parks Service, respectively. AnexceUent infrastructure includes expanded publicbeaches, hotel/resort construction, and anexcellent road system. Accommodations rangefrom ocean frcmt luxury faciTities to modesthideaway paradors. The Litter are state-operatedcountry farmhouses, often located on formersugar or coffee haciendas. Government andprivate sectors are especially active today

prepanng for the 500th anniversary of Columbus'landings, Old San Juan is the focus because thecolonial past �49:0-1898! is best represented there.

ln Kenya's case, many of its regions containfragile environments, The country has naturalareas ranging from tropical seacoast to alpineglaciers. Notably absent from the public forum,until recently, was the discussion of potentialenvironmental impacts of tourism development.Both African and expatriate researchers in thepast two decades have investigatedenvironmental change related to populationpressure and carrying capacity. The recurrence ofdrought in East Africa has made the balance ofhuman, animal, and plant cominunities evenmore tenuous. Yet, rainfree periods are attractiveto tourists.

On the upper plains of Kenya, it is becomingcommonplace for guide-drivers to leave the roadsto approach wildlife on the parched grass. Off-road animal pursuit is rapidly destroying habitat,With an understaffed park service and the largeareas involved, the future is bleak. ln parts ofKenya there is still competition betv een domestichvestock herders and wild garne for grazing andbrowsing areas. Arnboseli Park is one such areain which off-road game spotting, wildlife grazing,and domestic stock grazing have all combined toreduce the habitat. The construction of touristlodges has increased the tourist populationpressure and may be another example of 'toomuch of a good thing'.

In the area south of Mombasa, known as theSouthcoast, there has been a steady infill oftourist lodging. The coral reefs fringing the coasthave made it an ideal holiday location withprotected swimming areas. The touristpopulation pressure has grown and may bethreatening the very existence of the reef.Perhaps research on the condition of the coralreef can give us a window on optimum humanpopulation in nearby areas. The changes whichoccur on the reef from silt laden construction

runoff, improper disposal of wastes, mining ofshore sands for beach creation, and clearing ofnearby land vegetation all take their toll. Add the

smaH entrepreneur's desire to supply the bestspecimens of marine sheHs and we understandthe constant assault on the reefs integrity,

As in Kenya, NepaYs frag!!e environment hasgenerally been sacrificed to the interests ofeconomic gain through tourism. The governmentof Nepal, various Nepali conservationorganizations, and private trekking associationsare aH engaged in a most serious balancing actbetween ecology and economy. The negativeeffect of too many trekkers has beenoverwhebning in the more popular ranges.Excessive demand on local fuelwood for luxuriessuch as hot showers has hastened deforestation.Now, in the Annapurna area, signs are postednear tea houses and trekker lodges exhortingforeigners to reduce their demands for hot water,

The incredible amount of 'western"non-degradable trash left by trekking groups hasinspired certain environmentaHy aware touroperators to organize dean-up treks to EverestBase Camp. ln general, over the past five yearstrekking agencies have taken a stand on the sideof eco!ogy.

But the balancing act continues. Thus, in anattempt to reverse the decline in tourism, thegovernment has most recently in October, 399t!decided to open some previous!y restricted areasalong the Tibetan border. This decision stipulatesthat trekking agencies take responsibiTity forpreserving the fragi!e ecology of the area.

One important aspect of Puerto Rico's "OperationBootstrap" has been a decrease in sugarcaneproduction and conversion of some of thoselands to tourist re!ated uses. Mixed impacts onthe physica! and cultural environment haveoccurred. Examples include. !ands stripped ofbarrier vegetation exposing them to tradewindtransported sands; drainage of mangroveswamps; and highway construction that imperilsunique flora and fauna. Other decision Hrelatin

' ions, are ting to increased tourism, have jeopardizedthe ecological system which sustains the veryfeatures that make Puerto Rico so tt ct'o ' so attractive inthe first p!ace. Two examples foHow.

Recently, the runways at Luis Munoz Marininternational Airport were lengthened to

gerttage Interpretation Internag

accommodate increased traffic, The long~~runways were also necessary to permit tak ~,by the larger aircraft in service today, TheAirport Authority needed !andfi!! to covermarshy areas at the airport, They mined !argequantities of sand from nearby beaches andadjacent !ands east of the facility. Trade wadslifted nowwxposed remaining! sand, b!owing itacross main roads. Road closure was a coin~~occurrence as the sand drifted en route to nest,nea ymangrove swamps The exposed root system gthe mangroves could not survive the invasion ofthese sands, Since then environmental groupshave successfuHy pressured the U.S. Governoientto include Puerto Rico in its Coastal BarriersResource System. This is a coastal zoneprotection mechanism to minimize damagecausedby economic development projects.

Twenty years ago, a mudslide interrupted theonly road through El Yunque, Puerto Rico'stropica! rainforest. The road has remained closed,though access to the rainforest is still possiblefrom either end. Successful action by a coalitionof environmental groups has de!ayed thereconstruction project, at least until anenvironmental impact study is conducted. Thestudy will try to determine the likelihood of masisliding and erosion, degradation of downstreamwaters, and the disruption of the breedinghabitat of the Puerto Rican parrot, The coalitionbelieves that reopening the road would facihtatetravel at considerable ecological expense. Thechallenge to "business as usual' government mavmark a significant juncture in Puerto Rico'sfuture. Perhaps accommodation of tourismobjectives and environin enta1 ob jectives w Hl bethe result.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDAT!QNS

Kenya has a good idea of the tourist popu! ' "'A staggered schedule, a1}owing a fLxed n" mb~vehicles in the parks and substantial fines for oroad operation would reduce pressure Therevenue generated should be shared wit" t"local municipality, contributing to a sense oownership of tourism, We recommend a seri~monitoring stations as an early svarning sysof ree decline. Tourist facilities should c"ntn

Maricef!, Xazm~ro arid > P

pzOOc~in~Third Cllobal Congress, Honolulu, Hawatt, 8-$ NOvember f901

a proportion of their gross revenues to the localmunicipa hty.

Completion of Nepal's Lukla airstrip has reducedby two weeks the trekking time from Kathmanduto Solu-Khumbu and increased visitor numbers.The Trekking Agents Association of Nepal isconcerned about protecting the environmentwhich draws so many visitors. They, amongothers, are playing an active role in promulgatingthe principles of appropriate tourismincorporated in Nepal's Minimum Impact Codefor Conservation of Nepal's Natural and CulturalHeritage. This code enlists the help of the touristand makes specific recommendations on a rangeof concerns including among others! theconsumption of local fuel, discarding trash,tampering with natural vegetation, andinteraction with local people, The code has goodadvice for those who are concerned withrewarding tourism experiences continuing intothe future.

Effechve tourism planning in Puerto Ricorequires an accurate census of tourists, Theconcentration of visitors in San Juan stresses thatsmall part of Puerto Rico. Subtle strategies shouldfocus on decentralizing tourism on the island.One means is to provide arrival points on otherparts of the island. Such a project would spreadthe economic benefits to presently underservedareas,

A large part of preventing 'too much of a goodthing' depends on educating the touristConsumers will make aU sorts of uninformeddemands on an area unless they becomeeducated about appropriate expectations.Increased sensitivity by both hosts and guestscan provide a more humane, enriching, andecologicaUy sound environment. A long termecological view needs to be shared by bothproviders and consumers of tourism services.

oo ~uch of a good thing: population pressure and tourism in the Third World

INTRODUCTION

Circle of Praxis: an alternativetourism technique and an aid inpreserving cultural heritage

Carolyn M. MarieEastern Michigan University1206 Winston DriveJackson, MI 49203-5027 USAPhone: 51 7-783-4087

The basis for this paper is a model developed byPaulo Friere, a Brazilian educator Friere 1990!.Friere's philosophy of education was firstexpressed in his 1959 doctoral dissertation at theUniversity af Recife, Brazil and later refined ashe taught classes at the university. His theorysuggests that learning occurs when people enterinto a dialogue with one another and begin toreflect critically upon the reality in which theyfind themselves in the world. Experientialmethods are used as teaching tools.

The madel shown in Figure 1 shows that theCircle of Praxis is a cyclical process:

Figure 1, The Circle of Praxis Spericer, 1989

I. Step one involves action andtor experienceinta a specific reabty known as immersion. Aperson first decides to take a particular actionor to be part of a specific experience.Iminersion. requires a commitment to focusintently in a situation that might be

Har1tage Katerliratatton Iaternatioaat

extremely difficult from a person's usualperspective or reality,

2. Social analysis follows. This is not anacadeinic process; however, it is one thatencourages observation, appropriateinterpretation, and a feeling or a reaction. Itis analysis based on the particular reality inwhich the immersion experience is takingplace. Therefore, the analysis strives to befree of one's own cultural biases rather thanto serve as an accurate, documented readingof the situation at hand.

