Complexity Math Awar Month2011

The Science of Complexity: From atoms to hurricanesDavid Quesada, Ph.D.School of Science, Technology, andEngineering ManagementSt. Thomas University, Miami Gardens

Mathematics Awareness Month, April 2011.

• Mathematics, the language of Science.• Systems of particles, agents, and bodies.• Reductionism versus Holism, Certainty versus Uncertainty.• What do we call simple, complicated, and complex?• Sand-piles and Self-organized Criticality.• Graphs and Networks – the environment of complexity. • Fractals - the geometry of complexity.• Complex systems in Material Science.• Complex systems in Earth Sciences.• Complex systems in Biology and Physiology.• Complex systems in Economics and Social Sciences.• Complex systems in Linguistics – Zipf-Mandelbrot law.• Computational Complexity• My current research – Applying complexity to study asthma

Tentative Outlook


Branches of Mathematics Branches of Mathematics

Logic

Descriptive Statistics

Probabilities

Geometry

Calculus andDifferential Equations


Some common misconceptions about Some common misconceptions about MathematicsMathematics

1. Learning mathematics requires special and rare abilities. 2. Math in modern issues is too complex.3. Math makes you less sensitive, and is irrelevant to my life4. Math makes no allowance for creativity.5. Math provides exact answers.

What is Mathematics after all?What is Mathematics after all?The word mathematics is derived from the Greek word Mathematikos, which means “inclined to learn”. Thus, literally speaking, to be mathematical is to be curious, open-minded, and interested in always learning more !! Do you consider yourself to be either “ math phobic” (fear of mathematics) of “ math loathing” (dislike math )? Many adults harbor fear or loathing of mathematics and, unfortunately, these attitudes are often reinforced by classes that present mathematics as an obscure and sterile subject .

Mathematics also may be viewed as a tool forcreating models, or representations that allowus to study real phenomena

Mathematical Modeling

Medicine and Physiology

Psychology and Sociology

Bioinformatics

Engineering

Biology and Ecology

Computer science andArtificial Intelligence

Physics and Chemistry

Economics Business Management

Atmospheric Physics or Meteorology


System of Particles

Forces In

Nature

Super Strong

Gravitation

Strong

Electro-Weak

Weak

Electro-magnetism

Isaac Newton, British physicist

F = m a Second Law of Newton


Fathers of Statistical Physics – The Physics of many particles

Albert Einstein

Ludwig Boltzmann

Bose – Einstein Condensation

Lattice gas of spinsDiffusion Limited Aggregation Mathematics Awareness Month, April 2011.

Phase Transitions – From Solid State and Chemistry to Nucleosynthesis

Lev Davidovich LandauRussian theoretical physicist

Order parameter – emergent property•Superconducting order parameter•Spontaneous Magnetization• New phase of matter


Entropy and Thermodynamics out of EquilibriumS - function


Statistical Physics out of Equilibrium - Synergetics

Hermann Haken, Synergetics

Synchronization in the finger motion

Norbert Wiener, Control Theory


THE LANGUAGE OF COMPLEXITYTHE LANGUAGE OF COMPLEXITYTHE SYSTEM CONCEPTTHE SYSTEM CONCEPT

The System concept is a way to break down any large, complex problem into smaller, more easily studied pieces.A System can be defined as any portion of the Universe that can be isolated from the rest of the Universe for the purposeof observing and measuring changes

The system can be whatever the observer defines it to be.You choose its limits for the convenience of your study.


Systems and Complex SystemsSystems and Complex SystemsKey Components of most systems

• Inputs of things such as matter, energy, or information into the system.• Flows, or throughputs, of matter, energy, or information within the system at certain rates.• Stores, or storage areas, within a system where energy, matter, or information can accumulate for various lengths of time before being released.• Outputs of certain forms of matter, energy, or information that flow out of the system into sinks in the environment.

Inputs Outputs

Stores

Flows

Environment

Feedback mechanism

A feedback loop occurs when an output of matter, energy, or information is fed back into the system as an input that changes The system.

Positive feedback loops Negative feedback loops

How do time delays affect complex systems?

Complex systems often show time delays between the input of a stimulus and the response to it. A long time delay can mean that corrective action come too late. Time delays allow a problem to build up slowly until it reaches a threshold level and causes a fundamental shift in the behavior of a system.

What is Synergy, and How can it affect complex systems?

A synergistic interaction occurs when two or more processes interactso the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects.

