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International Aquaculture Biosecurity Conference August 1 7-18, 2009 Trondheim, Norway
Components of Ideal Components of Ideal Biosecurity Plans & Biosecurity Plans &
ProgramsPrograms
A. David Scarfe PhD, DVM, MRSSAfChristopher I. Walster BVMS, MVPH, MRCVS
Dušan Palić DVM, PhDAlejandro B. Thiermann MV, PhD
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ObjectivesObjectivesObjectives
Scope of aquaculture biosecurityFocus on infectious & contagious diseasesSet a tone for dealing with effective, efficient and practical biosecurity processes & proceduresIntroduce important fundamental principlesOutline general elements and process – to be dealt with in more detail by other presentationsDescribe where/how biosecurity programs could be applied
An introduction to ….
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What is Biosecurity?What is Biosecurity?What is Biosecurity?
PremisePremiseA tool for preventing adverse (catastrophic) biological eventsEasily applied to infectious & contagious diseasesShould be applicable at all levels – farm to nation
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An Olde ProblemHow to protect from disease?
An Olde ProblemAn Olde ProblemHow to protect from disease?How to protect from disease?
“A rich man of France brought into Northumberland a Spanish ewe as big as a calf of two years, which ewe being rotten, infected so the country that it
spread over all the realm. This plague of murrain continued twenty-eight years ere it ended, and was
the first rot that ever was in England.”Thomas of Walsingham – 1275
~~~~~~~~~~~N G. Fleming (1871) Animal plagues: their history, nature and prevention.
Chapman & Hall, London.
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Typical National/International Diseases Response ComponentsTypical National/International Typical National/International Diseases Response ComponentsDiseases Response Components
DiseaseEradication
OIE Notified
Recovery
Confirmation
Investigation &Risk Analysis
FederalActions
Suspect
State/ProvincialActions
Emergency Response
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Australia’s Approach- Integrated at all levels -
AustraliaAustralia’’s Approachs Approach-- Integrated at all levels Integrated at all levels --
Federal AgenciesFederal Agencies
Territorial Territorial AgenciesAgencies
Industry Industry EntitiesEntities
Private Private StakeholdersStakeholders
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Hope for this ConferenceHope for this ConferenceHope for this ConferenceIdentify the core biosecurity principles that can be applied
to:Any aquaculture operationAny infectious & contagious diseaseJustifiableEconomical PracticalContains incentives for implementationEffective – in prevention, controlling & eradicating a disease
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Today’s Driving ForcesTodayToday’’s Driving Forcess Driving ForcesBioterrorismOutbreaks of significant diseasesEconomics & trade issuesLegislation & regulationsAquaculture industry growth, drop in harvest fisheriesOther issues – e.g. sustainable ecosystems
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Global Aquaculture production rivals or exceeds all agricultural animal commodities except (?) pork!
Global Aquaculture production Global Aquaculture production rivals or rivals or exceedsexceeds all agricultural animal all agricultural animal commodities except (?) pork!commodities except (?) pork!
Estimated Losses from Aquatic Animal Diseases
Thailand (1983-93) US$100MChina (1993) US$400MIndia (1994) US$17.6MThailand (1996) US$600MEcuador (1999) US$280MGlobal loss (1997) US$300M
-----------Shrimp Diseases – Americas
WSSV (1999) US$ >1BTSV (1991-92) US$ 1-2BYHV (1992) US$ 0.1-0.5BIHHNV (1981) US$ 0.5-1.0B
Harvest Fisheries
34.2% (150 Mmt)
Other terrestrial
animals 4.8%
(21 Mmt)
Lamb/Mutton
1.7% (8 Mmt)
Pork 20.4%
(90 Mmt)
Beef/Veal 12.9%
(56 Mmt)
Poultry 13.3%
(58 Mmt)
Aquaculture12.6%
(56Mmt)
Aquatic Animal Production
~47% of Global Animal Protein Production
2 of 4 recent U.S. National Disease Emergency Declarations have been for
Aquatic Animal Diseases
2001 Data
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Gill disease: Gill disease: IridovirosisIridovirosisBonamiosisBonamiosis
Epidemiological & Epidemiological & Surveillance ConsequencesSurveillance Consequences
Domestic & wildFAD introductionEndemic diseasesEmerging “new”diseasesApplies to all levels (farm to ecosystem)
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Comprehensive Biosecurity– Potentially a Complex Process –Comprehensive BiosecurityComprehensive Biosecurity–– Potentially a Complex Process Potentially a Complex Process ––
A tool for preventing adverse (catastrophic) biological eventsEasily applied to infectious & contagious diseasesShould be applicable at all levels – farm to nation
Q? How to reduce this to simple, justifiable & practical process?