The third step is reflection, which is really anintegral part of the social analysis and isdifficult to separate fram it. Reflection is anhonest look at what is taking place.

4. Planning and action complete the cycle. Atthis point, one begins to raise new questionsor to take further action so that change canoccur Spencer 1989!

Friere's work developed as a means ofempowering the poor and oppressed people ofLatin America to look at their reality criticallyThe result was that illiterate peasants came to a"new awareness, a sense of dignity and..anewhope Friere 1990!." They began to act on theirown behalf in order to bring about politicalchange. In recent years, Friere's work has servedas a springboard for a variety of innovativeeducational methods in several 6elds and as ameans for people to deepen their criticalawareness.

AN APPROPRIATE TOURISM TECHNIQUE

A measure of success has been attained by twoorganizations in the United States which use theCircle of Praxis in alternative tourism progratns.Plowshares Institute in Simsbury, Connecticutand the Center for Global Education inMinneapolis, Minnesota focus their travelseminars on visits with oppressed people in avariety of places, cultures, and circumstances.The hoped-for result is that, upon their return,participants wiII become new interpreters ofglobal realities and initiators of effective changeso that justice results Evans and Hajek 1987!,

PrOeaadtuga Tetra GIObal Cougrpgg. Houotuyu, HaWatt, 8-8 NOVeruber 19ea

A PROCESS TOWARD CHANGE

REPORTED RESULTS

m teoti<iqiir for preserving cultural heritage

first ction by aPPlicants for the tra 1s mars is a decision to participate Th �person works through several eros wuIN 1exercises and readings prior to departuPre-orientation in a group setting also takesplace. These processes are used to identifyparticipants' cultural values and assumptions.During the seminar, participants live simply withhosts in the area where they are visiting. Thereare opportunities for dialogue with neighbors,community leaders, government officials andbusinessmen. As the trip progresses � under theleader's guidance � participants hone their skillsin observation, interpretation, identifying feelingsand reactions Spencer 1989!. These skills aid inthe ability to analyze critically. When the seminarconcludes, participants agree to interpret thereality they have experienced with others.

The two organizations cited above use theaction-reflection process Circle of Praxis! as ameans of evaluating their ongoing programs.They also solicit feedback from programparticipants. Results indicate that people oftendevelop new ways of thinking and acting.Participants begin to look at situations fromvarying perspectives, although that is sometimesdifficult when they are at home and in their ownreality. Travelers have mentioned that by goingelsewhere, they expect to learn about a newculture; however, they frequently return homewith new perspectives about people in their ownculture, community or country, Often, theybecome advocates for justice in their everydayenvironments,

It is anticipated that Plowshares Institute willemploy a design to conduct long-range studies ofa random sainple of travel seminar participants,along with a control group, in an attempt tomeasure key factors, as well as the rate ofsustained change experienced by participants intheir attitudes and behavior Evans and Hajek1987!.

QLIESTIONS <OR CONSIDERATION

There are some difficult questions regarding theaction-reflection process:

Can travel-seminars of this type lead to truetransformation � from vision toward areality � or are they merely a diversion forthe participants?

Can the impact of the experience beadequately interpreted to others who havenot participated in a seininar?

3. Are the changes which impact participants'viewpoints partial and temporary, orlong-lasting and systemic?

4. Would more intensive systemic analysis withrepresentative persons hosting theparticipants be inore beneficial?

tk Can the process of action, reflection, andexperiential activities make a great enoughiinpact as an interpretive technique?

FRESERVI NG CULTURAL HERITAGE

The Circle of Praxis is a model worthy ofconsideration as one step toward culturalheritage preservation, particularly as a means ofmaintaining indigenous ways of life. Much moreresearch is needed in order to determine andevaluate whether the action-reflection processcan aid in accomplishing this.

ln the case of travel seminar participants, theoverwhelming result has been the transformationin thinking which results in positive actiontoward change. Can this same process work inaiding indigenous people to maintain theiridentity and in preserving their culture? Theaction-reflection method is proposed as a step inthat direction.

ADAPTING THE MODEL TO PRESER~NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE,

This paper proposes that an indigenous peoplesuch as a Native American tribe, for exainple, set

Heritage Interpretation 1uteraattola3

up an action-reflection process which wouldenable participants from outside the culture toexperience life among native peoples. Theprogram would be entirely planned, organized,adininistered and carried out by the NativeAmerican group or tribe spceisoring the seminar.Perhaps the technicalities of attractingparticipants codd be handled in parfnershipwith a non-nahve group, however. Immersionexperiences, dialogues, visits in family groups,and any other activities would be arranged bythe tribe, though.

If the hypothesis it correct � that after completionof an action-reflection experience participantsundergo a transforination � then projects of thistype among indigenous people, would beworthwhile. Ideally, as groups of people participants! view tribal life from a NativeAmerican perspective, they will be empowered toreturn horne to work toward justice andharmony on behalf of those they have visited.

CONCLUSION

This paper raises more questions than it answers,However, the fragile nature of many indigenouscultures makes it iinperative to seek viablemethods of preservation and interpretation. TheCircle of Praxis process can be an appropriatealternative tourism technique to use inpreserving cultural heritage. It can also aid infostering understanding between peoples afdiffering realities. The process can begin to makelinks between cultures, thereby affirmin andenhancing the uniqueness and diversity of us all.

REFERENCES

Evans, Robert A. and Hajek, Nancy C, 1987.Traveling for Transforniation. Pedagogics for theNon-Poor. MaryknoIL New York

arriere, Paula. 1990 Pedagogy of the Oppressed.Continuum New York.

Spencer, DanieL 1989, Experiential Education: AMethod for Transformation and Liberation.Global Perspectives 7 I/2!;8-10.

prooaiidfugs � Tbtrd Global Congress, Honolulu, HaitiaU. s st 14ovembsr 1991

Tourism development Issues andquality of life: tourism carryirigcapacity and tourism iifewycle

Bonnie S. Martin and Msmffer QysrrfDept of Parks, Recreation and Tourism

ManagementClem son UniversityCleinson, South Carolina 29634-100S USAPhone: 803! 656-3400FAX 803! 656-2226

Lung D. G¹stkeDepartment of Parks, Recreation and Tourism

ManagementNorth Carolina State UniversityBox 8004, Raleigh, NC 2,7695-8004 USAPhone: 9 I 9! 515-3276FAX: 9I9! 5I5-7231

lNTRODUCI1ON

Increased economic opportunities that resultfrom tourism can enhance the quality of life ofthe residents of a destination area. Conversely,negative social, psychological, and environinentalconsequences can occur which lower touristssatisfaction with their experiences and theresidents satisfaction with the quality of life intheir community or region.

The objective of this conceptual paper is topropose a synergistic relationship between theconcepts of a "tourism life-cycle" and "tourismcarrying capacity." The usefulness of each fordeveloping tourism policy and managementstrategies to ameliorate the negative impacts oftourism is also proposed.

TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY ANDLIFE-CYCLE

The concept of a tourist destination having acarrying capacity embodies the assumption thatsooner or later a threshold is reached after whicha tourist destination is perceived to decline indesirability. In other words, tourists visiting in

sufficient numbers will destroy what they cometo see Cooke 1982, Getz 1983!,

Carrying capacity is defined by Hovinen �982!as the maxirnuin number of visitors that can beaccornm oda ted without causing excessiveenvironmental deterioration and without leadingto a decline in visitor satisfaction. O'Reilly �986!considers carrying capacity to be the capacity of adestination. to absorb tourism before negativeiinpacts are felt by the host population. Thissuggests that carrying capacity is dependentupon a level of activity at which the hostpopulation of an area becomes intolerant of thepresence of tourists.

A similar assuinption is associated with theconcept of tourism life-cycle. The idea was firstconceived by Christaller �963! who purports thattourist areas follow a relatively consistent processof evolution from discovery, through growth,maturation and to decline Meyer-Arendt 1985!.Butler �980! contends that tourist areas- gothrough six stages which include exploration,involvement, development, consolidation,stagnation, and decline. ln a slightly inodifiedconceptualization, Crompton and Hensarling�978! refer to the tourisin Iife~cle stages asintroduction, takeoff, maturity, and decline. Thedecline stage is often averted by a stage referredto as an extension stage. If extension does notoccur, the death stage is the next step which maylead to a petrification stage, Plog �974! visualizesthe tourism life-cycle as:

... a destination moving across a spectrum,however gradually or slowly, but far toooften inexorably, toward the potential of itsown demise. Destination areas carry withthem the potential seeds of their owndest'ruction, and lose the qualities whichoriginally attracted tourists.

