COMPOSITION, SOURCE AND IMPACT OF AERSOLS
IN INDIA
K.S. Patel & N. K. JaiswalSchool of Studies in Chemistry
Pt. Ravishankar Shukla UniversityRaipur CG, India
Objectives Mass distribution of aerosol i.e. PM10and PM2.5 in ambient air of Raipur,Central India Chemical characterization of PM10and PM2.5
Sources and environmental impacts of aerosol
Map of India and Location of various industrial cities around Raipur
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF AEROSOLS
Sampler (Partisol Speciation 2300)
Raipur (Residential site), 10-meter above ground
⇓
47-mm Quartz filter 47-mm Teflon filter 47-mm Nylon filter
PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10
12 hrs ( 6 am – 6 pm) 24 hrs ( 6 am – 6 am) 24 hrs ( 6 am – 6 am)
PM2.5 & PM10 mass
(120)
PM2.5 & PM10 mass
(120)
PM2.5 & PM10 mass
(120)
Analysis
Carbon analyzer PIXE IC
Carbons ,(EC, OC, CC) Trace elements ,(23) Water soluble ions ,(8)
Distribution and variations of fineand coarse aerosol particles duringJune 2005- May 2006
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400µ
g m
-3
PM 10
PM2.5
Precision for collection of PM, µg m-3
Para-meter
Quartz filter (n = 42)
Teflon filter (n = 44)
Nylon filter(n = 44)
PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10
Min 22 62 27 37 9 28
Max 311 759 293 501 207 464
Mean 95 219 95 209 93 196STD, ± 64 136 62 128 53 116
Seasonal mass distribution ofPM10 carbons, June,05 – May,06
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40µ
g m
-3
CC10
OC10
EC10
Seasonal mass distribution of PM2.5 carbons, June,05 – May,06
0
5
10
15
20
25
30µ
g m
-3
CC2.5
OC2.5
EC2.5
Annual mass distribution of coarse carbons, µg m-3
Parameter
N = 42
PM10 CC10 VOC10 NVOC10 OC10 EC10 TC10
Min 62 0 0.7 1.7 2.4 1.8 8.0
Max 759 29.8 35.7 20.3 56 74.9 161
Mean 219 9.7 7.9 7.6 15.6 18.7 41.2
STD, 136 6.9 6.1 4.0 9.6 14.8 28.5
Annual mass distribution of fine carbons, µg m-3
Parameter PM2.5 CC2.5 VOC2.5 NVOC2.5 OC2.5 EC2.5 TC2.5
Min22 0 0 0.8 0.8 1.3 6.2
Max311 9.1 34.4 24.1 52.1 64.7 124
Mean95 3.8 6.1 6.6 12.7 14.5 29.9
STD,63.8 2.8 6.1 4.5 10.1 12.8 23.2
Correlation of EC2.5 with PM2.5
R² = 0.482
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 20 40 60 80
PM
, µ
g m
-3
EC, µg m-3
PM2.5
Correlation of EC10 with PM10
R² = 0.460
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 20 40 60 80
PM
, µ
g m
-3
EC, µg m-3
PM10
EC or BC, %PM2.5 14Coal 14Diesel 35Gasoline 3LPG 2Wood 12
Correlation of OC10 with PM10
R² = 0.384
R² = 0.379
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 200 400 600 800
OC
, µ
g m
-3
PM10, ug m-3
VOC10
Correlation of OC2.5 with PM2.5
R² = 0.474
R² = 0.390
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
OC
, µ
g m
-3
PM, µg m-3
VOC2.5
NVOC2.5
Comparison of BC (EC) distribution
City PM(10 or 2.5)µg/m3
TC massµg/m3
EC mass µg/m3
Hyderabad PM2.510
Mumbai PM1025.3 12.6
Dhaka PM1010.525.1
Hong Kong, China PM10 8.9 4.7
Guangzhou, China PM10 29.4 10.4
Beijing, China PM2.5 51.9±19.4 15.2±11.1
Seoul, Korea PM2.5 15.2±9.9 7.3±5.9
Raipur PM10 63.7 (winter)41.2 (annual)
28.6(winter)18.7(annual)
PM2.5 42.3(winter)30.0(annual)
20.7(winter)14.5(annual)
City PM10 PM2.5 PM2.5/PM10Delhi 422 (Nov.,02) - -
Kanpur 281(Oct.02 –Feb.03)
146 0.56
Chanai 169 (Dry) & 145 (Wet)
46 & 42 0.30 & .32
Beijing 262 (Dry) & 180(Wet)
168 & 104 0.60 & .58
Hanoi 146(Dry) & 79(Wet)
124 & 33 0.74 & .68
Manila 54 (Dry) & 55(Wet)
44 & 43 0.61 & .68
Bandung 83 (Dry) & 62 (Wet)
53 & 38 0.63 & .61
Dhaka 125 (2002-03) 47.9 0.38
Raipur 219 (annual mean)445 (Dec.)
95197
0.430.44
Seasonal distribution of PM10 elements (23)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Na
Mg Al
Si P S Cl K C
a Ti V Cr
Mn Fe Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Se Br
Sr
Zr
Pb
ng
m-3
Annual
Winter
Summer
Rainy
Autumn
Seasonal distribution of PM2.5elements
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ti Mn Fe Cu Zn Pb
ng
m-3
Annual
Winter
Summer
Rainy
Autumn
Seasonal distribution of PM10metal oxide and sulfate
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Na
Mg
Al2
O3
SiO
2 PS
O4
2-
Cl K
Ca
O Ti V Cr
Mn
Fe
2O
3 Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Se Br
Sr
Zr
Pb
ng
m-3 Annual
Winter
Summer
Rainy
Autumn
Seasonal distributional of PM2.5metal oxide and sulfate
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Na
Mg
Al2
O3
SiO
2 PS
O4
2-
Cl K
Ca
O Ti V Cr
Mn
Fe
2O
3 Ni
Cu
Zn
As
Se Br
Sr
Zr
Pb
ng
m-3
Annual
Winter
Annual mass distribution of water soluble ions, µg m-3
Ions PM2.5 (n = 44) PM10 (n = 44)
Range Mean Range Mean
SO42- 1.65 - 18.06 6.28 1.33- 21.07 6.13
NO3- 0.55 – 9.67 2.58 0.76 –15.35 4.19
Cl- 0.86 – 9.79 3.22 1.14 – 10.22 3.69
NH4+ 0.04 – 7.23 1.56 0.07 – 4.13 0.88
Na+ 0.92 – 3.38 1.56 0.87 – 5.95 1.85
K+ 0.39 – 4.7 1.22 0.51 – 4.39 1.49
Mg2+ 0.09 – 0.79 0.23 0.16 – 1.10 0.49
Ca2+ 0.50 – 9.63 1.40 1.08 – 17.82 4.92
Possible emission sources
Siltara Industrial area of Raipur
Soot Impact on crop
School girls showing the Black carbon with deposition on ground
CONCLUSION
PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations areseveral folds higher than permissible levels of50 and 15 µg m-3. The mass distribution ofaerosol in this region is higher than otherparts of country and the globe. The industrialeffluents coming from north-east directiongreatly increased the mass concentration ofPM and carbonaceous species. The coalburning is expected to be main source for theemission of carbonaceous species in thisregion.
Acknowledgement
we are thankful to the Department ofScience and Technology, New Delhifor financial support through pojectgrant.