The essence of self-organisation is that system structure (at least in part) appears without explicit pressure or constraints from outside the system. In other words, the constraints on form are internal to the system and result from the interactions between the components, whilst being independent of the physical nature of those components. The field of self-organisation seeks to discover the general rules under which such structure appears, the forms which it can take, and methods of predicting the changes to the structure that will result from changes to the underlying systems

D. Quesada, La Física de Sistemas Complejos: Un reto a la enseñanza moderna (“The Physics of Complex Systems: A challenge to modern higher education”), Proceedings of the Ibero-American workshop on Physics teaching, Univ. of Havana, Jan. 20-24, (1997).


Sand-piles model of Complexity Per Bak legacy

Per Bak, Danish theoretical physicist, 1948 – 2002. Co-author with Chao Tang,Kurt Wiesenfeld of the new paradigm of“Self-organized criticality” via sandpiles.


Fractals: The language of Complex Systems

Benoit Mandelbrot


Snowflakes and FractalsSnowflakes and Fractals

Albert Barabasi

Alexei Vazquez

Boolean Networks



Yamir Moreno Arezky Hernandez

George Kingsley Zipf, 1902 - 1950

Laws in Quantitative Linguistics – Zipf-Mandelbrot’s Law

Planetary Biology and Inter-species interactionsPlanetary Biology and Inter-species interactions

The Web of LifeThe Web of Life

The appearance of plants and otherliving forms on Earth constituted one of the most important steps in the development of the current chemical make-up of the atmosphere.


Logarithmic Spirals – The preferred spirals of NatureLogarithmic Spirals – The preferred spirals of Nature

Ernesto Altshuler


Slopes, Trigonometric Functions, Average Values, and Global WarmingSlopes, Trigonometric Functions, Average Values, and Global Warming

It is worth to notice the periodicity (24 hrs) of these peaks; however itis clear the irregular shape of all these peaks too – Why?

Range of variation

Cloudiness and Random Fluctuations in the weather are responsible for these irregularities

Ongoing research project # 1.1: Climate and Weather VariabilityOngoing research project # 1.1: Climate and Weather Variability

Non-linear dynamics and Chaos

Edward Lorenz



200

00

00

0

)(

)(

)(

)()()(

atTtT

atTtT

TtT

tTtSinTtT M

Trigonometric Interpolation

Case 1: The free term To is a constant

Case 2: The free term To is a linear function of time

Case 3: The free term To is a quadratic function of time

f

i

dttTTave

)(

1 Climate is all about the value of this Integral, known as the average value

Weather is all about the values of theseFunctions at some moments of time, known as the time series



0 20 40 60 80 100

2

4

6

8

10

0 20 40 60 80 100

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 20 40 60 80 100

2.5

5

7.5

10

12.5

15

17.5

2200

00

00

0

001.05)(

03.05)(

5)(

)()()(

tatTtT

tatTtT

TtT

tTtSinTtT M

It is worth to notice how the trigonometric function oscillates around the main value

function To(t).

A minimum of 30 years it is needed tomake a conclusion about a warming Climate. It is worth to notice also, how short Cold intervals may coexist with awarming trend.


A simple grid 16 by 16 illustrates the applicability of these two concepts. Cells shaded in red represent a particular grain, while cells in white are voids. Thus, Porosity equals the amount of white cells over the total of cells, which in this case are 110 / 256 = 0.43 or 43 % of porosity. On the other hand this material is highly permeable because it has several interconnected paths.

A paved area usually has a surface layer with very low level of both porosity and permeability, such that the first factor is a very small number. This fact is the reason for too low infiltration rate of water into the ground even if the subsurface soil would contain many porous. ClayClay (45 – 55 %, less than 0.01 m/day) Fine SandFine Sand (30 – 52 %, 0.01 – 10 m/day) GravelGravel (25 – 40 %, 1000 – 10,000 m/day) Sandstone Sandstone (5 – 30 %, 0.3 – 3 m/day)


Strong Dynamical Instabilitiesknown as Chaos, restrict thepredictability of models…

Statistical Analysis

Hurricanes move following a trochoidal curve


Project 1.3: Hurricane’s Science


How far weather variability influences seasonal asthma episodes: Three years of correlations in Miami Dade, Florida

David QuesadaSchool of Science, Technology and Engineering Management,

St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens FL 33054

Climatic and environmental changes occurring since the middle of the Twentieth Century as well as the aggravating pollution levels in megacities are exacerbating asthma episodes and the number of hospitalizations due to this disease. Since 1999, in Miami Dade County the hospitalization rates were doubling the Healthy People 2010 objectives in every age group. A comprehensive weather database including outdoor temperature (T), humidity (H), barometric pressure (P), wind direction (θw) and speed (vw) as well as the values of maximum and minimum and the range of all these variables has been created. As a result, a seasonal pattern emerged, with a maximum appearing around the middle of December and a minimum around the middle of March every year for the three years of analysis.