The concept of a tourism life-cycle suggests thatchanges occur in the physical environment overtime. Changes also occur in the attitudes of hostsas a destination evolves, and changes occur inthe attitudes of hosts as the nuinber of touristsincrease. By applying the Iifewycle concept,carrying capacity might be redefined as thenumber of visitors that an area can accommodatebefore negative impact occurs, either to thephysical environment, the psychological attitude

of the tourists relative to their experiences, or thesocial acceptance of tourLsts by their hosts.

Physical carrying capacity will be reached whenthe actual physical limitations of the area arereached, when no additional persons can beaccommodated. and the environment begins todeteriorate. Psychological carrying capacity willbe exceeded when tourists are no longercomfortable m the destination area because ofcrowding, or physical deterioration of theenvironment. Social carrying capacity will bereached when the local residents do not wantmore tourists because they are being crowdedout of activities and the toutists are changing orimpacting the host culture and its life style.

It is impossible to determine carrying capacityoutside the context of the position of a touristdestination and its life-cycle. '&e carryingcapacity for a destination area will be differentfor each stage of the Iifewycle. For instance, inthe Exploration Stage the social carrying capacitymight be nearly infinite because a lack offaciTities will allow few tourists to beaccommodated. In this situation infrastructureand physical limiting factors may influencetourist experiences and opportunities.

At the other end of the life cycle is theStagnation Stage in which facility andinlrastructure development has reached its peakand large numbers of tourists can beaccommodated, however, the host communityand the citizens are showing antagonismtoward the tourists. Carrying capacity may bedetermined by a combination of physical, social,psychological and social factors.

TOURISM POLICY AND MANAGEMENTlM PLICA'ITONS

Understanding the concept of life-cyde and itsinterrelationship with the concept of carryingcapacity is important to managers andadministrators who establish tourism policy anddevelop plans for destination areas. Only bydetermining the stage or position of a destinationor an area in its life-cycle and utilizing thatinformation to develop an optimal carryingcapacity can the future of the destination and the

Herttale laterpretatton International

area be adequately managed. If a policy based onthis understanding is implemented early in thelife-cycle of the development of a tourism area,the negahve impacts which lead to a decline ofthe destination might be avoided. If as frequentlyhappens, a destination area reaches the declinestage before the formulation of an effective policythen, "the formulation of public policy can serveto prioritize goals associated with revitalization aswell as to address potential benefits and costsassociated with each of its stages. Policy furtherintegrates the interests and concerns of bothpublic and private sector organizations Richardson 1986! ' The policy can providesupport and reinforce the necessary managementactions which are required to maintain a qualityexperience for tourists and to insure a highquality of life for the host community.

Different actions supported by a strong tourismpolicy may be appropriate at different stages ofthe tourism life-cycle. At the Exploration Stagethe policy makers need to determine the type oftourism desired and the level of developmentacceptable to the local residents At this stage,which is a precursor to the development oftourism, an environmental unpact assessmentshould be conducted Holder 1988! and an in-depth market analysis conducted Reime andHa wkins 1979!.

During the Growth Stage training programs forthose employed in the industry shouid beimplemented. The general attitude of the localpopulation during this stage is usually favorabletoward tourism; therefore, it would beappropriate to encourage learning more aboutthe industry and acquiring the skills necessary toinsure the industry is successful, Zoning andconstruction laws which will control and monitorgrowth should be implemented during this stageto insure that potential future negative impactsare ameliorated. At this stage it is also importantto insure that local investors and entrepreneursbecome involved in the development process toinsure that the maximum economic benefits areacquired by the local business community, ratherthan the economic reward being taken away byabsentee owners and outside investors.

During the Maturity Stage the formulation ofpolicy is critical. The tourism policy in effect

Martin, Uysal and Gust>

Proossittngs � ~trit Global Congress, Honolulu. Hswnlt, a-rr November 1 a91

REFERENCES

CONCLUSIONS

Tourism development issuer and qrarfity vf life: carrying cafsacify and tourism life-cycle

during this stage should facilitate themaintenance of the current situation. Policymakers and rnahagers should insure that thelocal citizens are aware of the value and impactof tourism during this stage. Specific plans whichanticipate the physical and environmentalnegative impacts of tourism should be developedand action plans implemented to insure amaintenance of the destinations infrastructureand environmental resources.

Tourism policy during the Decline Stage shouldidentify the current status of the industry andmaking a conscious decision as to the desirabilityor value of restoring or rejuvenating a tourismdestination to make it more attractive to tourists.It is possible that another industry is inoredesirable than tourism. If restoration is desirable,then the appropriate policies need to beimplemented to insure the success of therestorahon effort.

In order to maintain and provide adequatetourism services and to enhance the quality oflife both for tourists and local residents, thesynergistic relationship between carrying capacityand the tourism life-cycle should be the concernof tourism planners, promoters, and policymakers. The successful development andmanagement of tourism destinations require thedevelopment of a perspective which recognizesthat the quality of life enjoyed by the hostpopulation and the tourist are interrelated,

An understanding of the Ufe-cycle concept andits relationship to carrying capacity are integral totourism development and management. AsCrompton and Hensarling �978! point out: "Themanagement of change is the responsibility of aUmanagers.' The value of the Iife~ycle concept isthat it gives managers insight into the directionin which change may I'oUow. When changes canbe anticipated or predicted, plans can beformulated to manage and control both thepositive and negative impacts of the change. Theresult of anticipating and managing change ls theenhancement of the quality of Ufe for bothtourists and their hosts.

Hutler, R, W. 1980, "The Concept of a TouristArea Cycle of Evolution: Implication forManagement of Resource.' La GeographicCanadian 24�9!:5-12.

Cooke, K, 1982. "Guidelines for SociallyAppropriate Tourism Development in BritishColumbia." Journal of Travel Research Zl I!:~D.

Crompton, J L and Hensarling, D. M. 1978."Some Suggested Implications of the Product Life-Cycle for Public Recreation and Park AgencyManagers.' Leisure Sciences 1�!:295-307.

Croinpton, J. L., Reid, I. S, and Uysal, M 1987,"Empirical Identification of Product Life-CyclePatterns in the Delivery of Municipal Park andRecreation Services.' Journal of Park andRecreation Administration 5�!:17-34.

Cetz, D. 1983, "Capacity to Absorb TourismConcepts and Implications for StrategicPlanning," Annals of Tourism Research 7.21-32.

Holder, J. S, 1988. 'Pattern and Impact ofTourism on the Environment of the Caribbean."Tourism Management 16�!:119-127.

Hovinen, G. R. 1982. "Visitor Cycles - Outlook forTourism in Lancaster County," Annals of TourismResearch 9�!:119-127

Meyer-Arendt, K. J, 1985. The Grand isle,Louisiana Resort Cycle,' Annals of TourisinResearch 12-.449~5.

Q'RerUy, A. M. 1986. Tourism Carrying CapacityConcept and Issues." Tourism Management7�!: 254-258.

Plog, S C, 1974. "Why Destination Ares Rise andFaU m Popularity.' CorneU Hotel and RestauraritAdministration Quarterly 14�!:55-58,

Reime, M. and Hawkins, C. 1979. 'TourismDevelopment: A Model for Growth." The CorneUH.ILA. Quarterly May 1979!:67-74.

Heritage Interpretation internatioaLKt

Richardson�S. L 1%6. 'A Product Life Cycleapproach to Urban Waterfronts: TheRevitalization of Galveston,"Coastal ZosMhAanagement Journal 14 i/2!.24-46.

Christaller, W. 196K "Some Considerations ofTourism Location in Europe: The PeripheralRegions - Underdeveloped Countries - RecreationAreas, Regional Science Association Papers, XII,Land Congress.

