Components of Computer 1

8/4/2019 Components of Computer 1

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Components of Computer


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Contents

Ports

Memory Microprocessors


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Ports

A port is an interface or point of attachment.

It is used to connect the peripheral devices

with the computers such as printers,

Keyboards or mouse.

Each type of port operates at certain speed.

The speed is measured in Kilobytes per

second or megabytes per second.


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Standard Computer Ports

Mouse and Keyboard Ports Two USB Ports

Serial Port

Parallel Port

Audio Ports

Network Port

Modem Port

Monitor Port


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Serial Port: are connected to externalmodems.

Parallel Port: Most Common uses are toconnect older printers to the computer.


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USB Ports: The USB port is one of the mostpopular and most used ports that come standard onnearly every computer manufactured today.

USB stands for "universal serial bus" and serves as a

standard for both Windows-based computers andApple's Macintosh. USB computer ports typically

enable connections with smaller devices.

USB is also useful for "plug and play" applications in

which a device is connected to the USB computer portand the driver is automatically located by the operating

system, reducing or eliminating the need for a software

boot via disk.


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Audio Ports: The green speaker port is foryour headphone or desktop speakers. The

pink microphone port is for a small

microphone. The yellow speaker out isdesigned for home stereo system.

Network Port: For internet connection

Modem Port: It connects your computer to aphone line.

Monitor Port: Most monitors connect to the

three row port on the right side of the image.



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Types of Ports

Different Types of Ports are as follow

Serial Ports

Parallel Ports

Serial PortsA type of port that transmits one bit at a time is calledserial port. It is usually used to connect devices thatdo not required fastest data transmission like mouseand keyboard.

Serial port often refer as communication ports. Datatravel over the serial port at 115 Kilobytes per second.


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Parallel Ports

Parallel ports are used to connect the devices

that transfer many bits at a time. It usually

used to connect devices that required fastdata transmission like printer and scanner.

Parallel ports are often called as Line Printer

ports.

The speed of Parallel port is 12 Mbps.

It is faster than serial port.


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UART

Universal Asynchronous Receiver

Transmitter.

Inside the computer, a chip called UARTconverts parallel data from the bus into serial

data that flows through a serial cable.


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Memory

When we receive some instruction or informationwe retain them in our memory. Similarly acomputer stores the instructions for solving a

problem , the data to be processed , theintermediate results and the final results until they

are displayed. This storage unit s known as computer memory or

store.

It consists of chips either on the motherboard or ona small circuit board attached to the motherboard.

This electronic memory allows the CPU to storeand retrieve data quickly.


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Memory Two types of built-in-memory:

Permanent memory.

Some memory chips retain the data they hold,

even when the computer is turned off. This

type of permanent memory is called

nonvolatile.

Non-Permanent memory.

Other chips in fact, most of the memory in a

microcomputer-lose their contents when the

computers power is shut down. This type of

nonpermanent memory is called volatile.


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Nonvolatile Memory

Nonvolatile chips hold data even when the computer isunplugged.

During normal use, the data in these chips is only read

and used- not changed- so the memory is called read only

memory (ROM). Specifically, chips that cannot be changed are called

programmable read only memory (PROM).

PROM chips are often found on hard drives and printers.

They contain the instructions that power the devices.

These instructions, once set, never need to be changed.


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Nonvolatile Memory

When a computer is turned on, it must know how to start.

ROM contains a set of start-up instructions called the

basic input output system (BIOS) for a computer.

FLASH MEMORY

Flash memory is a special type of nonvolatile memory.

It is often used in portable digital devices for storage.

Digital cameras, portable MP3 players, USB keychain

storage devices all use flash memory.


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Volatile Memory Volatile memory requires to store data.

The volatile memory in a computer is called randomaccess memory (RAM).

RAMs job is to hold programs and data while they are

in use.

Physically, RAM consists of chips on a small circuit

board.

Single inline memory modules (SIMMs) and dual inline

memory module (DIMM) chips are found in desktopcomputers.

While the smaller, small outline DIMM (SO-DIMM)

chips are found in laptop computers.


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RAM

Random Access Memory

It is also called main memory or direct accessmemory or read/write memory.

A program must be loaded into RAM beforeexecution.

Data and instructions can be read and modified.

It play an important role in processing of computer.


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Types of RAM

SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)

Retains contents as long as power is

maintained.

Faster than DRAM.

SRAM is more expensive.

CPU does not wait to access data.

It is usually used to build a very fast memory

known as cache.


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Types of RAM

DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

Must be constantly refreshed.

Requires an electric current to maintain its

electrical state.

The electrical charge of DRAM will decrease

with time that may result in lose of data.

Used for most PC memory because of size

and cost.


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Read Only Memory (ROM)

Programs and data that are permanently

recorded at the factory.

The instructions can only be read and cannotbe deleted.

Cannot be changed by the user.

When the computer is switched on ,theinstructions in the ROM are automatically

loaded into the memory of the computer.