Source: Biosecurity Toolkit 2007
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For any biosecurity plan or program to be effective, justifiable
and useful ………..
For any biosecurity plan or For any biosecurity plan or program to be program to be effectiveeffective, , justifiablejustifiable
and and usefuluseful ………………....Several core elements in a written plan are necessary:
Apply to a defined area or geographical (epidemiological) unitIdentify specific disease hazardsEvaluate the risk of these hazards to the unitEvaluate critical points where diseases can enter or leave the unitEvaluate & monitor disease status of the unitHave contingencies plans in place if disease does break outWritten records for third-party auditing and certifyingTransparent & credible
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Core Elements or Steps
Core Core Elements Elements or Stepsor Steps
Where are they applied?
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Epidemiological Units (EU)Epidemiological Units (EU)Epidemiological Units (EU)
EstablishmentCompartmentZoneRegionCountry
A defined population of animals, separated to some degree from other
populations, in which infectious & contagious diseases can be
transmitted.OIE Code (2009): “means a group of animals that share approximately the same risk of exposure to a disease agent with a defined location. This may be because they share a common aquatic environment (e.g. fish in a pond, caged fish in a lake), or because management practices make it likely that a disease agent in one group of animals would quickly spread to other animals (e.g. all the ponds on a farm, all the ponds in a village system).”
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Zoning, Compartmentalization &
Establishments
Zoning, Zoning, CompartmentalizationCompartmentalization & &
EstablishmentsEstablishments
Measures to separate animal sub-populations
Based on spatial and biosecurity methods
For disease prevention/control as well as safety in trade
Measures can be applied to desired populations
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Infected zone
Infected zoneRail road
River
ZoningZoning
Free zone
Main highway
Free zone
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Compartment – all establishments must be considered part of the EUCompartmentCompartment –– all establishments all establishments must must bebe consideredconsidered part of the EUpart of the EU
FEEDSUPPLY
Equipment
Feed
Equipment
Equipm
ent
Feed
SLAUGHTERHOUSE
GROWOUTFACILITY
Feed
Equ
ipm
ent
Equipment
Animals
Equipment
Animals
Animals
Anim
als
HATCHERY
Equipment
GROWOUTFACILITY
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When building with compartmentalisation in mind!
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Distances
To prod 1.000 m.
To breed 5.000m.