Proosedtnfta � Tbtrd Global Congress, Honolulu, Ham'aL 8-8 November 1991

TOuriSm impact Orl ASian RhinoS,Part I: funding and staffing tourismimpact research through donorparticipation

Michael C, MccoyResearch Expeditions International26738 Road 34Winters, CA 95694 USAPhone: 9I 6! 795-2801FAX 916! 795-280I

Dale F. LottUniversity of California, DavisDepartment of Wildlife and Fisheries BiologyDavis, CA 95616 USAPhone: 916! 752-7641

INTRODUCTION

Parhcipatory Research is the name given toresearch conducted by a professional principalinVeStlgator aSsisted by cO-inVestigatorS WhO arelay persons contributmg their time and theirmoney to the research project. Suchinvestigations are carried out worldwide on asmall scale. Earth Watch, the SlnithsonianInstitute, University Research Expeditions andthe Oceardc Society are the leading providers ofthese opportunities, Research ExpeditionsInternational is a firm specializing in supportingother non-profit institutions that wish to enterthe fiekl of participatory research.

The elements required for a financially,SCientiflCaUy and perSonally SuCCesSfulparticipatory research project are many. It is notunlike Lao Tzu's myriad creatures. The elementstake many forms but they all have the sainesource. Integrity, knowledge, preparatio~ andplanning are the parents of success.

PROJECT SELECTION CHARACTERISTICS OFA SUCCESSFUL PROJECT

Perceived value. Participant-Donors are like anyfunding agency. They want to believe in theworth of a project before they will put their time

and their money behind it. It is important todearly draw a link between proposed researchand conservation values.

Expectation of Contribution, enjoyment andlearning. interviews with participants fromparticipatory research programs indicates thatwhat attracts them most to a program are theexpectations that they will personally make acontribution through their labor, Participantswant to have a good time too. Considerationmust be given to the qualities of the research siteand the availability of other activities.Participants want to leam. Because of the specialcharacteristics of this specialized audience,learning is important.

A good project should require simple, repeatedtasks for participants, Safe and reasonablecomfortable working conditions are a must. Theproject must have a pattern of work that requiresa reasonable schedule of work time and leisuretime. The basic amenities available to participantsmay range widely but the fundamental provisionof good food, high sardtation values andreasonable sleeping accommodahons must bepossible.

PROJECT DESIGN AND RESEARCH DESIGN

All of the lnarketing, financing and managementwisdom in the wor'ld is worth nothing if thescientific principles regarding sound researchdesign are not followed The principalinvestigator on every project must beprofessionally qualified to conduct the studybeing proposed. For a further treatlnent of this,see the companion to this paper Toarisni Impacton Asian Nn'nos, Part Jf in these proceedings byI.ott and McCoy!

PROGRAM DESIGN

Duration. The length of a project will be dictatedby the needs of the research design. Mostparticipants can only give between one and threeweeks of their time to a project. This may cause aconflict between the time available and the timelleeded to gather data. One useful solution is tocreate multiple sessions or progratlis to support asin gle project.

TARGET AUDIENCE

PROJECTING INCOME

MARKETING VEHICLES

Dates. The dates of a program must be consistentwith the projects research objectives. Within theconstraints of the research objectives the nextmost important timing conditions are localweather and marketing. July and August remainthe most popular months for travel in NorthAmerica but cost savings incentives can offsetthis attraction.

PROJECT FINANCE 8c ESTIMATING COSTS

The age old rule applies here. List every expenseyou can imagine, then add about 2D% for thoseyou can't imagine. The unexpected is to beexpected when you are undertaking a one-of-a-kind project with strangers m the wilds.

Participant Fees. An important test of thefeasibility of a participatory research project is toconsider whether the income wHI support thecosts if the fees are set to be no more than 25%higher than the fees of a commercial trip ofsiinilar length to a similar destination In the USAparticipants are aUowed to deduct most or aHcosts associated with their voluntary participationin the research projects of certified non-profitorganizations. This allows the researcher someroom to "compete" for the participant's doHar andstilt have enough money to pay for research,

Other Sources of Funds. Park concessionaires,airlines and tourist ministries are the three bestbets for additional funding. Coricessionaires havea lot to lose or gain, according to the quality andimpact of the tourist experience. They might nothave cash to contribute but reduced or freeservices and accoinmodations be may worth justas much to a project's finances. Airlines mightnot make cash contributions but generousmarketing or override considerations may begranted a project that studies an airline'simportant tourist destinations, Tourist ministriesmight be least able to help with cash but theycan reduce costs by providing «U kinds ofassistance.

Heritage Interpretation Interuatioaal

PROJECT MARKETIN~LARITY, ACCURACYAND HONESTY

There is nothing worse than being in the Beldwith people who thought the experience wasgoing to be other than what it is. Do everyone afavor, Ie clear. Tell the truth and let theprospective participant decide.

The audience for each program wiH differ butsome generalizations hold for aH, The age ofparticipants will be bi-modaHy split with 70%being from 50-65 years and 30% being 30-35.Sixty percent will be women Almost aU wiH bewell educated professional people of reasonableaffluence. Many will have some affinity with theobject of your study.

Personal contact will inake sales. People youknow today are exceUent potential participants.Another exceHent source is people yourinstitution already cornmunicates with throughnewsletters or other networks. Direct inail can bea very effective vehicle. Specialty travelcompanies and other organizations, such asResearch Expeditions International, maintainlarge lists of interested individuals built slowlyover years of national advertising, Programs thatrequire more extensive marketing wiH benefitfrom participation of such firms. News releasesand advertising round out the potentialmarketing mix.

PROJ ECT OPERATION � QUALIFYINGAPPLICANTS

Generally, no specific skills should be required ofvolunteers. The ability to carry out the basic tasksof the project is the main consideration. Otherconsiderations include health, tempera inent andexperience with travel and the conditions thatwill prevail at the research site.

273~seedin~Thtrd Global Congreea, Honolulu, Hawaii, 8-B November 1091

ORIENTING PARTICIPANTS

CONCLUSION

SITE MANAGEMENT

COMMUNICATIONS

Tourism impact ori Asian Rhinos, Part I: funding arid staffiag tourism impact research

It is very important to clearly spell out the detailsof the project before departure to the researchsite. It is equally important to do that againimmediately upon arrival at the site. The worktone must be set early and that focus must bemaintained throughout the project.

TRAVEL ASSISTANCE TO PARTICIPANTS

The amount of assistance projects giveparticipants varies widely from fuII departure toreturn escorting to meeting and greeting at thesite only. This provision varies with the goaLsand complexity of the project, the financepatterns and the difficulty in traveling to theresearch site. The more support you can giveparticipants the better and more relaxed the teamyou will have,

It takes a great deal of interpersonal skill tomanage a group of 10-15 people who are amongstrangers and doing unfamiliar tasks m anunfamiliar place. A great deal of personal energymust be expended by the research principals inorder to orient, integrate, support and managethe participant team. It is advisable to have onequalified professional member of the project staffdevote the majority of his of her time solely tothe task of supporting and organizingparticipants.

Communication with participants, site managers,park personnel and others requires full-timeattention. On site facilities for producing writtenschedules, research protocol corrections, contractchange orders must be available. Bring carbonpaper if no other tools are available

DISSEMINATINC RESULTS TO PARTICIPANTS

The participants should be the first to know,Keep them informed on data analysis after they

have returned home. Make sure they get thepublication of your results along with a kindthank you letter, Disseminate your results at HII.If you start today you should have a completedproject in time for the 1994 HII Congress.

Participatory research can be a valuable andrewarding avenue to scientific research andpublic education. Careful attention should bepaid to professional standards in every part ofthe process from research design to marketingand management services. Professional assistanceis available to those individuals, agencies andinstitutions who do not have the fuII range ofresources necessary to fuBy carry out projects ontheir own.

274Heritage interpretation Iuteraattaisat

Realities - illusions - and a time toparty

Pat McC¹skerNational Parks k Wildlife ServiceOffice of Public Works51 St, Stephen's GreenDublin 2, IrelandPhone: 01-6I3I II, crt, 2123FAX: OI-I0747

I would like to talk about a nuinber of realities,and attempt to sweep away some illusions, If weare to be significant in the conservation of Naturewe must first stop deluding ourselves, We are riotwinning the conservation battle,

True, we can point to a number of skirmishesthat we Iravewon: The Bengal TIger Project,Whooping Cranes, Arabian Orynx, the NeneGoose of Hawaii. But finally these battles areonly skirmishes. The real battle is not forswainplands, it is not for Indian Rhino, it is noteven for Ozone. If world conservation is tosucceed it must be fought For in the ininds ofpeople. All of us can produce statistics on thescale of disappearance of species. We can arguethe magnitude of such figures but we cannotargue the fact that more and more wild creaturesFmd it impossible to share this planet with us.