Florida Academy of Sciences, 75th Anniversary Meeting, FIT - Melbourne FL March 2011


Asthma Statistics Worldwide

Number of people diagnosed: more than 150 MEurope: the # of cases has doubledUSA: the number of cases has increased more than 60%India: between 15 and 20 MAfrica: between 11 and 18% populationNumber of deaths yearly: around 180,000

Miami Dade County , Florida

7.1% Middle and HS children were reported with asthmaThe number of hospitalizations due to asthma has doubled.The number 1 cause of school absences and 35 % of parents missed work

Why to study Asthma? How far Bio-Meteorology may help with?



Systems Theory and System BiologySystems Theory and System Biology MacroscopicDynamics ofbreathing

MesoscopicImmune cells populationdynamics

Microscopic

Genes

Cooperative effect – Emergent properties

• Mathematical modeling of the episode of Mathematical modeling of the episode of Asthma by using dynamical system theoryAsthma by using dynamical system theory


Macroscopic Mechanical Description of Breathing

Mathematical expressions appealing to basic laws of aerodynamics describe the basics of breathing and disorders within the lung functioning.

Bronchial Hyper-Bronchial Hyper-responsivenessresponsiveness: Excessive constriction of smooth muscle that surrounds bronchi and bronchioles, resulting in narrowed airway passage and airflow limitation.

Atopy: Atopy: A genetically determined state of hypersensitivity to environmental allergens that is detected by increased serum immunoglobulin E and/or positive dermal allergen tests


Mesoscopic immune description of an asthma episodeA system of differential equations describes the population dynamics of each one of the cells involved in an asthma episode.

A very complicated Network of cells (IL4, IL3, IL5, IL13- Cytokines, IgE – Immunoglobuline) Interacting and Competing.

In asthmatic individuals, antigen presentation is thought to results in the polarization of T-cells towards a Th2 patterns whereas T cells from non atopic, non-asthmatic individuals show the opposing Th1 (interferon-γ and IL2) pattern of cytokine secretion


Microscopic genetic analysis of asthma incidence Bio-informatics of Asthma

The multigenic naturemultigenic nature of asthma has greatly hampered efforts to identify the specific genes involved. Genetic heterogeneity Genetic heterogeneity across populations, variability in disease expression, phenocopies phenocopies and uncontrolled environmental influences confound the analysis of asthma and other complex genetic disorders.

90th Annual Meeting of AMS, Atlanta 2010

BS in MathematicsPREREQUISITE REQUIRED COURSES: 19 credits MAT 205 Applied Statistics (3 credits)MAT 215 Discrete Mathematics (3 credits)MAT 232 Calculus I (4 credits) MAT 233 Calculus II (4 credits) CHE 101/L General Chemistry I + Laboratory (4 credits) CHE 102/L General Chemistry II + Laboratory (4 credits) MAJOR REQUIREMENTS: 35 credits total Core Mathematics Courses: (13 credits) MAT 234 Calculus III (4 credits) MAT 306 Differential Equations (3 credits) MAT 311 Linear Algebra (3 credits) MAT 316 Complex Variables (3 credits)Mathematics Electives: (6 credits) Take two mathematics courses at the 300 or 400 level. Computing Requirement: (6 credits) Take two courses. CIS 230 Introduction to Java Programming (3 credits)CIS 235 Introduction to C++ Programming (3 credits)CIS 302 Advanced C++ Programming (3 credits)CIS 310 Advanced Java Programming (3 credits)CIS 360 Data Structures (3 credits)CIS 351 Systems Analysis and Design (3 credits)CIS 430 Database Management Systems (3 credits)Physical Science Requirements: (10 credits) PHY 207/L University Physics I + Laboratory (5 credits)PHY 208/L University Physics II + Laboratory (5 credits)Sub-Total Credits: 54 GENERAL EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS: 42 credits (Program requirements will satisfy 9 credits of the GER.) GENERAL ELECTIVES: 18 credits Total credits: 120


Science & Mathematics Fellows Program• Start Date: August 2008 - 30 freshmen & 30 juniors who transfer with an AA.• Qualified students may receive financial aid and academic scholarships.• Research based in state of the art Science & Technology facility.


Date post:	13-Dec-2014
Category:	Documents
Upload:	david-quesada2766
View:	475 times
Download:	2 times

Complexity Math Awar Month2011

Documents