200 mts
250 mts
150 mts
500 mts not forested
250 mts
100 mts
Stream
River
Highway
Outside border
Local access road
Nucleus 3
Nucleus 2
Nucleus 1
350 mts forested
Illustrated for a Poultry Broiler Compartment
Illustrated for a Poultry Broiler Compartment
Broiler Finishing Farm
Broiler Finishing Farm
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Advantages of applying Biosecurity to Zones, Compartments &
Establishments
AdvantagesAdvantages of of applyingapplying Biosecurity Biosecurity to Zones, to Zones, CompartmentsCompartments & &
EstablishmentsEstablishmentsThere is trade, even when the country or region is not free fromthe diseases of concernGuarantees the safety of the unit, even when the threats come from wildlife or outside unitIf compartments or zones, operational resources to conduct the operation can come from various sourcesThe unit owners/overseerers are responsible for ensuring the biosecurity, with the auditing by attending veterinarian or government official
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Assessing Which Diseases are Hazards
Assessing Which Diseases are Assessing Which Diseases are HazardsHazards
Create a list of diseases of concern (known to affect the area in question)Prioritize based on potential impactDetermine the risk of each disease specifically for the unit in question
Multiple lists of disease hazards exist:
OIE List
Nationally reportable diseases
Of concern to a specific operation
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Apply each step to each disease hazard
Apply Apply each step each step to each to each disease disease hazard hazard
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Hazard Identification, Prioritization & Risk Analysis
Hazard Identification, Hazard Identification, Prioritization & Risk AnalysisPrioritization & Risk Analysis
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Risk Analysis – A variety of approachesRisk Analysis Risk Analysis –– A variety of approaches
= Assessment + Management (Mitigation) + Communication
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Import Risk AnalysisImport Risk AnalysisImport Risk Analysis
Becoming a common approach for countriesReceivers assessing the risk of importing diseasesOperations / distributors will probably start applying the same approach
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Evaluating/Mitigating Critical Points in an Epidemiological
Unit
Evaluating/Mitigating Critical Evaluating/Mitigating Critical Points in an Epidemiological Points in an Epidemiological
UnitUnitWhere can disease enter or leave?
AnimalsPeopleWater sourcesFeed/equipment
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Disease Diagnostics & Surveillance
Disease Diagnostics & Disease Diagnostics & SurveillanceSurveillance
Diagnostic Laboratory
resources are critical
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Disease Reporting -Transparency
Disease Reporting Disease Reporting --TransparencyTransparency
Target – Disease Status (freedom) in EU
BonamiosisBonamiosis
Gill disease: Gill disease: IridovirosisIridovirosis
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Contingency PlansContingency PlansContingency PlansWithout complete & total isolation biosecurity measures simply reduce the chance of incurring diseasesWritten contingency measures (& possible table-top exercises) as part of a biosecurity plan reduce catastropgicoutcomes
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Auditing & CertificationAuditing & CertificationAuditing & Certification
Slovakia- food fish
Singapore- ornamental fish
South Dakota
-livestock
A credible system for verifying EU disease status (freedom)A reward for implementing measures – increased production & product valueRequires documentation that optimal measure and procedures are in placeRelies on independent third-party evaluation of EU
Certificates of Veterinary Inspection
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Certifying Disease Freedom for Movement & Trade
Certifying Disease Freedom for Certifying Disease Freedom for Movement & TradeMovement & Trade
Targeted at specific (gov’t/Intn’l listed) diseases onlyDiagnostics repeated for each movementLittle owner involvement/ responsibilityNo recognition of freedom
Targeted at whole units & listed + production diseasesProvided SPF maintained, minimal diagnostic workOwner part responsible, decreased costsPublic recognition of freedom
Current System(individuals/lots)
Biosecurity System(epidemiological units)
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ImplementationImplementationImplementation
VoluntaryVoluntaryIndividual producer/farmIndustries
CompulsoryCompulsoryLegislation/regulations
National/International National/International standardsstandards
National Strategies/OIE Code
CombinationsCombinationsVoluntary, compulsory & standards (requires government-industry, public-private collaboration, cost-sharing, etc)
FlexibleFlexibleTailored to specific needs, resources & conditions
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Summary – Implementing biosecurity plans are an iterative and
continuous process
Summary Summary –– Implementing Implementing biosecurity plans are an iterative and biosecurity plans are an iterative and
continuous processcontinuous processEvaluate which diseases are a hazard to the EUDetermine the level of riskDetermine and mitigate critical points on the EUEvaluate disease statusEstablish contingency plansContinuous monitoringAudit & certify efficacy of biosecurity program (revise plans as necessary)
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Thank you
Thank Thank youyou
Aquaculture:Aquaculture:
Aquatic Animal Aquatic Animal AgricultureAgriculture
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