Clearly we have a problem. The question is why?In large measure the answer falls into threeareas: I! The Reality of Business, �! Populationgrowth, and �! Poverty on a huge scale, AIIthree are intertwined, This short paper can onlyattempt to address one of the~that of TheWorld of Business.

At the interface between Business and Nature,Nature loses, It loses because we want thingscheaply. Part of the cost of your car is in theporn of the sky and in the missing plankton ofthe sea. Industrialists have hijacked themechanisms by whkh we used to function onthis planet. The umbiTical cord between us andcontact with Nature has been cut by the sharpedge of economic arguments, So the questionarises where do we go from here?

We have one quality to our advantage � ourability to reflect. Whales and condors doimpre~nd we respond with a lurchingreaction that something should be done to savesuch fine creatures. If we believe in the evolutionof things, then aII are related: Howler Monkeys,Tree-snails and Man. Together we are part of thegreat adventure of Existence itself. There shouldbe no room for discussion on the "usefulness" orthe "beauty" of any creature. AB are family. Allare beautiful. It is from this position thatconservation must flow. Economic andpharmacological arguments of the importance ofgene banks are not the basis to win the hearts ofpeople, Such arguinents would not protect thebroad and deep roar of most of creation. Setterthat we see it as a beautiful and very ancientsong. When each of us can hear that song thenthe 'cost of things' and the 'freedom' which wenow give to Industry will be judged in a newlight. When that happens politicians will add thisnew thinking to their scales and adjust policies tothe new needs. That is how we go forward forthe conservation of Nature.

HOW DO WE START ON THE ROAD TO THISM ATUFZPi'?

We need to carefully plan and organize for aseries ot World Events to celebrate Nature. Weneed events of significance � at a significant time.What better time than the year 2000? That year,above aU others, will be a powerful psychologicalwatershed in which to reflect on the way we liveour lives. That threshold into the next 10DO yearswould be the very best of time to win realchange,

Durmg such a year we would attempt to meetlife afresh and embrace it anew. We wouldconfront Nature in its joy and Courage andBeauty � and fmally in its unknowable mystery.boost importantly we must again discover thatwe too are part of Nature and not set apart tromit. We must discover that man and his basket ofneeds and dreams and ambitions are in the endpart of this great streain of life. How can wehope to win understanding for Nature if we failto realize that hummingbirds and small boystogether dance in the same sunlight? If we fail tomake that connection then we will riot win theconservation issu e.

275ProoewUuga � Thirst Global Corigrees. Honolulu, HrLiaali, $-$ November 1991

THE EARTH CHARTER

Realities - illiuions - arid a tirrre to party

What I am presenting here is the genesis of anidea and no inore. Details of what might happenat such a time is not for a short paper as this.Such would grow out of meetings between manypeople. What would need to be done is toexplore this idea further and to establish aframework of procedure. This in turn to lead to acoordinating agency to put in motion the broadprograrnrne of events, I expect that this agencywould best be placed under, and financed by,the I.U.C.N.

The worldwide National Park movement couldbe important in all of this, During this proposedyear if we were to harness the NationalParks � as one voice � we could do great things.We could use our parks not just as windowsonto the beauty of Nature but also asphilosopher stones to win hearts to conservation.

In 199?� in Brazil, The United Nations Conferenceon Environment and Developinent will takeplace. At that conference it is proposed that anEarth Charter will be brought into existence.Such a Charter will set out a code of conduct onthe relationship of Industry towards Nature. ThisCharter, stiB in its infancy, is a marvelous andbrave undertaking. However, it has stackedagainst it a mountain of political inertia whichmust be removed if the Charter is to succeed.

There are few Mahatma Gandi's in the world.Where we lack statesmen we have politiciansPoliticians have one peat skill. They are acutelytuned to the real, as distinct from the expressed,wishes of the public, Politicians will not, indeedoriirrot attempt to lead where people do not wishto go. The political cost would simply beunsustainable. Therefore the politician neetfs help,He needs a signal that conservation is now a realissue. He needs that if we hope to escape fromthe paralysis that is preventing the creation oftough legislation to force wiser ethics in Businessbehaviour. My proposal here would go some ofthe distance m this regard.

ln the year 2000 the "Earth Charter" could bepresented afresh � this time to the "People of theWorld". Countries that had not done so would be

invited to ratify this charter as part of the finalceremonies. Indeed, the presentation to theworld of the "Earth Charter" should be the highpoint of the year's events.

That is my simple proposal, I would urge thatthis idea be taken further.

276Heritage IrLterprstatiou 1uterriattcmal

Yosemite: a case study in buildingpartnerships for interpretation,preSertfatlorl, and the travelindustry

Leonard W. McKenzieNational Park Service, Yosemite National ParkP. O. Box S77, Yosemite, CA 953119 USAPhone: �09! 372-0290 or 372-0291FAX: �09! 372-0458

Human partnerships are as old as humanityitself. They date back to the moment two or morepeople learned they could accomplish somethingtogether � or perhaps do it more easily,effectively, or efficiently � than either cauldindependently. Over time partnerships haveevolved into a multitude of forms, eachrepresenting an agreement or contract thatembodies the terms, conditions, and expectationsof a relationship between two or more parties.

Each of us participates in partnerships; they areintrinsic to society. Likewise, the organizationswe represent are interconnected through avariety of instruments with many other entitiesthat help us carry out our respechve missions.Yet, while the term "partnership' is now a buzz-word, at least in governmental agencies in theUnited States, the untapped potential ofpublicjprivate-sector and interagencypartnerships is still enormous. Capitalizing onthat potential can bring significant benefits toyour entire operation, particularly ininterpretation and resources management,

YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK

In Yosemite National Park the U. S, NationalPark Service, charged with the mandate topreserve and manage the park's natural andcultural resaurces for public use and enjoyment,has recently begun to build on a long tradition ofpartnerships. In fact, participation in partnershipsto promote the park's interests is now a de6ned,continuing goaL Budget, staffing, and housingshortfalls, coupled with a plethora of capital andoperational needs and the concomitant interest of

other organizations in helping us meet thoseneeds, have led us to expand and strengthen ourarena of partnerships. The realities of increasingausterity underscore the emerging importance ofother sources of support for and involvement inpark programs. They offer a viable avenue toresource restoration and enhanced protection,rehabilitation and improvement of facilities, andexpanded research, interpretation, andenvironmental education.

Yosemite National Park, established by an act ofthe U. S, Congress in 1890, embraces 1,169 squaremiles �02�931 hectares! of eastern California'scentral Sierra Nevada. Ranging in elevation fromabout 2,000 feet �10 meters! to 13,114-foot �,997-meter! Mt. Lyelf on the park's eastern boundary,Yosemite displays a dramatic, breathtakinggranitic landscape. Its distinctive scenery is amosaic of plunging waterfalls, towering cliffs,rounded domes, sculptured peaks and canyons,shimmering lakes and rollicking streams, forestsand wildflower-dappled meadows, and threegroves of giant sequoias. Black bears, tnule deer.coyotes, several species of rodents, and 242species of birds are among this preserve's diversearray of wildlife

The park's centerpiece is Yosemite Valley, sevensquare miles about 1~ hectares! encompassedby Half Dome, Yosemite's hallmark; sheer BCapitan, the rockclimbers' mecca; Glacier Point,which offers one of the grandest views in theworld; and Yosemite and Bridalveil falls, amongother prominent features. The flat valley floorsupports most of the park's development,including campgrounds, lodging, stares, giftshops, and park administrative and rnamtenancefacilities.

This combination of features and the myriad ofactivities they afford, along with more than acentury of promotion and development to luretravelers, have made Yosemite a populardestination attractio~. Its proximity to SanFrancisco, Los Angeles, and the Central Valley ofCalifornia put it within easy driving distance formillions of Cabfornians, and its global renowndraws hundreds of thousands of foreign visitors.It is accessible year-round. Consequently,visitation has skyrocketed. In 1989 visitationexceeded 3.4 million. It dropped ta about 3.2million visits last year when major fves duringthe peak month of August necessita.ted closing

Proamadfuge � Third Global Cougraee, Horiotutu, Hyatt, S-a November 1991

PARTNERSHIPS

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES

the park for IO days. This year total visitation of33 million or more appears likely. Moreover,visitor use, once largely confined to the summermonths, has increased substantially in the otherthree seasons of the year, especially the shouldermonths of spring and falL Activities are also nowmore diversified, further increasing thechallenges and complexities of visitor-usemana gem ent.