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Types of ROM

PROM

Programmable ROM

This form of ROM is initially blank.

The user can write data and programs on it.

The user can write data and instructions on it

only once.


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EPROM

Stands for Erasable Programmable

Read Only Memory

It is initially blank

The user can write data and programs

on it. The data and program written on it can

be erased using ultraviolet rays.


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EEPROM

Stands for Electronically ErasableProgrammable Read Only Memory

It is initially blank The user can write data and programs on it.

The content of EEPROM can be modified

easily. The data and program written on it can be

erased using electrical pulses.


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Cache Memory

Small block of very fast temporary memory

Speed up data transfer It is located inside or close to CPU chip.

It is faster than RAM

Instructions and data used most frequently ormost recently.


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Cache

Step 1Processor

requests

data or

instructions

Step 2Go to address in main

memory and read

Step 3

Transfer to main CPU and cache

Next processor request Look first at cache Go to memory

P

R

O

CE

S

S

O

R

R

A

M

Cache


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Types of Cache

Internal cache Level 1 (L1) Built into microprocessor

Up to 128KB or 256 KB

External cache Level 2 (L2) Separate chips

256KB or 512 KB SRAM technology Cheaper and slower than L1 Faster and more expensive than memory


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Measuring Storage Capacity

KB kilobyte 1024 bytes

Some diskettes Cache memory

MB megabyte

Million bytes RAM

GB gigabyte Billion bytes

Hard disks CDs and DVDs

TB terabytes

Trillion bytes Large hard disks


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Registers

A location used for temporarily hold data

or instructions at the moment of execution

The storage capacity of registersmeasures in bytes (can be 1,2,4 or 8

bytes registers).


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Registers in ALU

Accumulator (Acc) storing intermediate results of computations

Status Register (SR) to store the status of the result


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Registers in CU

Program Counter (PC) to contain the address of next instruction to

be executed keep a record of the sequence of execution.

Instruction Register (IR) to contain instruction that is being executed.


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Registers in CU

Memory Address Register (MAR) to store the address of the data or instruction

to be processed

Memory Data Register (MDR) to store data or instruction to be processed.


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Registers in CPU

CPU

CU ALU

PC

MAR

MDR

IR

PSR

Acc


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Microprocessor


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Single Core The single-core has only one processor mounted in a chip that

is connected to the motherboard. In a single-core or traditional processor the CPU is fed strings

of instructions it must order, execute, then selectively store in

its cache for quick retrieval. When data outside the cache is required, it is retrieved through

the system bus from random access memory (RAM) or from

storage devices. Accessing these slows down performance to the maximum

speed the bus, RAM or storage device will allow, which is far

slower than the speed of the CPU.


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Dual Core

A dual-core processor has two microprocessors

mounted in one single chip.

In a dual core processor each core handles incomingdata strings simultaneously to improve efficiency.

Just as two heads are better than one.

Now when one is executing the other can be accessingthe system bus or executing its own code.


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Benefits of Dual Core

Dual-core processors can be highly appreciated inheavy gaming or in intensive data transfers using asingle computer.

For example, when you are downloading huge files and

you are just using a single-core, you would surelyexperience lagging of the data transfer. However, dual-cores would not give you such scenario since the task isdivided.

This makes your time to be used more wisely. It's likefalling in line in a store where there are two cashiers.You would surely pay your goods faster having twocashiers than just having one.


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Difference Between

Single Core & Dual Core Another difference of the single and dual-core

processors is the need for multi-threading

software. Dual-core processors run with software that

can read multi-threading. This technology is commonly found in new

computers especially in a server environmentthat makes data processing really an ease.


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Difference Between

Dual Core & Core 2 Duo

core2duo started before dual core. core2duo is under the core2 brand, dual core is under the

Pentium brand. core2duo limits processor speed to 3.3 GHz, dual core

limits it to 2.5 GHz. core2duo offers cache size of up to 6MB l2 cache with

scope for l3 cache as well, dual core limits it to around 2

MB. Both are based on the core micro architecture. core2duo comes for higher prices, and is simply better

than dual core.


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Difference Between Dual Core

& Multiprocessor In dual core, resources are shared and the

cores reside on the same chip.

In multi-processor system, there are twoseparate CPUs with their own resources.

A multi-processor system is faster than a

system with a dual core processor.

while a dual core system is faster than asingle-core system, all else being equal.


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Quad Core

Four microprocessorsper chip.

Intel says we can expect

a 70 percentperformance increaseover the single anddouble computing cores.

Intel Launches ThreeNew Quad-coreProcessors


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Multi Core

A multi-core processor is a processing system composed of twoor more microprocessors .

The largest boost in performance will likely be noticed inimproved response time while running CPU-intensive processes,like antivirus scans or searching for folders.

For example, if the automatic virus scan initiates while a movieis being watched, the application running the movie is far lesslikely to be starved of processor power, as the antivirus program

will be assigned to a different processor core than the onerunning the movie playback.

Date post:	07-Apr-2018
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Components of Computer 1

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