The escalation of visitation has, of course,subjected the park s resources to increased stress,impact, and degradation. Traffic congestion,trampling, soil compaction, streambank erosion,increased litter, altered wildlife behavior,inappropriate recreational activities, and noise areamong a litany ot internal pressures on resourcevalues. Even more insidious, though, areincursions from outside the park's boundariesthat put its resource integrity at risk Globalwarming, ozone depletion, tropical deforestationthat affects migratory bird populations, explosivepopulation growth in California, weathermodification that began last year lust west of thepark, development and consumptive resourceuses around the parks periphery � these issuesare perhaps more problematic and vexing, andthey' re beyond our controL

The complexities of managing an area where thedilemmas of balancing resource preservation withvisitor use are intensely acute are magnified bythe public microscope under which we operate.Yosemite is truly special to its broadconstituency, thousands of whom return to thepark frequently to experience again its magicalqualities. It is a high-profile park that receivesmuch media attention, Special-interest groups,particularly the major environmentalorganizations, keep us under constant scrutinyand are not reluctant to take us to task for anyproposal or action they consider questionable,This combination of factors demands the mostsensitive, dynamic, visionary managementstrategies we can formulate, and it heightens therole of partnerships m meeting these challenges.

Yoseniite: a oase study in building partners»ps

Contracts with park concessionaires, notably theYosemite Park and Curry Co. and the An»elAdams Gallery, are among our oldestpartnerships. Concessionaires � privately ownedcompanies � prov ide a variety of visitor services,including bus and tram tours, camera walks, andevening programs that augment our schedule ofinterpretiv e services. YPkCCo.'s pioneeringrecycling program launched m the mid-1970s atits own initiative, helped reduce litter andincrease resource recovery.

More recently the Vow Chemical Company andHuntsman Chemicai Corporation initiated arecycling program that broadens the CurryCompany's efforts. Funded jointly by these twocorporations- the program promotes plasticsrecovery, along with glass and aluminum, andmakes recycling snore convenient for visitors,Recycling containers have been installed incampgrounds and picnic areas and along road»throughout the park, A local contractor picks uptheir contents, sorts the materials, and takes themto a nearby distributor. Dow'~nd our � goal isto develop a self-sustaining recyclinginfrastructure in local communities and to to»tera recycling ethic that visitors can take home,

Through the nonprofit Yosemite Fund, charteredin 1985 to undertake private-sector fundraisingfor the park, a number of other corporations andthousands of individuals have donated giftsranging from $1.00 to more than $600,000. Thissupport has enabled us to pursue projects thatotherwise would not have been tinanciallyachievable, Sizable gifts from Chevron USA,Exxon, Wells Fargo Bank, Union Bank,Transamerica Corporation, and others havefunded oak woodland and meadow restorationprojects, museum development, trailreconstruction bighorn sheep introduction,peregrine falcon recovery, great gray owlresearch, Merced River restoration, and a score otother projects. The East Bay Chapter of the Fund San Francisco Bay Area! has adopted as itsproject the restoration of the Happy Isles area inYosemite Valley To date the chapter has raisedmore than $125+00 to fund development ofwheelchair-accessible hails, revegetation, andrehabilitation of a nature center.

Heritage interpretation Iaternattottak

Two other nonprofits, the Yosemite Associationand the Yosemite Institute, have cooperativeagreements with the National Park Service toprovide services that principally support theparks interpretive program. Like othercooperation associations, the YosemiteAssociation, established in 1925, publishes andsells relevant educational literature in park visitorcenters and information outlets. It also offers anextensive array of seminars and field trips,sponsors performing and film arts presentationsunder the banner of Yosemite Theater, operatesOstrander Iake Ski Hut, and offers art classesconducted by professional artists at the ArtActivity Center in the valley. Yosemite Institute,founded 20 years ago, brings school groups,primarily high school classes, to the park for aweek of field-oriented environmental education.

Environmental education took a new turn for usin 1988 when we developed a teacher internprogram in collaboration with the Los AngelesUnified School District and Calfornia StateUniversity, Los Angeles. In this program selectedteachers spend about six weeks in the parkdeveloping lesson plans and cumculum materiaLsthat LAUSD makes avaBable to teachers onrequest for the cost of copying. A collection ofselected lesson plans targeted or the primaryand middle grades wiII soon be published by theYosemite Association.

The Sierra Club has played a role inenvironmental education in Yosemite since theearly 1900s, Field trips for club members andpublic programs at LeConte Memorial Lodge inYosemite Valley continue to add a dimension ofenrichment and understanding to participants'park experiences,

Interpretation tlu ough audiovisual media hasbeen supported for 20 years by the EastmanKodak Company. Eastman Kodak has producedfour editions of an orientation slide programshown daily in the Yosemite Valley VisitorCenter, and every summer EKC assigns photospecialists to the park to conduct camera walksand present evening programs on photographingYosemite.

More recently we entered into an agreementwith a private production com pany to produce a

large-format film to be shown in a theater thatthey wiII develop by remodeling an existingauditorium. The project is still in an embryonicstage, but it promises to add a dramatic visualdimension and an exciting interpretiveexperience to the park program.

Our International Parks Program is yet anotherform of partnership, this one with theQueensland National Parks and Wildlife Service.Since 1972, 13 individuals from other nationshave worked in Yosemite and five Yosemiterangers have worked in Australia in an informalranger exchange program, all on a volunteerbasis at their own expense or with nominalfunding support. These assignments enableparticipants to learn from first-hand experiencehow other park systems are managed, toexchange information on pertinent operationsand issues, to apply new information to theirown operations, and to develop professionalskills and networks. Additional informatkon isavailable in a separate handout,

This synopsis does not address the partnershipswe have with other government agencies, othercontractors, or, for that matter, within our owrtorganization, All of them are instrumental indetermming how effectively we carry out ourmission, In a sense, partnerships are a state ofmind, a realization that by working cooperativelywith others, we will more effectively achieve ourgoals and priorities and can extend our reach.They are a catalyst to accomplishment,

However, in establishing partnerships,particularly with entities whose usual rules ofconduct or scope of activities are dissimilar fromours, it is imperative that we maintain the uppershand. In these partnerships we are the seniorpartner. It is incumbent on us to assure qualitycontrol and to ensure that the end results aretasteful, appropriate, congruent with ourphilosophy and management policies, and helpmeet our goals.

It is also important to remember that it is a giveand-take relationship. If we want otherorganization.s to offer a helping hand, we have toexpect to give something in return. Tastefulacknowledgment of the gift is almost alwayswarranted, and the use of corporate logos 1st the

prooaerttugs � Thttrt Goal Cougreaa, Honolulu, Hasratt, g-8 Hovamber 1QQ1

acknowledgment s! is acceptable. ln my opinionyou are not "selling out' your principles or ethicswith such a concession. Promoting the company,its products, or its services, however, would bebeyond the bounds of propriety,

For Yosemite, partnerships make sense, andassuming they are entered into selectively andmanaged adroitly, they should make sense foryou as weU. They can be synergLstic andempower you to achieve more with less. Mostimportant, in this era of shrinking budgets andan austere economy, they can enable you tofulfill your misrion more effectively, innovatively,and completely. For us they offer a brighter,more promising, and more exciting future forYosemite National Park.

Yosemite: a aase stay in building partner@hips

INTRODUCfION

Archeology and tourism:cornmunlcatlon arid cooperation

Frrrrtcis P. McMiariarrrowDepartmental Consulting ArcheologistNational Park ServiceP,O. Box 37127Washington, DC 20013 USAPhone: 202.-343-4101FAX: 202-5&~-1547

Archeological preservation through better publicunderstanding of archeological interpretation andthe fragility of archeological resources will beenhanced greatly when more people are exposed.to legitimate arch eological investiga hons.Archaeologists are beginnin.g to open theirinvestigations to the public through publicpresentations, site visits, and popular articles, butmore can be done. One area with good promiselies in the irnprovernent of ties with the traveland tourism industry. The kinds of publicparticipation activities possible range from visitsto sites with good quality interpretation, to visitsto excavations in progress, to opportunities toparticipate in excavations. One of theprerequisites for these improvements to occur isthe increase in communication between thearcheological profession and the tourism industryto provide for a more direct and accurateexchange of information

OPPORTUI~ES AND PITFALLS

In 1984, Lester Borley, Director of the NationalTi'ust for Scotland, noted in an address, to theFirst World Conference on Cultural Parks that atension exists between tourism and culturalheritage. Borley characterized the tension as"creative" and tourism as presenting both apotential problem and a potential opportunity forcuhural resource enhancement Borley 1989!.Other First World Conference speakers, frommany countries, discussed tourism and culturalheritage froin their own experiences andperspectives. Several common conclusionsemerged from the presentations and discussions:

Heritage later praiatiou Intertiat4maI

~ the development of tourism facilities shouldnot disrupt the lives and cultures of nativepopulations and local residents;

~ careful planning is needed to protect thevisual integrity of historic places and sites tominimize the impact of tourist facilities andpiograins;

~ there must be limits placed on the damage tocultural resources, in fact, these resourcesmust be protected from any 'consumptive"use, and

~ any tourism must benefit local residents andenhance the quality of local life.

The reasonableness, not to mention thefeasibility, of these points are likely to beendlessly discussed between tourism experts andcultural resource mana gers, The participants ofthe World Conference elt that a justifiablebalance could usuaUy be struck betweenpreservation and tourism. Essential to thisbalance was early communication and accurateinformation upon which to base decisions,

Communication is the theme of this article; thereexist quite a lot of mformation about archeologythat is available for use in developingarcheological tourism These sources wiII bedescribed below. It is important to move beyondsuch a simple listing, however, to begin toestablish means for tourism experts, planners,and firms offering tours communicate effectivelywith archaeologists, and vice versa.

First though, why should tourism specialistswant to communicate with archaeologists? Thetravelling public, in what may be expandingnumbers, are interested in knowing about andvisiting archeological sites, This public isinterested in seeing and learning about genuirLearcheology. No one is content knowingly to viewfrauds and receive fraudulent interpretations. T~the extent that archaeologists are willing todeliver their interpretations in understancLibleways, they can provide the keys to greater layunderstanding of the archeological past.

It is particularly important, therefore, thatarchaeologists also learn what travel experts rse~in order to include archeological sites andactivities in tours. Archeology needs m ore ptxblqcawareness and understanding to Aourish.Visiting sites, even participating in excavatiorts c rlaboratory work, provides excellent means of

Proooadia~Third Glotial Coatp'aaa, Hoaotiitu, Hawat}, 3% November 1991

VISITING ARCHEOLOGY

enhancing public understanding of archeologyand more opportunities to increase thepercentage of the public supporting archeologicalpreservation,

Considering the available inforination, there arethree categories of information that could be ofuse to tourism professionals, These includeinformation about:

�! established sites and museums available forvisits;

�! excavations underway and available forvisits; and

�! opportunities to participate in excavationsand laboratory work

Organization of an itinerary that includes visitsto archeological museums or sites requireslocating and contacting organizations withexisting displays and interpretive programs. Thebest national guide to this information is thebook, America's Ancient Treasures, by Franklin andMary Folsom University of New Mexico Press,3rd revised and enlarged edition, 1983!. Thisvolume contains descriptions of and guides toover 300 archeological sites, parks, and museurnsthroughout the United States and Canada. Onregional levels, other similar authoritativeguidebooks also exist, especially in the Southwest e.g., Lister and Lister 1983; Noble 1981!. Such afocus on the Southwest is to be expected, as RayThompson explains;

The idea that archeology in this countrymust have something to do with prehistoricsouthwestern Indians is still deeply rooted inthe public mind. Early attitudes about theSouthwest and its Indian populations, bothpast and present helped get this persistentidea started Thompson 1989:222!.

Archeological tourism need not be focusedexclusively on the Southwest, however, thosewho cherish their issues of the now-defunctpopular I'ournaL Early Man, will recall a series of'features entitled, "Visiting Archaeology". Thesefeatures suggested archeological tours of theSoutheast, New England coast, even the

Ardieakigy and tourism; comrnuriicatiori and cooperation

Washington, D.C. area, along with a tew of theSouthwest.

One of the Southeast tours included a range ofnational and state parks and museurns that couldbe visited including sites representing the entirecontinuum of Native American occupation in theSoutheast: Russell Cave and Moundville inAlabama; Etowah Mounds, Ocmulgee, andKobmoki in Georgia; and Florida's Fort WaltonBeach Temple Mound, Crystal River, and theFlorida State Museum.

Other states, tribes, and federal agencies alsohave archeological sites to visit and, increasingly,interpretive programs. The Listing of Education inArcheology Programs LEAP! now has some 1,2fl0entries, many of which relate to such prograinsand provide a name, address, phone number forcontact about thein Knoll 1990!. In Arizona, theState Historic Preservation Office has prepareda.nd distributed a brochure identifying a varietyof archeological sites, parks, museums in localcommunities of the state that are available fortouring, the theme of a recent statewidearcheology week was "Tour Archaeology",

As an example of a federal agency program, theBureau of Land Management is promoting theprotection, preservation, and interpretation ofcultural resources on the 270 million acres that itmanages, mainly m the western United States.The BLtvi program, "Adventures in the Past",provides visitors opportunities to learn about andenjoy America's past by contacting BLM stateof6ces throughout the West to fmd out aboutvisiting archeological sites and interpretivefacilities in BLM areas throughout the West.

One problem faced in expanding archeologicaltourism to include available state, tribal and localsites and programs is effective and efficientcommunication. These connections are beingmade, but there is a need for more promotion byagencies and organizations that want moretourism. There is also a need for betterunderstanding of who to contact and when aswell as the necessary restrictions on some kindsof activities and access,

AfcJVtarlmorr

VISITING EXCAVATIONS UNDERWAY

Communicating the right kind of informationwithin the necessary time frame becomes moredifficult when dealing with actual excavations inprogress, because excavations most often adhereto schedules unrelated to public visits or tourism,Yet, steps are being taken by some organizationsto provide this kind of information in a tiinelyway Other organizations are even adjusting theirschedules for excavations'in order to make publicvisitation easier.

Each year, in its Spring issues, Archeologymagazine provides travel guides to archeoiogicaIexcavations in the New and Old Worlds. Onerecent New World guide included listings of 53archeological excavations available for visits in 29states throughout the United States. Somearcheological projects have established regulartour schedules for their excavations.

Commercial firms ancl not-for-profitorganizations with special interests in archeologyprovide tourism opportunities that includevisiting archeological sites, and frequentlyinclude visits to ongoing excavations on theiritinerary. For 22 years the New York firm ofArchaeological Tours has been offering tours ofweII-known archeological sites and areasthroughout the world accompanied by experts inthe field. These tours, and similar ones sponsoredby the Archaeological Institute of America andthe American Museum of Natural Histoiy,mainly are to Mediterranean and Asian areas,although a few are offered to Central America.Within the United States simiLtr nationallyadvertised, organized tours are sponsored by theArchaeological Conservancy and the CrowCanyon Archaeological Center, The focus of thesetours is the archeology of the AmericanSouthwest.

Opportunities to visit ongoing excavations arenot focused solely on tourists visiting froin afar,either. The Friday, April S, 199], weekend sectionof the Washington Post provided a fuII pagedevoted to local archeological proyams thatprovided opportunities for site visits, and evenparticipation in archeological investigations.Increasingly, state, county, and municipala rcheological and historical preservation

Herttage Knterprstatton Internattoaat

programs are providing such opportunities as animportant part of their public education activities.

PARTICIPATION IN ARCHEOLOGY

Public participation in archeological activitiespresents more problems than visits becausearcheological excavation is itself a destructiveprocedure. It must be carried out with great careand recorded in detail, making it difficult toorganize and do effectively with volunteers,especially short term volunteers, Increasingly,however, organizations are adjusting theirarcheological investigations to accommodate theuse of volunteers, either as the majority of thelabor force of a study, or for a period during theinvestigation as a public education aspect of theprogram.

Participation in scientific investigations as arecreational experience is increasing in frequencythroughout the world. A wide range ofexperiences are being offered under the terms"ecotourisrn' and "environmental vacations"

Gcko 1991; Yenckel 1990!. A number oforganizations are taking advantage of publicinterest in, and in some cases willingness to payfor the opportunity to, participation in legitimate,scientific archeo! ogical investigations. Earthwatch.Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, the Centerfor Field Research, the Andover Foundation forArchaeological Research, and SmithsonianResearch Expeditions are some of the betterknown organizations providing suchopportunities.

Public agencies sometimes prov ide similaropportunities for volunteers to participate inarcheological investigations, Some loca!archeological prograins rely on volunteer labor,under professional supervision, to carry outmany of their activities. The Forest Service hasembarked upon a national prograin to providethese kinds of volunteer opportunities as part ofarcheological studies undertaken in NationalForests. The program, "Passports in Time", hasgrown from opportunities in three Forests in asingle Forest Service region during 1989 to onethat offers 24 opportunities at Forests throughoutthe country in 1991,

PrcxxiecBngs � Third Global Cougteaa. Honolulu, Hawaii, $-8 November lQQ1

IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED

Heartening as the increased interest by thegeneral or traveling public in archeology andexperiencing archeology may be � and there aresome who are not pleased by the increased wearand tear on the resource that this can cause�there exists inuch important information aboutarcheology and archeological resources that is noteasily available to either tourists or tourismprofessionals. Basic among this information is thecorrect organization or facility to contact toobtain a quality archeological experience � be it avisit to a museum, a tour of an excavation, or avolunteer experience at a dig. Coordination ofinformation from local, state, tribal, and federallevels is needed, as well as a means of providingaccess to this information,

Those organizations responsible for interpretingarcheology and those interested in providingarcheological experiences to travellers also mustkeep in mind the pitfalls of this effort. JamesYenckel �990:E6!, travel writer for theWashiiigtori Post, provides some guidelines forpotential tourists and tour operators for thedesign of "ecologically sound" ecotours. Hissuggestions have merit for archeological touringas well:

~ make a contribution to the park or areavisited,

~ provide sufficient background information asearly as possible during the tour, or ifpossible, before the tour,

~ provide a trained guide or expert toaccompany the tour,

~ attempt to use local products and guideservices when possible,

~ restrict the size of the tour based upon thelimitations of the resource,

~ adequately instruct tour participants toensure inoffensive and low-impact behavior,an.d

~ follow ethical principles of conservation.

Archeatogy arid tourism; cpmnruaioitiori and cooperation

Public-private partnership8 for traN8in Hawaii

Christirra MellerNa Ala HeleHawaii Division of Forestry ftc Wildlife567 S. King St., Rm. 132Honolulu, HI 96817 USAPhone: 808! 587-0062FAX: 808! 587-0064

How would you like to have the use of a privatehelicopter, donated trail building materials, andvolunteers working to maintain a trail? Whatabout having 30 volunteers consistently show upeach weekend to build a trail? What aboutcooperating with private landowners to open uptheir trails for the general public to use and awillingness to discuss signage, resourcemanagement and interpretive programs withyou? How about having a sub-committee oflawyers and other volunteers working on liabilitylegislation to indemnify private property ownerswho allow the general public to use their trails?What I describe is happening in the State ofHa wa ii.

Reflecting on what was said on the first day ofthis conference, the elements of Aloha, Lokahi, andOhaha are there in building partnerships. Alohameans we have a love for trails and continue toseek people who also have an affection for trails.Lokahi means we seek a balance by searching forpeople from alt walks of life to serve on theadvisory councils, build or maintain trails, orwork with us on trail projects. We deepen thefeeling of Ohana or family by our words andactions.

My talk today is to discuss how private-publicpartnerships for building trails is working in theState of Hawaii. The Hawaii Trail and AccessSystem, also known as "Na Ala Hele", wasestablished by State Iaw in 1988. "Na Ala Hele' isa. Hawaiian term meaning "trails to go'. The lawstates:

The Hawaii statewide trail and access systemshall consist of all traiLs and accesses in theState. The department of land and natural

Heritage Interpretation International

resources shall plan, develop, acquire land otrrights for public use of land, construct, andengage in coordination activities toimplement the system.

The program is fairly new but trails in Hawaiiwere around before the time of Captain CookKirch, in his book titled Feathered Gods andFishhootcs, describes how "chiefs had retainerswho specialized in quickly carrying messages andmaterial back and forth over their dominion".He also pointed out that the study of traiLsprovides important data on the linkages betweenindividual cornrnunities, Just like the modern day6ctional characters known as "Flash" or the 'FH3Florist" Hawaiian messengers were noted fortheir speed, Hannah Kihalani Springer, in ourrecently completed Na Ala Hele program plan,describes the swiftness of Hawaiian runners suchas Kahiokatani, Ka'ohele, Uluanui, and Makoa

Upon landing at Kawaihae, it is told thatKauhiokalani was able to travel from Kawaihae,Kohala to Kealakekua, Kona and back "before thecanoes were dismantled." that's about 45 milesalong the shoreline!. lt is related of Ka'ohele thathe coutd run from Kalau'aha as far as Halawa adistance of about sixteen miles on Molokai! andreturn before a fish put on the fire at the time ofhis starting had time to be roasted. Utuanuicould carry a fish from Kaelepulu Enchan.tedIakes! Pond in Ka ilua round by way of Waialuaand bring it to Waikiki while it was stillwriggling, Makoa could carry a fish from thepond of Waiakea, Hilo and reach Kamakahonu,Kona before it was dead.

Our office is working on projects such as: �!compiling an inventory of pubhc and privatetrails in the entire State; �! constructing andmaintaining trails; �! collecting archeological,cultural, property title or biological informationbefore developing trails; �! developingadministrative rules for trait use; �! commentingon developments that affect trails; and �!working with volunteers, appointed advisorycouncils, volunteers, and government agenciesfosters public private partnerships.

NA ALA HELE ADVISORY COUNClLS

Na Ala Hele has established six island advisorycouncils and a Statewide Advisory Council. The

Procemdings � Thtrd Global Congraea, Houa]utu, Hasratt, 5-8 Novambac 1991

VOLUNTEER PROGRAM

advisory councils solicit, advise, and assist in theimplementation of the statewide trail and accesssystem. Advisory council members wereappointed by the chairman of our department,serve for one year, and receive no payment fortheir service, Council members represent adiversity of coininunity interest includinglandowners, developers, hotel industry, trailusers, lawyers, teachers, and governmentofficia!s.

Some of the things that the councils do are: �!propose trails; �! review the trail inventory; �!cominent on development projects that affecttrails; �! hike on trails; �! work with privateproperty owners and interested trail usersgroups; �! review !iability laws; and �1volunteer to build or maintain trai!s.

By way of illustration the Maui Na Ala HeleAdvisory Council identified a problem with jeepsdamaging a !ava trai! known as the Hoopili trailthat was part of the King's Trail near La PerouseBay. The council rnernbers and their friends, incooperation with Na Ala Hele, volunteered toconstruct vehicular barriers. The Hoopili trail waslocated on public and private property. One ofthe advisory council meinbers represented theprivate property owner This counci! memberdonated the use of a private helicopter totransport materials to be used to block offvehicu!ar access to the Hoopili Trai!s.

The Oahu Na Ala Hele Advisory Councilidentified liability as a major problein inobtaining access over private trails, The councilreviewed a study on the issue then proposedlegis!ation that our department supports. Thelobbying campaign for liability legislation wasreferred to the Statewide Na A!a Hele AdvisoryCouncil. We will be working with them to securepassage of the proposed legis!ation in 1992.

The Kauai Na Ala Hele Advisory Council wasdisgruntled when Hapa Road, a trail historicalIyused by the pub!ic, for a long time was dosed bya private property owner. The council requestedthat we conduct a title search. Our searchestablished that the trai! was publicly owned.The council held a large celebration when thetrail was reopened.

Pdrfic-private partnerships for trai!s in Hmuaii

The Hawaii Na Ala Hele Advisory Council isinundated with proposals for development, suchas golf courses, residentia! developments, andhote!s, near historic trails, archeological sites,and/or natural areas. The council is working withdevelopers to insure that recreational andcultural resources are identified, and become partof a trail system depending on the site locationand trail conditions.

The Lanai Na A!a Hele Advisory Council workswith the island's major single landowner tojointly develop trails and trail signage. Theyhope to develop interpretive programs for thearchaeo!ogical resources identified by Na AlaHele on a popu'lar coastal trail,

A volunteer program to build trai!s also developsprivate-public partnerships. Media coverage isiinportant to publicize such volunteer programs.Hawaii is blessed with we8 established non-profitorganizations that are committed to developingand maintaining trails Na A!a Hele has recruitedmany of these organizations and developedworking agreements to use their membership tobuild trails.

BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS W!TH OTHERGOVERNMENT ~ES

Na Ala Hele continues to work with federal,state, and county agencies that can assist us toplan, develop, or acquire trails. For example,three counties use their subdivision ordinancesand aB counties use coastal development permitsto require dedication of access to State trails.Often such dedicated access ways are privatelymaintained.

In summary, communication is vital inestablishing public private partnerships. It neverceases to amaze me that when I talk from theheart about the program, I find people who havesimi!ar interests or want to contribute.